DXVPLIRPYXIS*-

,ckoifcef;pm+yD;qHk;ygu
ppfat;wdkufyGJ ESifh ywfoufonfrsm;udk &Sif;jywwfvmrnf/
t&if;&SifpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepft=um; jcm;em;csufrsm;udk azmfjyEdkifvmrnf/
ppfat;wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifcJhonfh t"du EdkifiHrsm;udk ajryHkay:wGif axmufjyvmEdkifrnf/ xdkEdkif
iHrsm; ta=umif; tus,fw0Hh &Sif;jyvmEdkifrnf/
ppfat;wdkufyGJ. vufeufrsm;tjzpf zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufrI tultnDESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;
rnf uJhodk@ toHk;jyKcHcJh&rI ta=umif; aqG;aEG;wwfvmrnf/
ppfat;wdkufyGJESifh ywfouf+yD; urBmvHk;qdkif&m aemufqufwGJ tusdK;quf tenf;qHk; (3)ckudk aqG;aEG; wwfvmrnf/

urma&;&m

r[mrdwf (alliance)? 0g'jzef@csuf (propaganda)?

vufeuf (arms)? +ydKifbuf (rival)? oDtdk&D (theory)?
xdef;csKyfonf (regulate)? jzefYa0jcif; (distribution)?
+cHKiHkaomf (collectively)
1/ EdkifiHrsm; toHk;jyKtrsm;qHk; ydyuQajz&Sif;enf;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
2/ ppfat;wdkufyGJta=umif; oif rnfonfrsm; odxm;oenf;/
3/ plygyg0g. t"dy`m,frSm tb,fenf;/
ppfat;wdkufyGJ[lonf 1945-1989 umvtwGif; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh tar&duefESifh 4if;.
r[mrdwf EdkifiHrsm;=um; +ydKifqdkifr_rsm;? wif;rmrIrsm;ESifh ydyuQrsm;udk ta=umif;jyKI jzpfyGm;jcif;
jzpf onf/ ta&S@taemuf jzpfyGm;aom ydyuQonf jzpfrvmcJhay/ &mE_ef;jynfh ppfyGJ}uD;wpfcktoGif
plygyg0g EdkifiHwpfckcsif;pDu tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpf toD;oD; zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf/

19 &mpk *smreftawG;tac:ynm&Sif um;vfrufpfu vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;

}uD;rm;aomrnDr#r_ jzpfay:aerIudkawG@jrifcJhonf/ olavhvmrSwfom; *&kjyKrd
cJhonfu tvkyfvkyfaomvlwef;pm;ESifh qif;&Jom;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@. b0rsm;
udkwdk;wufatmifvkyf&ef tvGefcufcJaejcif;qdkonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif csrf;om
aomolrsm;udk =unfh&onfrSm t vG,fwul ydkcsrf;om=uatmifESifh tiftm;=uD;atmifvnf; vkyf&ef
vG,ful onf[kqdkonf/ ol@taejzifh uGefjrLepfZif[k aemufydkif;wGifac:wGifcJhonfh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_
a&;pepfopftwGuf oDtdk&Dwpfckudkwdk;wufjzpfay:apcJhonf/ rmhcfoDtdk&DwGif tpdk;&(odk@ )EdkifiHawmf
onf vlYtzGJ@tpnf;&dSvlrsm; tm;vHk;udkwl nDaomOpPm"ea0iSay;EdkifrnfhpD;yGm;a&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'
udkjyXmef;owfrSwfay;onf/EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfolrsm;taejzifh OpPmudkydkifqdkif&rnf/ EdkifiHawmftae
jzifhvnf; EdkifiHom;rsm; vHkavmufaomynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
&&dSap&eftwGuf wm0ef0wW&m; &dSonf/
t&if;&Sifpepfrsm;wGif tpdk;&upD;yGm;a&;udk xdef;csKyfr_r&dSay/ wpfoD;yk*~vu OpPm"eESifh
0efaqmifr_ ay;jcif;rsm;udk tm;ay;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mjyKrlv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aps;uGuf [kac:
aom yk*~vduu! qHk;jzwf ay;onf/ aps;E_ef;? ukefypPnf;a&mif;csr_ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk ,if;wdk@tm;
xkwfvkyfolESifh toHk;jyKolwdk@u qHk;jzwfay; onf/ 4if;udk wpfcgw&H vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpepf
(free market system) [k ac:onf/ usef;rma&;? ynma&;ESifh tvkyftudkif tajctaersm;onf
tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m; jzpfEdkifzG,f &dSovdk rjzpfEdkifzG,fvnf; &dSonf/
- 1920 rS 1989 twGif; *&dwf&k&Sm;udk ac:wGifaom trnf
urma&;&m

-rnfonfh oDtdk&Dudk ydkrdk ESpfoufygovJ/ ta=umif;jycsufay;I ajzqdkyg/

csifhcsdefjcif;
-pepfESpfckpvHk;ESifh ywfoufI oifbmodygovJ/
-vufawG@b0wGif uGefjrLepfpepfESifht&if;&Sifpepf. tm;enf;csuftcsdK@rSm tb,fenf;/

nHhaompDrHcefYcGJrI (mismanagement)? wpfOD;csif; tcGifhta&;&um vGwfvyfpGm

yg0ifEdkifonfh vlYtzGJ@tpnf; (civil society)? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif; (monopoly)?
tvGefta&;}uD;onf (vital)? tusifhysufjcpm;jcif; (corruption)?
aps;ndSjcif; (SULFH[LQJ)
txufazmfjyygpepfESpfckudk vufawG@wGifusifhoHk;&m oDtdk&Doabmw&m;ESifh
tawmftwefjcm; em;r_&dSa=umif;awG@ &dSvm&onf/ 20 &mpktwGif; EdkifiH
trsm;pk usifhoHk;cJhaom uGefjrLepfpepfrSm jynfoltm; vHk;twGuf r#waom
OpPm"ea0iSjzef@a0ay;jcif; t+rJwrf;vkyfaqmifay;Edkifr_&v'f rxGufcJhay/
tpdk;& . tusifhysufjcpm;r_ESifh tpdk;&ydkifpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;i,fav;rsm;.
pDrHtkyf csKyfr_ nHhzsif;jcif;rsm;u qdk;&Gm;aompD;yGm;a&;&v'ftajzudk OD;wnf
apcJhonf/ odkaomf jcm;em;r_&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif ,if;uGefjrLepfpepf
rwlnDonfh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;ESifh tawmftwef zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr&v'frsm; xGufcJhonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
&k&Sm;wGif tpdk;&u tvGef =urf;wrf;aom v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwftoHk;jyKapcJhonf/
,if;a=umif; tqHk;pGef pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ rnDr#jcif;udk jzpfapcJhonf/ xdk@jyifESpfaygif; 20-30
twGif; wdkif;jynfwGifvnf; ppfwyf}uD;pdk;aomplygyg0gEdkifiHwpfck jzpfvmchJonf/
odkYayr,fh w&kwfEdkifiHwGiftvm;wl rl0g'rsm;aMumifhBuD;rm;aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI ESifh
jyif;jyif;xefxefwdk;wufzGHNzdK;rIrsm;wpfNydKifeufwnf;jzpfay:apcJhonf/ uGefjrLepfpepf atmuf
wGifEdkifiHuukefypnf;trsm;pk\ xkwfvkyfrItay: vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;onf/ ,if;uJhodkY
vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcsKyfrIaMumifh tNydKiftqdkifr&dSbJ jzpfpOftrsm;tjym;wGif t&nftaoG; rrSD
aom ukefypnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; ponfh &v'frsm; xGufvmcJhonf/ uGefjrLepfpepfusifh
oHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGiftpdk;&u vlrItzGJUtpnf;udk xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ jzpf&yftcsdKUwGif vGwf
vyfrIrsm;tay: uefYowfcsdK;ESdrfxm;onf/ odkYaomf uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;onf usef;rma&;ESifh
ynma&; tqifhtwef; wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhovdk tvkyfvufrJhtajctaeudkvnf;
avsmhusatmif aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJhonf/

urma&;&m

t&if;&Sifpepf usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&u pD;yGm;a&;tay:

xdef;csKyfrI odyfr&dSay/ odkYaomf wpfcgw&H vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcsKyfudkifrIESifh
aps;EIef;wowfrwfwnf;xm;rI ponfhrrQwaompD;yGm;a&;\trltusifh
&v'frsm;xGufaponf/,if;taetxm;wGif NydKif qdkifrI avsmhenf;jcif;ESifh
aps;EIef;BuD;jrifhjcif;'PfudkOD;wnfaponf/ qif;&J? csrf;omuGm[rI BuD;xGm;
apNyD; arQmfvifhcsuf tenf;i,fom &dSaom ajymif;vJrIESifh qif;&JrGJawrI
taetxm;udk wdk;jrSifhay;ovdkjzpfaponf/ vlenf;pkuom usef;rma&;
apmifha&SmufrIESifh tqifhjrifh ynmoifMum;Edkif&ef wwfEdkifMuonf/
vufrJhtaetxm;rSmvnf; tvGefjrifhwufvmEdkifonf/ odkYwdkif pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeaumif;
rGefjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifrItwGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;wjznf;jznf; &&dSvmapcJhonf/

Z,m;wGif azmfjyxm;aom t&if;&SifpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfwGif NyD;jynfhpHkap&ef atmufyg

pum;pkrsm;udk toHk;jyKyg/
(1) yk*vdu Opm"e ydkifqdkifrI
(2) wpfygwDpepf tkyfcsKyfrI
(3) EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;tjym;
(4) pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpdk;&\ tcef;u@ avsmhcsEdkifjcif;
(5) ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&; ukefusp&dwfrsm;twGuf vlyk*dKvfwpfOD;csif;\ wm0ef0w&m;
(6) tpktzGJUydkif Opm"e
(7) usef;rma&;? ynma&; ukefusp&dwfrsm;wGif tpdk;&axmufyHhrI
t&if;&Sifpepf
yk*vdu Opm"e ydkifqdkifrI

uGefjrLepfpepf
tpktzGJUydkif Opm"e ydkifqdkifrI

zwf&Iem;vnfjcif;
(1) uGefjrLepfpepfatmufwGif Opme a0iSjzefYjzL;rI nHhzsif;jcif;&onfh taMumif;&if; ESpfck
ay;yg/
(2) vuf0g;BuD;tkyf tkyfcsKyfrIonf jyemwpfck tb,fhaMumifh jzpf&oenf;/
(3) uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&u vlrItzGJUtpnf;udk xdef;csKyf&ef rnfuJhodkY BudK;yrf;
cJhMuoenf;/
vuf0gBuD;tkyfpepf ydkaumif;atmif rnfodkY vkyfaqmifEdkifoenf;/
uGefjrL epfZifrfudk rnfodkY usifhoHk;vQif ydkaumif;rnfenf;/
csifhcsdefjcif;

urma&;&m

tcsuftvufrsm;pkpnf;jcif;

pmrzwfcif BudKwifavhvmjcif; oifjyKpkxm;aom pm&if;wGif

xyfjznfhp&mrsm; &dSygovm;/

t"dupum;vHk;rsm;
bk&iftkyfcsKyfjcif; (monarchy)? jynfwGif;ppf (civil war)? taxmuftyHhjyKol (ally)?
odrf;ydkufatmifjrifonf (occupied)? pdk;rdk;jcif; (dominance)? zdtm; (tension)
ppfat;wdkufyGJ\ rlvtprsm;onf 'kwd,urmppfrwdkifcif umvodkY aemufaMumif;
jyefoGm;onf/ 1917ckESpf&k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;aMumifhbk&ifpepftqHk;owfcJhNyD; uGefjrLepfpepf
tay:tajccHaom tpdk;&opfwpf&yf tkyfcsKyfrIjzifhpwifcJhonf/ odkYaomf awmfvSefa&;jzpfyGm;NyD;
rMumrDrSmyif &k&Sm;wGif uGefjrLepfpepfESifh ,if;epfudk qefYusifolrsm;Mum; tmPmvk wdkufyGJrsm;
jzpfyGm;&mrS jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aom umvwpfckudk jzwfoef;cJhMu&onf/ jynfwGif;ppfyGJwGif
*&dwfNAdwdefESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwdkYu uGefjrLepfpepftm; qefYusifolrsm;udk axmufcH
tm;ay;cJhMuonf/
'kwd,urmppftwGif; qdkAD,ufrsm; aoqHk;rIonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; (aoqHk;ol oef; 20
ausmf)wGif aoqHk;olrsm;xuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhonf/ qdkAD,ufjynfom;rsm;u,ckuJhodkY qHk;&IH;rItrsm;
tjym; BuHKawGU&rItay: taemufr[mrdwf(tar&duef? NAdwdef? jyifopf ponf)EdkifiHrsm;\
axmufcHtm;ay;rI r&jcif;aMumifh[k tjypfzdkYcJhMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif taemuftkyfpk
u qdkAD,ufwdkYtaejzifh Oa&mywpfvTm; uGefjrLepfpepf BuD;xGm;ysHUESHU&ef qE&dSaecJhMuonf[k
,HkMunfxm;cJhMuonf/
trSefwu,fwGifvnf;qdk AD,ufjynf
axmifpkonf'kwd,urmppftwGif;ESifh
ppfyGJNyD;NyD; csif;Oa&myta&SUydkif;EdkifiHt
rsm;tjym;udk odrf;ydkufxm;EdkifcJhonf/
qdkAD,ufwdkYt aejzifh,if;odrf;ydkufxm;
aom EdkifiHrsm;wGifvGwfvyf aom a&G;a
umufyGJrsm;usif;yay;rnf[kuwd ay;
cJhaomfvnf;vufawGUwGif rnf onfh
tcg rSjzpfrvmcJhay/taemuftkyfpk
twGufaemufxyfpdk; &drfp&mwpfckrSm
w&kwfEdkifiHwGifarmf pDwkef;acgif;aqmif
aomw&kwf uGefjrL epfppfwyf u t
aemuftkyf pktaxmuftyHh
ay;xm;onfh csefau&Sdwf ppfwyfudk 1949 ckESpf wGiftEdkif,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefwGiftif
tm;BuD;rm;aomuGefjrL epf w&kwfEdkifiHrSm t&if;&SifpepfvTrf;rdk;xm;rIESifh taemuftkyfpktay:
urma&;&m

pdefac:rIwpf&yf jzpfvmapcJhonf/ ppfat;wdkufyGJudk OD;wnfapcJhaom t"dutcsuftcsdKUvnf;

&dSae&mwGif
rwlnD aom tpdk;&yHkpHrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tay: ,HkMunfrI? tjyeftvSef ,HkMunfrI uif;rJhjcif;ESifh
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; e,fajrydkifeuf csJU,lvdkrItay: pdwful;pdwfoef;u t"du taMumif;t&m
jzpfapcJhonf/
vmrnfh q,fpkESpfav;cktwGufqdkvQif EdkifiHwum EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif rwlnDaom pD;yGm;a&;?
EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;epfprsm;Mum;wif;rmrIrsm;ESifh y#dyursm;onf t"duvTrf;rdk;rI jzpfvmrnf/
taemuftkyfpktay: qdkAD,ufwdkY\ ,HkMunfrI uif;rJhapcJh&onfh ordkif;jzpf&yfwpfcktrnfudk
ajymjyyg/
(2) qdkAD,ufwdkYtay:wGifvnf; taemuftkyfpku ,HkMunfrI uif;rJhap&onfh ordkif;jzpf&yfESpfck\
trnfudkvnf; azmfjyyg/

aumfvH(u)rS pmaMumif;tpydkif;rsm;udk aumfvH(c)rS pmaMumif;tqHk;ydkif;rsm;ESifhqufMunfyg/

aumfvH (u)
Oa&myta&SUydkif;EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf

aumfvH (c)
&k&Sm;&dS uGefjrLepfqefYusifolrsm;udk ulnDcJhMuonf/
'kwd,urmppftNyD;wGifqdkAD,ufjynfaxmif armfpDwHk; EdkifcJhonf/
pkxdef;csKyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/
csefau&dSwfudk

uGefjrLepf0g' jyefYyGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfcJhMuonf/

tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif

'kwd,urmppfwGif NAdwdoQ? tar&duef? jyif

opfwdkYrS
'kwd,urmppftwGif;
&k&Sm;aoqHk;rIEIef;
ydkrsm;onf/

tar&duefESifh NAdwdoQwdkYonf
taemufr[mrdwfrsm;onf

vHkavmufaom tultnD r&[k &k&Sm;

cHpm;cJh&onf/

1/ qdkAD,ufrsm; taemufEdkifiHrsm;udk r,HkMunfapawmhonf ordkif;jzpf&yfESpfckudk azmfjyyg/

2/ taemufEdkifiHrsm; qdkADuftay: ,HkMunfrI ysufjym;apcJhonfh ordkif;jzpf&yfESpfckudkazmf
jyyg/
urma&;&m

1945-1989 ckESpftwGif; enf;ynmonf tvsif

tjrefwdk;wuftqifhjrifhvmcJhNyD;ppfat;wdkufyGJ
rSmvnf;enf;ynm\ &v'ftpdwftydkif;wpf&yf
jzpfcJhonf/ ppfyGJ qufEG,fenf;ynmaMumifh
tpdk;&taxmuftyHh? okaw oeESifh pdwf0ifpm;rI
trsm;tjym; vufcH&&dSapcJhonf/ uGef ysLwmESifh
tmumoenf;ynmrSm vufeufrsm; xkwf vkyf
rI 'DZdkif;twGuf wdk;wufrI jzpfcJhonf/

\ OyrmtcsdKUudk azmfjyyg/
EsLuvD;,m;vufeufrsm;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf 1945 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk; EsLvufeufudk
prf;oyfcJhonf/ ,if;aemufwGif ypdzdwfa'owGif; jzpfyGm;aeaom 'kwd,urmppfudk
tqHk;owf&ef ulnDonfh taejzifh *syefEdkifiH [D&dk&SD;rm;ESifh em*gpuD;NrdKUrsm;ay:odkY
EsLuvD;,m;AHk; 2 Budrf BuJcscJhonf/ ,if; tEkjrLAHk; 2vHk;aMumifh vlaygif; 200000
ausmf aoqHk;NyD; vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; 'Pf&mtemw& jzpfcJh&onfhtjyif
a&'D,dkowK<uESifh qufEG,faom a&m*grsm; cHpm;cJh&onf/ ,aeYacwfwGif
EsLuvD;,m;xdyfzl;wpfck\ jyif;tm;rSm [D&dk&SD;rm;NrdKU BuJcscJhaom EsLAHk;xuf jyif;tm;
(10)qausmfonfhtjyif vlaygif; 1 oef;ausmf aoqHk;apEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf &dSaeNyD
jzpfonf/

urma&;&m

1968 jynfhESpfu rnfonfhEdkifiHonf EsLxdyfzl;trsm;qHk; ydkifqdkifcJhoenf;/

1975 ckESpfu qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif EsLxdyfzl; rnfrQ ydkifqdkifcJhoenf;/
rnfonfhESpfwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf tar&duef\ EsLuvD;,m;xdyfzl; ydkifqdkifrI
t&G,ftpm;udk ausmfvGefoGm;cJhoenf;/
1980 jynfhESpfu tar&duefESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkMum; EsLuvD;,m;wyfzGJU t&G,ftpm;
jcm;em;csufrSm tb,fenf;/
wpfEdkifiHcsif;pDonf tjrifhqHk;tcsdefumvwGif EsLxdyfzl; rnfrQxd ydkifqdkifcJhMuoenf;/
1955 ckESpfESifh 1975 ckESpfMum; ajymif;vJrItajctaeudk azmfjyyg/

tar&duef (1945)

EsLuvD;,m;xdyfzl; &dSaom EdkifiHrsm; 1989

22000
tdEd, (1974)
30

*&dwfNAdwdef (1953)

300

tpa&; (1967)

100

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk 35000
(1949)
jyifopf (1964)
400

w&kwf (1964)

450

awmiftmz&du

1989 ckESpfwGif rnfonfh tm&SEdkifiHonf EsLuvD;,m;vufeuftrsm;qHk; ydkifqdkifcJhoenf;/

b,favmufrsm;rsm; ydkifqdkifcJhoenf;/
*&yfESifh Z,m;udk toHk;jyKNyD; 1960 ESifh 1989 ckESpfMum; ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk azmfjyaom
0guswpfck (odkY) ESpfckudk a&;yg/

urma&;&m

pGrf;&nf
csifhcsdefjcif;

1975 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif

urmBuD;udktBudrfBudrfzsuf qD;ypfEdkifaom EsLvufeufrsm; tvHk t
avmuf ydkifqdkifxm;MuNyD jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ESpfEdkifiHvHk;u EsLvufeuf
rsm;ydkydkydkifqdkif&ef qufBudK;yrf;aeMuonfrSm tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

wpfzufpmrsufESmwGif urmhajryHk &dSonf/ urmhajryHkay:wGif

atmufyg EdkifiHrsm;udk teDa&mif jc,fyg/
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk? w&kwf? ajrmufudk&D;,m;? usL;bm;? rGef*dkvD;,m;? AD,uferf? ydkvef?
csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m;? [efa*&D? &dkar;eD;,m;? bla*;&D;,m;? t,fvfbmeD;,m;
atmufygEdkifiHrsm;udk tjyma&mif jc,fyg/
tar&duef? *&dwfNAdwdef? uaeg? *syef? MopaMw;vs? e,l;ZDvef? usef Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;
usef urmhtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tjcm;ta&mifwpfa&mifjzifh jc,fyg/
rdrdajryHkudk ]ppfat;wdkufyGJjzpfaepOf urm}[k trnfay;yg/
(u) eHygwf 1 ESifh 2 rS EdkifiHrsm;ESifhywfouf rnfonfudk owdxm;rdoenf;/
(c) eHygwf 3 rS EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ywfoufvnf; rnfonfudk owdxm;rdoenf;/

urma&;&m

tysuftpD; (ruins)?
rwnfNidrfrI (instability)?

jyif;jyif;xefxef (severely)
EdkifiHa&; bufwlaom (aligned)

oifonf 'kwd,urmppftNyD;wGif wufvmaom tar&dueforw wpfa,muf jzpf

onf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf Oa&myta&SUydkif;EdkifiH trsm;tjym;udk odrf;ydkufNyD;ESifhNyD/
w&kwfwGifvnf; uGefjrLepftkyfcsKyfa&; tiftm;BuD;vmonf/ urmay:wGif uGefjrLepfpepf ysHUESHU
rnfudk oif txl;pdk;&drfaeonf/ uGefjrLepfpepfu taemufurmESifh vuf0g;BuD;tkyfpepftay:
Ncdrf;ajcmufvmrnfudk oif pdk;&drfaeonf/
oifonf uGefjrLepfpepf ysHUyGm;a&;udk &yfwefY&rnfh urmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrS tpdk;&wpf&yf
jzpfonf/ ppfaMumifh ysufpD;oGm;aom EdkifiHrsm;ay: oif\ ppfNyD;EdkifiHa&;rSm rnfodkY jzpfEdkif
oenf;/ tzGJUvdkuf aqG;aEG;NyD; rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwfyg/
'kwd,urmppftNyD;(1945)wGif urmwpf0Srf; EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf ppfaMumifhESifh pD;yGm;a&;
cRwfjcHKusrIwdkYaMumifh ysufpD;usef&pfcJhMuonf/ ppfNyD;aemuf tar&duefonf ppf&HI;oGm;aom
urma&;&m

*smreDESifh *syefEdkifiH jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf tultnDay;&ef pwifwm0ef,lcJhonf/

*syefESifh *smreDudk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&jcif;rSm uGefjrLepfpepf rysHUyGm;atmif pGrf;aqmifrnfh
EdkifiHa&;tpDtrHwpfckvnf; jzpfonf/ tar&duefudk axmufcHaom *syefESifh Oa&myonf
taemufwdkY\ cdkifrmaom r[mrdwf jzpfvmrnf[k tar&duefrsm;u ,HkMunfMuonf/urm
tjcm;tpdwftydkif;uvnf; udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;rS vGwfvyfa&;&atmif BudK;yrf;vsuf &dSonf/
xdktjcif;t&mrsm;aMumifh vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; rwnfNidrfrIrsm; jyif;jyif;xefxef
jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
2/ vGwfvyfa&;&&ef BudK;yrf;aeonfh EdkifiHrsm; wnfNidrfrI &dSap&ef rnfonfh EdkifiHwumqufqH
a&;rl0g'rsm; oif csrSwfEdkifoenf;/ rSwfom;xm;&rnfrSm oif\ &nfrSef;csufonf uGefjrLepfpepf jyefYyGm;rIudk &yfwefYap&ef jzpfonf/ urmay:&dS vuf0g;BuD;tkyfpepfudk xdcdkufrIwpfpHkw&m
r&dSap&ef *&kjyKyg/ EdkifiHrsm;tay: oif\ rl0g'rsm;rSm rnfodkY jzpfEdkifoenf;/ OD;pGm
uufyDw,fvpfpepfudk Ncdrf;ajcmufvmEdkifonfh t&mrsm;udk acgif;csif;&dkuf aqG;aEG;a&;csyg?

rwnfrNidrf jzpfaeaom urmhywf0ef;usiftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;tultnDjzpfonfh

]zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; tultnD}onf EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@jzpfvmcJhonf/ ppfat;ppfyGJonf EdkifiHjcm;tultnD qHk;jzwfa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@
rS yg0ifvmonf/ plygyg0grsm;onf topfpufpuf vGwfvyfa&; &aom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh rdwfzGJU&ef
EdkifiHjcm;tultnDrsm;udk toHk;csvmMuonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&aom EdkifiHopftrsm;pkwGif
jynfwGif;ppfrsm; jzpfyGm;aejcif;aMumifh vufeufrsm;udk tvdk&dSMuonf/ EdkifiHjcm;tultnDrSm
&Hzef&HcgwGif ppfbufqdkif&m tultnDrsm; jzpfaewwfonf/rMum rDwGiftar&duefESifh
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf tm&S? tmz&duESifh vufwiftar&du EdkifiHrsm;odkU vufeuftultnDomru zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;tultnDrsm;vnf; ay;ydkYcJhMuonf/ ppfat;ppfyGJta
wmtwGif;wGif ]]wwd,urm}}[k wifpm;ac:a0:aom urm&dS EdkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;rSm
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI vHk;0 r&dSoavmufyif/ EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf udkvdkeDvufatmufcH
jzpfcJhMuonfcsnf;yif jzpfonf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh tar&duefonf EdkifiHrsm;tay:
vTrf;rdk;rI &dS&ef NydKifqdkifcJhMuonf/ ppfat;ppfyGJrsm;pGm jzpfyGm;cJhonf/

1950 ESifh 1960 ckESpfrsm; EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;onf tb,fhaMumifh aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIrsm;

vdktyfcJhoenf;/
]]wwd,urmwGif plygyg0grsm;onf rdwfopfrsm;&&ef rnfodkY arQmfvifhcJhMuoenf;/
vGwfvyfa&;&xm;aom EdkifiHtopfrsm; uGefjrLepfjzpfvdkvQif rnfolUxHrS tultnD ,l&ef
jzpfEdkifajc ydkrsm;oenf;/

urma&;&m

;
tMuHOmPfay;ol (advisor)? udk,fpm;vS,f (proxy)/ wGeftm;ay;onf (fuel)?
tydkif;rsm;cGJjcif; (partition)? NydKifbuf (rivalry)
udk,fpm;vS,fppfyGJ (proxy war) rsm;wGif plygyg0gEdkifiHrsm;onftdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhtwl
ppfjzpfaeaom
EdkifiHrsm;tm;
ppfbuftultnDrsm;axmufyHhcJhonf/plygyg0gEdkifiHrsm;u
NydKifbuf plygyg0gEdkifiHrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk &yfwefYypf&ef arQmfvifhcJhMuonf/ wpfcgw&H ppfbuftaxmuftyhHonf jynfwGif;ppfwGif yg0ifcJhaom EdkifiHrS wdkufcdkufa&;tkyfpkrsm;twGuf
taxmuftyHh jzpfcJhonf/ tm&SwGifvnf; plygyg0gwdkYonf NydKifbuf tdEd,ESifh ygupwefMum; NydKifqdkifrItwGuf taxmuftyHhay;cJhonf/ udk&D;,m;ppfyGJwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh
r[mrdwftcsdKUwdkYonf w&kwfESifh qdkAD,ufwdkY axmufcHrIay;xm;aom ajrmufudk&D;,m;wdkYtm;
wdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ tmz&du&dS tef*dkvm? uGef*dk? rdkZrfbDESifh tDoD&dk;yD;,m;wGifvnf; qdkAD,ufESifh
tar&duefwdkY\ taxmuftyHhrsm;u jynfwGif; ppfyGJrsm;udk ydk t&SdefjrifhapcJhonf/ usL;bm;?
eDum&m*Gm? t,fvfqmaA;'dk;? csDvDESifh *GmwDrmvmwdkYrSm vufwiftar&duwGif ppfat;wdkufyGJ\
ppfajrjyifrsm;tjzpf usef&pfcJhonf/ ppfyGJtrsdK;tpm;ESpfckwGif tiftm;BuD; plygyg0gEdkifiHwpfc-k
onf tjcm; tiftm;BuD; plygyg0gEdkifiHaxmufyHhay;xm;onf/ jynfwGif;ppfwyfudkqefYusifwkduf
cdkufonf/ ,if;wdkY wdkufyGJESpfckrSm AD,uferfppfyGJESifh tmz*efppfyGJwdkY jzpfonf/

plygyg0grsm; axmufyHhay;xm;aom qefYusifbuftkyfpkrsm;Mum; tjyeftvSef jynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm;

wdkufcdkufcJhMuonfh urmay:&dS a'oBuD; oHk;ck\trnfay;yg/
4if;a'orsm;\ wnfae&mudk ajryHkay:wGif axmufjyyg/

1885 ckESpfrS 1854 ckESpf AD,uferf rsdK;cspfwyfrsm; jyifopfwdkYtm;wdkufxkwfEdkifcJh onf

txd AD,uferfonf jyifopfudkvdkeD\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfcJhonf/ AD,urferfrsdK;cspf wyfzGJU\
acgif;aqmif[dkcsDrif;onf'kwd,urmppftwGif;*syefwdkYtm;qefYusifwdkufcdkufcJhNyD; tar&duef\
r[mrdwfEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmcJhonf/ [dkonf qdk&S,fvpfpwdkif tpdk;&udk ydk BudKufESpf ouf
onf/ xdkYaMumifh jyifopfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&ef BudK;yrf;&kef;uefae&rItay: axmufcHa&;
tar&duefwdkYu jiif;qdkcJhNyD;jyifopfudk tultnDay;cJhonf/uGefjrLepfw&kwfuvnf;
AD
,uferfajrmufydkif;om;rsm;udk taxmuftyHhay;cJhonf/ 1954 ckESpfjyifopfwyfrsm; AD,uferfrS
urma&;&m

qkwfcGmoGm;NyD;aemuf ukvor*u AD,uferftwGuf trsdK;om; a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;&ef

yxrqHk; oabmwlcJhonf/ odkYaomf 4if;wdkYu ,if;tpDtpOfudk ajymif;vJcJhNyD; AD,uferfEdkifiHtm;
uGefjrLepf ajrmufydkif;ESifh t&if;&Sifpepf usifhoHk;aomawmifydkif; AD,uferftjzpf cGJjcm;
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ rMumcifrSmyif awmifESifhajrmufwdkYonf jynfwGif;ppfyGJwGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/
tar&duefEdkifiHu uGefjrLepf0g;NrdKoGm;rnfh AD,uferf useftm&SodkYyg ,if;pepful;pufusa&muf
vmEdkifrItay: pdk;&drfcJhonf/ tar&dueftaejzifh awmifAD,uferftpdk;&tm;ppfbuf ypnf;
ud&d,mrsm;?ppfbuftBuHay;yk*dKvfESifhtwltaxmuf tyHhtultnDrsm; pwifcJhonf/ rlvu
[dkcsDrif;taejzifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk (odkY) w&kwfwdkYESifh r[mrdwfr[kwfcJhaomfvnf;
jynfwGif;ppfyGJwGif
tar&duefyg0ifvmrIaMumifh
,if;uGefjrLepftiftm;BuD;ESpfEdkifiHxHrS
BuD;rm;aom taxmuftyHh yg0ifvmapcJhonf/ 1968 jynfhESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif tar&duefwdkY\
ppfbuftiftm; BuD;rm;rIonf tiftm;enf;NyD; aysmufusm;ppfyGJ qifETJaom ajrmufydkif;AD,uferf
wyfrsm;udk xda&mufpGm r[efYwm;EdkifcJhay/ tar&duefjynfolrsm;uvnf; EdkifiHjcm;ajray:wGif
EdkifiHjcm;ppfyGJ qifETJaerItay: axmufcHrI ray;Muawmhay/ 1960 jynfhESpf tqHk;ydkif;ESifh 1970
jynfhESpf tpydkif;umvtwGif; AD,uferfppfyGJ tqHk;owf&ef axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom olrsm;u
urmwpf0ef; qEjy qefYusifuefYuGufrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ aemufqHk;wGif tar&duefwdkYESifh
ajrmufydkif; AD,uferfwdkYMum; Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDrI &&dScJhNyD; aemufqHk; usef&pfaom
tar&duefppfbuft&m&dSonf 1975 ckESpfwGif AD,uferfrS qkwfcGmcJhonf/ ppfyGJ\ &v'ftjzpf
AD,uferfvlrsdK; 3 oef;ausmf aoqHk;NyD; uarm'D,m;vlrsdK; wpfodef;ausmftygt0if tar&duef
ppfom; 58000 usqHk;cJhonf/ AD,uferfaus;vufa'otrsm;tjym; AHk;BuJrIPfaMumifh tedXm&Hk
jzpfcJh&NyD; NrdKUrsm;vnf; ysufpD;cJh&onf/ AD,uferf? uarm'D;,m;ESifhvmtdkEdkifiHwdk rS jynfol oef;ESifh
csDNyD;'kuonfrsm;tjzpf a&muf&dScJhMuonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfonf urmay:&dS tiftm;tBuD;rm;qHk;
plygyg0gEdkifiHtwGuf t&Suf&zG,f&m &IH;edrfhrIwpfck jzpfcJhonf/ ESpftenf;i,fMumNyD;aemuf
tm&S\ tjcm;tpdwftydkif;wGifvnf; tjcm;aom plygyg0gEdkifiHwpfcku tvm;wl trSm;rsdK;
vkyfaqmifcJhonf/

urma&;&m

AD,uferfEdkifiH rnfonfht&yfwGif &dSoenf;/

'kwd,urmppftwGif;wGif [dkcsDrif; rnfolYudk wdkufcdkufcJhoenf;/
[dkcsDrif;udk qefYusifNyD; tar&duefu tb,fhaMumifh jyifopfudk axmufyHhcJhoenf;/
ajrmufAD,urferfudk tar&duefrsm; tb,fhaMumifh aMumuf&GHUcJhMuoenf;/
AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif; rnfonfhEdkifiHrsm;u ajrmufAD,uferfudk axmufyHhcJhMuoenf;/
pmydkf'f&dS aemufqHk;pmaMumif;wGif yg0ifaom y#dyu qdkonfrSm rnfonfudk
&nfnTef;oenf;/

AD,uferfppfyGJrSm yg0ifolrsm;ESifh ppfyGJywf0ef;usifu y#dyursm;ESifh 4if;\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk

,SOfwGJay;yg/
tar&duefESifh ,SOfwGJNyD; 'kwd,urmppftwGif;u *syefudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/
jyifopfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&eftwGufAD,uferfrsdK;cspfrsm;ESifh
[dkcsDrif; &kef;uefae&rIudk axmufyHh&ef jiif;qdkcJhonf/
1960jynfhESpfuajrmufAD,uferfppfwyfudk axmufyHhay;cJhonf/
AD,uferfwGif trsdK;om;a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;&ef uwdudk
csdK;azmufNyD; EdkifiHudk awmifESifhajrmuf[l ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;apcJhonf/
1954 ckESpfwGif jyifopfudkvdkeDrsm;udk tEdkif,lEdkifcJhonf/
jynfwGif;ppftwGif; ajymufusm;wdkufyGJenf;
vrf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf/
1960 jynfhESpfaemufydkif;wGif AD,uferfppfyGJudk raxmufyHhawmhay/

urma&;&m

azmfjyxm;aom tcsdefumvrsOf;ay:wGif
tjzpftysufrsm;udk jznfhyg/

AD,uferfppfyGJtwGuf

t"duaeY&ufrsm;ESifh

1945
AD,uferfodkY wyfrsm; tar&duef apvTwf

tmPmodrf;jcif;(coup)?
olykefrsm;(rebels)?
xdcdkufaoaMu'Pf&m&&dSrI(casualties)?

tcuftcJ (strain)
tmPmrS z,f&Sm;ypfonf (overthrow)?
edrfhusaom(inferior)

1980 jynfhESpfwGif tmz*efepwefonf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk\ ]AD,uferf} jzpfvmonf/

tmz*efepwefonf ,cif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif;\ awmifbufydkif; e,fpnf;rsOf;ay:
wGif wnf&dSonf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif ppfwyftmPmodrf;rI jzpfyGm;aomtcg qdkAD,uf (&k&Sm;) u
tm;&0rf;om ulnDaxmufyHhcJhonf/ tmz*efjynfwGif;ppfonf qdkAD,ufausmaxmufaemufcHjy
Kxm;aom tpdk;&ESifh tar&dueftpdk;&\ xdef;csKyfrI avsmhenf;cJhjcif;aMumifh qdkAD,ufppfwyfu
1979 ckESpfwGif tmz*efepwefodkY 0ifa&mufcJhonf/ q,fESpfwmtxd qdkAD,ufwyfrsm;u
rl*sm[Dif[k vlodrsm;aom tmz*efolykefrsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJh&onf/ rl*sm[DifwdkYonf
tar&duefxHrS ppfa&;taxmuftyHhESifh avhusifhay;rIyrmP trsm;tjym; wdk;jrSifh&&dScJhonf/
,if;olykeftrsm;pktaejzifh aemufydkif;wGif tmPm&&dS&ef jzpfvmNyD; tar&duefwdkY\
&efolrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/ qdkAD,ufwdkY xdcdkufaoqHk;rI jrifhwufvmrIaMumifh &k&Sm;vlrsdK;wdkYESifh
twl ppfyGJrSmvnf; vlBudKufrsm;rI r&dSawmhay/ 1988 ckESpfwGif ppfyGJrSm &k&Sm;pD;yGm;a&;twGuf
0efxkyf0efydk;wpfck jzpfvmapcJhNyD; qdkAD,ufwdkYtaejzifh tmz*efrS qkwfcGm&ef oabmwlcJhMuonf/
qdkAD,ufwdkY qkwfcGmoGm;cJhNyD;aemuf jynfwGif;ppfyGJrSm tmz*efwGif aemufxyf tenf;qHk;
(7)ESpfwm Mumonftxd qufvufjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ ppfyGJaMumifh qdkAD,ufppfom; 15000
urma&;&m

ausmfESifh tmz*efEdkifiHom; (1) oef; aoqHk;cJhonf/ y#dyutwGif; 'kuonf (3)oef;ausmf

wdkif;jynfrS pGefYcGmoGm;cJhMuNyD; trsm;tjym;u ae&yfodkY b,faomtcgrS jyefrvmawmhay/ tBudrfwGifvnf; plygyg0gEdkifiHwpfckonf tiftm;ao;aom NydKifbuf[k qdk&onfh EdkifiHwpfck\
uoduatmufjzpfzG,f tEdkif,lrIudk cHpm;cJh&onf/ ,if;rSm ppfyGJwpfckjzpfcJhNyD; ppfat;wdkufyGJ\
tpdwftydkif;wpfckvnf; jzpfcJhonf/

tmz*efepwefqdkwm b,frSm &dSovJ/

uGefjrLepf tmz*eftpdk;&opfudk b,folaxmufyHhay;cJhovJ/
rSefovm;? rSm;ovm;/ tar&duefonf tmz*efepwef&dS uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk uefYuGufcJhonf/
tb,fhaMumifh qdkAD,ufwdkY tmz*efodkY 0ifa&mufcJhMuoenf;/
tb,fhaMumifh tmz*efolykefrsm;udk tar&duefu axmufyHhay;cJhoenf;/
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk ppfyGJudk tEdkif&cJhovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/

Flow Diagram

ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;\ wdk;wufrIudk jyo&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;rSm Flow Diagram udk toHk;jyKjcif;

jzpfonf/ Flow Diagram jznfh&ef atmufygjzpf&yfrsm;udk toHk;jyyg/
'kuonf oef;ESifhcsDa&GU jynfwGif;ppfyGJrS xGufajy;cJhMuonf/
uGefjrLepf tmz*eftpdk;&udk taxmuftyHhay;&ef qdkAD,ufwdkYu urf;vSrf;Muonf/
qkwfcGm&ef qdkAD,ufwdkY oabmwlonf/
twdkuftcH olykefrsm;udk tar&duefwdkY taxmuftyHh wdk;jrSifhay;onf/
tmz*ef uGefjrLepfrsm; tmPm&&dSonf/
urma&;&m

qdkAD,ufppfwyf 0ifa&mufvmonf/
ppfwyftmPmodrf;onf/
7 ESpfausmftxd jynfwGif;ppf qufjzpfaeonf/
qdkAD,ufwyfzGJUrsm; xdcdkufaoaMurI trsm;tjym; BuHKawGUcHpm;&onf/

tar&duefonf 4if; ausmaxmufaemufcH jyKay;xm;aom awmifAD,uferftpdk;&udk aiGaMu;

tajrmuftjrm;? ppfbufud&d,mypnf;rsm;tjyif ppfom;rsm;yg tultnD ay;cJhonf/
qdkAD,ufwdkYonf rl*sm[DifwdkYxuf tppt&m&m tiftm;BuD;rm;vGef;aeaomfvnf;
tb,fhaMumifh &IH;edrfhcJh&oenf;/

1.5 From Bi-Polar to Uni-Polar

oDtdk&Drsm;udkazmfxkwfol (theorist)
tm;tifavsmhenf;onf (wear down)
jynfaxmifpkBuD; (union)
twnfwus r&dSjcif; (unrest)

urma&;&m

tvGefjyif;xefaom (intense)
jyif;xefaomtmPmrsm;udktoHk;jyKxdef;csKyf
jcif; (authoritarian)
NydKvJysufpD;jcif; (collapse)

wpfcsdefu
plygyg0gjzpfcJhaom
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
NydKuGJoGm;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;pGm &dSonf/ ppfat;ppfyGJ
plygyg0gESpfck\ jyif;xefaom NydKifqdkifrI? y#dyujzpfrIrsm;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;ydkif;?
acgif;aqmifydkif;
jyemrsm;ESifh
aygif;vdkufaomtcg
aemufqHk;wGif
xdkNydKifqdkifrIrsm;
tm;tifavsmhenf;vmum qdkAD,uf us&IH;oGm;onf/jydKifbufjzpfaom tar&duefudk trSDvdkuf&ef? wdkufcdkuf&efom
ESpfaygif;
45
ESpfausmfMum
BudK;yrf;aejcif;aMumifh
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tqHk;wGif
qdkAD,ufrsm;onf
vufeufrsm;?enf;ynm?0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifhppfyGJtwGuf
qufvuf aiGaMu;tukeftus rcHEdkifawmhacs/tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom tcsufwpfcsufrSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk EdkifiHaygif;? rsdK;EG,fpkaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;NyD;
ordkif;aMumif;wpfavQmuf 4if;wdkYMum; tcsif;csif;
; tNrJ&dSaecJhjcif;aMumifh
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jzpfonf/
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&dS auseyfrIr&dSaom vlxkrSm acgif;axmifzdkY tcGifhta&;&um
tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef awmif;qdkvmEdkifMuonf/ 1989 ckESpfwGif ta&SU*smreD ESifh taemuf*smreD
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onfESifhwNydKifeuf qdkAD,uf0if EdkifiHi,ftrsm;tjym; vGwfvyfa&; &cJhonf/ rMumrD qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpkBuD;onf w&m;0ifNyD;qHk;oGm;NyD; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf (uGefjrLepfpepf) ae&mwGif
vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf (uufyDw,fvpfZif) tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/

atmufyg pmydk'f&dS uGufvyfrsm;udk jznfh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk NydKuGJatmif taMumif;zefvmonfh

jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpDtpOfwus &Sif;jyyg/ uGufvyfrsm;jznfh&ef ay;xm;aom pum;pkrsm;udk
toHk;jyKyg/
(u)tpdk;&ESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepf ajymif;vJay;&ef
(c)vlaerItqifhtwef; usqif;vm
(*)awmfvSefykefukef
(C)pD;yGm;a&;usqif;
urma&;&m

(i)ppfat;wdkufyGJ
(p)EkdifiHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;rwnNfidrfNcif;
--------onf aiGaMu;ESifh o,HZmw tukeftusrsm;NyD; ---- vmonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
tm;enf;vmaomtcg ------ vmonf/ vlaerItqifhtwef; usqif;qdk;&Gm;vmonfESifhtwl
vlxkvnf; aysmf&TifrI r&dSawmhay/ xdkYaMumifh ----- jzpfvmonf/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlrIa&; rNidrf
roufrIrsm; &dSaejcif;aMumifh vlxkonf aemufqHk;wGif ----- um ---- udk awmif;qdkcJhonf/
A New World Order

1/ ae&mwGif
tb,fenf;/

]urmopftpDtrH}\

t"dym,frSm

2/qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkNydKvJoGm;jcif;om
urmhtjcm;a'orsm;odkY rnfodkY ta&;ygoenf;/
3/ pmudkzwf ar;cGef;rsm;udk BudK;pm;ajzyg/

rppfaq;? rxdef;csKyfbJ (unchecked)?

a&TUonf (shift)
tiftm;BuD;olrsm; OD;aqmifjcif; (hegemony)
EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;onf plygyg0gEdkifiHESpfEdkifiHESifh 4if;wdkY\ rdwfzufEdkifiHrsm;Mum;
tmPm&&dSa&; BudK;yrf;aerItay:wGif ESpfaygif; 45 ESpfausmfcefY tajccHaecJhonf/
ppfat;ppfyGJumvwGif aowGif; y#dyuESifh ppfyGJrsm;pGm jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf NydKifbuf plygyg
0g ESpfEdkifiH wnf&dSaejcif;aMumifh tvGefaMumuf&GHU&aom ]wwd,urm}ppfrSm b,faomtcgrS
rjzpfvmcJhay/ plygyg0gESpfEdkifiHtcsif;csif; EluvD;,m;ppfyGJjzpfrnf[k wdkuf&dkufpdefac:vmrnf
udk vlwdkif; aMumuf&GHUaeaomaMumifh ]tmPmnDrQrI} wnf&dSaecJhonf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
NydKuGJoGm;onfhtcsdef tmPmnDrQrIyHkpH ajymif;oGm;onf/ ,cktcg plygyg0g wpfckwnf;om
usef&dSawmhonf/ new world order ay:aygufvmonf/ tar&duef wpfEdkifiHwnf;u
tBuD;rm;qHk;tiftm;udk qkyfudkifxm;um tus,fjyefYqHk; vTrf;rdk;aecJhonf/ tiftm;ESpfckMum;
EsLuvD;,m;ppfyGJ jzpfay:rnfudk pdk;&GHUjcif; NyD;qHk;oGm;onf/ odkYaomf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwnf;u
NydKifbufr&dS tiftm;oHk;um vTrf;rdk;aernhfta&; ylyefvm&onf/ ,cktcg wpfckwnf;aom
plygyg0gu tjynfht0 csKyfudkifaeNyD/ tiftm;BuD;onfh tar&duefu OD;aqmifonfh acwfumv
urma&;&m

pwifcJhonf/ odkY oGm;aejcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh tusdK;qufrsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh

wnfNidrfa&;udk pdefac:rItopfrsm; o,faqmifvmEdkifonf/

plygyg0gESpfcktMum; b,faomtcgrS ppfyGJ rjzpfcJh&jcif;rSm tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

ppfat;ppfyGJtwGif; urmBuD;onf rnfuJhodkY [efcsufnDnD jzpfcJhoenf;/
ppfat;ppfyGJ NyD;qHk;oGm;jcif;\ aumif;usdK;tcsdKUudk azmfjyyg/
qdk;usdK;tcsdKUrSm tb,fenf;/
New World OrderESifh ywfoufonfh pdk;&drfrIBuD;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/ taMumif;jycsuftcsdKU
a&;csNyD; jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh tusdK;qufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jyyg/

qufvufwnf&dSonf (prevail)? NydKifbufrsm; (competitors)

ppfat;ppfyGJNyD;qHk;oGm;jcif;\t"dym,frSm plygyg0gESpfck rnfolurmudk vTrf;rdk;rnfqdkonfudk
,SOfNydKifaejcif; &yfwHhoGm;&Hkomru tEdkif&ol qufvufwnf&dSaernfqdkaom oabmobm0vnf; jzpfonf/ new world order wGif uufyDw,fvpfZifrfudk EdkifiHtm;vHk;u
pD;yGm;a&;pHjypepf jzpfvmonf/ urmhpD;yGm;a&;pepf jyefYyGm;aponfhtaMumif;&if;xJwGif
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif; (Globalization) vnf; yg0ifonf/ *vdkb,fvdkifZif;aMumifh EdkifiHt
rsm;tjym;rdrdwdkY\ jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;tm; tumtuG,fjyKxm;onfh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
twm;tqD;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;Muonf/ *vdkb,fpD;yGm;a&;odkY 0ifvdkaom EdkifiHrsm;onf
rdrdwdkYEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonf/ vlrsdL;a&;cGJjcm;jcif;
r&dSbJ NydKifbuftm;vHk;udk aps;uGufzGifhay;&rnf/ *vdkb,fpD;yGm;a&;wGif yg0ifvmjcif;jzifh
rnfonfhukefypnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfaeonf? rnfodkYxkwfvkyf rnfodkY a&mif;0,faeMuonf
ponfwdkYudk odcGifh&Edkifonfh
ay:xGef;vmonf/

urma&;&m

vufawGUwGif *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;onf 4if;tm;usifhoHk;axmufcHolrsm; arQmfvifhxm;ovdk

xkwfukeft&nftaoG;rsm;udk tjrJwap xkwfvkyfay;Edkifjcif; r&dSacs/ *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;onf
EdkifiHtrsdK;rsdK;wGif uGJjym;aomyHkpHjzifh tusdK;oufa&mufrI &dSonf/ *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;tay:
xm;&dSaom oabmxm;tjrifrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tjym; &dSonf/

jynf
wl n D
aomxk w f u k e f r sm;
udkom aMumfjimjcif;ESifh pm;oHk;
aejcif;aMumifh udk,fydkif,Ofaus;
rIrsm; aysmufqHk;ukefonf/

wGif;pufrIZkefav;rsm;
onf EdkifiHrsm;yl;aygif;&if;ESD;
xm; aom{&mrukrPDBuD;rsm;udk
atmifjrifpGm ,SOfNydKifEdkifjcif;
r&dSacs/

pGrf;&nf
aumufcsufcsjcif;
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;tay: taumif;jrifaom oabmxm;rsm;teuf rnfonfu b0\
rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;udk tav;ay;azmfnTef;oenf;/ trSefw&m;wGifvnf; b0\rnfonfht
pdwftydkif;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;xm;oenf;/

urma&;&m

xHk;pHtm;jzifh tpdk;&trsm;pkonf 4if;wdkY\pD;yGm;a&;udk umuG,favh&dSNyD; jynfyrS

wifoGif;vmaom ukefypnf;rsm; jynfwGif;xkwfukefrsm;xuf ydkrdkaps;BuD;atmif pDrHavh&dSonf/
oGif;ukeftm;vHk;twGuf ay;aqmif&onfh tpdk;&tcGefrsm; (import duties) aumufcHjcif;jzifh
xdkodkY aqmif&Gufvsuf &dSonf/

