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THE AMERICAN
ESPERANTO BOOK
A COMPENDIUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL
LANGUAGE
ESPERANTO
COMPILED AND
EDITED BY
EDITOR OF "AMERIKA
ESPERANTISTO." CHICAGO
ARTHUR BAKER.
A. E. A.,
APPEAL TO REASON
GIRARD
KANSAS
::
1907
Cofyright, igoj, by Arthur

All Rights Reserved
M
puESs or
jOIJN r UIGGINS
CBICAOO
Baker
PREFACE
The purpose of Esperanto is to be a second
language for those persons who have relations with
people whose native languages they do not know.
This great need of humanity Esperanto supplies.
By a few weeks of study, even without the aid of
a teacher, one can qualify himself for conversation
and correspondence with all the other Esperantists
Their
of the world, whatever their nationality.
number is increasing by hundreds of thousands
These facts being established beyond
each year.
doubt, it would be conferring an undeserved dignity
upon those who oppose the language to reply to
their arguments.
**It has an artificial sound"
"It is not artso has the voice in the telephone.
The usefulneither is a steam locomotive.
istic"
ness of Esperanto is so thoroughly established that
the discussion of
its
artistic merits
may
well be
dismissed, with perhaps the observation that the
language
is
frequently mistaken by the uninitiated
for Italian or Spanish, popularly
supposed to be
the most musical of languages.
The aim of this book is to provide, in one volume, the means of acquiring a thorough, practical
As suggested by its
knowledge of Esperanto.
title, the contents are especially adapted to the
American student, due regard being paid

Americanisms of our language.
to the
Sources of Authority
This volume
Dr. Zamenhof.
it
is
based upon the Ekzercaro^ by

from
All the exercises are taken
The
and are therefore absolutely authoritative.
notes and translations, with the discussion of the
grammar, while containing
much
work,
original
The
Standard Course of Esperanto^ by George W. Bullen, F. B. E. A.; Esperanta Sintakso, by Sro. Paul
Grammar and Commentary, by MajorFruictier
General George Cojfc
The Esperanto-English
vocabulary is compiled from the second edition of
the Esperanto-English Dictionary, by A. Motteau,
and Worterbuch Esperanto-Deutsch, by Hermann
Jurgensen, the latter volume being preferred where
Supplementing these,
the two are not in concord.
the English-Esperanto Dictionary, by J. C. O'Connor and C. F. Hayes, is drawn upon for the matter
contained in the English-Esperanto vocabulary.
are also indebted to the following sources
How
Read
carefully the
to
first
Study
part of the book, pages
It is by no means desirable to
7 to 76 inclusive.
attempt to assimilate everything set forth in these
pages at once, but the student who has forgotten

much of English grammar will find his memory
refreshed, and the person who has considered him-
self
a good grammarian will find that Esperanto
may widen his knowledge of the subject.

Upon finishing this matter, return to page 7,
and commit to memory the sounds of the Esperanto
letters described
on this and the four succeeding
pages.
Then take
Having
finished these
up, in their order, the exercises.
and memorized
all
the words
contained in them, you will be able to read readily
any ordinary correspondence and literature in the

This book being a modest compendium
of Esperanto material, it has seemed necessary to
language.
include in the Esperanto-English vocabulary many

unusual words and technical terms, and the wise
student will not attempt to burden his memory
with such as are outside his own needs and uses.
You may put your knowledge of Esperanto to
immediate practical use in reading, or in correspondence for any purpose whatever, with persons in
any part of the world. Addresses may be obtained
on request (with stamp), from Amerika Esperantisio^
Chicago*
CONTENTS
...
Alphabet
Rules of the
Grammar
12
The Article
The Substantive
The Adjective
Pronouns
The Verb
19
20
.
28
The Participle
The Adverb
The Preposition
The Conjunction
The Interjection
The Numerals
Prefixes
and
Correlative
37
41
47
59
61
63
Suffixes
Words
Capitals and Punctuation
Order of Words
Foreign
24
26
65
70
74
75
76
Names
Exercises
Correspondence
La Esperantismo
77
180
184
VOCABULARIES
Esperanto-English Vocabulary
English-Esperanto Vocabulary
77
THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO BOOK

THE ALPHABET
The alphabet
consists of twenty-eight
letters,
each representing one sound only:
Aa, Bb, Cc, Ce, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Gg, Hh, HTi,
li,
Jj, J5,
Tt, Uu,
Kk, LI,
Mm,
Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss,S,
Vv, Zz.
tFii,
The Names of the Letters A, E, I, O, U

(vowels) are the sounds, and those of the consonants
are formed by adding the Esperanto noun
ending
do,
ho, ?i hho,
tso,
r ro, s so, sho, t
toe,
cho,
yo, J zho,
ko,
wo,
do,
1 lo,
vo,
i/o, g go, ^jo,
m mo, n no,
z
po,
zo.
SOUNDS
The sound given each
letter is the
English, with the following exceptions:
A
C
C
is like
a in father.
is like ts in hats.
is
like ch in chop.
E is like a in fate (but not so long).

G is like g in go.
G is like y in joy, or g in George.
is like
ch in loch (See explanation).
I is like ee in see.
same as
in
The American Esperanto Book
8
J
is like
is
in yet.
is like o in roll.
S
S
in so.
is like s
is like
U
U
Z
like z in seizure.
is
sh in
j^(?a/.
like oo in soon.
is like
z/
in how.
is like z in 2<7n^.
*
It will be observed that the letters bearing the supersign
are pronounced ch, gh, hh, j'h, sh.
Printers unable to procnre the special type may substitute these forms.
The Esperanto E
is
a matter of difl&culty to
is no English vowel
writers of text-books, as there
sound which exactly represents

agree that
e in
it is
men and a
Authorities
it.
approximately half-way between our

in /ate.
Inasmuch as
duplicates the English a in fate^
it
is
cj
exactly
considered
best to advise the student to pronounce e like our

Still, if pronounced
cannot possibly be misunderstood except
in two or three words; e. g. veno, vejno.
long
a,
long,
it
but to cut
it
short.
While not listed as an exception

pronounced with the trill usually regarded as
an affectation in America, but used by most of
Europeans. Copy the rrr of your German, French
Trill the R.
is
or
Bohemian
in
friends.
Esperanto
is
not exactly as in English.
Beginners should pronounce it as in vote^ roll,

shortening the sound as much as possible.
etc.,

J has the sound of
leisure, treasure,
as in pleasure,
g
measure^
or z in seizure, azure.
J is classed as a consonant, and the sound is

always blended with the preceding vowel in forming
the plurals, oj, ojn^ aj, ajn, uj, ujn, and
to the
its
addition
vowel ending of a word never changes the
Plumo, ploo' -mo; plumoj,

plumojn, ploo' -moyn; granda, grahn -dah;
grandaj, grahn-dai (âi as in aisle or as /in file^\
position of the accent
ploo'-moy;
grandajn, grahn-dine; tiu,
tee'-oo;
tiuj, tee'-ooy;
tiujn, tee'-ooyn; plej, play.
as
OJ, Pronounced "oy," is not an inconsistency,

many superficial students suppose, nor is aj
when given the sound of long /. If you doubt this,

pronounce oh yes and ah yes very quickly and you
will
observe that perfect diphthongs result.
U is a consonant, and is used after a and. e to

form the diphthongs au and e\i. The sound of the
letter is like w in English, and sometimes puzzles
beginners, who think that they have discovered an
exception to the rule that Esperanto letters have
each one invariable sound.
AU
has the sound of
EU
has a sound which
ow
in kow, cow, plow.
may be approximated by
a quick pronunciation of ehoo or ayoo, eliminating
most
of the oo
vowel sound.
still
better practice
TAf American Esperanto Book
lo
combination
is
ehw as
in
pronouncing very quickly
the words eh Willie. This combination never makes
two
noy
syllables: eiiropano is
pronounced ehw-ro-pa-
not eh-oo-ro-pa-no.
some difficulty to English-speaking

a strong gutteral aspirate, produced
from a position lower in the throat than any English
sound.
It is used in several European languages,
but if the student has not heard it he may approximate it by pronouncing it hH. Fortunately, the
presents
people.
letter is
It is
seldom used.
Combinations such as kv, kn, gv, dv, St, dm,

etc., are also unfamiliar to one who speaks only
English, but present
little difficulty,
although one
must remember that no letters are ever silent. The

combination sc is no more difficult than many in our
native language, except that we must not slur it,
but bring out each detail:
Especial attention
combinations:
sts.
is
directed to
two other
In pronouncing lingvo, and almost
every word in which n is followed by g, the inclination of the beginner is to sound the ng as in Eng-
Such words are leen-gvo, feen-gro, etc. The

and similar words is pronounced as
written, and should not be given the sound of gz
lish.
kz
in ek-zi-li
as found in exempt, example, etc.
Accent.
The
tonic or principal accent
is
on
ii
the syllable next to the last, no matter
now many
syllables the
word may contain;
do-va.o\ Ce-z/a-lo;
ak-ci-//-tro; ad-min-is-tran-/d!-ro.
The secondary
accents are placed where euphony, or good sound,
demands, with due respect to derivation. The

important in compounding
words. For example: juvelo, a jewel; kesto, case-y
juvelkesto would require the secondary accent on
the second syllable, or at least this should sound
latter consideration is
as strongly as the
A
matter
syllable
is
first.
necessary for every vowel, no
how many come
together;
double vowels in Esperanto: traire,

do-a-o)
metiisto,
ogio, zo-o-lo-gi-o.
me-ii-ist-o;
treege,
there
are no
tra-i-re\
boao,
tre-eg-e;
zool-
Tht American Esperanto Book
la
RULES OF THE GRAMMAR

