Side cutting edge angle {(1) It protects the point from taking the initial shock of the cut.

(2) The burr at the

end of the cut is smaller. (3) It serves to thin out the chip by distributing the cut over a greater surface.}

(, dressing)

(, truing)
Reaming () Sequence of operations
required to obtain a hole that is accurate as to
size and aligned on center.---Purposes: 1) To
bring holes to a more exact size 2)
To improve surface finish of an existing hole

(super abrasives)
(hardness)(wear
resistance)(friability)
{---
-
-
}
{

,
}
-{

}
wear ()
Flank wear () Crater wear (
)Adhesive wear () Abrasive wear
() Diffusion wear ()
Oxidation wear ()
Cutting tool materials Required properties:
1. High temperature stability ()Hot hardness () 2. Abrasive wear
resistance () 3. Resistance to brittle
fracture ()
1. High speed steel () {Hot hardness ~
528C, Good toughness for roughing, T-series
(Tungsten, )-- T-1 (18-4-1 steel, 18%W,
4%Cr, 1%V), M-series (Molybdenum, ), --M2}
2. Cast alloy () {Hot hardness
higher than HSS, It can only be cast, and used
as form tool(), Alloy of Co, Cr and W,-Stellite ()}
3. Carbide () {1. K-types: WC-Co, very
good strength, used for cutting cast irons,
nonferrous metals, nonmetals, ferrous alloys
with short chips (denoted by red color). 2. Ptypes: WC-TiC-Co, or WC-TaC-Co, used for
machining steels (denoted by blue color). 3.
M-types: for cutting stainless steels (denoted
by yellow color).}
4. Coated carbide () {It does not
have the long term abrasion resistance, and it
should not be used where heavy scale or
other abrasive conditions such as heavy cut,
interrupt cut predominates. It is suitable for
high speed finishing of ferrous alloys included
stainless steels. It is not suitable for machining high temperature alloys, titanium alloys, nonmetals, and nonferrous metals.}
5. Ceramic (){Hardness at high and low temperatures. High compressive strength Lack of affinity for the material being cut. Resistance to cratering. Poor
thermal conductivity Superior wear resistance. very brittle}
6. Cermet () {Usefulness is mainly at high speed turning of cast irons and high strength steels. It can not withstand vibrations. The application of cermet is
similar to that of ceramic, with the advantages of withstanding a little vibrations.}
7. Diamond () {Single crystal diamond is used when good surface finish and dimensional accuracy are required, particularly with soft nonferrous alloys and
abrasive nonmetallic materials. It is the only tool for ultraprecision machining, i.e. Single Point Diamond Turning (SPDT). It is not recommended for machining plain
carbon steels, titanium, high temperature alloys, etc.}
PCD (polycrystalline diamond) It consists of a thin layer of fine grain size diamond particles sintered together and metallurgically bonded to a cemented carbide
substrate. A high-temperature/high-pressure is needed. Sintered diamond tools are finished to shape, size, and accuracy by laser cutting, wire-EDM, and grinding.
8. CBN (){It can be used to machine high temperature alloys, hardened steels, die steels, etc. It is widely used in the automotive industry for machining
hardened steels and superalloys. It is made in a compact form for tools by a process quite similar to that used for sintered polycrystalline diamonds.}
Advantages of nontraditional machining
1. Complex geometries beyond simple planar or cylindrical features 2. Parts with extreme surface finish ()and tolerance () requirements 3. Delicate
() component that cannot withstand large cutting force 4. Parts without producing burrs () or including residual stresses () 5. Brittle () materials
or materials with very high hardness
1 2 {
}3 4
1.2.3.
Chip formation a kind of plastic deformation() due to shear () of the material at shear zone
Cutting conditions (){1. Cutting speed () 2. Feed () [The distance that the work (tool) advances per unit revolution or time] 3. Depth of cut (
)[ Depth of cut (): d in [mm]]} For milling () often given in feed per tooth (chip load): ft If feed per revolution is fr , feed per minute is fm ,
and number of teeth on the cutter is n, then fr = ft n, fm= fr N
Types of chip ()
1. Segmented or broken or discontinuous chip () For cutting of brittle () materials, e.g. castirons, cast steels, etc. It may also be produced when
machining ductile () materials at very low cutting speed and high feed.---Chips may fly and disturb machining operation. It may result in rough surface finish. It
will make wear of tool edge more easily.
2. Continuous chip () For cutting of ductile materials, e.g. mild
steels, wrought irons, copper, aluminum, etc.--- Chip may tangle the cutting tool, workpiece, machine tool and results in difficult in chip disposal.
3. Continuous chip with Built Up Edge (BUE) () For cutting of ductile materials such as mild steels at low to medium speed. The occurrence is a

cyclic phenomenon.---It results in a larger rake angle and a lower cutting force (in general although it may increase friction force). It may contribute to tool wear. It
will deteriorate surface finish.
4. Serrated chip or Saw-tooth chip () For cutting of materials of poor thermal properties such as high temperature alloys, titanium alloys, hardened steels,
etc. For cutting at very high cutting speed---The surface finish may be affected.