- &&dSvmaom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk
toHk;csjcif;
oif\b0wGif jrifawGU&aom *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;taMumif; Oyrmrsm; ay;yg/
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif; taumif;jrifoabmxm;rsm;ESifh wdkufqdkifrI &dSygovm;

pGrf;&nf - jiif;cHkjcif;

atmufwGif ay;xm;aom *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;ESifh ywfoufonfh pum;rsm;udk Munfh&I

rnfonfhpum;rsm;u *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;udk axmufcH rnfonfrsm;u uefYuefonfudk
cGJjcm;yg/
vGwfvyfpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI onf omrefvltay: tusdK;tjrwfrsm;pGmay;onfudk
ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif &Sif;vif;pGm jrifawGUEdkifonf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twm;tqD;rsm;udk
avQmhcsay;NyD; rdrdwdkY\ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;udk zGifhay;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf vlaerIpD;yGm;a&;pepf
ydkrdkjrifhrm;jcif;tusdK;udk cHpm;Mu&onf/ pm;oHk;olrsm;onf rdrdwdkY ,cifu ay;ae&aom
aps;EIef;rsm;xuf avsmhenf;NyD; t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;aom xkwfukefrsdK;pHkudk pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fcGifh
&vmonf/
]]....ppfat;ppfyGJaemufydkif; tm;vHk;twGuf vGwfvyfrIESifh aumif;usdK;csrf;omrsm;
,laqmifvmay;rnfh
urmUpepfopf}udk
jzpfay:vmaprnf[k
arQmfvifhxm;&aom
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;/ vufawGUwGif *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;onfEdkifiHtrsm;pktwGuftvkyform;
acgif;yHkjzwfjcif;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; rwnfNidrfjcif;rsm;udkom ,laqmifvmcJhonf/

urma&;&m

,SOfNydKifjcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGufwGif tydktvdkr&dS tusdK;jzpfxGef;EdkifNyD; vkyftm;vnf; rQa0NyD;om;

jzpfvdrfhrnf/ vkyftm;rQa0jcif;qdkonfrSm vlESifh pD;yGm;a&; olYa&G;cs,frIESifhol tqDtai:
wnfhoGm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ *vdkb,faps;uGufrsm;aMumifh vlrsm;onf urmwpf0ef;&dS
ydkrdkus,fajymBuD;rm;aom aps;uGufrsm;odkY 0ifqHhjcif;jzifh tusdK;jzpfxGef;Edkifonf/ vlrsm;onf
vGwfvyfjcif;? enf;ynm? aps;oufomaom oGif;ukefypnf;rsm;ESifh ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom
xkwfukefaps;uGufrsm;wGif yg0ifvmEdkifonf/
wwd,urm (Third World) EdkifiHrsm;rS vlrsm;? pufrIEdkifiHrsm;rS tpGefYy,fcHrsm;ESifh
vlqif;&Jrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; *vkdb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;\ qdk;usdK;rSm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef cH&onfhtjyif
IMF/ urmhbPf? WTO ESifh 4if;wdkY----tpdk;&rsm; ponfh EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ Edkifx
ufpD;eif;jyKrIrsm;udkvnf; cHMu&onf/
]1985 ckESpfwGif omreftar&duefvlrsdK;wpfa,mufonf omref*smrefwpfOD;xuf 30%?
omref *syefwpfOD;xuf 40%? ,lEdkufwpfuif;ef; omrefEdkifiHom;xuf 50%cefY? omreftD
oD&dk;yD;,vlrsdK;wpfOD;xuf 5500% ydk0ifaiG&dSonf/ uJhodkYaom uGm[rIrsm; EIef;twdkif;
qufoGm;aevQif ESpfaygif; 150 twGif; ESpfqwufoGm;aMumif; txufyg udef;*Pef;rsm;u
yHkazmfjyooGm;onf/
ppfat;ppfyGJpepfwGif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; ryg0ifcJhay/ tar&duefESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
plygyg0gESpfckMum;wGifom rQrQww wnf&dSaejcif; jzpfonf/ *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;pepfwGifrl
tar&duefonf wpfOD;wnf;aom vTrf;rdk;ol plygyg0gjzpfNyD; tjcm;EdkifiHtm;vHk; tar&duefatmuf
wpfae&mr[kwf wpfae&m edrfhusaeonf/
]*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;tusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf[lonfrSm orrQwpGm jyefYESHUcJhjcif; r&dSacs/
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif; 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fudk umuG,fEdkifpGrf; tenf;qHk;olrsm;ay:
wGif trsm;qHk; usa&mufvsuf &dSonf/ txl;ojzifh zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;rSm vlaygif;rsm;pGmonf
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;wGif yg0ifcGifhr&bJ *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;\ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;udk
&ifqdkifBuHKawGUae&onf/ xdkvlrsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,frdrd aps;uGuf\ t&Sifocifrsm;tjzpf
cHpm;&rnfhtpm;
tcdkif;aprsm;ozG,f
cHpm;aeMu&onf/

urma&;&m

&dSvm aom t
csuftvufrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHudk *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif; rnfodkY oufa&mufrI &dScJhoenf;/
tem*wfwGif rnfodkY tusdK;oufa&mufvmEdkifoenf;/

EIdif;,SOfjcif;
*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;ESifh ywfouf rnfonfuaumif;NyD; rnfonf u qdk;onfudk
tzGJUvdkuf aqG;aEG;yg/ xdkYaemuf oifpOf;pm;rdorQ *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;\ tm;omcsuf
tm;enfcsufrsm;udk atmufyg Z,m;wGif jznfhyg/

*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;\ tm;omcsuf

urma&;&m

*vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif;\ tm;enf;csuf

okawoejyKjcif;?
wifqufjcif;

ppfat;ppfyGJrS ]tmPmnDrQjcif;}taMumif; wifquf&ef (presentation) jyifqifyg/ plygyg

0grsm;? 4if;wdkY\ r[mrdwfrsm;? ------? udk,fpm;vS,fppfyGJ ESifh tjcm; tcsuftvufrsm;udk
xnfhoGif;yg/ tcef;rS tcsuftvufrsm;? zwfp&mtydkrsm; odkYr[kwf jyifypmtkyfrsm;rS
tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;csyg/
urmUpepfopf}taMumif; wifquf&ef jyifqifyg/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk NydKuGJoGm;jcif;onf
urmay:&dS tmPmxdef;ndSa&;udk rnfodkYtajymif;tvJ jzpfapoenf;/ rnfuJhodkYaom tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmoenf;/ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&m
tajymif;tvJrsm;taMumif; ajymyg/ jyify (zwfp&m tydkrsm;? pmMunfhwdkufrS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;)
rSvnf; tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazGEdkifonf/

,cktcef;wGif ta&SUtv,fydkif;&dS rMumcifu jzpfyGm;cJhaom y#dyursm;udk

pl;prf;avhvmMurnf/ ,if;y#dyursm;wGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh urmwpf0ef; EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;\
ppfbuf yg0ifywfoufrI ponfwdkY yg0ifaeaMumif; jrifawGU&onf/ y#dyuESpfckrSm

-ta&SUtv,fydkif;&dS y#dyuwGif yg0ifaom t"duEdkifiHrsm;\ trnfrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkY\

wnfae&mudk od&dSvmrnf/
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&Sif;jywwfvmrnf/
urma&;&m

-tpa&;-ygvufpwdkif; ESpfqufpvHk; y#dyuudk aqG;aEG;wwfvmrnf/

-a'owGif;&dS yx0Da&;&m tcef;u@ESifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk azmfjywwfvmrnf/
-ukvor*taejzifh a'owGif; y#dyuudk rnfuJhodkY wHkYjyefcJhonfqdkonfhtaMumif;
aqG;aEG;wwfvmrnf/
-rMumao;rD tD&wfordkif;umvtwGif; ta&;BuD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;udk azmfxkwfwwf
vmrnf/
-tD&wfwGifppfyGJESpfyGJudk OD;wnfcJhaom q,fpkESpfESpfcktwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udkazmfxkwfwwf
vmrnf/

ppfyGJwGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf taMumif;jycsuftcsdKUrSm tb,fenf;/

ta&SUtv,fydkif; rnfonfht&yfwGif &dSoenf;/
ta&SUtv,fydkif;taMumif; oif rnfonfrsm; odxm;oenf;/
atmhwreftifyg,m (Ottoman Empire)onf ESpfaygif; 600 ausmf (1300-1922 )xd
,aeYacwf uREfkyfwdkY odxm;Muaom A[dktm&S? ta&SUtv,fydkif;? Oa&myta&SUydkif;ESifh a
jrmuftmz&dua'otrsm;pkudk tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ atmhwrefrsm;onf rGwfpvifrsm;jzpfNyD;
4if;wdkY\NrdKUawmf rSm tpwefblvf jzpfonf/ 20 &mpktpwGif atmhwrefwdkY\ pGrf;tm;
avsmhenf;vmcJhonf/ tiftm;awmifhwif;aom Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;u ta&SUtv,fydkif;a'oudk
xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef atmhwrefwdkYudk Ncdrf;ajcmufvmcJhonf/ yxrurmppftwGif; atmhwref
wdkYrSm ppfyGJ&IH;cJhaom *smreDwdkYbufu jzpfcJhonf/ ppfyGJ&v'ftjzpf ta&SUtv,fydkif;a'
otrsm;pkrSm ydkif;jcm;cHvdkuf&NyD; ppfatmifEdkifol (txl;ojzifh jyifopfESifh NAdwdef) wdkYu
vTJajymif;wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ydkta&;BuD;onfu ppfyGJwGif tm&yftrsm;tjym;u atmhwrefwdkY
tm; jyifopfwdkY wdkufcdkuf&mwGif axmufyHhulnDay;cJhonf/ ,if;uJhodkY tultnDay;cJhrIaMumifh
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh tm&yfwdkYtm; vGwfvyfa&; ay;rnf[k NAdwdefu uwday;cJhonf/ odkYaomf
,if;oabmwlnDcsufrSm rnfonfhtcgrS *kPfjyKrcHcJh&ay/ uREkfyfwdkYodaom ta&SUtv,fydkif;EdkifiH
trsm;pkrSm ppfatmifEdkifol Oa&my tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;\ zefwD;rIudk cHcJh&onf/ jyifopf
u qD;&D;,m;ESifh vufbEGefudk xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf/ *&dwfNAdwdef (Great Britain) u
ygvufpwdkif; tD&wfEdkifiHawmfopfESifh a*smf'efEdkifiHausmfNyD; --------xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf/
usef tma&AD,ef;uRef;qG,frSm NAdwdefxdef;csKyfrIatmuf wdkuf&dkufruscJhaomfvnf; NAdwdefESifh
qufEG,fcJh&onf/
urma&;&m

'kwd,urmppftqHk;wGif ta&SUtv,fydkif;&dS oef;ESifhcsDaom tm&yfwdkY\ tem*wfonf

Oa&myacgif;aqmifrsm;\ qHk;jzwfay;rIvufatmuf usa&mufcJhonf/ e,fpyfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
ajymif;vJNyD;
oD;oefYae&maorsm;tjzpf
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oD;jcm;pD ydkif;jzwfcHcJh&onf/

rnfonfhtcsdefu atmhwreftifyg,m NydKuGJoGm;cJhoenf;/ tb,fhaMumifh NydKuGJcJh&oenf;/

yxrurmppftNyD; ta&SUtv,fydkif;aotrsm;pkudk rnfonfhOa&myEdkifiHrsm;u
xdef;csKyfcJhoenf;/
ta&SUtv,fydkif;EdkifiHawmfopfudk rnfolu e,fedrdwfopfrsm; owfrSwfcJhoenf;/
e,fajrydkifeufopfrsm; qHk;jzwfay;&mwGif a'ocHrsm; rnfodkY yg0ifcJhMuoenf;/

urma&;&m

aumufcsuf csjcif;?
tcsuftvuf toHk;csjcif;
'kwd,urmppfNyDaemuf ta&SUtv,fydkif; yHk&dyfopftaMumif; tm&yfrsm;rnfuJhodkY
cHpm;cJh&onf[k oifxifygoenf;/
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jyyg/

urma&;&m

wnf&dSjcif; (presence)
aemifwaMumifh trsufxGufjcif; (resentment)
tvGeftMuL; (radical)
onf;cHonf (tolerate)
uwdopmcsdK;azmufonf (betrayal)
tpGef;a&muf0g 'D(fundamentalism)
trsdK;om;a&;0g'D (nationalism)
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurS 4if;wdkY\ EdkifiH? &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh tem*wfrsm;tay:
BudK;udkifxdef;csKyf&ef a&mufvmMuaom jyifyEdkifiHom;rsm;udk rESpfoufMuay/ NAdwdefESifh jyifopf
wdkY\ odrf;ydkufxm;rIESifh ppfwyfrsm; wnf&dSaejcif;ua'ocHvlrsm;ESifh Oa&myodrf;ydkufolrsm;Mum;
rsm;jym;aom vufeufudkif y#dyursm; jzpfyGm;apcJhonf/ 20 &mpk yxrydkif;twGif; rsdK;cspfpdwf
yHko@meftrsdK;rsdK;u urmwpf0ef;vHk;wGif udkvdkeDpepftay: pdefac:rIrsm; BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/
a'orsm;taejzifh udkvdkeDpepf\ rw&m;rIudk tcsdefMumMum onf;cHrI rjyKEdkifMuawmhay/
ta&SUtv,fydkif; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;aom tm&yfrsdK;cspfpepfrsm; rsm;jym;cJh&m Oyrmtm;jzifh orw
eufpfqmtkyfcsKyfaom tD*spf? Baathism tkyfcsKyfrIatmufu tD&wfESifh qD;&D;,m;EdkifiHwdkY
jzpfMuonf/ xdkYjyif *sL;rsdK;cspfpepf (Zionism) vnf; &dScJhonf/ bmoma&;qefonfh
tpGef;a&muf,HkMunfrI (rGwfpvifESifh *sL;)onf udk,fydkifjzpfwnfrIESifh vGwfvyfa&; xdef;csKyf&ef
BudK;pm;aom vltkyfpktcsdKU\ aemufxyf wHkYjyefrIwpfck jzpfonf/ ,if;tpGef;a&mufol tcsdKUwdkYonf vGefuJhaom ,HkMunfrIrsm;udk vufudkifxm;um tpGef;a&mufaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk
vkyfaqmifMuonf/ ta&SUtv,fydkif;wGif rsdK;cspfpdwf&dSolwdkY\ cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh a'gorsm;rSm
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csdK;azmufcJhonfh NAdwdefwdkYtay: ydkwdk;yGm;vmcJhonf/ ,if;uJhodkY twdwf\ a'gorsm;rSm
tem*wfwGif y#dyuESifh ppfyGJrsm; jzpfvm&ef t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfcJhonf/

yxrurmppfNyD;aemuf
wdk;yGm;vm&oenf;/

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trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf

vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

tb,fhaMumifh

vltkyfpktrsm;tjym;tay: nSOf;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;taMumif; rnfonfrsm; odxm;oenf;/

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vltm;vHk; owfjzwfjcif; (extermination)

onf;rcHEdkifjcif; (intolerance)
tvGefYtvGef (overwhelmingly)
cGJjcm;jcif; (partition)
ESdyfpufnSOf;yef;onf (persecuted)
vHkNcHKab;uif;&m (sanctuary)
ordkif;wpfavQmuf
urmwpf0ef;&dS
*sL;rsm;rSm
nSOf;yef;ESdyfpufrIESifh
ESdyfuGyfrIwdkY
cHcJh&onf/
*sL;EdkifiHawmf zefwD;jcif;onf *sL;wdkY\ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
pdwful;,OfcJhaom
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jzpfonf/
1948ckESpfwGiftpa&;EdkifiHawmfudk
zefwD;cJhMuonf/odkY
aomf,if;a'otwGif;ae
xdkifMuaom trsm;pkjzpfonfh
tm&yfwdkYu tpa&;EdkifiHawmfopfudk vufrcHcJhMuay/
tpa&;ESifh ygvufpwdkif;Mum; y#dyursm;rSm Mum&SnfcJhNyD;
cg;oD;rIrsm;ESifh jynfhESufcJhonf/ ,if;y#dyuu wdkif;jynfESifh
bmoma&;udk pdk;&drfp&m jzpfcJhonf/ &mpkESpfrsm;pGmuyifrGwfpvifESifh *sL;rsm;rSm ygvufpwdkif;ESifh
ta&SUtv,fydkif; tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif twlwuG aexdkifvmcJhMuolrsm; jzpf
onf/ ygvufpwdkif;&dS *sL;ESifh rGwfpvifwdkYtwGuf taESmifht,SufESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m
onf;rcHEdkifrIrsm; tjrJ wrf; &dSaecJhonf/

urma&;&m

odkYayr,fh e,fajrydkifqdkifrIta&;rSm t"du oabmwlnDrI r&onfht&m jzpfcJhNyD;,if;

rSmOa&myudkvdkeDpepftcsdefrwdkifrDuyif &dSaecJhonf/ 19 &mpktpydkif;wGif urmwpf0ef;vHk;&dS
*sL;rsm;rSm ygvufpwdkif;odkY tajccs&ef oGm;a&mufcJhMuonf/ 19 &mpktqHk;wGif txl;ojzifh
&k&Sm;wGif *sL;ESdyfuGyfa&;rSm tqHk;pGeftaetxm; jzpfcJhonf/ urmha'otpdwftydkif;t
oD;oD; *sL;rsm; pkpnf;NyD; ]ZD,Gefepf}[k ac:aom rsdK;cspfvIyf&Sm;rItzGJUudk zefwD;cJhMuonf/
4if;wdkY\ &nfrSef;csufrSm ygvufpwdkif;[k odxm;aom {&d,mwGif *sL;EdkifiHawmf wnfaxmifa&; t"du&nfrSef;csufBuD; jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm [dkvdkaumhpf (Holocaust) jzpf&yfNyD;aemuf
*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf t"du ta&;BuD;qHk;t&m jzpfvmcJhonf/ ZD,Geftajccsolrsm;
ra&muf&dSvmrD bmoma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m tkyfpkrsm;rS tm&yfrsm;ESifh tzGJUcGJrsm;jzpfaom
(rGwfpvif Druze)ESifh c&pf,mefwdkYrSm vlenf;pk *sL;wdkYESifh [efcsufnDnD twlwuG aexdkifcJhMuonf/ yxrurmppf pwifcsdef 1949 ckESpfwGif ygvufpwdkif; tm&yf 10 OD;ausmfwGif *sL;
1 OD;EIef; &dScJhonf/
(The Holocaust)

'kwd,urmppftawmtwGif; emZDwdkYonf *sL;wdkYtm; jyif;jyif;xefxefESifh pepfwusESdyfuGyfcJhMuonf/ ,if;uJhodkY ESdyfuGyfrI\ tqHk;pGef;aom &nfrSef;csufrSm urmay:&dS
*sL;tm;vHk;tm; owfypf&ef jzpfonf/ *smreDppfwyftaejzifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGifydk
ydk ae&m,lvmEdkifaomtcg 4if;wdkYae&m,lxm;aom ydkifeuftwGif;&dS *sL;tm;vHk;udk
tusOf;pcef;rsm;odkY oGwfoGif;cJhNyD; tvkyfMurf;rsm; vkyfapjcif;? iwfrGwfaoqHk;apjcif;ESifh
"mwfaiGUjznfhxm;aom txl;ajrwdkufcef;rsm;wGif ydwfowfjcif; ponfrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
,if;umvtwGif; *sL;trsm;tjym;rSm Oa&myrS vGwfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuaomfvnf;
tjcm;EdkifiHtrsm;pku 'kuonfrsm; vufcHrxm;vdkcJhMuay/ xdkpOftcsdefu EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH
emZD*smreD\ odrf;ydkufjcif; cHcJh&NyD;vQifvnf; vGwfajrmuf&ef tvGefcufcJonf/ [dkvdkaumhpf
tawmtwGif; Oa&mywGif *sL;aygif; 5 oef;cefY towfcHcJh&onf/ 'kwd,urmppftwGif;wGif
todrf;ydkufcHEdkifiH? e,fajrrsm;&dS *sL;tenf;i,frQom touf&Sifusef&pfonf/ tcsdKUu
ygvufpwdkif;odkY xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJhMuonf/

qdkvdk&if;&SmazGjcif;
1948ckESpfwGif tpa&;EdkifiH ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;ay:aygufvmrIudk *sL;rsm;u
rnfodkYoabmxm;onf[k oifxifjrifoenf;/ ,if;a'owGif;&dS tm&yfrsm;uvnf;
rnfodkYcHpm;Mu&oenf;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/
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tem*wftwGuf xdktcsufu rnfodkYta&;ygoenf;/

urma&;&m

ppfyGJtNyD; ygvufpwdkif;udk NAdwdoQwdkY xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifNyD;aomtcg *sL;EdkifiHawmfwpfck

oD;jcm; zefwD;ay;&ef oabmwlnDcJhonf/ ,if;oabmwlnDcsufudk NAdwdefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;
tmomb,fvfazm\ trnfudk tpGJjyK b,fvfazmaMunmcsuftjzpf ac:wGifcJhMuonf/
,if;a'ocH tm&yfvlrsdK;rsm;onf ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufESifhpyfvsOf;NAdwdoQwdkY4if;wdkYtay:aemufwpfBudrf opmazmufonf[k ,lqum rausrcsrf; jzpfcJhMuonf/
NAdwdefxdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif ygvufpwdkif;wGif tqufrjywf wif;rmrIrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pky#dyursm;
jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ 'kwd,urmppf (1939-1945)twGif;ESifhppfyGJNyD;aemuf*sL;axmifaygif;rsm;
pGmonf emZDwdkY\ tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfrIrS vGwfajrmuf&ef xGufajy;cJhMuonf/
Oa&mywGif ted|m&Hkrsm; &ifqdkifBuHKawGUcJh&aom *sL;rsm;u tpa&;rSm okc&dyfNrHKwpfcktjzpf
awG;xifcJhMuonf/
'kwd,urmppf (1945) tqHk;wGif Oa&mytiftm;BuD;EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf 4if;wdkY\
udkvdkeDydkifeufrsm;udk pGefYvTwfcJhMuonf/ *&dwfNAdwdefu ygvufpwdkif;tm; xdef;csKyfxm;rIudk
pGefYvTwf&ef oabmwlcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif topfzGJUpnf;xm;aom ukvor*u
ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHtm; tm&yfEdkifiHawmfESifh *sL;EdkifiHawmfrsm;tjzpf ydkif;jcm;ypf&ef aMunmcJhonf/
tm&yfwdkYu ,if;tpDtrHudk y,fcscJhMuonf/ 4if;wdkY\ tjrifu w&m;r0if tajccsvmaom
*sL;rsm;tm; yvufpwdkif;wGif rnfodkYrQ vufcHray;Edkif[k qdkonf/ ,cktcg ,if;*sL;vlrsdK;wdkYrSm
ygvufpwdkif;wdkYESifh wef;wltcGifhta&; &&dSaeMuonf/ ukvor*\ qHk;jzwfcsufwGif
tm&yfwdkY\ y,fcsrIESifh tpa&;wdkY\ wHkYjyefrIrsm;u y#dyursm;udk jzpfyGm;apcJhonf/

tpa&;vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; cPtMumwGif yvufpwdkif;wGif tajccsvmaom