[The paragraphs in Esperanto are the Sixteen Rules given
by Zamenhof, a part oi the Fundamenio de Esperanto. The
accompanying English paragraphs are a translation]
I
The
there
is
Article.
There
is
no
indefinite article;
only a definite article, la, alike for
all sexes,
cases and numbers.
Remark. The use of the article is the same

Those persons to whom
as in other languages.
the use of the article presents a difficulty may at
first not use it at all.
Artikolo nedifinita ne ekzistas; ekzistas nur
(/a), egala per 6iuj seksoj,
kazoj kaj nombroj.
artikolo difinita
Rimarko. La uzado de la artikolo estas tia

kiel en la aliaj lingvoj. La personoj, por
kiuj la uzado de la artikolo prezentas malfacilajojn, povas en la unua tempo tute ne gin uzi.
sama
II
The
Substantive. Substantives have the ending o.

For the formation of the plural we add the
There are only two cases nominative
ending j.
and accusative*; the latter is obtained from the
'Accusative, in English grammar,
is
termed objective.
13
nominative by the addition of the termination n.

The other cases are expressed by the help of prep-
by de, the dative*^ by al, the

by per or other prepositions according to
ositions (the genitive''
ablative"
the meaning).
La
substantivoj havas la finigon o,

Por la
la multenombro oni aldonas la finiton /. Kazoj ekzistas nur du: nominativo kaj
akuzativo; la lasta estas ricevata el la nominativo per la aldono de la finif o n. La ceteraj
kazoj estas esprimataj per helpo de prepozicioj
(la genitivo per de, la dativo per al, la ablativo
^^T per aii aliaj prepozicioj lau la senco).
formado de
Ill
The Adjective. The adjective ends in a.

and numbers as with the substantive.
parative
is
made by means
superlative
by
junction ol
is
plej; with the
of the
Cases
The comword
pli, the
comparative the con-
used.
La
adjektivo fini|as per a.

Kazoj kaj nomfie la substantive.
La komparativo
estas farata per la vorto pli, la superlativo per
broj kiel
plej; fie la
komparativo oni uzas
la
konjunkcion
ol,
IV
The Numerals. The cardinal
English grammar, possessive.
*These cases do not exist in English.
In
numerals (they
14
Unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin,

dek, cent, mil. The tens and
hundreds are formed by the simple joining of the
are not declined) are:

ses, sep, ok,
numerals.
numerals,
naili,
For the
we add
the multiples
the
signification of the
ordinal
the ending of the adjective
for
suffix -obi; for the fractionals
-on; for the collectives, -op; for the distributives

the word po.
Besides that, substantival and ad-
verbial numerals can be used.
La numeraloj fundamentaj
aciataj) estas unu, du,
naiy dek, cent, mil.
La
tri,
(ne estas deklin-
kvar, kvin,
ses, sep, ok,
dekoj kaj centoj estas for-
mataj per simpla kunigo de la numeraloj. Por la

signado de la numeraloj ordaj oni aldonas la
finigon de la adjektivo; por la multoblaj la
sufikson -obly por la nombronaj -on, por la
kolektaj -op, por la disdividaj la vorton po.
Krom tio povas esti uzataj numeraloj substan-
tivaj kaj adverbaj.
V
The Pronouns. Personal
li,
ili,
Si,
pronouns:
mi,
vi,
gi (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi,
oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the
Declension
addition of the adjective ending.
is
as
with the substantives.
Pronomoj personaj:
jekto ai besto),
mi, vi,
si, ni, vi, ili,
li,
fi,
oni; la
// (pri ob-
pronomoj
posedaj estas formataj per la aldono de la finigo
5;

adjektiva.
La
deklinacio estas kiel 6e la sub-
stantivoj.
VI
The Verb. The
or number.
Forms
verb
is
not changed in person
of the verb: the present tense
takes the ending -as; the past tense, -is; the future
mode, -us; the imperative

mode, -u; the infinitive mode, -i. Participles (with
an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present,
tense, -os; the conditional
-ant; active past, -int; active future, -ont; passive

present, -at; passive past, -it
passive future, -ot.
by the help of
a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive
participle of the required verb; the preposition with
the passive is de.
All forms of the passive are formed
La verbo ne estas an|ata lau personoj nek

nombroj. Formoj de la verbo: la tempo estanta
akceptas la finigon
tempo estonta
modo ordona
-os
-u\ la
-ont
pasiva estanta,
-ot.
-is\
la
a\i
aktiva estinta
pasiva estonta,
estinta
la mode kondiCa -us

la
mode sendifina /; Partici-
poj (kun senco adjektiva
estanta -ant
tempo
-as; la
-at
adverba): aktiva
-int
aktiva estonta
pasiva estinta,
-//
Ciuj formoj de la pasiva
estas formataj per helpo de responda formo
de la verbo esti kaj participo pasiva de la bezonata verbo; la prepozicio fie la pasivo estas de.
l6
VII
The Adverb. Adverbs end in e; degrees of

comparison as with the adjective.
La adverboj
parado kiel 6e
finigas per
gradoj de
kom-
la adjektivoj.
VIII
Nominative with Prepositions.
All preposi-
tions require the nominative.
Ciuj prepozicioj postulas la nominativon.
IX
Pronunciation.
Every
word
is
read as
it
is
written.
Ciu vorto estas legata,
kiel gi estas skribita.
Accent. The accent is always on the

mate (next to the last) syllable.
La akcento
penulti-
estas 6iam sur la antaiilasta
silabo.
XI
Compound words
Words.
Compound
are
formed by the simple joining of words (the principal word stands at the end); the grammatical endings are also regarded as independent words.
Vortoj kunmetitaj estas formataj per simpla

kunigo de la vortoj (la Cefa vorto staras en la

fino);
la
gramatikaj finigoj
ankaii kiel
memstaraj
estas
17
rigardataj
vortoj.
XII
Negation. With another negative word the

word ne is omitted.
Ce
alia
nea vorto
la vorto ne estas forlasata.
XIII
Direction. In order to show direction, words

take the ending of the accusative.
Por montri direkton,
la vortoj ricevas la
finigon de la akuzativo.
XIV
The
Preposition Je. Every preposition has a

definite and constant meaning; but if we have to
use a preposition and the direct sense does not
show us what special preposition we ought to take,
then we use the preposition je, which has no indeInstead of the preposition je
pendent meaning.
we can
also use the accusative without a preposi-
tion.
Ciu prepozicio havas difinitan kaj konstantan signifon; sed se ni devas uzi ian prepozicion
kaj la rekta senco ne montras al ni, kian nome
prepozicion ni devas preni, tiam ni uzas
la prepozicion je, kiu memstaran signifon ne
havas.
Anstatau la prepozicio je oni povas
ankaxi uzi la akuzativon sen prepozicio.
Th* American Esperanto Book
x8
XV
Foreign Words. The so-called foreign words,

that is, those which a majority of the languages
have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language without change, receiving only the
orthography of this language; but with various
words from one root it is better to use unchanged
only the fundamental word, and to form the rest
from this latter according to the rules of the Esperanto language.
La tiel nomataj vortoj fremdaj, t. e., tiuj

kiujn la plimulto de la lingvoj prenis el unu
fonto, estas uzataj en la lingvo Esperanto sen
Sango, ricevante nur la ortografion de tiu Ci
lingvo; sed fie diversaj vortoj de unu radiko
estas pli bone uzi senSanfe nur la vorton fundamentan kaj la ceterajn formi el tiu 6i lasta
laii la reguloj de la lingvo Esperanto.
Elision.
and the
The
article
XVI
final
vowel of the substantive
can be omitted and replaced by an
apostrophe.
La
fina
vokalo de la substantive kaj de la
artikolo povas esti forlasata kaj anstataiiigata
de apostrofo.
19
THE ARTICLE
No
indefinite article, such as a,
is
used in
Esperanto, this being implied in the noun: hundo,
a dog\ arbo, a
The
tree.
definite article
is
la: la
hundo,
the dog;
use is much the same as in