*sL;wdkYESifh tm&yfwdkYMum; jyif;xefaom wkdufyGJrsm; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ rMumcif tdrfeD;csif;
tm&yfEdkifiHrsm; (tD*spf? qD;&D;,m;? tD&wf? a*smf'ef)wdkYu wdkufyGJwGif yg0ifvmcJhNyD;ppfaMunm
cJhMuonf/
tiftm;ao;i,faomfvnf;
avhusifhrIESifh
pkpnf;rItm;aumif;aom
tpa&;ppfwyfonf tm&yfwdkYudk tEdkif,lcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif ukvtpDtrHxufEdki f
iHydkif euf ydkrsm;aom tpa&;EdkifiHawmf tjzpf ay;tyfcJh&onfh vufrSwfa&;xdk;rI oabmwlnDcsuf &&dScJhonf/ ygvufpwdkif;wdkYonf tdrfeD;csif;tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;xHrS OD;aqmifrIESifh
taxmuftyHhrsm; r&cJhMuay/ xdkYaemufwGif tD*spfu*gZmteD; {&d,mudk xdef;csKyfcJhNyD;
a*smf'efuA[dkygvufpwdkif;(taemufbufurf;ajc)ESifhta&SUa*s&kpvifudk
xdef;csKyfcJhonf/
*sL;EdkifiHawmfopfay:aygufvmcJhNyD/ ukvor*\ ydkif;jcm;a&;tpDtrHrSm jzpfrvmcJhay/
ygvufpwdkif;wdkYtaejzifh aqG;aEG;ndSEIdif;rI tjyifbufwGif usefcJh&NyD; 4if;wdkY\ tdrfeD;csif;tm&
yfEdkifiHrsm;om ygvufpwdkif; ydkifeufudk xdef;csKyfcGifh&onfh tjrwftpGef;rsm; &&dSoGm;apcJhonf/
ygvufpwdkif;wdkYonf ppf&IH;jcif;ESifhtwl tdk;tdrfyg rJhcJh&onf/

urma&;&m

usrf;pm (taxmuftxm;a[mif;)t& ygvufpwdkif;onf *sL;wdkY\ tdk;tdrfjzpfonf/

*sL;wdkYuvnf; ygvufpwdkif;rSm 4if;wdkY\tdk;tdrfjzpfaeqJ[ktcdkiftrmqdkMuonf/tm&yf
ygvufpwdkif;wdkYuvnf; 4if;wdkYtaejzifh ygvufpwdkif;wGif umvMum&Snf tqufrjywf
wnf&dSaecJhrIuomvQif e,fajrydkifqdkifa&;twGuf tcGifhta&; ay;xm;&m a&mufonf[k qdk
Muonf/

pmaMumif;rsm; NyD;jynfhpHkapzdkY uGufvyfrsm;tm; jznfhpGufay;NyD; oifhawmfaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk

a&G;cs,fyg/
tm&yfwdkonf ukv\ e,fajrydkif;jcm;a&; tpDtpOfudk (oabmwl^oabmrwl) cJhMuay/
ygvufpwdkif;wGif tajccsa&; tm;ay;aom *sL;vIyf&Sm;rIudk ---- [k ac:onf/
tpa&;onf 4if;\ udk,fydkifEdkifiHawmfopfudk 19 ----- wGif aMunmcJhonf/
ygvufpwdkif;wGif tm&yfrsm; jzpfMuonfh ------- tkyfpk trsm;tjym; &dScJhonf/
abmvfazm (Balfour) oabmwlnDcsufonf *sL;EdkifiHawmf zefwD;ay;a&;udk ------ onf/
(axmufcHonf^qefYusifonf^rsufuG,fjyKonf)
1949 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf tm&yf-tpa&;ppfyGJtqHk;wGif tpa&;u ukvtpDtpOfESifh
EIdif;,SOf e,fajrydkifqdkifrI ----- cJhonf/ (enf;onf^ydkrsm;onf^wlnDonf)

pOf;pm;Munfhjcif;
a'owGif;&dS tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;u tpa&;EdkifiHawmfopfudk tb,fhaMumifh qefYusifcJhoenf;/
tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;onf 4if;wdkY\ oabmrwlnDrIudk rnfuJhodkY jyocJhoenf;/
tem*wfwGif wdkufcdkufrIrsm; avsmhusoGm;atmif enf;vrf;&Sm&m NAdwdefwdkY ygvufpwdkif;udk
rnfuJhodkY pnf;&Hk;cJhMuoenf;/

tpa&;EdkifiHawmf
wnfaxmifjcif;udk
aMunmcJhNyD;aemuf
csufcsif;qdkovdk
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xGufajy;cJhMuonf/ tdrfeD;csif; tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;wGif q,fpkESpfESifh csD aexdkifcJhMuaom
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urma&;&m

*sL;EdkifiHawmfopftay: ppfaMunmrI jyKvkyfvmojzifh vHkjcHKrItwGuf aMumuf&GHUcJhMuonf/

,if;*sL;'kuonfrsm;rSm tpa&;EdkifiHawmfopfwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf vufcHjcif; cHcJh&onf/
wpfzufwGifvnf; ygvufpwdkif;tm&yf 700000 ausmfonf 'kuonfrsm;tjzpf tpa&;rS
xGufcGmcJhMuonf/ ygvufpwdkif;wdkY tb,fhaMumifh 4if;wdkY tdk;tdrfrsm;udk pGefYcGmcJh&onfrSm
taMumif;jycsufrsm;pGm &dSonf/
ppfyGJrS vGwfajrmuf&ef
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vGwfajrmuf&ef
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aMumuf&GHUrIwdkYaMumifh jzpfMuonf/
aemufxyf ESpf 50 ausmftMumwGif ygvufpwdkif; 'kuonfta&twGufrSm 4oef;cefYtxd
wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf/ trsm;tjym;u 1949 ckESpfu wnfaxmifxm;cJhaom 'kuonfpcef;rsm;wGif
qufvuf aexdkifcJhMuonf 'kuonfrsm;udk vufcH&mwGif a*smf'efEdkifiH ta&twGuftrsm;qHk;
jzpfNyD; vufbEGefESifh qD;&D;,m;vnf; 'kuonf trsm;tjym; &dSonf/ ygvufpwdkif;trsm;tjym;u
ydk <u,f0csrf;omonfh yifv,fauGUEdkifiHrsm; (aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;/ ul0dwfESifh ,lattD;uJhodkY)
ESifh tjcm; urmht&yfa'orsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf ygvufpwdkif;tcsdKUudk
EdkifiHom;tjzpf vufcHay;xm;onfh wpfckwnf;aom tm&yfEdkifiHrSm a*smf'efjzpfonf/
tjcm;aom tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;&dS ygvufpwdkif;wdkYrSm txufygEdkifiHrsm;uJhodkYwlnDaomtcGifhta&;
r&Muay/ ygvufpwdkif;wdkYESifh tm&yftrsm;pkwdkYrSm wlnDaom bmoma&; &dSMuNyD; trSeftm;jzifh
tpa&;tpdk;&rl0g'udk qefYusifMuonf/ odkYaomf ygvufpwdkif;wdkYtaejzifh tjcm;aom
tm&yfEdkifiHrsm;xHrS taxmuftyHh jynfhjynfhpHkpHk r&&dSMuay/

pOf;pm;awG;ac:
jcif;

urma&;&m

ta0;odkY o,faqmifoGm;onf FRQVFDWLRQ

tjyifrxGuf&trdefY (curfew)
ysufpD;jcif; (domolition)
zrf;qD;tusOf;csjcif; (detention)
qefYusifonf (hostile)

taMumif;jycsufay;onf(justify)
apmifhMunfhxdef;csKyfonf (monitor)
qufvufwnf&dSaejcif; (occupation)
wm;jrpfonf (prohibit)

1949 ckESpf tpa&;ESifh tm&yftdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;tMum; typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDtNyD; rlvygvufpwdkif;e,fajrESpfckjzpfaom taemufbufurf;ajcESifh *gZmaoonf tm&yf
xdef;csKyfrIatmufwGif &dSaecJhonf/ ,if;taetxm;rSm 1967 ckESpfwGif ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/
1967 ckESpfwGif tpa&;e,fpyfrsm;wGif &efvdkonfhtjyKtrlrsm; vkyfaqmifaeonf[k ,lq&aom
tD*spfESifh qD;&D;,m;wdkYrS wyfzGJUta&twGuftrsm;tjym; pkpnf;aerIudk tpa&;tpdk;&u azmf
xkwfcJhonf/ csufcsif;yif tD*spf? qD;&D;,m;ESifh a*smf'efwdkYudk tvsiftjref wHkYjyefcJhNyD; wdkufcdkuf
tEdkif,lcJhonf/ ppfyGJ\&v'frSm tpa&;wdkYtaejzifh ,ciftD*spfydkifqdkifaom e,fajrjzpfonfh
qdkif;Edkif;uRef;qG,fESifh qD;&D;,m; e,fpyfe,fajrjzpfaom*dkvefukef;jrifhwdkYudkxdef;csKyfodrf;ydkufcJhonf/ ,if;ppfyGJrSm &efoludk ajcmuf&uftwGif; tpa&;wdkY tEdkifwdkufEdkifcJhojzifh
ajcmuf&ufMumppfyGJ[k vlodrsm;cJhonf/
1979 wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpftpa&;u1967ckESpfppfyGJ
wGif &,lxm;aom qdkifEdkif;uRef;qG,ftrsm;pkudk jyefvnfvTJajymif;ay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf *gZm
taemufbufurf;ajcESifh *dkvefukef;jrifhwdkYudk qufvufxdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf/ 1990 jynfhESpfrwdkifcifu tpa&;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;u tpa&;EdkifiH wnf&dSa&;udk vufcH&ef jiif;qdkcJhMuonf/
tpa&;EdkifiH ysufokOf;a&;rSm tm&yftpdk;&trsm;tjym; rl0g'wpfck jzpfcJhonf/ tpa&;onf
ygvufpwdkif;omru tjcm; &efvdkaomtdrfeD;csif;tm&yfEdkifiHrsm; Ncdrf;ajcmufrIudk
qufvufcHcJh&onf/
tpa&;ESifhygvufpwdkif;&dSajrqDvTmrSm
ajcmufaoGUNyD;
pdkufysdK;&efrjzpfxGef;
aom
ajrtrsdK;tpm;jzpfonfudk
odxm;&efvdktyfonf/
a&rSm
wefzdk;t&dSqHk;
t&if;tjrpfwpfckjzpfonf/ taxmuftyHhay;aeaom ta&;tBuD;qHk; a&t&if;tjrpfESpfckrSm
taemufbufurf;ajc&dS a*smf'efjrpfESifh *gvDvDyifv,fwdkY jzpfonf/ txifu&
a&t&if;tjrpfESpfckudk xdef;csKyfjcif;qdkonfh t"dym,frSmt"dut&if;tjrpfudkxdef;csKyfxm;jcif;
yifjzpfonf/tpa&;tpdk;&onf ,if;{&d,mudk udk,fydkifvHkNcHKa&;twGuf xdef;csKyfxm;&rnf[k
rSwf,lxm;onf/ ,if;{&d,mrsm;rSm tpa&;ESifh ygvufpwdkif;trsm;pk aexdkif&mt&yfjzpfonf/
tpa&;u todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;wGif vHkjcHKa&;vkyfaqmifrItrsm;tjym; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
vHkjcHKa&;vkyfaqmif rIrsm;u xdka'owGif aexdkifaom ygvufpwdkif;wdkY. vIyf&Sm;rIudk
xdef;csKyfuefYowfxm;onf/ vHkjcHKa&;vkyfaqmifrItcsdKUwGif atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf/
urma&;&m

vG w f v yf p G m ajymqd k c G i f h ? yH k E S d y f c G i f h ? pk & H k ; cG i f h w d k Y u d k t jyif ; txef a pmif h M unf h x d e f ; csKyf & ef E S i f h

wm;jrpfydwfyif&ef
vrf;rsm;? ausmif;rsm;ESifh vlrItaqmuftOD;rsm;udk ydwfypfjcif;
tdk;tdrfrsm; zsufqD;ypfjcif;
EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm;tm; axmifcsjcif;
ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrrsm;tm; &,ljcif;
rMumao;rDutpa&;tpdk;&onf todrf;ydkuf
cH e ,f a jrrsm;ESi fhuseftpa &;e,fa jrrsm;ud k y d k i f ;
jcm;xm;aomBuD;rm;aomwHwdkif;wpfck
udkpwif
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ vHkNcHKa&; t
[ef Y t wm;onf y gvuf p wd k i f ; om;rsm;tm;
tkyfpkuGJoGm;aponf/ t pa&;tpdk;&toHk;jyKaom
tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckrS
todrf;ydkuf
cHe,fajrrsm;wGif topfa&mufvmaom *sL;rsm;
tajccsaexdkif&ef vkyfaqmifay;jcif; jzpfonf/
*sL;tajccsaexdkifol
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmonf
,if;tajccsaexdkif&m
ae&mopfodkY
a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif tpa&;0efBuD;csKyf &S&Gefu *gZmwGif *sL;tajccsaexdkifrIudk
z,f&Sm;&ef tqdkjyKcJhonf/ odkYaomf taemufbufurf;ajcwGif *sL;rsm; qufvuf&dSaecJhonf/ t
odrf;ydkufcHe,fajrrsm;&dS tajccsaexdkifolrsm;tm; umuG,fay;jcif;onf tpa&;ppfwyftiftm;
qufvufwnf&dSaeap&ef taMumif;jycsufwpfck jzpfonf[k tpa&;tpdk;&u qdkonf/

2004ck E S p f Z l v d k i f v wG i f t jynf j ynf q d k i f & mw&m;a&;cH k & H k ; utp a &;\vH k j cH Ka&; tumt&H (wHwdkif;)onf w&m;r0ifaMumif;ESifh z,f&Sm;oifhaMumif; jyXmef;cJhonf/
ukvor*taxGaxGnDvmcHu tpa&;taejzifh wHwdkif;udk csufcsif; z,f&Sm;ypfoihfaMumif;
qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;cJhonf/
2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif tpa&;tpdk;&u ukvtqHk;tjzwfudk vdkufem&ef
jiif;qdkcJhonf/

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;&dS tm&yfrsm;ESifh tpa&;EdkifiHwGif;&dS ygvufpwdkif;tcsdKUu

tpa&;tpdk;&tay: tb,fhaMumifh &efvdkrIrsm; jzpfMu&oenf;/ taMumif;jycsufrsm; ay;
ajzqdkyg/ &&dSvmaom taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk trsdK;tpm; cGJjyyg/
urma&;&m

EdkifiHa&;
bmoma&;
taMumif;jycsufrsm; taMumif;jycsufrsm;

yx0Dtae
vlrIa&;
tjcm;
txm;qdkif&m
taMumif;jycsufrsm; taMumif;jycsufrsm;
taMumif;jycsufrsm;

todrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk tpa&;

toHk;jyKcJhoenf;/
pmtkyfxJwGif azmfjyxm;aom vlUtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufrIwpfckudk &SmazGMunfhyg/
,if; vlYtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk usL;vGef&ef tpa&;tpdk;&wGif tcGifhta&;&dSonf[k
,lqygovm;/
tpa&;tpdk;&onf rnfonftwGuf atmifjrifrI&&ef BudK;pm;aeoenf;/
,if;odkYvkyfaqmif&ef taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;udk azmfjyyg/

atmufygajryHkwpfckcsif;pDwGif tpa&; xdef;csKyfxm;aom e,fajrrsm;tm; ta&mifjc,fyg/

1967-2979
urma&;&m

1979-vuf&dS

1947ckESpfrS,aeYvuf&dStcsdeftxdtpa&;ajryHkay:wGifajymif;vJrIrsm;taMumif;xkwf
azmfMunfhyg/ tb,fhaMumifh ajryHk ajymif;vJoGm;&oenf;/ rnfonfhtjzpftysufrsm;u
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk tusdK;oufa&mufcJhoenf;/

jypfwif&Iwfcsonf (condemning)
w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfcsuf (resolution)
tvSnfhus (rotate)
ADwdk odkY y,fcsjcif; (veto)
Oya'csdK;azmufonf (violate)
tpa&; usL;ausmfrIESifh tm&yfe,fajrtm; wHkYjyefonfhtaejzifh ukvor*u 1967
ckESpfwGif qHk;jzwfcsufwpfck csrSwfcJhonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrSm tpa&;taejzifh odrf;ydkufxm;onfh
e,fajrrS qkwfcGmNyD; ,cif ydkifeufe,fajrrsm;udk vufcH&rnf[k qdkxm;onf/
,if;qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHa&; tpa&;u jiif;qdkcJhonf/ aemuf 35 ESpfausmfMumtwGif;
tpa&;taejzifh ukvqHk;jzwfcsuf (35) ckausmfudk rvdkufemcJhay/ ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufta&t
wGufudk csdK;azmufrIonf urmay:&dS tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf ydkrsm;cJhonf/ qHk;jzwfcsuftrsm;pkrSm
tpa&;-ygvufpwdkif; qufqHa&;ESifh qufEG,faecJhonf/ tpa&;\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay:
a0zef&Iwfcsonfh qHk;jzwfcsuf trsm;tjym;udk ukvor*u tqdkjyKcJhjcif; jzpfaomfvnf;
ukv\ ADwdkpepfaMumifh twnf jzpfrvmcJhay/
ukvor*wGif tzGJU0ifEdkifiH 200 ausmf &dSonf/ ta&;tBuD;qHk; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD[k ac:aom 15 EdkifiHyg tzGJUu csrSwfonf/ vHkNcHKa&;umifpDwGif
tNrJwrf;tzGJU0if EdkifiHrsm;tjzpf tar&duef? *&dwfNAdwdef? jyifopf? &k&Sm;ESifh w&kwfwdkY yg0ifNyD; usef 10 EdkifiHrSm tzGJU0iftm;vHk;rS a&G;cs,fay;NyD;wpfEdkifiHvQif2ESpfwpfBudrftvSnfh
us wm0efxrf;aqmifMuonf/ tNrJwrf;tzGJU0if rnfonfhEdkifiHurqdk ADwdktmPmoHk;
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk y,fcsEdkifonf/ wpf ckcktay: urmwpf0ef;vHk;&dS EdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlcJhonfhwdkif tzGJU0if EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwnf;u oabmwlnDcsufudk y,fzsufEdkifonf/
tar&duefonf
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf
tpa&;tm;
ppfbufESifhb@m
a&;tultnDtygt0if tBuD;rm;qHk; axmufyHh tultnDay;ol jzpfonf/ ,if;uJhodkY
vkyfaqmifjcif;rSm taMumif;rsm;pGm &dSonf/ yxrtcsufrSm tar&dueftaejzifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&; taMumif;jycsufrsm;twGuf ta&SUtv,fydkif;wGif cdkifrmpGm wnf&dSa&; qE&dSaejcif;
jzpf o nf / tp a &;rS m ,if ; a'otwG i f ; wG i f r G w f p vif r [k w f o nf h w pf c k w nf ; aomEd k i f i H j zpf
onf/,Ofaus;rIcsif;t& rGwfpvifta&SUtv,fydkif;EdkifiHrsm;xuf tpa&;u tar&duefESifh
urma&;&m

yHko@mef ydkwlnDrI &dSonf/ aemufxyftcsufwpfcsufrSm tpa&;ESifh csdwfqufrI &dSonfh

EdkifiHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI cdkifrmaom vTrf;rdk;cH tar&duef *sL;trsm;tjym; &dSaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
tpa&;\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: a0zef&Iwfcsaom ukvqHk;jzwfcsufudk tar&duefu
ADwdktmPmoHk; tpa&;udk taxmuftyHh ay;xm;onf/

ukvor*wGif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rnfodkY vkyfaqmifMuoenf;/

ukvtzGJU0if EdkifiHtm;vHk; wlnDaom tmPm &dSMuygovm;/
,if;pepfrsm;tay: oifh tawG;tjrif oabmxm;rSm tb,fenf;/
ukvor*wGif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifonfh tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfck awG;awmMunfhyg/
(The Intifadah)

ydwfqdkYonf (barricading)?
AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufjcif; (bombardment)?
0,f , l t m;ay;jcif ; rjyKbJ q E j yonf
(boycotts)?
Mum;0ifpGufzufonf (intervention)

&kef;uefonf
(resistance)?
&S n f M umaomwd k u f c d k u f r I ( siege) ?
tvkyfrvkyfbJqEjyonf
(strikes)?
ta&;awmfyHk (uprising)

tpa&;odrf;ydkufrIatmuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifvm&NyD;aemufydkif;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;

BudK;yrf;rI ratmifjrifjcif; wdkYaMumifh 1987 ckESpfwGif ygvufpwdkif;rsm;onf BuD;rm;aom
x<uykefuefrI (odkY) ckcHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIudk zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ ,if;udk tifwDzm'g (udkifvIyfjcif;)[k
tma&bpfbmomt& ac:qdkonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;rS ygvufpwdkif;rsm;u atmufyg
tMurf;rzufa&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;jycJhMuonf/
qEjyrIrsm;ESifh oydwfarSmufrIrsm; vkyfaqmifonf/
tpa&;ukefypnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufonf/
urma&;&m

ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rI pmoifausmif;rsm; zefwD;onf (x<uvIyf&Sm;rI tawmtwGif; tpa&;u

ygvufpwdkif;ausmif; trsm;tjym;udk ydwfypfcJhonf/)
tcGefrsm; ay;aqmif&ef jiif;qdkonf/
wdkuf&dkuf vkyfaqmifonfh tMurf;zufrIrsm;vnf; &dSonf/
ausmufwHk;rsm;ESifh ypfaygufjcif;ESifh aygufuGJrIrsm; jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;
vrf;rsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfqdkYjcif;
taocHAHk;cGJjcif;
yxrqHk; zGJUpnf;cJhonfh tifwDzm'gtzGJUrSm 6 ESpfcefY
oufwrf; MumjrifhcJhNyD; tpa&;ESifh ygvufpwdkif;&mESifhcsD
aoqHk;cJhonf/yxrtBudrftifwDzm'gtzGJU\ &v'f
wpfckrSmygvufpwdkif;tmPmydkiftzGJU (Palestinian
Authority PA)[kac:aom w&m;0if ygvufp
wdkif; tpdk;&wpf&yf zefwD;a&;yifjzpfonf/odkYaomfygv
ufpwdkif;tmPmydkiftzGJU ESifh oabmwlnDrI r&dSaom
ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHa&;yg
wDrsm;ESifh
tzGJUtpnf;
trsm;tjym; &dSaeonf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;tcsdKUu tpa&;tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfndSEIdif;rI vkyf&ef
jiif;qdkMuonf/ tMurf;zufrIESifh &uf pufMurf;MuKwfrIrsm;rSm ,if;tzGJUrsm;\ ajymif;vJrItwGuf
BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI t"duenf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/yxrqHk; tifwDzm'gvIyf&Sm;rIonf ygvufpwdkif; tpGef;a&mufrsm;xJrS tMurf;zrfrIrsm;udk o,faqmifvmcJhonf/ 2000 jynfhESpfNyD;aemuf
'kwd, tifwDzm'g pwifcJhonf/ ,ckwpfBudrf tpa&;taejzifh ,if;vIyf&Sm;rItay: wHkYjyef
rIrSm yxrtBudrfxuf ydkjyif;xefcJhonf/ ygvufpwdkif;wdkY\ wHkYjyefrIuvnf; tMurf;zufrI
ydkqefvmcJhonf/ tjypfrJh tpa&;wdkYtm; ygvufpwdkif;wdkY\ taocHAHk;cGJrIrsm;rSmvnf; jrifh
wufvmcJhonf/ ESpfzufpvHk;\ tMurf;zufrIrsm; jrifhwufvmjcif;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&ef
ydkrdkcufcJoGm;apcJhonf/

qef;ppfavhvmjcif;
(inferring)

tifwDzm'gtzGJU\ tjyKoabmaqmifaom &v'ftcsdKUrSm rnfonfenf;/

tjyKoabmraqmifonfh &v'frsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
tifwDzm'gwGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm rnfolenf;/
rwlnDaom yg0ifolrsm;\ ta&;BuD;onfh tm;enf;csufwpfckudk azmfjyEdkifygovm;/
tifwDzm'g ,ckxuf ydkatmifjrifapEdkifaom enf;vrf;rSm tb,fenf;/
urma&;&m

tpa&;ESifh ygvufpwdkif;Mum; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI trsm;tjym;

&dScJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ukvor* tar&duef? qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpk? &k&Sm;?
Oa&myor*ESifh tm&yftpdk;&rsm; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhMuonf/ vuf&dStcsdeftxd tpa&;ESifh yg
vufpwdkif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrS NyD;jynfhpHkonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf jzpfrvmao;ay/
ESpfbufpvHk;u vHkNcHKa&;ESifh rQwaom e,fajrcGJa0a&; vdktyfcsufrsm; &dSaeaMumif; tcdkiftrm
qdkxm;Muonf/
2002 ckESpfwGif tpa&; umuG,fa&;wyfzGJU (IDF) onf ta&;BuD;aom NrdKUBuD;rsm;ESifh
NrdKUi,frsm;udk odrf;ydkuf&ef odrf;ydkufcHe,frsm;twGif; 0ifa&mufcJhonfh ygvufpwdkif;tmPmydkift
zGJU tpdk;&aetdrfrSm 0dkif;&HcHxm;cJh&NyD; jyif;xefaom AHk;BuJwdkuf cdkufcH&rIatmuf usa&mufcJhonf/
acgif;aqmifa[mif;jzpfol &mqmtm&mzufESifh 4if;\ tpdk;&tzGJUrSm &ufowygwfaygif;rsm;pGm
rxGufcGmoGm;EdkifcJhay/ tpa&;umuG,fa&; wyfzGJU\ 0ef;&HydwfqdkYrItwGif; taqmuftOD;rsm;
ysufpD;cJhNyD; ygvufpwdkif;trsm;tjym; aoqHk;cJh&onf/ ygvufpwdkif; ckcHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\
wpfOD;csif; acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmvnf; txl; ypfrSwfjzpfum aoqHk;cJhMuonf/

EdkifiHwum avhvmapmifhMunfholrsm;u tpa&;\ wyfzGJU0ifrsm; toHk;jyKjcif;rSm

tjypf&dSonfhtjyif tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'udkvnf; csdK;azmufjcif; jzpfonf[k awG;xifcJhMuonf/
ukvor*ESifh EdkifiHwum tzJGUtpnf;u ,if;tMurf;zufrIudk us,fus,favmifavmif &IwfcsjypfwifcJhonf/ tpa&;u EdkifiHwum wHkYjyefrIudk y,fcscJhNyD; 0ef;&HydwfqdkYrIrsm; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm
qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ tar&duef\ Mum;0ifjzefajzrI r&dSjcif;uvnf; ,if;taetxm;udk
cGifhjyKovdk jzpfapcJhonf/ tifwDzm'g tzGJU ESpfzGJUpvHk;u ygvufpwdkif;tajctaeudk EdkifiHwumrS
tm&Hkpdkufvmap&ef qGJaqmifcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;tay: ygvufpwdkif;wdkYu
taocHAHk;cGJrIrsm; vkyfaqmifaeonf[k EdkifiHwumrS &Iwfcsaom tjyKoabmraqmifonfh
wHkYjyefrIrsm;vnf; &dScJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf&&a&; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIrsm;tpm;
tajctaerSm ydkyif tE&m,f BuD;onfh taetxm; quf&dSaecJhonf/ 'kwd, tifwDzm'g
pwifNyD;csdefrS p 2004 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif ygvufpwdkif; 3000 ausmfESifh tpa&; 1000
aoqHk;cJhonf/