English, with some very important exceptions.
For example, when we use a word in its generic
sense, the article is employed: The sentence, Man
is a slave, we translate La homo estas sklavo.
La medicino estas sc\enc(y==Medicine is a science.
Tiel blanka kiel la tiqô=As white as snow.
la arbo, the tree.
Its
Instead of possessive pronouns the article i s

used when referring to a relative of the speaker or
person addressed, or even of a third person when
the identity is unmistakable.
La patro^J/y (or
your) father.
[See Exercises 8 and 9].
Before numeral adjectives which denote day,

Venn je la deka YiOTO=^Come at ten.
La unua de januaro=73^^yf/'i-/ 0/ January.
hour, etc.:
The apostrophe may

a of the article.
adds:
be substituted for the
In Exercise 27 Dr. Zamenhof
"but only after a preposition which ends

This permission is useful chiefly
a vowel."
poetry,
when necessary
to eliminate a syllable.
in
in
ao
THE SUBSTANTIVE
A
name
substantive (noun)
of anything:
is
domo, a
a word expressing the

house; birdo, a
bird\
penso, a thought; riCeco, wealth; ago, an
The
sign of the substantive
more than one thing

plural sign,
j:
is
is
the final o.
spoken
of,
we add
The nominative form

used
the
katoj, cats; knaboj, boys; arboj, trees.

of
the
substantive
the regular form, either singular or plural.

is
act.
When
in all relations except three,
is
This
hereafter ex-
plained.
Possession
is
indicated
preceding the substantive:
The
boy's book (literally, the
The
accusative form
by the preposition de
libro de la knabo=
book of the boy).
La
is
used where the sub-
stantive stands as the object of a transitive verb;

that
is,
a verb which implies some action or change
directed against the substantive:
la
hundon=
The boy beat the dog.
La knabo
batis
Here, the dog
Hence, we add
This change is
necessary in Esperanto because this is an international language, to be used by many millions of
people who put the object of an action before the
is
the object of the action implied.
the accusative sign, n, to
word expressing the
hundo.
action.
2i
After a preposition the accusative case
is
not
used, except for the purpose indicated in the par-
agraph following
To show
direction or motion toward a given
when no accompanying word indicates this,

the accusative form is used: Li iris Bostonon='
He went to or toward Boston.
place,
Accusative Without Preposition.
Accordomit the preposition and

substitute the accusative form.
This is frequently
done in expressing date, measure, etc., but there
XIV we may
ing to Rule
demanding it: Li venos lundon

He will come Monday. Li venos je lundo=-^<r
ivill come on Monday.
Each of these forms is correct. Mi laboris ok horojn=/ worked eight hours.
Mi laboris dum ok horoj=/ worked during eight
is
no
set rule
It will be noted that in either English or

Esperanto the preposition may be omitted; but in
Esperanto the omission is indicated by a signal.
hours.
Order of Signs.
The
sign of the plural pre-
cedes that of the accusative case: librojn,
Elision.
ted (Rule
homojn.
The
6)
final o of the noun may be omitand the apostrophe (') substituted,
is usually confined to verse.

Writers of
Esperanto poetry are inclined to take the similar
liberty with oj and ojn where no confusion as to
meaning is to be feared.
but this
aa
We omit the preposition, usually, translating

such forms as Dominion of Canada, City of New
York:
Regno Kanado, Urbo Nov-Jorko.
accusative
is
The
not used here to indicate an omission,
because no Esperanto preposition is left out, this

language not confessing the need of a preposition
in these cases. So the English preposition is wiped
out of existence.
Adjective for Possessive.
few
students
are confused by the use of the adjective form for
possessive case with the pronoun and not with the

substantive.
There
are, however, cases in
an English possessive
is
translated
which
by an Esperanto
and these require careful observation:

Unuhora dornio=(9^ hour's sleep, Unuahora
adjective,
%'asdiQ'=-The first hour's watch.
show,
however,
that
Close scrutiny will
these cannot be called an
exception to the Esperanto rule, as they are hardly

possessives in English, and not at
The
all in
Esperanto.
superiority of Esperanto as a means of
precise expression
sentences
Mia
is
illustrated in the following
frato
amas mian
filinon pli ol
my daughter more than

my son (,more than he loves my son). Mi amas mian
filinon pli ol mia filo=/ love my daughter more
In the first sentence,
than my son Ooves her).
mian filon^J/y
brother loves
being accusative, must be understood as the

In the latter, filo, being
nominative, can be connected with the sentence
filon,
object of the implied verb.
23
only as the subject of the implied verb. In English

we must supply the phrase to express the meaning;
in
Esperanto the case of the noun expresses the
sense beyond doubt.
34
THE ADJECTIVE
An
adjective
is
a word used to express some
quality, attribute or limitation of a
domo,
substantive:
larga strato, a wide

street; alta viro, a tall man.
Blanka, larga and
alta are adjectives, each expressing some quality
blanlca
a white house\
The
of the substantive.
adjective sign
is final a.
Adjectives may be formed from almost any

and attribute to the substantive the idea expressed by the root: ligno, woody ligna, wooden;
danki, to thanks danka, thankful. Adjectives may
be formed also from prepositions, adverbs, etc.; in
root,
may be applied to almost

ena, inner; tro, too, troa, exces-
fact the adjective ending
any word
en,
in,
sive; tie, there, tiea,
In
of that
number and case
the substantive to which
red apple.
place.
the adjective agrees with

it
belongs:
Ruga pomo=
Rugaj ipoTCio\'=Red apples.
rugajn pomojn=^<?
likes
Li Satas
red apples.
A predicative adjective, that is, one preceded

by some form of esti (if not in the word, then at
least in the thought),
is
always nominative, even
may refer to an accusative substantive.

Mi trovis mian amikon malsanan=//â>?// my
though
it
sick friend.
amikon.
malsanan belongs directly to

we say Mi trovis mian amikon
Here,
But
if
malsana=/ found my
25
the meaning is
would read: Mi
trovis mian amikon esti (au, ke li estas) mal^2S\.2ir=I found my friend to be (or, that he is) sick.
[See remarks on Adjectival Participles^
materially changed.
friend
Literally,
sick,
it
Comparison of adjectives is effected by means

Some of them are:
of various words.
Q\=-More
o\=Less
Pli
Malpli
Tiel
than.
than.
kiel=^j
as.
\i\Qir=^Such
as.
Tia
kia=7yi<? same
Tia sama
des pli =77?^ more
Ju pli
des malpli=7%<?
Ju malpli
as.
the more.
less
the less.
[For uses of these words see Exercise 4]
Degree may also be expressed by the suffixes,

eg and et: varmeta, varma, v2LVTCiQga==luke'warm,
warm, hot.
The
malplej:
plej
superlatives are expressed by plej and
La
plej
granda=7%^
granda=7%<?
largest.
La mal-
smallest.
Adverbial Ending. Where the indefinite //

employed in English, as // is warm, it rains,
Esperanto uses no equivalent for //; in such cases,
or where a verb or phrase forms the subject, and all
cases where there is neither a noun or pronoun to
which the adjective refers, the qualifying word,
even if adjectival in meaning, is adverbial in form:
Estas necese=// is necessary.
Estas agrable=
It is agreeable.
Esti bele estas oportune=7'<? be
is
beautiful
is
fortunate.
Th4 American Esptranto Book
a6
PRONOUNS.
pronoun
a word used to represent a noun

use lends grace and facility to
is
or substantive.
Its
speech, by avoiding repetitions of the real
name
Many of the cruder languages

do not possess pronouns. An Indian, for example,
Esuses his own name instead of the pronoun /.
for
which
peranto
it
is
stands.
especially well equipped with pronouns.
Relative pronouns, with several other kinds, are

listed
use
is
under the head of Correlative Words, as their

somewhat different from that of the personal
pronouns.
The
personal pronouns are: mi, // viyyou
(singular or plural);
li,
he; i, she; gi, it\ ni,
we
a reflexive pronoun referring only to