,ckoifcef;pmwGif
azmfjyay;yg/

urma&;&m

azmfjyxm;aom

ta&;tjzpftysufrsm;udk

tcsdefumvESifhwuG

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;
,ck y#dyuwGif yg0ifaom Zmwfaumif trsm;tjym; &dSonf/ tpa&;ppfwyf? ygvufpwdkif;
tmPmydkif tzGJU tjcm; ygvufpwdkif;tkyfpk? tar&duef? ukvor*? tpa&;ESifh ygvufpwdkif;
jynfolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
oifhtkyfpkwGif ckcsdefxd y#dyu qufvufjzpfvm&ef yg0ifMuaom Zmwfaumifwpfckcsif; bmvkyfMuonfudk ajymjyyg/ xdkYaemuf vIyf&Sm;yg0ifolwpfOD;csif;pD raumif;rGefaom
&v'ftwGuf rnfonfrsm; vkyfcJhonfudk ajymjyyg/ aemufqHk; yg0ifvIyf&Sm;olwpfOD;csif;pDu
y#dyuudk ajz&Sif;&ef rnfodkY ulnDcJhonfudk ajymyg/ oifhtajzrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;wGif
pkpnf;jyyg/

J
tpa&;tpdk;&ESifh ppfwyf
ygvufpwdkif;tmPm
ydkiftzGJU
tjcm; ygvufpwdkif;
tkyfpk
ukvor*
tpa&;ESifh ygvufpwdkif; jynfolrsm;

urma&;&m

;
oHo,&dScH&aom (alleged)
vufeufwdkuf (arsenal)
wdk;jrifhjcif; (escalation)
acwfrDjcif; (sophistication)

odrf;ydkufcH e,fajrrsm;twGif;ESifh tjyifbufwGif tMurf;zufrIrsm; t&Sdefjrifhvmjcif;onf

tpa&;&dS vlrIb0udk tE&m,f jzpfvmapcJhonf/ ygvufpwdkif; ckcHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u
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wdk;jrSifh vkyfaqmifvmMuonf/
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rSwf xm;vmMuonf/ tpa&;wdkYu 4if;wdkY\acwf rDaom vufeufrsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD;
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wHkYjyef&ef ppfvuf euf wyfqifxm;aom &[wf,mOfrsm;? wdkufcdkufa&; &[wf,mOfrsm;ESifh
wifhum;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/tajctae ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;atmifvkyfaqmifaomoHo,jzpfcH&
onfh ygvufpwdkif; tMurf;zuform;rsm;udk tpa&;wdkY toHk;jyKcJhonf/ ESpfzufpvHk;u wpfzufzufu vlowf rI vkyfaqmif&yfrsm;udk tMurf;zuf0g' (Terrorism) [k &nfnTef;cJhMuonf/
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eD;pyfrI &dSrvmcJhay/

urma&;&m

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19 ESpfyJ &dSao;NyD; uRefr&JU wpfa,mufwnf;aom arG;csif; jzpfygw,f/
urma&;&m

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xifMuw,f}} [k &Smacs;u &Sif;jyonf/ 6vMumtNyD; &Smacs;onf wuodkvfausmif;olrsm;
ESifhtwl pm;aomufqdkifwpfckwGif tvkyf vkyfcJhonf/ ]]uRefr tywfpOfwdkif; vkyfovdkyJ
pm;aomufqdkifudk oGm;cJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'DwpfBudrfrSm pm;aomufqdkif[m ygvufpwdkif; ta
ocHAHk;cGJorm;wpfOD;&JU ypfrSwftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif; cHcJh&w,f/ uRefr owd&wmu em;uGJrwwf
aygufuGJoH Mum;&NyD; atmf[pfoHawG Mum;&w,f/ aoG;awG ae&m tESHUtjym; ysHBuJoGm;w,f/}}
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wdkufcdkufae&wmvJ/}}[k &Smacs;u ar;onf/ xdkaeY xdktcsdeftcgrS p &Smacs;wpfa,muf
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csdefMumMum &yfwefYaejcif;rsdK; rvkyfawmh bJ tvsiftjref oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ olrtaejzifh txdwfwvefY jzpfum pdwf&IyfaxG;vsuf &dSonf/ ]]ygvufpwdkif;awGeJY tay;t,lvkyf
ndSEIdif;wmwcsdKU &dSvmr,fvdkU uRefr ,HkMunfw,f/ 'gayr,fh b,fvdk wpfpHkwpfa,mufu olwdkYudk ,HkMunfEdkifr,fqdkwm uRefr rodbl;}} [k qdk onf/
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[Db&GefNrdKUwGif tvkyfvkyfol wpfa,muf jzpfNyD; tMurf;zufolrsm; &dSaeapumrl tcsdeftrsm;pkudk
tjcm;vkyfp&m t&mrsm; &dSaeao;onf[k ygvufpwdkif;vli,frsm;tm; azsmif;zs&ef BudK;pm;vsuf
&dSonf/
tvkyfodkYa&muf&ef vufajzmifhaoewform;rsm;&efudk a&Smif&Sm;ol aumif;aumif;
em;vnfvdkufonfu tb,fhaMumifh ygvufpwdkif;vli,frsm; e,fpyfpnf;rsOf;wGif &yfum
tpa&;ppfom;rsm;udk ausmufwHk;rsm;jzifh ypfaygufae&oenf;qdkonfh tcsufyif/
]]ausmufcJeJY ypfwJhtxJrSm uRefawmfvnf; ygw,f/ aeYwdkif; csDwufwJhtzGJUeJY uRef
awmf vdkufw,f/ vrf;rBuD;u pcsDwufMuNyD; NrdKUv,facgifudk jzwfwJh 'DcsDwufyGJ[mtNrJwrf;
tpa&;ppfom;awGeJY y#dyu jzpfyGm;NyD; tqHk;owfavh &dSw,f/ wu,fvdktyfvmNyDvdkY
uRefawmfxif&ifawmh tckcsdefxd uRefawmf ausmufwHk;awGeJY ypfaygufaeqJyg/}}[k olu uRef
awmfhudk ajymjyonf/
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raMumufcsif a,mifaqmifaeayr,fh trSefuawmh uRefawmf aMumufaew,f/ 'gayr,fh NrdKU
xJu uav;awGtaMumif; uRefawmf tcsdefwdkif; awG;aew,f/ uRefawmfh wlawG? wlrawG&JU
Zmwfvrf;udk uRefawmftjrJ Mum;w,f/ olwdkYav;awG nbuf ypfcwfoHawG? 'Hk;usnfoHawG
Mum;&if wpfnvHk; idkMuw,fvdkY uRefawmfh tpfrawGu ajymw,f/
aemufqHk;tBudrf tMurf;zufcsdefrSmawmh rm*sfD vkyf&r,fhtvkyfu tdrfrSm 24
em&DxdkifaeNyD; AD&dkxJ bmusefw,fqdkwm xxMunfhae&HkyJ &dSawmhw,f/ tJvdkrSr[kwfbJ
urma&;&m

NcHeH&Huae ausmfNyD; tvkyfudk oGm;&ifawmh typfcH&zdkY rsm;w,f/ ]]tav;csdef us&Hkwifrubl;/

&l;yg &l;oGm;vdrfhr,f}} olu ajymw,f/
nbufwGif rm*sfDwpfa,muf rtdyfbJ Edk;aevsuf tdrfeD;em;0ef;usifwGif 'Hk;usnfrsm;jzifh
wdkufcdkufoHrsm;udk em;axmifvsuf &dSonf/ wpfcgw&H olwdkYrSm &nf&G,fcsuf &dSw,f/
wpfcgw&H r&dSMubl;}}[k rm*sfDu tpa&; --- udk ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]uRefawmfholi,fcsif;
ajymwm 'Dreufcif; olYrD;zdkacsmifxJrSm usnfqH av;awmifh awGUw,fwJh/usnfqHwpfawmifh
u olU&JUarmifav;ajcaxmufxJ 0ifoGm;cJhw,f/ tpa&;ppfom;awGu [pfuvrf;rBuD;udk
ydwfqdkYxm;vdkY olYudk aq;&Hk ac:roGm;EdkifcJhbl;/ uHaumif;csifawmh ol toufab;u
vGwfajrmufcJhw,f/ ol[m uHaumif;wJholawGxJu wpfa,muf jzpfw,f/}}

jynfe,f (province)
bmoma&;*dkPf;uGJ (sect)
odomxif&Sm;onf (distinct)
txdef;odrf;cHEdkifiH (protectorate)
yxrurmppfrwdkifrDu tD&wf[k odxm;aom ae&mav;rSm atmhwreftifyg,m (Ottoman Empire) \ tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfcJhonf/ odkYaomf yxrurmppf (1918) tNyD;
atmhwreftifyg,m NydKuGJoGm;NyD;aemuf *&dwfNAdwdefu tD&wfudk xdef;csKyfcJhonf/ odkYayr,fh
,if;a'owGif NAdwdefyg0ifvmrIrwdkifrD EdkifiHwpfcktjzpf rnfonfhtcgurQ owfrSwfjcif;
rcHcJh&ay/ 1920 ckESpfwGif NAdwdefonf atmhwref\ jynfe,foHk;cktjzpf ydkif;jcm;xm;aom
ajrmufydkif;&dS rdkql;vfjynfe,f? awmifydkif; bmq&mjynfe,fESifh tv,fydkif; b*'ufwdkYudk
urma&;&m

aygif;pnf;um tD&wfudkvdkeDopftjzpf zefwD;cJhonf/ ,if;jynfe,fwpfckcsif;pDonfudk,fydkif

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(&SD;[dkuf) vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh b*'ufwGif qGefeDvlrsdK;rsm;pk aexdkifcJhMuonf/
NAdwdeftaejzifh e,fedrdwfpnf;rsOf;opfrsm; a&;qGJ&mwGif a&eH<u,f0aom ul0dwfEdkif iH
udk tD&wfEdkifiHopfrS y,fxm;cJhonf/ atmhw0gtifyg,m umvtcsdeftwGif;u ul0dwf onf
bmq&mjynfe,f\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfcJhonf/ 'kwd,urmppfNyD;aemuf ul0dwfrSm tD&wfrS
vHk;vHk; cGJxGufoGm;cJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfrIw0ufwjywfESifh NAdwdefvufatmufwGif &dSaecJhonf/
NAdwdeftpdk;&onf tD&wfEdkifiHopftm; tkyfcsKyf&ef bk&if Faisal udk cefYtyfay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf
bk&if Faisal rSm tD&wfe,fy,frS r[kwfbJ tma&;AD;,m;rS vmol jzpfaeonf/ ,if;uJhodkY
NAdwdeftpdk;&\ qHk;jzwfcsuftm;vHk;aMumifh tD&wfEdkifiHawmfopfwGif emMunf;rIrsm;? y#dyursm;?
tcuftcJrsm;ESifh jyemtrsm;tjym; MuHKawGU jzpfay:aecJhonf/

NAdwdoQrwdkifrD tD&wfudk rnfol csKyfudkifxm;oenf;/

tD&wfEdkifiH&dS t"duvlrsdK;ESifh bmoma&;tzGJUrsm;udk azmfjyyg/
tkyfcsKyf&m cufcJaponfh NAdwdoQwdkY tD&wfwGif vkyfaqmifcJhaom t&moHk;ckrSm
tb,fenf;/

jzpfyGm;&onfh
taMumif;&if;ESifh jzpf ay:
vmaom
tusdK;&v'f?
oabmxm;tjrif xm;&dSjcif;

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y#dyuESifh EdkifiHjcm;pdwf0ifpm;rI cHcJh&onf/ tD&wfEdkifiHwavsmuf jzwfpD;qif;aom t
"dujrpfBuD;ESpfckjzpfonfh wD*&pf (Tigris) ESifh ,lza&;wD;pf (Euphrates) wdkYrSm t"du

urma&;&m

ta&;yg o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; vrf;aMumif; jzpf&Hkru wjznf;jznf; yljyif;ajcmufaoGUvmaom

,if;a'otwGuf a&csdK&if;jrpfwpfck jzpfcJhonf/ odkYaomf tD&wfjyifyEdkifiHrsm;twGuf a&eHrSm
pdwf0ifpm;rI tcH&qHk; &if;jrpfjzpfcJhonf/ 20 &mpktapmydkif;wGif NAdwdefwdkYu Adkqlvfjynfe,fESifh
ul0dwfwGif 4if;wdkYudk,fwdkif pufud&d,mrsm;jzifh a&eHajrrsm; xlaxmifcJhMuonf/ 1920
rS tD&wfppfwyf wm0efvTJajymif;&,lonfhtcsdef (1958) txd NAdwdoQwdkY tD&wfwGif
qufvuf&dSaecJhMuonf/ a&eHajrrsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;rSmt"duwm0ef0w&m; wpfc-k
jzpfcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYonf 1930 jynfhESpfu tD&wftm; vGwfvyfa&; ay;cJhonfhwdkif ppfwyfudkrl qufvufxm;&dScJhonf/ tD&wfwGif NAdwdoQwdkY qufvuf &dSaejcif;[lonfh yHkpHonf
tD&wfwdkYMum; taemufqefYusifa&;pdwfudk EId;qGay;ouJhodkY jzpfcJhonf/

2003 ckESpf tD&wfEdkifiHtm; NAdwdoQwdkY usL;ausmfcJhpOfuvnf; tD&wfwdkY\

cHpm;csufrsm; wzef jyefvnf Edk;Mum;vmcJhonf/ NAdwdefEdkifiHomvQif tD&wf\ a&eHydkifqdkifrIudk
pdwf0ifpm;&Hkru jyifopf? *smreD? &k&Sm;tjyif txl;ojzifh tar&duefEdkifiHuvnf; tD&wfrS
a&eH &&dS&ef BudK;yrf;&kef;uefcJhMuonf/ tD&wfonf aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHNyD;vQif urmay:
wGif 'kwd, a&eHtxGuftrsm;qHk;EdkifiH jzpfonf/ ESpfq,f&mpkwpfckvHk;twGif;omru ,aeYxd
wdkif ta&SUtv,fydkif;a'orS a&eHrsm; &&dSEdkifa&;ESifh xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifa&;onf tqdk;&Gm;qHk;
tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHa&;jyemwpf&yftjzpf qufvuf wnf&dSaeonf/

urma&;&m

tD&wf vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;aomfvnf; NAdwdoQu tb,fhaMumifh tD&wfEdkifiHtwGif; ppfwyf

qufvuf xm;&dSoenf;/
tb,hfaMumifh tD&wftrsm;pkonf taemufEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifcsifaom cHpm;csufrsdK;
&dSoenf;/

*&yfzefwD;jcif;
bm;*&yf urmay:wGif a&eHtrsm;qHk; xkwfvkyfonfh EdkifiH
ajcmufEdkifiHudk bm;*&yfqGJ EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/

aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;
tD&wf
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tD&ef
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265
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urma&;&m

ykefuefonf (revolt)
&ufpufaom (ruthless)
bmoma&;rudkif;&Idif;aom - (secular)
tD&wfwGif wdkif;wyg; tkyfcsKyfrI ESpfaygif; 40 eD;yg; NyD;aemuf 1958ckESpfwGif tD&wf
rsdK;cspfwyfrawmfu bk&ifpepfudk ykefuefawmfvSefz,f&Sm;ypfcJhonf/ tD&wfEdkifiH\ acgif;
aqmifopfrsm;rSmvnf; taemufqefYusifa&;0g'Drsm; jzpfcJhonf/ tD&wf rsdK;cspftpdk;&opfwGif
t"du &nfrSef;csuf (3) ck &dScJhonf/ (1) a'owpf0ef;&dS tm&yfwdkYtm; twlwuG
tvkyfvkyfMu&ef pkpnf;ay;jcif; (2) ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHawmfrS ZD,Gefepfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;ESifh
ul0dwf udk aumif;rGefaom tajctaeodkY jyefa&mufatmif vkyfaqmifay;jcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ ppfwyftaejzifh aemufxyf q,fpkESpf 2 ck Mum tD&wfEdkifiHa&;udk qufvuf
xdef;csKyfcJhNyD;aemuf
1979
ckESpfwGif
ppfbuft&m&dSwpfOD;jzpfol
quf'rf[lpdef
tmPmodrf;ydkufcJhNyD; 2003 ckESpf tD&wftm; tar&duefwdkY usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcJhcsdeft
xd tmPm qufvuf&,lxm;cJhonf/ quf'rf[lpdefonf tmPm&Sifwpfa,mufjzpfol
yDyD &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom tkyfcsKyfolwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf/ quf'rf\ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrSm
bmhwf (Baath) jzpfonf/ ygwDtzGJU0iftrsm;pkudk tD&wfwGif vlenf;pkjzpfaom
qGefeDrGwfpvifrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ odkYaomf 4if;wdkYonf ppfwyf omru tpdk;&udkyg
xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf/ bmhwfygwDrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,Homru taemuftkyfpkESifhvnf;tjyKo
abmaqmifonfh qufoG,fa&;rsm; &dScJhonf/ tD&wfwGif xdkpOftcsdefu EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcH[lI
r&dSay/ EdkifiHa&;t& qefYusifbufrsm;vnf; wpfcgw&H axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;? nSOf;yrf;ESdyf
pufjcif;ESifh owfypfcH&rIrsm;yif awGUMuHK&onf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHajrmufydkif; umh'fvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
awmifydkif;ae &SD;[dkufvlrsdK;rsm;rSm bmhwfygwDtpdk;& BuD;pdk;aom tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif tqHk;pGef
nSOf;yrf;ESdyfpufrI cHMu&onf/ quf'rftkyfcsKyfpOftawmtwGif; 'kuonftrsm;tjym;ESifh
jynfajy;rsm;rSm tD&wfrS xGufcGmcJhMu&onf/

vlenf;pktzGJU (tD&wf&dS qef;epfuJhodkY) u EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHudk rnfuJhodkY xdef;csKyfEdkifoenf;/

tD&wfwGif NAdwdoQwyfpGJxm;pOf taemufEdkifiHrsm;tm; qefYusifvdkrI tD&wfwGif
wdk;wufjzpfxGef;cJhonf/ odkYaomf qufrf[lpdeftpdk;&onf taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom
qufqHa&; wnfaxmifvdkonf/ udpudk oif rnfuJhodkY &Sif;vif;jyrnfenf;/ tb,fhaMumifh
quf'rf[lpdef taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;vdkoenf;/
urma&;&m

pnf;urf;wif;usyfaom (strict)
axmufvSrf;a&; (intelligence)
ppfyHkoGif;jcif; (militarisation)
oabmxm;uGJvGJjcif; (disputes)

1980 jynfhESpfwGif tD&wfu tdrfeD;csif; tD&efudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufcJhNyD;ppfyGJwpf

ck pwifcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfrwdkifcif 1979 wGif tD&efY tpvmrf awmfvSefa&; (Islamic R
evolution)jzpf y G m ;cJ h o nf / tjcm;wpf z uf w G i f w d u spG m &k y f v H k ; yH k a zmf x m;aomtp v mrf r pf
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cH,lxm;aom tD&wfEdkifiHtaejzifh ,if;uJhodkY wdusonfh pnf;rsOf;tawG;tac:rsm; ysHUESHUrnf
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Edkifao;bJ jzpf aeonf/plygyg0gjzpfaomtaemufEdkifiHrsm;txl;ojzifhtar&duefESifhNAdwdefwdkY
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rpfawmfvSefa&;tpdk;&onf taemuftkyfpkudk txl; qefYusifonf/ xdkYaMumifh taemuf tkyf
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tD&ef-tD&wfppfyGJtwGif; tD&wfonf tar&duef? NAdwdef?jyifopfESifh*smreDwdkYxHrSppfa&;ESifhb
@ma&;taxmuftyHh trsm;tjym; vufcH&&dScJhonf/ &&dSaom taxmuftyHhrsm;rSm vuf
euf rsm;? enf;ynmESifh axmufvSrf;a&; tultnDrsm; ponfjzifh yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh jzpfonf/
ppfyGJtwGif; tD&wfESifh tD&ef ESpfbufpvHk;u "mwkvufeufrsm;udk toD;oD; toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/
,if;toHk;jyKrIrSm EdkifiHwumOya'udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; csdK;azmuf&m a&mufaomfvnf;
tD&wftaejzifh 4if;\ rdwfaqGtaemuftkyfpkxHrS taxmuftyHhrsm;udk qufvuf&&dSaecJhonf/
ppfyGJ qufvufjzpfyGm;aerIESifhtwl ESpfzufpvHk;wGif txdtcdkuf qHk;&IH;rIrsm; BuD;xGm;cJhonf/
ppfyGJNyD;qHk;csdefwGif tD&wfESifh tD&efvlrsdK; (1) oef;ausmf aoqHk;cJhonf/
ESpfzufpvHk; xdcdkufqHk;&IH;rIrsm; rsm;jym;vmrIaMumifh aemufqHk;wGif 1989 ckESpf
typftcwf &yfpJ&ef oabmwlcJhMuonf/ tD&ef-tD&wfppfyGJ\ ta&;tBuD;qHk;&v'fwpf
ckrSm tD&wftaejzifh ppfwyfESifh vufeufrsm; tcdkiftrm wnfaqmufEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
,if;vufeuf enf;ynmrSm txl;ojzifh taemufEdkifiHrsm;xHrS a&muf&dSvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
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rsdK;cspfrsm; arQmfvifhonf t&moHk;ckrSm tb,fenf;/

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ovm;? rSm;ovm;/
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tyfcsufudk rlwnf rdwfzGJUavh &dSonf/ vdktyfcsufajymif;vJoGm;ygu ]rdwfaqGrsm;}vnf;
ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ tD&efESifh tD&wfta&;onf Oyrmaumif;wpfck jzpfonf/ 1979
tpvmrfawmfvSefa&; rwdkifrDu tD&efonf tar&duefESifh cdkifrmaom rdwfaqG jzpfcJhonf/
ppfat;ppfyGJtawmtwGif; nDrQrI &dSaejcif;aMumifh tar&duef tD&efESifh rdwfjzpfaecsdef &k&Sm;u
tD&wfudkaxmufyHhcJhonf/odkYaomftD&efEdkifiH\tpdk;&opfrSmtar&duefudkvGefpGmqefYusifonf
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ppfjzpfcsdefwGif tar&duefu tD&wfbufrS axmufyHhay;cJhonf/

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jynfhESpf ZlvdkifvwGif tD&wfu ul0dwfudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufcJhNyD; w&m;0ifydkifeufe,fajrtjzpf
owfrSwfcJhonf/
International Crisis in a New World Order

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tD&wfjynfolrsm;uJhodkY qif;&J'kursm; BuHKawGUcHpm;&jcif; r&dScJhay/ odkYaomf ydkqdk;aom uHMurmu
tD&wfjynfolrsm;twGuf qufvufa&muf&dSaeqJyif/

yifv,fauGUppfyGJ\ wdkuf&dkuftusdK;oufa&mufrI ESpfckudk azmjfyyg/

tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdkYxm;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm tb,fenf;/
pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdkYjcif;aMumifh rnfolrsm;tm; xdcdkufepfemrItrsm;qHk;enf;/
ydwfqdkYjcif;aMumifh vltrsm;tjym; aoqHk;&jcif;rSm tb,fhaMumifhenf;/
rysHoef;&ZHkrsm;rSm rnfonfhae&mwGif &dSoenf;/
rysHoef;&ZHkudk rnfol axmufcHoenf;/
pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdkYrIonf
twdkif;twmrnfrQavmufxd
tusdK;oufa&mufrI &dSoenf;/ EdkifiH\ tpdk;&ESifh jynfolvlxktay:
rnfodkYt
usdK;oufa&mufoenf;/ pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdkYjcif;udk oifaxmufcHygovm;/ &Sif;vif;jyyg/

tzGJUwpfzGJUpDonf ukvor*wGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHpDtjzpf o&kyfaqmif&rnf/

ukvor*pnf;a0;yGJwpfck usif;yyHk o&kyfaqmifyg/ pnf;a0;yGJwGif tD&wftay: ydwfqdkYxm;rI
rsm;taMumif; EdkifiHtvdkuf aqG;aEG;Muyg/

urma&;&m

apmif;ay;onf (emphasize)
jzpfEdkifacs&dSaom (credible)
tiftm;oHk;z,f&Sm;onf (expel)
r&dk;om;aom(misleading)
vGwfvyfonf (liberate)
trdefYtmPm (legitimacy)?
tmPmzDqefonf GHDQFH?

vHkavmufrI r&dSaom LQVXIFLHQW?

NyD;jynfhpHkaom(comprehensive)?
yHkBuD;csJUonf (exaggerate)?
upOfhuvsm; (chaos)?
ta&;rBuD;aom(irrelevant)
tiftm;BuD;rm;vmonf (intensify)

yifv,fauGUppfyGJtqHk;wGif 0g&Sifwef'DpD tvGefpdwfysufvufysuf jzpfaeMu&onfh

tiftm;BuD;rm;aom vltrsm;tjym; &dSaecJhonf/ olwdkYtwGufawmh ppfyGJonf quf'rf[lpdef
tmPmrS z,f&Sm;cH&onfhwdkif rNyD;qHk;cJhay/ xdkYjyif 4if;wdkYu tar&dum;onf tD&wfwGif
pdwf0ifpm;rI trsm;tjym; &dSaeonf[k em;vnfcHpm;xm;cJhonf/ aemuf 12 ESpfwmtxd jyifqifrI? aiGaMu;? tm;xkwfrI trsm;tjym; tD&wftpdk;& ajymif;vJa&; &nfrSef;csuf
atmifjrif&eftwGuf a&muf&dSvmcJhonf/

tar&duefonf 1991 ckESpfrS 2003 ckESpftwGif; tD&wftpdk;& ajymif;vJa&;

BudK;yrf;&mwGif a':vm bDvsHaygif;rsm;pGm oHk;pGJcJhonf/

urma&;&m

2001ckESpf? pufwifbm 11 &uf tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI

rsm;
jzpfay:cJhonfhwdkifatmif tD&wfESifh
'kwd,ppfyGJtwGuf jynfol (odkY) EdkifiHwumaxmuf
yHhrI tenf;i,f &dSae cJhonf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;
jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf tMurf;zuf0g'tay: pdk;&drfrIESifh
aMumuf&GHUrI&v'f xGufvmcJhonf/ 2002 ckESpf
tapmydkif;rS 2003 ckESpf rwfvwGif tD&wftm;wdkufcdkufrI
pwifcJhonf tcsdeftxd tar&dueftpdk;&u quf'rf
[lpdefonfurmvHk;qdkif&m Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;udk
t"du
Ncdrf;ajcmufaeolwpfOD;tjzpfurmtm;
,HkMunfap&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonf/ ,if;tcsufu quf'rfonf tar&dueftm;
ajymifajymifwif;wif; ta0zefqHk; vlwpfoD;tjzpf pdwf0ifpm; cHcJh&onf/ vHkavmufrI r&dSaom
taxmuftxm;rsm; &dSaeapumrl quf'rfESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf; jzpf
aom t,fudkif;'gtzGJUMum; tquftoG,fwpfck vkyfaqmif&ef tar&duef EdkifiHa&;orm;wcsdKUu
BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ xdkjyif tD&wf Elvufeuf rsm; &dSaeNyD; ,if;vufeufrsm;udk toHk;jyK&ef
(odkY) tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; a&mif;cs&ef jzpfEdkifzG,f ydkrdk&dSaeonf[laom tcdkift
rmajymqdkrIrsm;vnf; xGufay:cJhonf/
tar&duef tD&wfwGif "mwkvufeuf tajrmuftjrm; &dSaeonf[k pGyfpGJxm;onf/
yifv,fauGUppfyGJNyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf ukvvufeufppfaq;a&;t &m&dSrsm;onf tD&wftpdk;&tm;
vufeufzsufodrf;ypf&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwf&if; tD&wfwGif ESpftwefMum aexdkifcJhMuonf/
,if;umvtwGif; tD&wftpdk;&\ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI r&dSjcif;u vkyfief;vkyfaqmifrItay:
tcuftcJ BuHKawGUapcJh&aomfvnf; tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf vufeufzsufodrf;jcif; (Weapon of
Mass Destruction WMDs) twGuf taxmuftxm; tenf;i,f &SmazGawGU&dScJhMuonf/
odkYaomf ,if;umvtcsdeftxd tD&wfwGif WMDs vufeufrsm; ydkifqdkifxm;rIESifh ywfouf
taxmuftxm; rawGU&dScJh&ay/
aemufqHk;taMumif; jycsuftaejzifh tD&wfjynfolrsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tpdk;&
tajymif;tvJ vkyf&ef oabmwl ndSEIdif;cJhMuonf/ quf'rf[lpdeftpdk;&wGif vlYtcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufrIrsm; &dSaecJhonf[k odxm;csdefuwnf;u ,ckaemufqHk; taMumif;jycsuftay:
taxmuftyHhrsm;pGm jzpfapcJhonf/

urma&;&m

umvrsOf;qGJjcif;

4if;wdkY axmufcHonfrsm;rSm
(1) ta&;,lydwfqdkYjcif;udk qufvufvkyfaqmif a&;
(2)EdkifiHa&;zdtm;ESifhaphpyfndSEIdif;rIudk
wdk;jrSifhvkyfaqmifa&;
(3)tD&wfEdkifiH rdrdwdkYtwGuf tE&m,fwpfck jzpfrvmap&ef vufeuftiftm; wdk;jrSifha&;
wdkY jzpfMuonf/
ukv\vkyfief;pOfESifh
EdkifiHwum
Oya'tay:
axmufcHolrsm;onf tD&wfjyemESifh ywfouf w&m;enf;vrf;usus Nidrf;csrf;pGm
ajz&Sif;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;&dSonf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/
NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf wdkeDbvJ\ tm;ay;axmufyHhrIESifhtwl tar&dueftpdk;&u tD&wftay:
12 ESpfMum ta&;,lydwfqdkYrIESifh tjcm;zdtm;rsm;rSm ukvo awmif;qdkxm;rItay: quf'rf\
ckcHEdkifpGrf;tm; &yfwefYroGm;apcJh[k wdkufwGef;cJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh tD&wftm; tiftm;oHk;
wdkufcdkufrSomvsif ajymif;vJrI jzpfvmrnf[k qdkcJhMuonf/ yifv,fauGUppfyGJuJhodkYif tD&wfodkY
wdkufcdkuf&mwGifvnf; ukv\ yg0ifrIESifh twnfjyKcsufudk r,lbJ ppfyGJ qifETJrnf[k
tar&dueftpdk;&u qHk;jzwfcJonf/
tar&dueforwbk&Sfu ukvor*tm; quf'rf[lpdefudk tiftm;tjynfhoHk;
z,f&SmvQifz,f&Sm;? rz,f&Sm;vQif toHk;r0ifaom tzGJUwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfaMumif; pdefac:
ajymqdkvmonf/ ukv\ MoZmESifh vTrf;rdk;rIrSmvnf; yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf tprf;oyfcHcJh&onf/
2003 ckESpf? rwfv 20 &uf tD&wfodkY tar&duefwdkY 0ifa&mufrwdkufcdkufao;cif
vtenf;i,ftxd ukvor*wGif aqG;aEG;rI? jiif;cHkrIESifh aphpyfndSEIdif;rI trsm;tjym; jzpfcJhonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tar&duefESifh NAdwdef wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;onf ppfyGJ0ifqifETJ&ef
tiftm;tvHk;t&if;ESifh ta&SUtv,fydkif; (aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;? ul0dwfESifh umwm)EdkifiHrsm;odkY
pwifcsDwufcJhMuonf? xdkYjyif tar&duefESifh NAdwdefwdkYonf yHkrSefvkyfaqmifvsuf &dSaom
urma&;&m

rysHoef;&ZHktwGif;&dS tD&wfppfbufXmeESifh owif;qufoG,fa&;ypfrSwfrsm;udkvnf; AHk;BuJpD;

eif;wdkufcdkifrIrsm; wdk;jrSifhcJhonf/ ,if;taetxm;wGif ukvor*ESifh urmtpdk;&trsm;pku
ppfyGJudk jyif;jyif;xefxef qefYusifcJhMuonf/
ta&SUtv,fydkif;&dS tD&wf\tdrfeD;csif;tm&yf^rGwfpvifEdkifiHrsm; yifvQif tD&wftm;
ppfyGJqifETJ&ef raxmufcHMuay/tajctaerSmAD,uf erfppfyGJumvaemufydkif; urmwpf0ef;
tBuD;rm;qHk; ppfqefYusifa&; qEjyrIrsm; jzpfay:cJh&onfhtxd jzpfvmcJhonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonf aqmif&Gufonfhudp&yfrsm; ay:aygufvmvQif ukvor*\ axmufcHrIudk r&,lbJ aqmif&Gufoifhonfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufrnf jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf rnfolUcGifhjyK
csufrS &,l&ef rvdktyfyg/

tar&dueftpdk;&onf yifv,fauGUppfyGJwkef;uuJhodkYyif ppfyGJtqHk;wGif Nidrf;csrf;aom

ppfajyNidrf;rIwpfcktwGuf tcsdefMumMum rapmifhqdkif;cJhay/ ukvor*\ ajymifajymifwif;wif;
qefYusifwm;qD;rI? EdkifiHwumrS jynfolrsm;taejzifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mOyawdkYudk qifYusifrIMum;u
NAdwdef? MopaMw;vs? pydef (r[mrdwftjzpf odxm;onfhEdkifiH)wdkYESifhtwl tar&duefonf
tD&wftm; wdkufcdkuf? usL;ausmfcJhNyD;aemufqHk;wGif odrf;ydkuf&,lcJhonf/ ,ckwpfBudrfwGifvnf;
avhusifhrIESifh vufeufud&d,m csdKUwJhaom tD&wfppfyGJrSm ordkif;wGif tiftm;tBuD;qHk; ppfwyf\ tvG,fwul tEdkif,ljcif;udk cHcJh&jyefonf/ ,ckwpfBudrfwGif tar&duef OD;aqmifaom
wyfrsm;onf tD&wfEdkifiH 4if;wdkY xdef;csKyfrIatmuf a&mufonftxd wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk
r&yfwefYcJhay/ wdkufcdkufrItpydkif;yif ysufpD;qHk;&IH;rIESifh aoqHk;rIrSm rsm;jym;cJhonf/ ppfyGJ
yxrv=yifvQif tjypfrJh tD&wfjynfol (3000)ausmf aoqHk;cJh&onf/ t&yfom;aoqHk;rI
ta&twGufrSm wpfpwpfp jrifhwufvmcJhonf/ tD&wftajccHtaqmuftODrsm; ysufpD;rI?
odrf;ydkufxm;aom wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh tD&wfckcHa&;wyfzGJUrsm;Mum; wdkufyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aerIu
tD&wftm; z&dkz&Jjzpfaeaom EdkifiHawmfBuD; jzpfapcJhonf/

urma&;&m

2003 ckESpf? arv (1)&ufaeYwGif orwbk&Sfu tD&wftm; ppfa&;t& ta&;,lrI

NyD;qHk;NyD; atmifEdkifcJhNyD[k aMunmcJhonf/ ppfyGJjzpfNyD; wpfESpftMumwGif tD&wfjynfol
10000 ausmf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tD&wfppfom;rsm;?tar&duefwyfzGJU0if1000ESifh
r[mrdwfwyfom; 700 ausmf (ppfyGJatmifEdkifaMumif; orwbk&Sf aMunmcsdeftxd) wdkY
aoqHk;cJh&onf/ tar&duefvufeufppfaq;a&;t&m&dSrsm;\ owdt&dSqHk;ESifh NyD;jynfhpHkonfh
&SmazGrIrsm; NyD;qHk;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; tD&wfwGif tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf vufeufzsufodrf;jcif;ESifh
ywfouf wpfpHkw&m taxmuftxm; rawGUcJh&ay/
tar&duefESifh
NAdwdeftpdk;&wdkYonf
ppfyGJrwdkifrDaxmufvSrf;a&;taMumif;
txl;pHkprf;onfhtcg od&dSvm&onfrSm tD&wfNcdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;onf csJUum;xm;jcif;om jzpfNyD;
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u 4if;wdkY taetxm;udk xdef;ndS&eftwGuf pHkprf;&&dScsufrsm;udk a&G;cs,ftoHk;
cscJhaMumif; (tcsuftvuftm;vHk;udk toHk;rcsbJ 4if;wdkY vdktyfonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udkom
toHk;csaMumif;) od&dSvm&onf/ quf'rf[lpdefonf t&Sifzrf;qD;cHcJh&NyD; tar&duefwdkY\
xdef;odrf;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf/ tar&duef OD;aqmifaom wyfzGJUrsm;onf tD&wfckcHa&;wyfzGJUrsm;
tm; ajymufusm;yHkpH ppfyGJqifETJNyD; wdkufcdkufcJhonf/
ppfyGJrwdkifcifu tD&wfwGif edkifiHwumrS tMurf;zuftzGJUrsm; &dSaeonf[k taxmuftxm; tenf;i,f &&dSxm;cJhaomfvnf; ,cktaetxm;wGif tMurf;zrfwdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm;
u usL;ausmfvmolrsm;udk wGef;vSefwdkufxkwf&ef qGJaqmifrI jzpfaecJhonf/ tD&wfonfvnf; t
aocHAHk;cGJwdkufcdkufrIrsm;? 'Hk;usnfjzifh wdkufcdkufrIrsm;? wifhum;rsm;jzifh uif;vSnfhvnfrI? vufeuf
wyfqifxm;aomppf&[wfrsm;vufajzmifhaoewform;rsm;ESifhtjcm;wdkufcdku f a&;orm;wdkY\
ppfajrjyiftjzpf a&muf&dSvmcJhonf/ *sme,fvpfrsm;? tultnDay;a&; vkyfom;rsm;? yk*vdu
uefx&dkufwmrsm; (tD&wf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf)? tar&duef avhusifhay;xm;onfh
vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh topfcefYtyfcHxm;&aom tD&wfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; ponfholrsm;rSm
jyefay;qGJrI? tvGJoHk;pm; jyKcH&rIESifh vlowfom;aumifrsm; jzpfvmcJh&onf/
tar&dueftpdk;&taejzifh tD&wfwGif tpdk;&opfwpf&yf xlaxmifay;&ef BudK;pm;aeonf/
odkYrSom 4if;wdkY\ wyftcsdKU jyefvnfqkwfcGmEdkifrnf/ 2004 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmtxd tD&wfwGif
tar&duefwyfzGJU0if 130000 &dSaecJhonf/
urma&;&m

tD&wfudk
odrf;ydkufcJhaom
tar&dueftpdk;&
a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufay;cJhonfh
tD&wfMum;jzwf (,m,D)tpdk;&rSm 2004ckESpf? ZGefv 30 &ufaeYwGif tmPmvTJajymif;&,lrnf
jzpfonf/ tD&wftpdk;&opfwpf&yf &dSvmonfhwdkif wdkufcdkufrIrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aecJhonf/
vltrsm;tjym;u tpdk;&opfonf tar&duef\ xdef;csKyfrI cHae&ojzifh w&m;r0if[k
&IjrifMuonf/ tar&duefwdkYtaejzifhvnf; tD&wfrS tvHk;pHk qkwfcGmrnf r[kwfaMumif;
&nf&G,fxm;onfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jyocJhonf/ tar&duefppfwyf umvMum&Snf
tD&wfwGif &dSaea&; jyifqif&ef ppfbuftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf/ ta&SUt
v,fydkif;wavsmufESifh tD&wfwGif tar&duef usL;ausmfrItay: jyif;jyif;xefxef qefYusif
rIrsm; BuD;xGm;cJhonf/ tD&wftrsm;pku quf'rftpdk;& tqHk;owfoGm;onfudk jrif&ojzifh
tvGefaysmf&TifaeMuaomfvnf; vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 80 ausmfu tD&wfEdkifiHtm; NAdwdefwdkY
odrf;ydkufxm;cJhrI &dScJhojzifh ,aeYwzef EdkifiHwGif; jyifyrS olrsm; vma&mufNyD; 4if;wdkY\ ydkif
eufEdkifiH? &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh tem*wfrsm;udk &,lrnfudk rvdkMuay/

tar&duef --------- tcsdKUonf tb,fhaMumifh yifv,fauGUppfyGJ&v'ftay: auseyfrI

r&dS&oenf;/
2002? 2003 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duef tD&wfESifh ppfjzpf&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm
tb,fenf;/
xdktaMumif;jycsufrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm;\ oabmxm;ESifh udkufnDrI &dSygovm;/
ukvor*u tD&wftusyftwnf;udk rnfodkY ajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfcJhoenf;/
ukvor*onf tD&wfwGifjzpfaom ppfyGJudk wm;qD;EdkifcJhygovm;/ wm;qD;EdkifcJhonfqdkvQif
tb,fhaMumifhenf;/ rwm;qD;EdkifcJhvQifvnf; taMumif;jycsufay;yg/
tD&wftay: tar&duef\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; (2003)udk urmwpf0Srf;u axmufcHcJhMuyg
ovm;/
]tD&wfNcdrf;ajcmufrI} udk taMumif;jy tar&duef wdkufcdkufjcif;NyD;onfh aemufydkif;
rnfonfrsm;udk od&dScJh&oenf;/
tar&dueftpdk;&buf odkYr[kwf ukvor*buf
wpf zufzufrS &yfwnf&ef a&G;cs,fyg/ tD&wfwGif jzpfyGm;aom ppfyGJtaMumif; jiif;cHkMuyg/
ppfyGJjzpfyGm;&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/ rnfonfrsm; qHk;&IH;cJhoenf;/ &v'frsm;rSm
tb,fenf;/ vuf&dStajctaerSm tb,fenf;/ xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm xdkufwefygovm;/

urma&;&m

(The War on Terror)

-tMurf;zufjcif;udk t"dym,fzGifhqdkwwfvmrnf/
-tb,fhaMumifh vlrsm; tMurf;zufjcif;udk usifhoHk;Muonfudk aqG;aEG;wwfvmrnf/
-]
aemufydkif; 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHrsm; rnfodkY ajymif;vJvmonfudk
pm&if;jyKpkwwfvmrnf/
-]
}\ ,ltefESifh EdkifiHwumOya'tay: rnfodkYtusdK;ouf
a&mufonfudk &Sif;jywwfvmrnf/
-tMurf;zufjcif;udk ESdrfeif;&ef aqmif&Gufonfh vwfwavm vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;\ &vftcsdKUtaMumif;
aqG;aEG;wwfvmrnf/

]
}qdkonfrSm
Oyrmrsm;udkazmfjyyg/

tb,fenf;/

,mOfrsm; jyefay;qGJjcif; (hijacking)

"m;pmcH (hostage)
wpfckckvkyf&ef wGef;tm; (inspiration)
tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief; (sabotage)
enf;AsL[m (tactic)

urma&;&m

vwfwavm

tMurf;zufjcif;\

tMurf;zuf0g'onf
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ESifh EdkifiHawmftoD;oD;tvdkuf tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ todomxif&Sm;qHk;
tMurf;zufrIyHkpHrsm;rSm vkyfMuHowfjzwfrIrsm; (assassinations)? tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;
(sabotage)? ajymufusm;wdkufyGJESifh "m;pmcHtjzpf zrf;qD;ac:aqmifjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
,aeYacwfay:tMurf;rIenf;AsL[mrsm;wGiftaocHAHk;cGJjcif;?av,mOfjyefay;qGJjcif;
ESifh ZD0enf;jzifhppfyGJjcif;wdkY yg0ifvmonf/ tMurf;zuf0g'onf a&S;usaom orm;&dk;us
xHk;wrf;pOfvm ppfyGJuJhodkYyif od&dSxm;&ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/
tMurf;zufrI (terrorism) ESifh tjcm; tMurf;zufrIrsm; (violence) Mum; uGmjcm;csufrSm tMurf;zufrI (terrorism) wGif
vlxkudk qGJaqmifEdkifonfh? vlrsm;tm; tvefYwMum; jzpf apEdkif
onfh jyZmwfqefqef vkyfaqmifrIrsm; yg0ifonf/ tMurf;zufrI
(terrorism) onf jyZmwfyif jzpfonf/
w&m;r0if tMurf;zufrIrsm; toHk;csjcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm EdkifiHa&;?
bmoma&; odkYr[kwf tawG;tac:a&;&m &nfrSef;csufwpfckckjzifh
tpdk;& odkYr[kwf vlUtzGJUtpnf;udk Ncdrf;ajcmuf&efESifh vTrf;rdk;&ef
taMumufw&m;rsm; zefwD;jcif; jzpfonf/
tMurf;zufjcif;rSm vltrsm; oHcsyfumt
uFsDrsm; r0wfbJ F-16 rsm; rudkifaqmifbJ
wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;om jzpfonf/
tjcm;olu 'grsdK;vkyf&if tMurf;zufw,fvdkY
ac:w,f/
uRefawmfwdkYvkyf&ifawmh
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifaejcif;aygh/

urma&;&m

tmrufpfacgif;aqmifonf teD;&dS embvyfpfNrdKU c&D;oGm;aepOf tpa&;wdkY\ owfjzwfjcif;udk

cHcJh&onf/
olykefrsm;u tD&wfa&eHydkufvdkif;rsm;udk zsufqD;cJhonf/
aoapEdkifaom tefo&ufpfydk;rTm;udk pmtdwfrsm;jzifh xnfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;odkY
ay;ydkYonf/
abmhpeD;,m;cGJxGufa&;orm;ESpfa,mufonf NAdwdoQavaMumif;vdkif;udk rlvc&D;pOfjzpfonfh
tefum&mudk rarmif;ESifapbJ qdkufy&yfpfodkY armif;ESifcdkif;onf/
aygufuGJapaom ypnf;rsm; xnfhxm;onfh um;wpfpD; tar&duefoH&Hk;udk 0ifwdkufjcif;aMumifh
um;armif;orm; tygt0if vl ajcmufOD; aoqHk;cJhonf/
udk&D;,m;wyftm;vHk; tD&wfrS xGufcGmvQif xGufcGm? rxGufcGmvQif zrf;xm;aom
udk&D;,m;t&m&dSrsm;udk owfypfrnf[k tzGJUwpfzGJUu awmif;qdkonf/

oifodaom tMurf;zufrI Oyrmrsm;udk ajymjyyg/ xdkodkY tMurf;zuf&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm

tb,fenf;/
tMurf;zuf0g'\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk rsm;EdkiforQ rsm;rsm; csa&;yg/
ordkif;wpfavQmuf tMurf;zuf0g' vkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;onf
t"du tm;ay;vIHUaqmfrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ tMurf;zuf0g'onf rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf&dSoltkyfpkrsm;
udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfrIudk tqHk;owf&ef BudK;pm;&m vlBudKufrsm;aom enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfcJhonf/
'kwd,urmppfuwnf;u EdkifiHcspf? rsdK;cspftkyfpkrsm;onf tMurf;zuf0g'udk toHk;jyKcJhonfh
urma&;&m

om"ursm; &dScJhrIwGif atmufygtzGJUrsm; yg0ifcJhonf/

tdkif;&pf &pfyAvpfuefwyfrawmf (IRA) - tdkif,mvef

tm*ef (Irgun) tpa&;

Mau Mau uifnm

ETA (pydef)

tmz&duef rsdK;cspf uGef*&uf (ANC) awmiftar&du

wzD;vfusm;rsm; (oD&dvuFm)

ygvufpwdkif; vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJU (PLO) ygvufpwdkif;^tpa&;

AD,ufuGef; (AD,uferf)
txufazmfjyygtkyfpkrsm;rS trsm;pkonf olwdkY wdwdusus tvdk&dS&m atmifjrifrIudk trSeftuef &,latmifjrifEdkifcJhMuonf/ 4if;wdkYonf 4if;wdkYEdkifiHwGif; udkvdkeDjyKwyfrsm;udk
z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifcJhMuonf/

tm*ef (Irgun) tzGJUonf ygvufpwdkif;wGif NAdwdefwdkYtm; qefYusifwdkufcdkufcJhMuNyD;

aemufydkif; ,if;\tzGJU0iftrsm;pkrSm tpa&;tmPm&ygwDwGif yg0ifvmcJhMuonf/
Mau Mau ckcHa&;tzGJUonf ta&SUtmz&du uifnmrS xGufcGmoGm;Edkif&ef pnf;&Hk;&m=

tultnDay;cJhMuonf/

AD,ufuGef; (Viet Cong) wdkYrSmvnf; yxrqHk; jypfopfwdkYudk atmifjrifpGm wdkufxkwf

EdkifcJhNyD;aemufydkif; tar&duefwdkYudkyg AD,uferfajrrS wdkufxkwfypfcJhonf/

ANC onfvnf; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;rI vlrsdK;a&;pepfudk z,f&Sm;ypf&efESifh

awmiftmz&duwGif
tkyfcsKyfaeaom
vlenf;pk
vljzLtpdk;&udk
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
wdkufcdkufcJh&onf/
vlwpfOD;csif;wGif trsm;pku tMurf;zufoltrsm;pkonf wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif
rsm; jzpfvmMuonf[k pGyfpGJcJhMuonf/ tpa&;0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; &pfZufcf&Smrm? &SDrGefyD;,ufpf?
&pfZufcf&mbifESifh ADemcsifrfwdkYtm;vHk;rSm tjrJwrf;zuftkyfpkrsm;ESifh qufEG,fcJhMuolrsm;tjzpf
pGyfpGJcHcJh&onf/ awmiftmz&du orwa[mif; e,fvfqGefref'Jvm;rSm tMurf;zuf0g'twGuf
ESpfaygif; 26 ESpfMum axmifoGif; tusOf;cscHcJh&NyD; aemufydkif; orwjzpfvmcJhonf/ txuf
azmfjyyg atmifjrifaom tMurf;zuform;rsm;xJrS (4) OD;rSm aemufqHk; av;pm;cH&aom
urmhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmNyD;aemuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqkrsm;yif csD;jrSifhjcif; cHcJh&onf/

urma&;&m

tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;jcif; (Apartheid) onf 'ufcsfpum;vHk; jzpfNyD; cGJjcm;jcif;

(seperate) rS vmjcif; jzpfonf/ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;rIonf rwlnDaom vlrsdK;pkrsm;wGif rwlnDaom tcGifht&;rsm; &dSaeonfh awmiftmz&du&dS vlrIpepfwpfck jzpfonf/ vlrnf;rsm;onf
vljzLrsm;uJhodkY wef;wltcGifhta&; rcHpm;Mu&ay/

pGyfpGJcH&onf (alleged)
tMuHtpnf (plot)
Mum;0ifpGufzufonf (disrupt)
oHo,&dScH&ol (suspect)
oufaotaxmuftxm; (evidence)