;
subject of proposition and always in the third perili,
they
si,
son,
meaning
oni,
one or
himself^
they
herself,
itself,
oni diras, they
themselves;
Oni
say.
is
always nominative.
The possessive case of pronouns

by the addition of the adjective sign,
my, mine
nia, our,
via, your, yours

ours
hers, their, etc.
ilia,
their,
is
a:
formed
mia,
lia, his ; ia, her, hers;
theirs
sia, one's, his,
27
The
possessive pronoun, being an adjective

is governed by the rules of the adjective.
It agrees in number and case with the noun which
it qualifies.
Using the English words, their book^
the pronoun is understood to be plural; ilia libro,
however, shows the pronoun in the singular form,
though obviously referring to more than one person; it becomes plural in form only when the noun
iliaj libroj.
Conversely, miaj libroj
is plural
{,my books) shows the personal pronoun in the plural form, though certainly singular in sense.
The
plural sign is merely an indication that the word
in
form,
belongs to a plural noun.
The
reflexive
pronoun
for its correct use.
It is
requires careful study

always in the third per-
son and can refer only to the subject of the clause

or proposition in which
it
is
used.
Johano ren-
mian patron kaj lian amikon=y^^ met

fny father and his (my father's) friend.
Johano
renkontis mian patron kaj sian QXi\Won'=John
kontis
met my father and his

cise 12].
(,]oh.xi's)
friend.
[See Exer-
aS
THE VERB
A
a word used to express action or

being. In English these words often vary accordingly as they express the action of one person or
more; or the action of the speaker, the person who
For example, we
is addressed, or a third person.
say / am, you are, he is. In Esperanto the verb
does not change thus; we say: mi estas, vi estas,
li estas.
verb
is
All verbs are regular. In English, several

hundred verbs have special forms for expressing
past or completed action, so that to use the wrong
form would give rise to seemingly humorous absurdities ; for example, write^ wrote, written', fight,
The various Esperanto verbs use
foghte, fitten.
exactly the same forms, and the entire list of these
forms in their various uses is called the conjugation.
INDICATIVE MODE
The
as
now
place.
indicative mode expresses action or being

taking place, which has, or which will take
It
involves a simple, definite statement,
as distinguished from the indefinite,

interrogatory, etc.
conditional,
29
ACTIVE VOICE
The
active voice represents the action as be-
ing performed (present, past or future)
Mi skribas=/ wr//^, am
Vi ludis = You played,
writing.
were playing.
Li laboros =^He will work,
be working.
Mi estas skribanta=/ am writing (emphasizing present continuity of act.)
Vi estis ludanta= You were playing.

Li estos laboranta=Zr<? will be working.
Mi estas skribinta^/ have written, been
writ-
ing.
estis ludinta=K?a had played, been playing.

Li estos laborinta=-^<? will have worked, have
Vi
been working.
Mi
estas skribonta=/
am
to write,
am
about
to write.
Vi
estis ludonta=y<? were about to play.

Li estos laboronta=-^<? will be about to work.
PASSIVE VOICE
The
passive voice describes the action
as
being received:
Mi
estas
Vi
estis
amata=/ am loved.
trompata=K7a were
deceived,
being deceived.
Li estos forlasata=^/r(? will be forsaken.

Mi estas amita=/âj'^ been loved.
Vi estis trompita=F^ had been deceived.
were
30
Li estos forlasita=^<r
Mi
will have been forsaken.
amota=/ am
estas
to be (or, about to be)
loved.
Vi
estis
trompota^K? were
about
to
be
deceived.
Li estos forlasota=/r<f will
be about to be for-
saken.
The Present Tense. If
an action
is
in prog-
ress at the time of speaking or writing, the verb
takes the ending of the present
tense.
Johano
This means that John is

now writing, but it may also mean that he writes
generally, is a copyist. When necessary, however,
to emphasize the fact that the action is of present
duration and still incomplete, we use the participle
and estas, thus: Johano estas skribanta. This
can mean only that John is now, at the time of
8kribas=y<?^
writes.
speaking, in the act of writing.
The present
tense
is
also used in Esperanto
to describe an act occurring at a time past, but of
For
and I says to
^*
him^
Go!" is vividly expressive, but ungrammatHowever, Mi minacas lian vizagon per
ical.
la mia pugno kaj diras al li " Fori" has all the
which a descriptive account

example,
/ shakes my fist
is
being given.
in his face
emphasis which the English sentence receives from

the use of the present tense, and is grammatically
correct.
When
The Past Tense.

some time now wholly
31
an act occurred at
was occurring at
such a time, the past tense is employed: Johano
skribis=y(?/;;2 wrote or was in the act of writing.
But again, if we wish to state clearly" that he was,
at some particular time, writing, we use the partipast,
or
ciple
Johano
estis skribanta.
The Future Tense. When

take place at some future time,
tense.
an action
we use
is
to
the future
Johano skribos=y<?/^;z will writCy or will

As with the other tenses, if we wish
be writing.
so be precise, to say that at-some definite future
time John will be in the act of writing, the participle

is
necessary:
Johano estos skribanta.
Completed action, indicated in English by

what are called the perfect tenses, is expressed in
Esperanto by some form of esti and a past participle of the principal verb:
Hi estas kantintaj
They have been singing (literally,
'they are were
singing")- This means that now, at this time, the
act of singing is complete.
Hi estis kantintaj
They had been singing. Estis refers to a time past,
and kantintaj indicates that the act of singing was,
at that time, already finished.
Hi estos kantintaj
They will have been singing. At the future time
indicated by estos, the act of singing will have been
finished.
3^
CONDITIONAL MODE.
Conditional Mode describes an action
something that might happen
or have happened something doubtful in itself, or
contingent upon something else.
It is usually
introduced by the conjunction, se (//). The gram-
The
that is conditional
mode
matical sign of the conditional

for all tenses.
If
time
is
-us, alike
is
expressed, this
is
accom-
plished by a participle or another verb used in
connection.
Se
Se
Se
9i
amus^//'j//<r should
Si
Si
estus amanta= Were she loving.

estus aminta=//' she had loved, or been
Si
estus amonta
love.
loving,
Se
Jf^^rr^
she about to love, or
be loving.
Se
Si
estus
amata= Were
she loved, or being
loved.
Se
Se
Si
estus amita=//"j//^ had been
Si
estus amota^= Were she about
Example:
Se
loved.
to be loved.
pluvus, ni iros fiSkapti

Here, the first
Should it rainy ive shall go fishing.
Se
verb is conditional, the second indicative.
estus pluvinte, ni irus fiSkapti=y/// had rained,
Here, both verbs are condiii<e would go fishing.
The student must not permit himself to
tional.
33
be confused regarding the two meanings of should.

is a conditional auxiliary, and
In
used in the foregoing translations.
In one sense, this

as such
is
the other sense
it
expresses
duty,
as
"He
should
This has nothing whatever to

do with the conditional mode of Esperanto, and is
translated by the verb devi, ought.
love his parents."
34
IMPERATIVE MODE
The imperative mode
desire, purpose, etc.
indicates
command,
Its sign is -u.
In giving commands and making requests it

used directly, without connecting words: Haltu!
=//<////
Prenu pomon! 7a>t<f an apple! Li
venu tien 6i \=Lct him come here!
is
In expressing purpose
by ke or por ke:
Por ke
Si
gin
her ask
it
is
Si
usually preceded
ricevu pardonon.
petu=/ order tJiat she receive a pardon^ let

it.
Mia patro deziras ke li venu=iW>
father desires that he come.
Participles
Li insistas ke
be punished.
may be used
vi
with the imperative

estu punata=/r/r insists that you
INFINITIVE
The
infinitive
mode,
signifying simply to
35
MODE
sign
-i,
be, to love,
has no tense,,
As with
etc.
conditional and imperative modes,
it
may
the
receive
a suggestion of tense when accompanied by a participle.
Ami = 7<7
love.
Esti amante=7<7 be loving.

Esti aniite=7l7 have been loved.
Esti amonte 7'<? be about to love.
substantival sense is expressed by the

which may of itself be the subject of a
sentence
Erari estas home pardoni, diQ=To
err is human; to forgive, divine.
infinitive,
Note that the adjectives and participles modifying the

infinitive take the adverbial
form.
36
INTERROGATEy^
In questions, the indicative mode is used, and
accompanied by an interrogatory word. There are
(see Correlative Words) nine interrogatory words
beginning with k: kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies,
These words are used in precisely
kio, kiom, kiu.
manner
as their English equivalents,
same
the
what, why, when, where, how, etc.
Kiam
li
revenos
Kie ni estas?=
fF>4<'
IVhere are
will he return?
we?
Any
sentence not introduced by one of these

be changed to a question by the word 6u,
meaning whether: Cu vi wenos ?= IVill you comef
may
Cu
vi nin
amas l^^Do you
love us ?
37
THE PARTICIPLE
A
root,
participle
is
a word derived from a verb
and implying
stating
though not directly
action,
as does the verb.
it,
Participles in Esper-
anto are of three classes:
Adjectival
in action
Expressing
the quality
Kantanta birdo=^ singing
with a helping verb, the act

kantanta^Z"/^*? bird
is
itself
La
of
being
bird;
and,
birdo estas
singing.
Adverbial Expressing the fact of the action,

usually by way of connecting it with some other
without a directly governing
act, and always
substantive: Vidante muson, i forkuris = 5^^/^
a mouse, she ran away.
Substantival
Expressing
in the active form, the act
passive:
parolanto,
person spoken
The
the act and agent

and the recipient in the
the speaker;
parolato,
the
to.
participle plays a
much more important
part in Esperanto than in English, and the student
must give
it
careful study.
It
may have
the end-
38
ing of the adjective, adverb or substantive.
Its
signs are:
-ant-, Present active,
-int-,
Past active,
-ont-, Future active.

-at-. Present passive,
Past passive.
Future passive.
-it-.
-ot",
An
adjectival participle
and as such
ifying,
is
substantive, as in English
ing water.
When
may be directly
qual-
usually placed before the

:
Fluanta akvo=-Â?ze/-
so used, and qualifying a plural
or accusative substantive,
it
takes the same case
and number
Ni vidis la brulantajn
We saw the burning houses.
:
domojn=
When
used as a predicate, that is, when

preceded by a form of esti, expressed or implied,
the participle agrees with the noun as to number,
but is never accusative
La domoj estas brul:
7he houses are burning.

Ni vidas la
domojn brulantajn is translated We see the burning
houses.
Here, brulantajn is a directly qualifying
word and hence is accusative because of domojn.
But if we say Ni vidis la domojn brulantaj=f^<?
antaj
saw
the houses burning^ this
houses
(first
means that we saw the
proposition) and also (second propo-
sition) discovered, or saw, that they
We saw
were burning:
the houses to be, (or, that they were) burning.

Here, although esti and ke
ili
39
estas are omitted,
meaning is clearly shown by the nominative

form of the participle.
the
Esperanto participles also convey a suggesMono havata estas pli grava ol

is more important
\i2i.yj'\\.2J= Money possessed (now)
Pasero
than (that which has) been possessed.
A sparkaptita estas pli bona ol agio kaptota
row caught is better than an eagle to be caught.
tion of tense
Adverbial participles have the regular adverb

ending, e, which
employed
is
They
invariable.
are usually
in sentences like the following
Trovinte
pomon, mi fin m.2in^\s=Having found an applcy

I ate it. Promenante sur la strato, mi falis=
Walking along
the street,
I fell.
tute ne atendite =Zr(? cajne
to
Li venis al mi
me quite unexpect-
trovinte and promenante take the

is no substantive to
which they can directly belong.
Here,
edly.
adverbial ending because there
'
Participles should not be used in lieu of

simple adjectives and adverbs.
pial
form
is
When
the partici-
used, action should always be distinctly
Fluanta akyo (,rmining water) is

is implied
amanta edzo
{a loving husband) would ordinarily be incorrect,
because quality, and not action, is expressed.
understood.
correct,
Here,
because action
the simple adjective,
ama
{affectionate)
40
Li kantas Carme
would be the proper word.
{He sinrs charmingly) not Carmante.
^
Substantival participles have the regular o

sig^ of the substantive, and indicate, in the active
form,
the person or thing performing the action
(a participle invariably
passive form they
implies action).
indicate the
recipient
In the
of the
action:
Amanto=y^ lovep one who is now loving.

Aininto=^ loverone who did love.
Amonto= One who

Ainato=v4
will love.
beloved person.
one who has
PLTCiitoÂ beloved
Amoto=C?^
about to be loved.
been loved.
41
THE ADVERB
The use
or
explain
of the adverb
Example
adverbs.
is
to qualify,
emphasize
verbs, adjectives, participles or other

:
La
tre bela,
virino agas apenaii gentile
= 7%^
bone vestita
very beautiful,
The
well dressed woman ads hardly politely.
four adverbs, tre, bone, apenau and gentile have
the
following
positions
in
belongs to the adjective, bela

participle,
apenau
vestita
the sentence
;
bone belongs
Tre
to the
gentile to the verb, agas
As will be seen,
each adverb conveys some added meaning to the
word to which it belongs.
to the adverb, gentile.
Adverbs regularly derived from
a root have
from bel', the root for beauty,
we have bele, beautifully. Besides this, there are
some so-called primary adverbs, which do not
belong to the word-families which spring from each
root.
A few of these have the ending e, but most
have not.
the ending e, thus
PRIMARY ADVERBS
The
following
list
includes the primary adverbs
most used:
Adiau, Adieu, Goodbye.

Ain. Ever (after kiam, kie,
etc.)
Thf American Esperanto Book
43
Almenaii, At
least.
Ankaii, Also.
Ankoraii, Yet,
Still.
Apenaxi, Hardly, Scarcely.

Baldaii, Soon.
Bis, Once more.

Ci, The nearest.
Cial, For every reason.
Ciam, Always
Cie, Every Where
Ciel, In Every Way.
Ciom, All, Alio/ it.

Cu, Whether.
Des pli, The More.
E6, Even
'For, Away.
Hieraii, Yesterday.
Hodiaii, Today.
For Some Cause.
lal,
lam,
5^w<r Time,
le, 6<?W(r Where,

lel,
Any Time.
Any Where.
/ Some Manner.
loniy
S't;/;;^
Quantity.
Ja, Indeed.
Jam, Already
Jen, //rr^, Behold,
Jcs, K.
J[u pli,
7y4<r
J/<;r^.
Jus, Just Now

Kial, rK>4j.

Kie, Where.
How, As.
Kiom, How Much.
Kvazau, As if.
Morgau, Tomorrow.
Ne, Not.
Nek, Neither, Nor.
Kiel,
Nenial, For No Cause.

Neniam, Never.
Nenie, No Where.
Neniel, In No Manner.
Neniom, None.
Nun, Now.
Nur,
Only.
Plej, Most,
Pli,
More.
Plu, Further.
Preskaii, Nearly.
Tial, For that Cause.
Tiam, Then.
Tie, There.
Tie ei, Here.
Tiel, In that Manner^ So.
Tiom, So Much.
Tre, Very.
Tro, Too.
Tuj, Immediately.
43
^^' American Esperanto Book
44
DERIVED ADVERBS
Any
root or primary
word may
be given an
adverbial meaning by the addition of the adverb
ending, e, provided this can logically be done.
few such words are given
in the
following
list
Afrankite, Postage paid.

Aliloke, Elsewhere.
Alivorte, In other words,
Alvenante, Upon
arrival.
Antaiie, Previously.
Aparte, Separately, specially.

Bonstate, In good condition.
Cirkaue, Around.
Ciufoje, Every time.
Ciujare, Yearly.
Ciumonate, Monthly.
Ciusemajne, Weekly.
Ciutage, Daily.
Dekstre, On the right.
Efektive, Actually.
Ekstere, Outwardly.
Escepte, Excepting.
Gustatempe, Promptly,
at the right time.
Intence, Intentionally.
Jene, As follows.
Jese, Affirmatively.
KaSe,
Secretly.
Kompate, Mercifully, Sympathetically.

Kompreneble, Of course.
Laularge, As
to width.
Laiilonge, Lengthwise,
Laiivole,
At
will.
Laiite, Loudly.
Lerte,
Skillfully.
Male, On
the contrary.
Malfacile, With
difficulty.
Maldekstre, On the left.

MalkaSe, Openly, without concealment.
Malmulte, Not much.

Malproksime, In the distance,
afar.
Malpleje, Least.
Malrekte, Indirectly, slantingly.
Malsupre, Below.
Matene, In the morning.
Multe, Much.
Nelonge, Not
long,
Nedube, Doubtlessly.
Nunc, At present.
Nuntempe, Nowadays.
Pace, Peacefully.
Parole, Verbally.
Pere, By indirect means.
Persone, Personally.
Piedire,
On foot.
Pleje, Mostly.
Plezure, With pleasure.

Plivole, Preferably.
Plue, Furthermore.
Poste, Afterwards.
45
46
Precipe, Especially.
Proksime, Near.
Proksimume, Approximately,
Rapidire, By fast means, express.
Ree, Again.
Rekte, Directly.
Sajne, Seemingly.
Sekve, Consequently.
Senescepte, Without exception.
Senintermanke, Uninterruptedly,
Senpage, Free^ without pay.
Sensence, Without sense.
Skribe, In writing.
Somere, In summer.
Speciale, Specially.
Sufifie, Sufficiently.
Supre, Above.
Tiamaniere, In such a manner.
Treege, Extremely.
Troe, Excessively.
Tute, Totally, entirely, quite.
Vole, Voluntarily.
Volonte, Willingly,
47
THE PREPOSITION
Prepositions are used to define relations between other words, or phrases
La hundo kuas
antaii la fajro=77i^ dog lies before the fire. Resti
apud vi estas, sen escepto, la plej bone el 6iuj
plezuroj=7i; stay near yoti is, without exception^
the best of (from among) all pleasures.
:
The complement (accompanying substantive)

of a preposition is
unless, to
Rule
show
XIV
always
in the
nominative case,
direction, the accusative
is
used.
permits the omission of the prepo-
where the sense does not clearly show which

one to use, and in such cases the substantive is
made accusative.
We can also use the general,
sition
undefined preposition, je.
Every preposition except Je has a
fixed
and
be learned.
So
many English prepositions are used for more than
one idea that ridiculous errors would arise from
constant meaning, which should
their literal translation
He
phone, to a firm over the river,

cases
talked over the
and sold over
0/ eggs that had been left over.

meaning by means
prepositions, per,
two
and trans,
Here,
of,
tele-
eighteen
48
beyond^ would be used, in the two other cases the

meaning would require words which are not prepositions, and at no point does the Esperanto preposition, super, meaning over or above^ enter into
consideration
The
following examples show most of the
ordinary uses of the prepositions
PA. TO,
Lfi
TOWARD
ires al Bostono=/r/r will go to Boston.
Mi rompis al mi la brakon=/ broke my arm.