2001ckESpf pufwifbm 11 wGif rnfonfhtjzpftysuf jzpfysufcJhoenf;/

jzpfysuf&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;udk azmfjyyg/
tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI urmwpfvTm;&dS vlrsm;u rnfodkY wHkYjyefcJhMuoenf;/
vuf&dS tMurf;zufrIppfyGJ (War on Terror) udk e,l;a,mufNrdKUESifh 0g&SifwefwdkYwGif 2001ckESpf?
pufwifbm 11 &uf tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufcH&rIrsm; jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf orwbk&Sfu aMunmcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkufcdkufcH&onfhaeYwGif vlaygif; (3000) cefY aoqHk;cJhonf/ wdkufcdkufr-I
tay: urmwpf0ef; wHkYjyefrIrsm;u a&m>yef;aecJhonf/ wcsdKUvlrsm;u xdwfvefYwkefvIyfjcif;?
aMumuf&GHUjcif;? ylaqG;aomujzpfjcif;tjyif tar&duefEdkifiHESifh vlrsdK;rsm;tm; axmufcHtm;
ay;jcif;rsm;jzifh wHkYjyefMuonf/ wcsdKUuvnf; ,cktjzpftysufrSm tjcm; urmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif
urma&;&m

tjcm;olrsm; aepOf jzpfysufBuHKawGU&ouJhodkYyif txl;wvnf xl;jcm;rI r&dS[k awG;xifcJhMuonf/

wcsdKUu ,cktjzpftysufonf tar&duefESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf xdkufwefonf[k qdkMuonf/
tvm;wlyif rMumcif ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;vnf; urmt&yfa'orsm;wGif tMurf;zufrIppfyGJrsm;
jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufcH&rIrwdkifcif &k&Sm;? jyifopf? NAdwdef? tpa&;? tdEd,?
ygupwef? oD&dvuFm? pydef? vufbEGefuJhodkY EdkifiHrsm;onf tMurf;zufrI wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;udk
ESpfESifhcsD wdkufcdkufaeMu&onf/ pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufrI wpfckwnf;twGufqdkvQif
wdkufcdkufrIrsm;xJwGif aoqHk;olta&twGuf tjrifhqHk; jzpfcJhaomfvnf; txufygEdkifiHrsm;wGif
wpfEdkifiHcsif;pD pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufcH&rIwGifxuf aoqHk;&onfh ta&twGuf
rsm;jym;cJhMuonf/ trSefwu,fwGif tar&duefonf tMurf;zuf0g'ESifh ywfoufNyD; tjcm;aom
urmht&yfa'orsm;xuf tawGUtBuHK ydkenf;onf/

tar&duefwGif tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIESifh ywfoufNyD; om"ujzpfpOfrsm;rSm 1994

ckESpfu e,l;a,muf&dS urmhukefoG,fa&;taqmufttHk (WTC) ESifhtdkuvm[dk;rm;NrdKUwdkU
wGif AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufcH&jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif tjcm; tMurf;zrfwdkufcdkufrIjzpfpOftenf;i,fvnf;
&dScJhonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;aMumifh tar&dueftpdk;&ESifh jynfolrsm;rSm pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkuf
rIwdkYwGif tvGef xdwfvefYoGm;cJhMuonf/ tar&duefonf pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufcH&rItay:
tjcm;urmha'owGif tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufcH&rI wHkYjyefrIrsm;xuf xl;jcm;aom wHkYjyefrIudk wHkYjyef
cJhonf/

urma&;&m

tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIESifh ywfouf tar&duefEdkifiHESifh jynfolrsm;tm;

roem;oifhyg/ taMumif;rl tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;onf 4if;wdkYxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm cHcJhMu&NyD;
jzpfonf/}qdkaom tqdkjyKcsufudk oif axmufcHygovm;/ uefYuGufygovm;/

pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufcH&NyD;NyD;csif; tar&du jyif;xefaom wHkYjyefrIwpfckudk pwifcJhonf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif odxm;MuonfrSm rwlnDaom tMurf;zuftkyfpkrsm;onf
tar&duefypfrSwfrsm;udk wpfckck vkyfaqmif&ef pDpOfaecJhMuonf/ aqmf'DEdkifiHzGm;
tdkprmbifvm'ifonf tar&duefudk qefYusifNyD; tMurf;zufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;aeoltjzpf
xif&Sm;atmif jyovmcJhonf/ bifvm'ifonf tar&duefqefYusifrIvkyfNyD; atmufyg tMurf;
zufvkyfaqmifrIrsm;wGif yg0ifcJholtjzpf pGyfpGJcHxm;&ol jzpfonf/

urmhukefoG,fa&; A[kdXme (WTC) tm; 1993 ckESpfwGif AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufrI

ta&SUtmz&du&dS tar&duefoH&Hk;rsm; 1998 ckESpfwGif AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufrI

tar&duefa&wyfoabFm USS Cole tm; ,DrifEdkifiHwGif 2000 jynfhESpfu

AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufrI
bifvm'ifonf odomxif&Sm;aom oHo,jzpfcH&ol jzpfcJhonf/ bifvm'ifESifh
tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIuGef,uf (t,fvfudkif;'g;tzGJU)oltrsm;jym;onf tmz*ef&dS tpdk;&\
{nfhonfawmfrsm;tjzpf tmz*efwGif tajcpdkufcJhMuonf/
pufwifbm (11) wdkufcdkufcH&rINyD;aemuf csufcsif;qdkovdk tmz*efepweftm; wdku f
cdkufrI vkyfaqmif&ef jyifqifrIrsm; tar&duef pwifcJhonf/ ,if;tawmtwGif; w&m;rQwrIESifh
&ifqdkif&ef b,fvm'iftm; vTJajymif;ay;&ef wmvDbefwdkYtm; tar&duef awmif;qdkcJhonf/
wmvDbefwdkYu bifvm'iftay: &mZ0wfrI pGyfpGJxm;jcif;twGuf taxmuftxm;ay;Edkifygu
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf[k wkHYjyefrI ay;cJhonf/ tar&duefwdkYu ,if;wHkYjyefrItm; jiif;qdkcJhNyD;
xyfcgxyfcgyif awmif;qdkaecJhonf/ aemufwpfzef wmvDbefwdkYu bifvm'if &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESifh
pGyfpGJxm;rItm; rQwaom w&m;&ifqdkifrI &&dSEdkifonfh wwd,EdkifiHwpfckodkY urf;vSrf;rIudkvnf;
tar&duefwdkYu jiif;qefcJhonf/
urma&;&m

pufwifbm 11 tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufcH&tNyD; tb,fhaMumifh

tar&duefu tmz*efepwefudk 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufcJhoenf;/

tar&dueftpdk;&u wmvDbefrsm;udk tdkprmbifvm'iftm; ay;tyfapvdkonf/

wmvDbefrsm;u
tMurf;zufrIudk
tdkprmbifvm'if
vkyfaqmifonfqdkaom
oufaotaxmuftxm;tm; awmif;onf/tar&dueftpdk;&uoufaojy&efjiif;qdkcJhonf/
aemufxyfbmqufjzpf Mu oenf;/ wpfzufESifhwpfzuf rnfodkY tjiif;yGm;Muonf[k oifxif
oenf;/ tvSnfhus upm;yg/
(The Suspects)

tdkprmbifvm'ifESifh tar&dueftpdk;&wdkYonf 4if;wdkYMum; qufqHa&;udk tmz*efqdkAD,ufppfyGJ (1979-1987)twGif;u pwifcJhMuonf/ tdkprmonf tmz*efrS qdkAD,ufwdkYudk
z,f&Sm;ypf&ef BudK;yrf;aeaom twdkuftcHtkyfpk trsm;tjym; (odkY) rl*sm[D'iftzGJUrS
tzGJUacgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfonf/ tar&duef axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJU (CIA) u ,if;tzGJUrsm;udk
aiGaMu;? ypnf;ud&d,mESifh taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;cJhonf/ yifv,fauGUppfNyD; aemufydkif;wGif
arG;Zmwd aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;wGif tar&duefppfom;rsm; tNrJwrf; tajccs &dSvmjcif;tay:
bifvm'if vGefpGma'goxGufcJhonf/ ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHtm; tpa&;wdkY odrf;ydkuf&,lrIESifh
ppfyGJqifETJjcif;tay: tar&duef axmufyHhay;rIESifh tD&wftm; ta&;,l ydwfqdkYrIrsm;
tar&duef OD;aqmifvkyfaqmifaejcif;udkvnf; bifvmifu qefYusifcJhonf/ bifvm'ifonf
a&eHvkyfiefrsm;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;aumif;aom
tar&duefESifh
pD;yGm;qufvkyfaqmifae
onfh tvGefcsrf;omaom aqmf'Drdom;pkrS aygufzGm;vmol jzpfonf/ bifvm'ifonf
4if;ydkifqdkifaom BuD;us,fonfh aiGaMu;rsm;udk urmwpf0ef;&dS tMurf;zufrI vkyfaqmif
aeaom tzGJUrsm; txl;ojzifh tar&duefESifh 4if;rl0g'tay: wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faeolrsm;udk
axmufyHhay;cJhonf/

wmvDbefqdkonf wif;Muyfaom rGwfpvifbmoma&;t,l0g'tkyfpkwpfpk jzpf

onf/ 4if;wdkYonf umvMum&Snf tmz*efjynfwGif;ppf NyD;qHk;csdef 1996 ckESpfwGif tmz*ef
tmPm&vmMuonf/ wmvDbeftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif vGwfvyfrIESifh vlYtcGifhta&;csdK;azmuf
rIrsm;wGif uefYowfrI trsm;tjym; &dScJhonf/ urmwpf0ef;&dS EdkifiHtrsm;pku wmvDbefwdkudk
a0zef&IwfcscJhMuonf/
urma&;&m

wpfpHkwpfOD;u jypfrIusL;vGefvQif jypfrIusL;vGefonfh

&nf&G,fcsuf (odkYr[kwf) jypfrIusL;vGefatmif wGef;tm;ay;rIwpf&yf&yf &dSonf/ tdkprmbifvm'if
tar&duefudk wdkufcdkuf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; (odkYr[kwf) &nf&G,fcsufrSm tb,fenf;/

pufwifbm 11 &ufaemufydkif; 3 ywftMum tar&duef ppfbuf\

ppfyGJtwGuf jyifqif rIrsm; NyD;jynfhpHkoGm;cJhonf/ tmz*efepwefEdkifiH
taejzifhvnf; 25 ESpfwmMum jynfwGif;ppf'PfrS jyefvnfEdk;xvmqJ
taetxm;wGif &dSaecJhonf/ oef;ESifhcsDaom 'kuonfrsm;rSm ygupwef
ESifh tD&efe,fpyfwpfavQmuf&dS 'kuonfpcef;rsm;wGif aeae&qJ jzpf
onf/ wdkif;jynfrSmvnf; urmhtqif;&JqHk; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfaeonf/
2007 ckESpf?atmufwdkbm(7)&ufwGiftar&duefutmz*efepwefudk
wdkufcdkufcJhonf/
aemufxyf vaygif;twefMumonftxd NrdKUBuD;? NrdKUi,f aus;&Gmrsm;tygt0if
tMurf;zuform;rsm; avhusifhay;&m pcef;rsm;udkyg tar&duefwdkYu AHk;BuJ? zsufqD;ypfcJhonf/
AHk;BuJrIaMumifh tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;yg xdcdkufaoaMucJh&onf/ tmz*efjynfol 5000 ausmf
aoqHk;NyD; aomif;ESifhcsD tdk;rJhtdrfrJhukefMuonf/ tar&duefwdkYtaejzifh wmvDbeftpdk;&tm;
&mxl;rS z,f&Sm;ypfcJhNyD; [mrpfumZdkif; OD;aqmifonfh tpdk;&opfwpf&yfudk axmufyHhay;cJhonf/
tmz*efEdkifiHwGif;&dS t,fvfudkif;'g; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSmvnf; zsufqD;cHcJh&NyD; &yfwefYoGm;cJh&onf/
xdyfwef;wmvDbefESifh t,fvfudkif;'g; wdkufcdkufa&;orm;trsm;tjym;ESifh t&m&dSrsm;rSm
aoqHk;jcif; (odkY) zrf;qD;cH&jcif;ESifh axmifcscH&onf/
tmz*efonftar&duefwdkY\AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufrIESifhusL;
ausmrf aI Mumifw
h zefysupf ;D jcif; odq
Yk u
kd af &mufcjhJ yefonf/ odYk aomf
ppfyGJ\ t"du&nf&G,fcsuf[k ,lqcH&olrSm touf&SifaeqJ
tdkprmbifvm'iftm; qufvuf&SmazGaeMuqJyif/

urma&;&m

tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;udk Munfhaomtcg/ / pufwifbm 11

wdkufcdkufrIudk tar&duefu tjcm; rnfonfhenf;jzifh wHkYjyef &oenf;/ vltrsm;pku tMurf;
zufwdkufcdkufjcif;udk ]pmemrIuif;rJhonfh rIcif;}[k cH,lMuonf/ w&m;rQwrI &&dSEdkifonfh tjcm;
jzpfEdkifajc&dSaom enf;vrf;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/ y#dyuudk 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;ay;Edkifonfh Edkif
iHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;
2001 ckESpf tmz*efepwefESifh jzpfonfh ppfyGJrSm atmifjrifonf[k xifygovm;/ tzGJUtwGif; aqG;aEG;yg/ ppfyGJaMumifh rnfonfhatmifjrifrIrsm; &cJhoenf;/ rnfonft&mrsm;
qHk;&IH;cJhoenf;/ oifhtajzrsm;udk Z,m;twGif; pkpnf;yg/

2001 ckESpfwGif tar&duefu tmz*efepwefudk

0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;onf rSefyg\avm/ rdrdwdkY tzGJUtwGif; jiif;cHkyg/ rpwifrD oif
ajymqdkjiif;cHkrnfh tcsufrsm;udk axmufcHonf? uefYuGufonf[l pm&if;jyKpkyg/

tar&duefudk tMurf;zufwdkufcdkuf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;tcsdKUrSm tb,fenf;/

pufwifbm 11 wkdufcdkufjcif;udk tdkprmbif vkyfaqmifonf[k yxrOD;pGm oHo,
&dS&oenf;/
wmvDbefrsm;rSm rnfolenf;/
urma&;&m

pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufrItNyD; tar&dueftpdk;& wmvDbefrsm;xHrS awmif;cHonfrSm

tb,fenf;/
wmvDbefrsm; tar&duefESifh yl;aygif;csifygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/
wmvDbef urf;vSrf;vmjcif;tay: tar&duefu rnfodkY wHkYjyefcJhoenf;/
2001 ckESpf atmufwdkbmwGif tb,fhaMumifh tar&duefu tmz*efepwefudk wdkufcdkufcJhoenf;/
tmz*efepwefwGif jzpfonfh ppfyGJwGif tar&duefwdkY atmifjrifygovm;/ &Sif;jyyg/

oabmrwljcif; (dispute)
ab;qdk; (scourge)
aqG;aEG;ndSEIdif;jcif; (negotiation)
enf;AsL[m (strategy)
vufpm;acsjcif; (retaliation)
aemufxyf (succeeding)
wpfckck rjzpfysufrD BudK aqmif&Gufjcif;

(pre-emptive)

tar&duefonf pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufrIudk enf;vrf;ESpfckjzifh wHkYjyefcJhonf/

(1) jyefvnfvufpm;acs wdkufcdkufjcif; (tmz*efepweftay: wdkufcdkufrI)
(2) umuG,fa&;? vHkjcHKa&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'

tapmydkif;wGif tar&dueftygt0if EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf vHkNcHKa&;aumif;vQif jzpf

ay:vmEdkifonfh wdkufcdkufrIESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;&efrS aumif;pGmumuG,fay;vdrfhrnf[k
,HkMunfxm;Muonf/ vHkNcHKa&;twGuf tiftm;awmifhwif;aom ppfwyfESifh cdkifrmaom
oHwrefqufqHa&; &dS&rnf jzpfonf/ acwfopf ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf y#dyu
&ifqdkif&onfhtcsdefwGif y#dyursm; ajz&Sif;&ef oHwrefa&; odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;ndSEIdif;jcif;
enf;udk toHk;jyKavh&dSonf/ 'kwd,urmppftNyD; urmhEdkifiHrsm; jyemrsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;pGm
ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef tzGJUtpnf;wpfck xm;&dSonfhtaejzifh ukvor*tzGJUudk wnfaxmifcJhjcif;
jzpf onf/ ukvor*\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm ppfyGJrjzpfyGm;atmif wm;qD;a&; jzpfonf[k
ukvor* y#dnmOfpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/

urma&;&m

txufyg ajympum;ESpfck\ qefYusifbufjzpfaeonfudk oifodygovm;/ nmbuf

ajympum;rSm ukvor*bufrS ajymjcif;jzpfNyD; b,frSm bk&Sf\t,l0g' jzpfonf/ tydkif;wGif
bk&Sf\ t,l0g'taMumif; avhvm&rnf jzpfonf/ txufyg ajympum;ESpfckudk MunfhvQif
vuf&dS tar&dueforwonf ukvor*\ tqdkjyKcsufESifh udkufnDrI &dSygovm;/ udkufnD
onfqdkvQif tb,hfaMumifh udkufnDoenf;/ rudkufnDvQifvnf; taMumif;jycsufay; ajzqdk
yg/
NyD;cJhonfhtcef;rsm;rS tar&duef EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&; enf;AsL[m ajympum;udkvnf;
Oyrm,l &Sif;jyMunfhyg/
2002 ckESpf? pufwifbmwGif trsdK;om;vHkNcHKa&;r[mAsL[m (NSS) [k ac:qdkaom
vHkNcHKa&;ESifhqdkifonfh rl0g'opfwpf&yfudk tar&duefu aMunmcJhonf/ ,if;r[mAsL[monf
bk&SftkyfcsKyfa&; (Bush Doctrine)[k vlodrsm;vmcJhonf/ r[mAsL[mopfwGif &efoludk
wdkufcdkufrcH&cif wdkufcdkufjcif; (attacking before being attacked)udk toHk;jyKoGm;&ef jzpf
onf/ odkYaomf Ncdrf;ajcmufrItwGuf taxmuftxm; &dSonfhwdkif wdkufcdkufrI jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf[k
rl0g'opfu qdkxm;onf/ xdkYjyif tar&dueftaejzifh y#dyu (odkY) Ncdrf;ajcmufrIudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm
ajz&Sif;BudK;yrf;a&;twGuf ukvor*xH oGm;a&muf&ef r&dSay/
4if;rl0g'opfudk 2003 ckESpf tD&wftm; wdkufcdkufcJhpOfu tar&duefwdkY prf;oyfrI jyKcJhMuonf/ bk&SftkyfcsKyfa&;\ tjcm; ta&;ygonfh &nfrSef;csufwpfckrSm tar&dueftaejzifh
4if;\ ppfwyfudk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;xuf ydkrdktiftm;aumif;atmif wnfaqmufoGm;a&; jzpf
onf/ tar&duefppfwyfwGif ppftajcpdkuf1000ausmf (odkY) urmwpf0ef;&dS EdkifiH aygif;
130 ausmfwGif jzefYusuf xm;aom ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm; &dSaeonf/ 2001 ckESpf? pufwifbm 11 &ufjzpf&yfrSp ppftajc pdkufpcef; ta&twGufESifh aemufxyf pDrHxm;aom
tajcpdkufpcef;rsm;rSm ododom om wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh tm&Stv,fydkif;ESifh
ta&SUtv,fydkif;wdkYwGif wdk;vmcJhonf/
urma&;&m

bk&Sf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;rl0g'onf EdkifiHwum Oya'udkpde fac:rI jyKonfhtjyif EdkifiHwumqufq H

a&;yHkpHrsm;udkvnf; xlaxmifcJhonf/

tar&duefppfbuf buf*suftoHk;p&dwfonf 2001 ckESpf rwdkifcifuyif urmtBuD;qHk;

ppfa&;toHk;p&dwf jzpfaecJhonf/ odkYaomf pufwifbm 11 aemufydkif;wGif rBuHKpzl;
tjrifhqHk;odkY jrifhwufoGm;cJhonf/ 2003 ckESpf wpfESpfpm buf*sufonfyifvQif tD;&wfppfyGJ
ukefusp&dwfrygbJ a':vm bDvsH 400 cefY &dScJhonf/ tD&wfppfyGJ ukefusp&dwfrSmvnf; 2004
ckESpf? ZGefvtxd a':vm 120 bDvsHausmfoGm;cJhaMumif; cefYrSef;wGufcsufcJhonf/ tar&duef
umuG,fa&; toHk;p&dwfrSm tjcm;ppfa&; toHk;p&dwf tjrifhqHk; oHk;pGJonfh 15 EdkifiHxufyif
ausmfvGefaecJhonf/

wdkif;jynftcsdKU EdkifiHwum y#dyursm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;yrf;onfh enf;tcsdKUrSm

tb,fenf;/
ukvor*tb,fhaMumifh ay:aygufvmoenf;/
bk&SftkyfcsKyfrIonf a&S;,cif EdkifiHwum y#dyursm; ajz&Sif;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh rnfodkY
uGmjcm;oenf;/

urma&;&m

aumufcsufcsjcif;
bk&SftkyfcsKyfa&;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifaom tusdK;qufrsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
rl0g'udk tar&duefwdkY wDxGifcJhonf[k oifxifyg
bk&SftkyfcsKyfa&;\
ovm;/
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u jynfwGif;jynfy y#dyursm;udk xdkuJhodkYaom rl0g'rsdK;ESifh
ajz&Sif;cJhonf[k oifxifygovm;/ OyrmtcsdKU ay;yg/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;\ a&S;,cif rl0g'rsm;rSm
tb,fenf;/

tjypf&dSaMumif; pGyfpGJjcif; (charges)?

tjypf&dSaMumif; awGU&dSonf (convict)?
wdkufcdkufa&;orm;
(combatant)?
remcHjcif; (violate)?

axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif; (detention)?
w&m;&Hk; (tribunal)?
vlrsdK;wHk;owfjzwfjcif; (genocide)

tar&duef ]tMurf;zufrIaMumifhjzpfaom ppfyGJ}udk OD;aqmifaejcif;ESifh ywfouf

aumif;onfhtjrif&dSovdk qdk;onfhtjrifvnf; &dSonf/ EdkifiHwum vHkNcHKa&;udk wdk;jrSifhvdkjcif;vnf;
jzpfonf/ xdkt&mrsm; tb,fenf;/
bk&SfacwfumvqdkonfrSm
tar&dueforw
]]tMurf;zufrIppfyGJ}}udkrnfodkY
wdkufcdkufrnf[lonfh tpDtpOf odkYr[kwf NcHKiHkMunfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 4if;onf ydkvHkNcHK
aom urm wpf ck wnfaxmif&efESifh tMurf;zuform;rsm;? tMurf;zufrI uGef,ufrsm;udk
wdkufcdkuf&ef tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tm; twlwuGyl;aygif;&ef urf;vSrf;cJhonf/ 2001 pufwifbm 11
rSp EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;&dS &JESifh axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;tMum;wGif tMurf;zuform;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI
tcsuftvufrsm; tiftm;ydkpdkufxkwf ay;ydkYrQa0cJhMuonf/ tMurf;zufrI vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf
wdk;wufvmaom EdkifiHwum tm;xkwfrIaMumifh &yfwefYcJh&onf/

urma&;&m

odkYaomf wpfcsdefrSmyif tar&dueftpdk;&u urmhMuufajceDuJhodkYaom EdkifiHwumtzGJU

tpnf;rsm;ESifh ryl;aygif;onfhtjyif ydkta&;BuD;onfrSm *sDeDAm nDvmcH? EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfrI
cHk&Hk; ponfh EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDrIrsm;udk r&,lcJhay/ tar&duefonf EdkifiHwum&mZ
0wfrIcHk&Hk;\ trdefYudkvnf; emcHjcif; r&dSacs/ EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfrIcHk&Hk;udk todtrSwfrjyKaom
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm tD&wf? vpfAsm;? ,Dref? umwm? tpa&;ESifh w&kwfwdkYom &dSonf/
*sDeDAmnDvmcHrsm; (The Geneva Conventions) onf ppfyGJwGif yg0ifcJhaom
vlrsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;twGuf pnf;rsOf; (enf;Oya')rsm; csrSwfay;jcif; jzpfonf/ nDvmcHwpfckonf wdkif;jynfrsm;tMum; oabmwlpmcsKyfuJhodkY tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDrIwpfck
vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf usif;yaom *sDeDAmnDvmcHudk 1864 ckESpfwGif qGpfZmvefEdkifiH *sDeDAmNrdK usif;ycJh&m ,if;nDvmcHu ppfyGJtwGif; emrusef;jzpfrIESifh 'Pf&mtemw&
jzpfrIrsm;tay: pdk;&drfcJhMuonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhaom *sDeDAmnDvmcH (4)cku ppfyGJ
wpfcktwGif; ppfom;rsm;ESifh t&yfom;rsm;udk rnfuJhodkY jyKpkuko&rnfudk azmfjycJhMuonf/
xdkYjyif tusOf;om; rsm;tm; tMuifem w&m;jzifh ukoay;rIvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ *sDeDAmnDvmcHtm; urmEdkifiHtrsm;pkwdkYu *kPfjyKMu&ef oabmwlcJhMuonf/