Li havas amon al la ^QXro=He has love for
his father.
Donu
al
Ordonu
mi
al
la libron=6^/?r (to)
li
ke
li
me
the book.
yen\x=Oriler (to) him
to
(that he) come.
Aldonu
that
al tiu
sumo kvin
dolarojn=^//</
to
sum five dollars.
ANSr AT AtJINSTEAD OF
Anstataii konsilo,
stead of advice,
Anstata^
mi deziras prunton=/-
7oant a loan.
plori, la
vidvino devas toji=/widow should rejoice.
stead of weeping (to weep), the
AllT At BEFORE
Arbo staras antau
la
domo=y4
front of the house.

Iru antaii vci\=^Go before me.
tree stands in
49
Antaii niaj okuloj flugis i2intovn.o=Be/ore our

flew a phantom.
Antau ol morgaii, li venos=^Be/ore tomorrow^
eyes there
he will come.
Antaii
tri tagoj, li
venis=7%r^<? days ago, he
came.
The use of antaii in the last two sentences is

worthy of special observation.
The tense of the
verb, and the conjunction ol, show in the first that
a future time is mentioned while in the latter, the
absence of ol and the past tense of the verb show
;
that the time referred to has passed.
APUD7V^^^^
La
apud
fonto
near the large
la
granda arbo=7%<r spring
tree.
Bulonjo apud yizxo=^Boulogne-on-the-Sea.
Ckat
Atendu 6e
Mi
la
po^tofico= IVait at the post
estos Ce v\=Î shall be at your house
office.
(liter-
ally, at yoti).
Li venis fie la deka=-^<? came at ten.

Ke 6e 6iu vorto kiun vi 6.\vo^=That at every
word you speak.
Ce la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion
ol^= IVith the comparative one uses the conjunction ol.
Koro Ce koro
heart.
ni parolis=Jf^<? talked heart to
50
tlRYLPilJ AROUND
Soldatoj staras Cirkaii la domo=So/diers are
standing around the house.
La prezo
price
is
estas Cirkaii kvindek cendoj^TV/^*
about fifty cents.
Mi venos
'
Cirkafi la
sepa horo=/
shall come
about the seventh hour.
Li siirmetis ledan zonon Cirkaii la talio=//<'

put a leather belt around his waist.
DA OF
This preposition
is
ing quantity, weight,
used only after words denotor measure.
number
Funto da tec = A pound of tea.

Multe da pensoj=J/aj' (of) thoughts.
homo]= Thousands of men.
Miloj da
Peco da
ligno=-4 piece of wood.
The beginner
will
find
great care necessary to
avoid confusion as to da and de.
Compare
care-
fully the examples.
DE
C?y^,
BY,
FROM
This preposition is used as the sign of possesand to connect the passive participle with its
It also indicates origin, place of
complement.
sion,
beginning, etc.
La
La
libro de Johano=/<?//*j book.

filino
daughter
is
estas
amata de
loved by her father.
sia
patro=^7y/^
De
51
tia kauzo=J^r<7;w such a cause.
Tio dependas de
lia
respondo=7%a/
depends
upon his reply.
De
Mi
loko al \o'\s.o=^From ptace

fbriros
de
tie
6i=/
to place.
away from
shall go
here.
Li logas malproksime de tie t\=^He lives far

from here.
Li lotas proksime de tie t\=He lives near
here.
De
ilia
unua
renkonto=6'/<r<? (from) their first
meetifig.
De
tri tagoj
mi ne manias =i^?r
three days
have not eaten.
Li mortis de malsato=Zr.? died of hunger,
THiMDURING, WHILE.
Dum
Dum
la
li
nuna \2Lro'=During
parolas= While he is
this year.
talking.
EKSTER O UTSIDE
Ekster
Ekster
la
Aorao^^ Outside
the house.
tiuj 6i â.\i.zoi= Outside these causes.
EL. OC/T OF,

Plej
bona
Unu
el ni
FROM AMONG
el tvj^\=Best of all.
devas \v\=One of us ought to go.
Elcizita el m3iVvn.oro=^Chiseledfrom marble.
Li iros el la \xvho^=IIe will go out of the city.
52
MuSo
venis el sub la lito=-^
tnouse catnefron*
under the bed.
This word
meaning
is
is
When
also translated into.
implied
it
this
must be followed by the
accusative of direction.
Hi iras en
la
pregejon=77zo'
''<?
i'oing' into
the church.
Hi estas en la pretejo=7'/iO' are in the church,

Nokto en somero=^ night in summer.
En tia okazo=(9 such an occasion.
Estas dudek-kvar horoj en tago=7y/<?r^ are
twenty-four hours in a day,
GIS UNTIL, AS FAR AS

Vi povas veni
as
far as
gis la
pordego^F<7 may come
the gate.
De Marto
Atendu
gis Vi^ycF=From
March
until
May.
gis morgau=W^d!// until tomorrow,
IHTER BET JV EN, AMONG

Inter aliaj a{Qroi=Among other matters.
Inter la du amikoi=Bctween the two friends.
Inter Marto kaj
Maio=Between March and
May.
La amikoj malkonsentis inter s\= The friends

disagreed
among
themselves.
53
JE
This preposition has no fixed meaning, and is
used only when the sense does not clearly require
some other word
Li ridas je mia eraro=Zr<? laughs at my error,

Je la unua okazo=^/ the first opportunity.
Li ekkaptis la hundon je la %OT%o=^He caught
the dog by the throat.
Je la kvara de u\a.T\o=On the fourth 0/ March.
Alta je ses {\!i\.0}^=Six feet high.
Je la unua fojo en sia wivo=For the first time
in his life.
KONTRAtj OPPOSITE, AGAINST

Kontraii la \iO\.t\G=Opposite the
Ni
iris kontraii la
hotel.
vento= We went against
the
wind.
La armeo marSis kontrau

marched against the
La
la Q-vbo^^The
army
city.
pastro predikis kontrau la ebrieco=7%tf
pastor preached against drunketmess.
KRO M =BESIDES.
La
The
vento,
7iiind,
krom
Krom mono,
she
had
forta, estas tre
besides (being) sirofig,
beauty.
is
malvarina=
very cold.
havis \ie\QCon=Besides money
"^f^
54
American Esperanto Book
KVHlV/TIf
This word
is
never used where the relation
means or instrument, per being the
that of
is
correct
preposition in such cases.
Li edzigos kun Mario==/r<f wi// marry (with)

Mary.
Resti kun leono estas dan|ere=7'<? remain
with a Hon
is
dangerous.
Li laboras kun pacienco=/r<!r
labors
with
patience.
Laii
"LPlO ACCORDING TO
mia oi^'\n\o=According to my opinion.
Laii la \cô=Âccording
to law.
vico=/ turny according to rank.

Laii lia kutima maniero=/ his customary
Laii
manner.
Promenante
laii
la
rivtro= IVAile walking
along the river.
M ALGRAO7V<9 TWITHSTANDING
Malgraii Cio, ni atingos la ce\on=Notwithstanding everything,
we
will attain the purpose.
PERBY MEANS OF
This preposition indicates the means, tool or
instrument by means of which an act is accomplished, and translates 7cii/h, through, by means of.
Li silentigis
with a
look.
ilin
per rigardo=^<r
silenced them
Oni tranCas per tran6ilo=(9//^
55
cuts
with a
knife,
POAT THE RATE

Po du
dolaroj
6iutage=^/
OF.
the rate
of two
dol-
lars per day.
Li aSetis
po unu dolaro=Zr<? bought

of one dollar (Not "at the
tri librojn
three books at the rate
Por).
price of"; see
PORFOR
Li aCetis
tri
librojn por
unu dolaro=-^<r
bought three books for one dollar.
La patrino diras ke estas tempo por 6io=

Mother says there is a time for everything.
Li venis por vin danki=Zr<? came (for) to
thank you.
Por ke
vi
forget., write
it
ne forgesu, skribu tin=Z^j/ you

down.
POST=BEHIND
When
means
used with reference to time, this word
after.
Post la Cevalino trotas tQwoXidiO^Behind

mare
trots
colt.
Post hodiau=^//f'r
today.
Horo post horo^=JIour after hour.

lom post \ovn.=Little by little.
Post unu iSiTO=After one year.
the
56
Post la domO'=Behind the house.

Post kiam la horlogo batos la dekan, vi
devos ioTiTiÂ/ier the clock strikes ten, you will
have
to leave.
Post via Ttveno After your return,
PRKTKRPAST
Preter is translated dy or past with respect to
motion and relative position not time:
Mi iris preter la fenestroj de la

went past the windows of the house.
domo=/
VR\ABOUT, CONCERNING
Mi demandis
lin
pri la
vojo=/
asked him
about the way.
Ne pensu pri î=Do not think about it.