2001 ckESpf tmz*eftay: tar&duefwdkufcdkufrI vkyfaqmifcJhcsdefrSp urmwpf0ef;rS

oHo,jzpfzG,f tMurf;zuform; &maygif;rsm;pGm (txl;ojzifh tmz*efepwef)wdkYtm;
usL;bm;EdkifiH? *Gwmemrdkyifv,fatmf&dS tar&duefwdkY wnfaqmufxm;aom tusOf;axmifwGif
zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf/ tar&dueforw bk&Sftaejzifh tMurf;zufrIppfyGJ (War
on Terror) pum;vHk;rsm;udk qufvuf toHk;jyKaeaomfvnf; usL;bm;&dS wmvDbefESifh t,fau;'g; tusOf;om;rsm;udk ppfyGJ\ tusOf;om;rsm;uJhodkY ac:qdk&ef jiif;qdkonf/
tu,f tusOf;om;rsm;udk ppfyGJtusOf;om;rsm; (prisoners of wars) tjzpf owf
rSwfcJhygu *sDeDAmnDvmcHt& 4if;wdkYtm; tvGJoHk;pm;jyKrIrS umuG,fay;cH&ouJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ ,if;tpm; tar&duefu tusOf;om;rsm;udk &efol wdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm; (enemy
combatants) [k &nfnTef;cJhonf/ taMumif;rSm 4if;wdkYtaejzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS
r[kwfMuojzifh rnfonfh Oya'ESifhrS umuG,fay;cH&rnf r[kwfay/ tusOf;om;rsm;onf
*GwmemrdkwGif tusOf;pcef;wGif tjypfwpfpHkw&m csrSwfcH&jcif; r&dSbJ (2) ESpfausmfMum
xdef;odrf;cHMu&onf/
4if;wdkYtaejzifh a&SUaersm;ESifh rawGUjrif&onfhtjyif tjynfjynfqdkif&m MuufajceDt
zGJUrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,if;tusOf;axmifodkY vma&muf vnfywfcGifh r&Muay/ tar&duefu
tusOf;om;rsm;\ tjypf&dSrI? r&dSrIudk ppfbufcHk&Hk;rsm;wGif qHk;jzwfay;oGm;rnf[k ajymqdkxm;onf/
xdkYjyif tar&duef ppfbuftaejzifh ao'PftwGuf pD&ifcsuf csrSwfjcif;udkvnf;
vkyfaqmifoGm;Edkifonf[k qdkonf/
urma&;&m

urmwpf0ef;&dS Oya'a&;&m uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;ESifh a&SUaersm;onf *sDeDAmnDvmcHwGif oabmwlnDxm;rIrsm;udk csdK;azmufaom ,if;uJhodkY tusOf;csrIrsdK;tm; qefYusif&ef
jiif;cHkaeMuonf/ tar&duefw&m;&Hk;csKyfu 2004 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif ajymMum;cJh&m
,if;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; a&SUaersm;ESifh awGUcGifhay;&rnf jzpfNyD; 4if;wdkYtm; w&m;0if
vkyf&dk;vkyfpOfenf;ESifh w&m;pD&ifrI r&dSbJ tusOf;axmifwGif xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;rSm w&m;r0if[k
qdkonf/ ,if;qHk;jzwfNyD;aemuf tusOf;om;trsm;tjym; vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhNyD; wpfpHkw&m &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefjcif; r&dSolrsm;udkvnf; awGUcJh&onf/

'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHrsm;&dS vlrsm;twGuf vHkNcHKa&; wdk;jrSifh&m rnfuJhodkYaom

ukefusp&dwfrsm; &dSoenf;/ tpdk;&rsm;u tMurf;zufrI&efESifh vHkNcHKa&;vdktyfcsufwdkYudk
toHk;csvlwdkY\vGwfvyfrIudk rnfodkY uefYowfEdkifoenf;/ xdkuJhodkY vHkNcHKa&;ESifh vGwfvyfrI
nDrQatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jrefrmjynfuJhodkYaom EdkifiHtrsm;wGif tvkyfjzpfEdkifygovm;/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vHkNcHKa&;ESifh vGwfvyfrI qufpyfrItajctaeudk azmfjyyg/
\ tusdK;quftjzpf 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif vGwfvyfa&;ESifh
tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
qHk;&IH;rIrsm;udk
BuHKawGUvm&onf/
Oyrm
tar&duefwGif
tar&duefuGef*&ufpfu &J? axmufvSrf;a&;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;tm; tmPmwdk;jrSifhay;Edkif
urma&;&m

onfh Oya'rsm; (]]tar&duef---------- \tpdwftydkif;[k ac:onf) udk oabmwlvmMuonf/ tmPmopfrsm;wGif

tar&duef? NAdwdefESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&udk qefYusifaom EdkifiHa&;tzGJUrsm;udk

]]EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;udk Ncdrf;ajcmufol}}[k trnfwyf EdkifNyD; 4if;wdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rI udk &yf wefY
atmif vkyfaqmifavh &dSonf/ 4if;wdkY\ tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; ppfaq;ar;jref; wpfcgw&H
axmifoGif;tusOf;csMuonf/ tar&duefwGif pufwifbm 11 NyD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
tm&wfvlrsdK;rsm;? rGwfpvifvlrsm; &mESifhcsDudk jypfrIwpfpHk wpf&m azmfjyEdkifjcif; r&dSbJ vESifhcsD
tusOf; cscJhMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm jypfrIwpfpHkw&m usL;vGefjcif; r&dSbJ jyefvGwfvmNyD jzpf
onf/ trsm;tjym;rSm ao;i,faom ADZmjyemrsm;udk taMumif;jy 4if;wdkY\ ZmwdEdkif
iHodkY jyefydkYjcif; cHcJhMu&onf/ trsm;ydkifae&mrsm;wGif jynfolrsm;onf vufeuf yg ryg yHkrSef
tppfaq;cHMu&onf/
rSp 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHrsm;rS vlrsm;onf 4if;wdkY\ tpdk;&udk
qefYusifajym&ef aMumuf&GHUvmMuonf/ tpdk;&u 4if;twGuf tE&m,f&dSEdkifonf[k xif&aom
owif;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;tay: qifqmjzwfawmufrI ydkrsm;vmonf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk
xdef;csKyfaeonfh tpdk;&\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;rSm tMurf;zuform; trsm;tjym;
&dSonf? tpDtpOf csaeMuonf? vGwfvyfpGm vIyf&Sm;aeaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif 4if;wdkYu
jypfrIusL;vGefMuonf[l\/ xdkY aMumifh
[laom EdkifiHrsm; \ tpdk;&rsm;u
tMurf;zuform;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rI cufcJap&ef vGwfvyfa&;udk paw;&rnf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/
jynfolrsm; tE&m,fuif; ab;&Sif;ap&ef tpdk;&rsm;u ydkrdk xdef;csKyfxm;oifhonfh[k 4if;wdkYu
,HkMunfMuonf/odkYaomf tjcm;tusdK;qufwpfckrSm jynfoltm;vHk; vGwfvyfa&; qHk;&IH;jcif;yif
jzpfonf/
'Drdku&ufwpf
EdkifiH
rsm;rS
vHkNcHKa&;pepfopf ESifh ywfouf rnfodkY cHpm;&rnf[k oifxifoenf;/

jynfolvlxkonf

]]vGwfvyfa&;xuf vHkNcHKa&;u ydk ta&;BuD;onf/}}

tqdkudk oif axmufcHygovm;? uefYuGufygovm;/

urma&;&m

tmPm&Sifqefaom
(authoritarian)?
bufvdkufaom
(biased)?
(extra-judicial)
Oya'jyify
tqufrjywfESdyfpufjcif;
(harass)?
tmPm&Sif
(tyrant)
tMurf;zufrIaMumifhjzpfaom ppfyGJ (War on Terror) pwifcsdefrS p
tar&dueftpdk;&onf ,cif r[mrdwfa[mif; EdkifiHtcsdKUESifh &if;ESD;rI jyefvnfcsnfaESmifcJhNyD;
r[mrdwfEdkifiH trsm;tjym;ESifhyg &if;ESD;rI wnfaqmufcJhonf/ txufyg r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;xJrS
tcsdKUrSm pnf;rsOf;wif;MuyfNyD; Murf;wrf;aom tpdk;&rsm; jzpfNyD;? vlYtcGifhta&;
ydkrdkcsdK;azmufMuonf[k vnf; *kPfowif; ausmfaZmMuonf/ odkYayr,fh ,if;EdkifiHrsm;onf
tmz*efepwef? tD&wf? tD&ef? qD;&D;,m;tjyif tpa&;ESifhyg e,fedrdwf xdpyfvsuf &dSonf/
txufyg taetxm;aMumifh tMurf;zuf0g' ysHUESHUrIudk xdef;csKyf&ef ,if;EdkifiHrsm; t"du
r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpf tar&duefu &Ijrifxm;jcif; jzpfonf

pufwifbm
11
tMurf;zufrINyD;aemuf
tar&duefwdkYonf
4if;wdkY\
ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;udk (txl;ojzifh ta&SUtv,fydkif;ESifh A[dktm&S) wdkYwGif wdk;csJUcJhonf/
ppftajcpdkufpcef;opf rsm;udk umwm? OZbufup=wef? wm*spfup=wefESifh a*smf*sD,mwdkYwGif
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ xdkYjyif ppfbuftaxmuftyHhrsm; axmufyHhjcif;tjyif jynf wGif;
ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;udk ppfbufqdkif&mESifh ywfouf rQa0ulnDrIrsm; pwifcJhonf/

urma&;&m

tZmbdkif*sef? wmarepwef? ygupwef? tD*spf? armf&dkudk? a*smf'ef? tma&;AD;,m;ESifh

ul0dwfwdkYuJhodkY EdkifiHrsm;ESifh umvMum&Snf r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpf qufvufwnf&dSaeap&ef ppfa&;
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyf vkyfaqmifcJhonf/

txufyg EdkifiHrsm;xJrS EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;rSm urmay: vlYtcGifhta&; trsm;qHk;

csdK;azmufaeaom EdkifiHrsm;xJwGif yg0ifaMumif; owfrSwfcHxm;&onf/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;tm;
tar&dueftpdk;&tygt0if tjynfjynfqdkif&m vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJU (Amnesty International) ESifh vlYtcGifhta&;apmifhMunfhrItzGJU (Human Rights Watch)uJhodkY
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlYtcGifhta&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u jypfwif&IwfcsMuonf/

tMurf;zufrI ppfyGJopfESifhtwl tcsdKUaom tpdk;&rsm;onf vGwfvyfrItay: uefYowf

csKyfjc,fjcif;ESifh ydk&ufpufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ wif;usyfNyD; &ufpufaom tpdk;&rsm;ESifh
tMurf;zufrI ppfyGJtm; t&SdefjrSifhwifrIMum; qufoG,frIudk oif rnfuJhodkY &Sif;jyEdkifoenf;/

jiif;cHkrI
vlYtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufrI usL;vGefaeonfh EdkifiH trsm;tjym;ESifh r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpf
tb,fhaMumifh tar&duef zGJUpnf;aygif;oif;aeoenf;/ ,if;uJhodkY vkyfaqmifjcif;onf
tar&dueftwGuf aumif;rGefaom awG;ac:rIwpfck jzpfygovm;/ oifhtkyfpkxJwGif
vlwdkif;ua&m rnfuJhodkY xifjrif,lqMuygoenf;/ jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;yg/

urma&;&m

urmhajryHkay:&dS
tar&duef\
tajcpdkufpcef;ESifh
rQa0toHk;jyKaom
tajcpdkufpcef;rsm;&dS&m EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk aq;a&mifjc,fyg/ NAdwdef? *smreD? awmifudk&D;,m;?
*syef? zdvpfydkif? MopaMw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;&dS umvMum&Snf tar&duef tajcpdkuf
pcef;rsm;udkvnf; aq;jc,fyg/ t"duaomhcsufudk yg0ifapNyD; ajryHkudk acgif;pOf ay;yg/

aumfr&Sif (commission)?
pHkprf;ppfaq;onf (investigate)?
qufEG,fonf (link)?
cGJxGufa&;orm;rsm; (separatist)
tar&dueforw a*smhcsf'AvsLbk&Sfu urmvHk;qdkif&m tMurf;zufrI0gtwGuf EdkifiH
tcsdKUwGif wm0ef&dSNyD; tultnD ay;&rnf[k 4if;\ tMurf;zufrIppfyGJESifh ywfoufNyD; 2002
ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvu aMunmcJhonf/ ,if;ajymMum;csufwGif rdpm0ef&dk;wef; (axis of evil)
EdkifiHrsm;[k oHk;EIef;cJhNyD; tD&wf? tD&efESifh ajrmufudk&D;,m;wdkYudk tE&m,ft&dSqHk; EdkifiHrsm;tjzpf
urma&;&m

trnfay;cJhonf/ ,if;pum;vhk;rsm;ESifhtwl ,cif EdkifiHa&; y#dyursm;udk pufwifbm

jzpf&yf? tMurf;zufrIppfyGJtopfwdkYESifh csdwfquf&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf pufwifbm 11
t,fvfau;'g;ESifh txufyg oHk;EdkifiHwdkY qufpyfrI &dSaeaMumif; taxmuftxm; r&dScJhay/
tD&wfjzpf&yfwGifvnf; bk&Sftpdk;&onf ]0ef&dk;wef;}tawG;tac:toHk;tEIef;onf
2003 ckESpf tD&wfppfyGJESifh rSefuefw&m;rQwaMumif; toHk;jyKcJhonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif NAdwdefESifh
tar&dueftpdk;&wdkY\ vGwfvyfaom aumfr&Sifrsm;u tD&wfppfyGJ rjzpfyGm;rD pkpnf;xm;aom
owif;tcsuftvuftm;vHk; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;cJhMuonf/ ,if;aumfr&SiftzGJU\ awGU&dScsufu
t,fvfau;'g;? pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufrIrsm;ESifh quf'rf[lpdeftpdk;&wdkYMum; qufoG,frI
r&dSaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ odkYaomf orwbk&Sfu tMurf;zufrIppfyGJwGif tD&wfudk
atmifEdkifrIwpfck[k qufvuf ac:qdkcJhonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif urmwpf0ef;rS tpdk;&rsm;uvnf;
tMurf;zufrI ppfyGJudk toHk;jyKNyD; 4if;wdkY\ ppfa&;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;rSm avsmfuefoifhjrwfaMumif;
pwifvkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
&k&Sm;&dS acscsif;nmjynfe,fwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMum trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;pdwf wdkuf
yGJwpfck jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom ,if;ppfyGJudk &k&Sm;tmPmydkifrsm;u
urmvHk;qdkif&m tMurf;zufrI ppfyGJ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf rMum;ao;cifu trnfwyfcJhonf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGifvnf; tpdk;&wyfrsm;ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif &dScJhaom rGwfpvif
cGJxGufa&;tzGJUMum; jzpfyGm;cJhonfh ajymufusm;ppfyGJrSm urmvHk;qdkif&m tMurf;zufrIppfyGJwGif
aemufxyf wdkufyGJwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfcHvm&onf/
tpa&;trsm;tjym;u
ygvufpwdkif;wdkYESifh
tpa&;wdkYMum;
umvMum&Snf
trSefw&m;rsm;rSm rGwfpvif tMurf;zuf0g'\ Oyrmwpfck[k tckdiftrm qdkcJhMuonf/ t wdwf
u vnf; txufyg jzpf&yfudk rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom wdkufyGJ (odkY) vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
wdkufyGJ[k &IjrifcJhMuonf/
urmay:wGif ppfa&;tiftm; tBuD;qHk;jzpfaom tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf
tMurf;zuf0g'udk &yfwefY&ef BudK;yrf;&m tm;wufoa&m yg0ifonfh EdkifiHrsm;udk ppfwyf? vuf
eufypnf; ud&d,m? avhusifhrIESifh &efyHkaiG axmufyHhay;rI ponfh yHkpHrsdK;pHkjzifh ppfa&;tultnD
ay;cJhonf/ ,if;uJhodkY urmvHk;qdkif&m tMurf;zufrIppfyGJwGif wpfckwnf;aom urmplygyg0g
tar&duefESifh yl;aygif;jcif;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tusdK;tjrwf trsm;tjym; &&dSvmEdkif
Muonf/

pufwifbm 11 tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;tm; pDpOf&mwGif quf'rf[lpdefyg0ifcJhonf/

taxmuftxm;udk vGwfvyfa&;aumfr&Sifu awGU&dScJhonf/
rdpm0ef&dk;wef;wGif yg0ifaom EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm 'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&rsm; jzpfonf/
acscsif;nmwGif yxrqHk;ppfyGJ pwifaomtcg vlwdkif;u tMurf;zuf0g'[k ac:qdkcJhMuonf/
urma&;&m

tar&duefonf urmay:wGif tiftm;tBuD;qHk; ppfa&;ydkifqdkifonfh EdkifiH jzpfonf/

rdpm0ef&dk;wef;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/
vGwfvyfaom aumfr&Sif\ tvkyfwm0efrSm rnfonfenf;/
urmwpf0ef; tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh tMurf;zufrIppfyGJudk rnfuJhodkY toHk;jyKEdkifMuoenf;/

trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwfaMumifh jzpfyGm;cJhaom jynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm;udk urmvHk;qdkif&m

tMurf;zufrI ppfyGJ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf tpdk;&tcsdKUu jyefvnf trnfwyfMuonf[k oifxif
ygovm;/
tMurf;zufrIppfyGJudk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif tultnDay;jcif;jzifh rnfuJhodkYaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
Edkif iHa&; tusdK;tjrwfrsm; &&dSEdkifoenf;/
tMurf;zufrIppfyGJwGif tD&wfudk atmifjrifrIwpfcktjzpf orwbk&Sfu tb,fhaMumifh ac:
qdkoenf;/

arQmfvifhcsuf uif;rJhjcif; (desperation)?

,m,D (interim)?
vlod&SifMum; (publicly)?
a'go (outrage)?
wyfom;opf (recruit)?
jyefvnfzGJUpnf;onf (regroup)

tMurf;zufrIppfyGJudk tqHk;r&dS ppfyGJtjzpf ac:qdkEdkifonf[k oifxifygovm;/

2001 ckESpf pufwifbm 11 tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufcH&rIjzpf&yfESifh tar&dueftpdk;&\

tMurf;zufrIppfyGJ pwifNyD;csdefrS p 3 ESpfwmumvtcsdefodkY a&muf&dSvmolu urmBuD;onf
vHkjcHKpdwfcs&aom ae&mwpfck jzpfygovm;/ tcsdKU jzpfonf[k ajymMum;NyD; trsm;tjym;u
rjzpf[k ajzMum;Muonf/
urma&;&m

xdyfwef;t,fvfau;'g;acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym; zrf;qD;cHMu&onf (odkY)

aoqHk;cJhMuonf/

EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;&dS
Oya'jyefvnf
toufoGif;a&;
at*sifpDrsm;Mum;
owif;qufoG,fjcif;rsm; wdk;wufvmonf/

tMurf;zuform;trsm;tjym;\ tpDtrHrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifcJhNyD; tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;tm;

xdcdkufapjcif;rsm;udk BudKwifumuG,fEdkifcJhonf/

pufwifbm 11 jzpf&yfNyD;csdefuwnf;uEdkifiHESpfEdkifiHtm;tar&duefuwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfEdkifiHwGif tjypfrJhjynfol 20000 ausmf aoqHk;cJh&onf/ &v'ftjzpf

axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ppfom;rsm; aoqHk;cJhNyD; qufvufvnf; aoqHk;rI jrifhwufvmaeonf/

tdkprmbifvm'ifESifh tjcm; t,fvfau;'g;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk qufvuf&SmazGrIrsm; jyKvkyf

cJhaomfvnf; pufwifbm 11 wdkufcdkufrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; jypf'Pf pD&ifcsrSwfrI wpfpHkw&m
r&dScJhay/

tD&wf&dS tD&wfEdkifiHom;rsm;u tar&duefaxmufyHhay;xm;aom ,m,DtD&wftpdk;&udk

qefYusifMuonf/ aeYpOfAHk;cGJrIrsm;? taocHwdkufcdkufrIrsm;? jyefay;qGJ ac:aqmifrIrsm;ESifh
EdkifiHjcm;om; "m;pmcHrsm;udk vljrifuGif;wGif uGyfrsufrIrsm; qufvuf jzpfyGm;aecJhonf/

tpa&;-ygvufpwdkif;
tajctaerSm
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmutwdkif;yif
qufvufqdk;&Gm;aecJhonf/

t"duusaom tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf bmvD (tif'dkeD;&Sm;)? *smumwm

(tif'dkeD;&Sm;)? vef'ef (NAdwdef)ESifh ruf'&pf (pydef)wdkYwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
rGwfpvifurmwGif tar&duefvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay:
tqHk;pGef a'goxGufvsuf &dSMuonf/ ta&SUtv,fydkif;wGif
tar&duef\ta&;,lvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh
tmz*efepwefppfyGJuwnf;u t,fvfau;'g;wdkY jyef
vnftkyfpkzGJU pk&Hk;vmMujyefonf/ t,fvfau;'g;wdkYtaejzifh
tzJGU0ifopfrsm;udk tvG,fwul &SmazGawGU&dScJhMuonf/
rGwf pvif urmwGif tar&duefqefYusifa&; pdwf"mwfrsm; ydkrdkjyif;xefvmcJhNyD; vltrsm;tjym;u
,HkMunfxm;onfrSm tdkprmbifvm'ifonf ol\ta&;twGuf taxmuftyHh rsm;
ydk&&dSaeonf[k qdkMuonf/

urma&;&m

taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tD&wftpkvdkuf t N yHKvdkuf aoapEdkifaom vufeufrsm;

rawGU&dSjcif; (odkY) tD&wf? t,fvfau;'g;ESifh pufwifbm 11 jzpf&yfwdkYrSm wpfpHkw&m qufpyfrI
r&dSjcif; qdkonfudk ododomom awGUjrifvmMuNyD;aemuf tD&wfppfyGJtay: vlBudKufrsm;rIEIef;rSm
usqif;oGmcJhonf/ urmha'otrsm;pk&dS jynfolrsm;rSm aemufxyf tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI jzpf
vmrnfudk aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYaeMuonf/ 4if;wdkYtpdk;&rsm;uvnf; tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;
jzpfvmEdkifzG,f &dSonfrsm;udk yHkrSef owday;vsuf &dSonf/

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;
vuf&dStcsdeftxd tMurf;zufrIaMumifh jzpfaom ppfyGJ\ aumif;aom &v'fESifh qdk;aom
&v'frsm;rSm tb,fenf;/
Z,m;wGif jznfhyg/

tMurf;zufrIaMumifh jzpfaom ppfyGJ\

jzpfEdkifajc&dSaom &v'faumif;rsm;

tMurf;zufrIaMumifh jzpfaom ppfyGJ\ jzpfEdkifajc

&dSaom &v'fqdk;rsm;

tar&dueforwbk&Sfu 4if;aMunmcJhaom tMurf;zufrIppfyGJ} vkyfaqmifcsufrSm

&Sif;vif;NyD; ,cifwdkufcdkufcJhzl;aom ppfyGJrsm;ESifh rwlnD[k qdkcJhonf/
bk&Sfu ,if;rSm tvG,fwul wdkufcdkufEdkifaom (odkY) tEdkif&Edkifaom ppfyGJ r[kwfaMumif;?
xdkYjyif tEdkif&zdkY&m tcsdef rnfrQ ,l&rnfrSmvnf; BudKwif rcefYrSef;EdkifaMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/
tar&duef 'korwESifh umuG,fa&;0efBuD;jzpfolu ,if;tMurf;zufrIppfyGJrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
Munf&Snfrnf[k trsm;jynfola&SUarSmufwGif tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm ajymMum;cJhonf/
tMurf;zufrIppfyGJu &efolonf ,leDazmif;r0wf? tvHr&dSbJ tNrJwrf;vdkyif
urma&;&m

jyif;xefaom arQmfvifhcsuf uif;rJhrIudk cHpm;&rnf/ ,if;rSm tqHk;r&dSppfyGJ[k t"dym,f&onf/

tcsdKUu tMurf;zuf0g'rSm &efolr[kwf? cGJxGuf&ef BudK;pm;olrsm; toHk;jyKonfh tMurf;zufrI
enf;wpfrsdK;yif jzpfonf[k qdkonf/ qif;&JrGJawrIESifh w&m;rQwrI r&dSjcif;rSm urmvlOD;a&
trsm;pktwGuf trSefw&m;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif vltcsdKUuvnf; tMurf;zuf0g'onf
,if;taetxm;rsm;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf; jzpfonf[k qdkMuonf/
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u urmwpf0ef; ae&mtrsm;tjym;wGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; tajctaersm;rSm vufcEH ikd pf &m r&d?S rQwrI r&d[
S k ajymqdMk uonf/ tMurf;zufrpI pfyo
JG pfonf
vGefcJhonfh 3 ESpfu pwifcJhaomfvnf; txufygtajctaersm;rSm qufvuf &dSaecJhonf/
urmwpf0ef; tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh ,if;pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk vufcHrI rjyKcJhMuay/ ,aeYt
csdefxd ,if;y#dyuudk ajz&Sif;&ef tajz &SmrawGUao;ay/ ppfat;wdkufyGJonf ESpfaygif; (40)
ausmf Mum&SnfcJhonf/ tMurf;zufrIppfyGJtwGufrl tqHk;awGU&ef rjrifEdkifao;ay/

tMurf;zufrIppfyGJwGif tar&duef\ ta&;,lvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u t,fvfau;'g;wdkY

wyfom;opfrsm; &SmazGEdkif&ef rnfuJhodkY tultnDay;oenf;/
tMurf;zuform; trsm;tjym; ajymonfh vufrcHEdkifbl;[lonfh t"du EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
vlrIa&; tajctaersm;rSm tb,fenf;/ ,if;tajctaersm;u tMurf;zufrI ppfyGJwGifatmif
jrif rI (odkY) &IH;edrfhrIudk rnfodkY &dkufcwfcJhoenf;/

toGifo@mef wlnDrIrsm;

urma&;&m

jcm;em;rIrsm;

urmay:&dS MoZmtBuD;rm;qHk; vlyk*dKvfwpfOD;xHay;pm tar&dueforwxH pmwpf

apmif a&;yg/ tMurf;rIppfyGJtopfESifh ywfoufNyD; oabmxifjrifxm;onfudk olYudk ajymyg/
,if;ppfyGJaMumifh urmBuD; ajymif;vJoGm;rIudk oifrnfodkY xifjrifxm;onfudk olYudk &Sif;jyyg/
tu,f oif ydkvHkNcHKpdwfcs&rI &dSvmonf[k cHpm;&vQif tb,fhaMumifh odkYjzpf&onf/
rjzpf&onfqdkonfudk olYudk ajymyg/ urmBuD;udk ydk vHkjcHKpdwfcs&&ef rnfonfrsm; vkyfaqmif
oifhonfqdkonfh tcsuftay: oifrnfuJhodkY xifjrifonfudk olYtm; tBuHtcsdKU ay;yg/

urma&;&m