Li paroladis pri Afriko=^(f lectured on Africa.
PROBECAUSE
OF.
Li demandis Sin, pro kio Si i>\oras=JIe asked

her for (on account of) what she was crying.
Pro manko de tempo=^<?r lack of time.

Mi dankas vin pro la sendo de la libro=/
thank you for sending the book.
SEN IV/TJfOC/T
Li ne povas vivi sen Si=^r cannot
live with-
out her.
Dek sen kvar

six.
faras
8es=7V
less
four makes
Prepositions
57
SPITEZA^ SPITE
OF.
Spite la gepatroj, i edzini|is=/
spite
of her
parents, she married.
Oni
lin
arestis,
spite lia
baraktado=7%<y
arrested him in spite of his struggles.
SUPER 6)rî?
This preposition means over and above
in the
sense of relative position, and must never be used
such phrases as "over the teleper; "over the river," meaning

across or beyond use trans
"over the electric,"
meaning by way of use lau.
translating
in
phone"
use
Super
is
found
la tero sin trovas ^.txo'Âbove the earth
(finds itself) air.
Birdoj fiugis super niaj VdL.ôy=Birds flew over

our heads.
SUR (9iV
Translated on or upon, and implies, in this use,
Where
contact.
direction
is
expressed,
lowed by the accusative, and means on
Sur
la tablo
it
is
fol-
to:
kuas papero=/'d!/(fr
lies
upon
the table.
Li staris supre sur la monto kaj rigardis

malsupren sur la kampon=-^(? stood above upon
the
mountain and gazed below upon the field.
Hi ekpafis sur neofendajn vila|anojn=7%o'

fired upon inofiênsive villagers.
TAr American Esperanto Book
58
T'Rh THROUGH
This word means through in a strict sense, and
always implies motion or relative position.
Li promenis \V3i\di3iThQ.T0=He walked through

the street.
Tra
la
mondo
iras forta
world there goes a strong
vo\iO'=Through the
call.
TRANS^C^ (955, BEYOND

La hirundo
Hugis trans la riveron, Car trans

7%<' swallow
flew across the river, because beyond the river were
(found themselves) other swallows.
la rivero sin trovis aliaj hinindoj
Trans
la strato=^^r<?jj the street.
59
THE CONJUNCTION.
A
conjunction
is
a word used to join other
words, phrases or parts of sentences.
may be merely
that
Its function
and nothing more, as
may
Bovo
kaj
6evalo=^;? ox and a
lish
a definite relation betwêen the parts of a sen-
tence
Pluvis
horse. It
tial, ni restis
also estab-
hejme=//
rained;
therefore, we remained at home.
Conjunctions do not require the careful study

necessary for the correct use of the prepositions,
According to use,
and need only be memorized.
some words may be either conjunctions, adverbs
or prepositions, but as a rule the student need not
trouble himself to analyze these delicate distinctions.
Following
as conjunctions
is
list
of the
words most used
Alie, Otherwise.
Almenaii, At
least.
Au, Or.
Aii
au, Either
or.
Car, Because, for.
Cu, Whether.
Do, Indeed, therefore indeed.
E6 se, Even if.
Escepte se, Unless (Excepting
if).
6o

Ja, Indeedt in /act.
Jen
jen,
Kaj, And.
Now
noWy now
Ke, That.
Kvankam,
Although.
Nek, Nor.
Nek
nek, Neither
nor,
Ol, Than.
Por
ke, In order that.
Se, //.
Sed, But.
Sekve, Consequently.
Tamen, However,
Tia
Tia
kia, Such as.
ke, Such that.
nevertheless,
again,
Interjections
THE INTERJECTION
Interjections are exclamatory words, usually
less emphatic in meaning.
They are not
arranged in sentences, have no grammatical re-
more or
and more closely resemble the primanimal cries and exclamations than any other
sponsibilities,
itive
human
part of
They may express fear,

command,
speech.
pain, warning, surprise, doubt, entreaty,
approval, contempt, etc.

Following is
Esperanto words, some of which are always
interjections, others frequently used as such
grief, joy,
list
of
Adiau
Farewell
Antauen
Forward!
!
Bis
Encore !
Bone! Well!
Bonvenu
Welcome
!
Brave
Bravo
Certainly f
Certe
Really!
Efektive
Fi
Fi
!
For
He
Ho
Ho
Away
Ha!
!
Ah\ Ha\
Hey
Hello
Oh\ Ho\
!
ve
Alas
Hontu
Be ashamed
I
,
Shame
62
Hura
Hurrah
Ja! Indeed!
Look\
Jen! Behold
1
Of course
Kompreneblc
Ne! No\
Nu! Well
Vel Woe\
Really
Vere
I
63
THE NUMERALS
The
cardinal numerals do not change in form

words to which they belong. This is
the meaning of Rule IV, which says that they are
to agree with
They
not declined.
Unu,
one
du,
are:
two
three
tri,
kvar, four
kvin, five ses, six sep, seven ; ok, eight naii,

nine', dek, ten;
cent, hundred; mil, thousand;
;
miliono,
million.
The tens and hundreds are formed by joining

numerals when the relation is one of multiplication
;
the smaller
dudek, twenty ;
number comes first
sepcent or sep cent, seven hun:
kvardek, forty
dred.
The
and hundreds
dekunu, eleven dekdu,
units are added to the tens
when placed
after
them
dekses, sixteen; ]s.wa.r6.&k-)sv2Lr, forty-four.

[See Exercises 12 and 14].
twelve
Adjectival ordinals are formed by adding the

adjective ending
third;
nnna., first
mil naucent kaj sepa,
dua., second ;
nineteen
tria,
hundred and
seventh.
Adverbial ordinals are obtained by

the adverb ending: unue, firstly;
kvine,
fifthly.
adding
due, secondly;
The Numerals
64
Fractionals are made by adding the

adjective, according to
kvinone,
meaning
suffix
on,
adverb or
with the ending of the substantive,
triono, one-third\
one-fifthly.
Multiples are formed by adding obi, with the

unuobla, single duobla, double', trioble, triply kvaroble, quadruply.
adjective or adverb ending
Collective numerals are made by the addition

of the suffix op: duope, two together ; kvarope,
four abreast, by fours.
Substantival numerals are formed by adding

the substantive ending, o.
These are subject to
cento, a
the rules governing all substantives
hundred (considered as a unit); miloj kaj miloj,
thousands and thousands.
:
Prefixes
and
Suffixes
65
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

Esperanto
is equipped with a system of prefixes

which give a wide range of expression
to a very small vocabulary.
Taking a root word
for the central thought, these affixes are used to
express the various ideas arising from the central
idea.
In Exercise 42, Dr. Zamenhof shows us
fifty-three words thus formed from one root,
The
only limit to such combinations is legibility and
and
suffixes
logic.
PREFIXES
BO
brother
by marriage
indicates relationship
frato,
bofrato, brother-in-law.
CEF
chief
or
principal:
kuiristo,
cook;
Cefkuiristo, a head cook.
DE
to take
means from or of\ preni,
to take
depreni,
from.
DIS dismemberment or separation semi, to

sow; dissemi, to scatter broadcast; iri, to tear;
:
disSiri, to tear apart, tear to pieces.
EK
to
duration
begin
ridi,
suddenly
to
laugh
something
of
ekridi,
burst out
to
short
out laughing.
EKS
same as the English ex
ex-president.
eksprezidanto,
66
FOR
signifies
away,
to
iri,
go;
foriri, to
go
away.
GE
both sexes taken together
patro, father
gepatroj, parents.
MAL the
bona, bad
direct opposite:
alta, high
\iQr\A^
good
mal-
malta, low.
NE
denotes neutral or negative: bela, beauliful\

nebela, plain (not necessarily ugly for direct
contraries use mal).
PR A
means
grandfather
either great
or primordial:
praavo, great grandfather
avo,
patro,
father) ^vî^2Xvo\, forefathers.
RE
to repeat or reverse
to repeat
veni,
SEN
to
go
equivalent
hare, hair
of
senhara,
diri, to say
reveni,
-less^
rediri,
to return.
the English suffix
bald^ hairless.
SUFFIXES
AD
denotes continued action, meaning the same

substantival participle ending, -ing'.
English
as the
song;
kantado, singing.
kanto, a
AN
Ameriko,
an inhabitant or partisan of
an
American
amerikano,
Kristo,
Christ,
America
Christian.
kristano, a
:
;\
67
Suffixes
J a concrete idea or object, possessing the

quality indicated by the root: bela, beautiful
belajo, a beautiful object
bovo, an ox
bovajo,
beef.
AR
a collection or group of things arbo, a

arharo, a forest ; woTto, a word; vortaro,
tree;
a dictionary.
CJ
affectionate diminutive for masculine
Johano,
yi?////
Johandio, fo/innie
names:
patTO, father;
paSjo, pa, papa.
EBL
visible
EC
denotes possibility: vidi,
porti, to carry
to see;
videbla,
portebla, portable.
denotes the abstract qualitj-
bela, beauti-
ful beleco, beauty; hona, good boneco, goodness.

;
EG
warm
denotes increased degree or size: varma,
varmega,
hot
pordego,
pordo, door ;
a gate.
EJ
to
indicates place of action or
lerni, to learn
place devoted
lernejo, a school.
EM
to
shows tendency or inclination

work laborema, industrious.
labori,
ER
denotes a single object as
from the collective term
distinguished
mono, money
monero,
a coin; sablo, sand; sablero, a grain of sand.
ESTR
leader
urbestro, mayor
or
manager
ipo, ship
'
urbo,
city
Sipestro, captain.
\
:
68
ET
knife
of
degree:
or
size
yarmeta, iukewarm
tranCilo, a
tranCileto, a pen knife,
ID
kato,
diminution
denotes
varma, warm
denotes the young

cat
katido,
or a descendant of
of,
kitten
king
rego,
regido,
a prince.
IG means
to enrich
become
to cause to
pura, clean
riCa, rich
riCigi,
(Ig verbs
purigi, to clean.
are always transitive).
IG means
become
to
rifiigi,
to
become rich
(If verbs are always intake

the passive participle
transitive and can never
purifi,
become clean.
to
forms, at,
IL
sew
it
or ot).
denotes
the instrument or tool
kudrilo, a needle; pafl, shoot
IN
of
suffix
fratino, sister
IND
feminine:
the
koko, chicken
denotes worthiness
inda, amiable
kudri, to
pafilo, gun.
frato,
brother
kokino, hen.
ami,
to love
am-
kredi, to believe; kredinda, worthy
of belief.
ING
holder for a single object
plumingo, penholder
1ST
plumo, a pen;
cigaringo, cigarholder.
denotes a person professionally occupied

kanti, to sing; kantisto,
with, or associated with
a professional singer
a craftsman.
metio, a craft;
xnetiisto,
69
Suffixes
NJ
mother
names
Marinjo or Manjo, Molly patrino,
affectionate diminutive for feminine
Mario, Mary
;
UJ
panjo, ma^ mamma.

signifies that
which bears, contains or pro-
kremo, cream kremujo, a cream pitcher

porno apple pomujo, apple tree; turko, a turk;
duces
Turkujo, Turkey.
UM
has no definite meaning
manumo,
cuff\
raalvarma,
cold;
mano, hand
malvarmumi,
;
to catch cold.
UL
indicates a person of the quality implied
granda, large
pious
grandulo,
large person
pia,
piulo, a pious person.
AC, a sufiBx indicating contempt or unworthiness, being

the opposite of ind, is used by many Esperantists, though not
yet officially authorized by Lingva Komitato.
Example:
hundo, dog; hundaSo, cur; pia, pious; piaa, sanctim,onious.
ORDER OF AFFIXES
The demand
of logic
is
that the affix standing
nearest the root first attach its significance to the
monto, mountain; montego, a large mounmont-eg-an-ar-o, a hand of people of the

large mountain mont-ar-an-eg-o, a large mountaineer; mont-et-an-ar-eg-o, a large band of people
of the hills. These are exaggerated illustrations,
and simplicity is no less desirable in Esperanto
than anywhere else.
word:
tain

TO
THE CORRELATIVE WORDS

Among
the
few original words of Esperanto
immense majority having been taken from

living European languages) are forty-five pronouns,
adjectives, adverbs and conjunctive adverbs, so
nicely correlated as to render most of them self(the
defining.
As
to application, they have five significations,
indicated
I,
by the beginnings
indefinite, signifying
C, distributive or
every y
some or any.
collective,
signifying each^
relative,
signifying what^
all.
K, interrogative or
which.
NEN,
negative, meaning none, no.
T, demonstrative
As
to
that.
meaning, they have nine general

by nine endings
iom, iu.
fications, indicated
ie, iel, ies, io,
ia, ial,
IhKIND OR QUALITY
Adjectival
la'=Some kind of, any kind o/, some^ any,

kind of each, every.
dai=ach
signi-
iam,
Correlative
Words
Kia= What kind of,
as.
Nenia=iVi? kind of, no such a, no.

T\Si^=^ That kind of such a kind, such
,
a.
lAls=MOTIVE, REASON
Adverbial
lal=^jFor some reason, for some cause, for any

cause.
Qi3l=For
every reason, all reasons.
Kial^^=Eor what reason?
Why, wherefore.
Nenialî^?/- no reason, for no cause.
Tial=Eor that reason, for that cause, therefore.
\hM = TIME
Adverbial
la.m= At any time, some

Q,\2im'=At all times, all
Kiain=^/ what
Neniam=^/
Tiam=At
time?
time, ever.
the time, always.
When.
no time, never.
that time, then.
IE=PLACE
Adverbial
le'=Some place, any place, somewhere, anywhere.

Cie=Everywhere, in every place.
'K.\Q=In what place?
Where.
Nenie=/n
no place, nowhere.
Tie=77/<?rc, in that place.
72
VEAj=MANNER
Adverbial
Iel=/ some way, somehow, anyhow,
in
any
manner.
Ciel^=/ every manner, every way,
all ways, by
all means.
Kiel=/ what manner? How, as, like.

Neniel=/ no manner, in no way, by no
Tiel=/ that way, thus, so, as, like.
lES ^POSSESSION
Pronominal
\^SF=Somebody's, anybody's, anyon^s.
des=Everybody's, each
one's,
everyone's,
YJi^^=Whose.
NeniesîV^/^<?</)''j, no one's.
Tits= That
one's,
such a person's.
lO^THING
Substantival
and Prontnm<u
\o'=Something, anything.
d<y=Every thing,
Kio= What,
all things, all.
which, that which.
N enio'=Nothing.
Tio= That,
that thing.
means.
Correlative
Words
73
lOlli^QUANTITY
Adverbial
lom^=Some
dom=All,
quantity, some, a
all
0/ it, every
little.
quantity,
Kiom=JIo'W muck, how many,

Neniom=iV(? quantity, none,
'riom= That
as.
much, that many, as many.
l\J=INDIVID UALITY
Pronominal
Iu=j4nyone, anybody, some person,

^\\x=Êveryone, each one, each, every.
Kiu= Who,
Ciuj,
all.
which, what one.
'^^riwx^^Nobody, no one.
Ti\x=^ That person, that one, thai.
Cl,
denoting proximity,
demonstratives: tie
6i,
is
added to three
here, in this place
tio 6i,
this thing", tiu 6i, this,
demonstrative and relative
series are
used
As good as.
many
as, so
in
Tiom
much
as.
of
the
same
Tiel bona kiel=

multe kiom=^j much as, as
comparisons
Tia
homo
]i.i2i=Such a per-
S071 as.
See Exercise 30 and accompanjring
notes.
74
CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION

The
present custom with regard to punctuation

each writer to follow the methods of his own
language, it being practically impossible to change
the meaning of a sentence by punctuation, which is
so frequently possible in English. The same latiis for
tude
on
is
permitted in the use of capital letters, but
this point
Esperanto printers have arrived at
certain seemingly international styles.
The main
points of variance between English and Esperanto

in this respect are
Names
of Countries begin with capitals, but
the names of races, with the correlative adjectives
Francujo, France franco,

and adverbs, do not
a Frenchman franca, French france, in French,
:
The same
rule applies to political parties, orders,
churches, etc.
The names
of the
are begun with small letters.
days
of the
week
Order of Words
75
ORDER OF WORDS
Esperanto being intended for
ready use by
peoples of widely different language systems,
indeed wise that
it
it is
be so constructed that chang-
ing the order of words would not, ordinarily, change

the sense.
La
beleta infano senzorge rompis la
novan
ludilon.
Senzorge rompis la beleta infano la novan ludilon.

Beleta la infano novan la ludilon senzorge rompis,
Ludilon la novan rompis senzorge la infano
beleta.
This sentence, "The pretty child carelessly

broke the new toy," cannot be erroneously transAlthough the.
leted, whatever the word order.
order first given is preferred, the others are not
grammatically incorrect. On the whole, however,
the order of words in Esperanto is so nearly the
same as
follow,
in
at
English that the student

first,
Esperanto style
quire,
his natural
will not
may
inclinations.
be at
all
safely
The
difficult to ac-
and may be attained much more easily by
reading good literature than by memorizing rules.
76
FOREIGN NAMES
As rapidly as possible, all important proper
names are being adopted into the Esperanto family
Some of
and receiving an international spelling.
them are rendered according to sound, others according to meaning.
seem
Generally speaking,
it
would
that the best Esperantists of a given nation
are of necessity the authorities as to the spelling
of names connected with their
own
land, as they
are naturally more familiar with their origin and

spirit.
There
is
no apparent need of attempting

names of small towns
to resolve into Esperanto the
and
affairs
of local significance, unless they con-
tain letters not
found in the Esperanto alphabet.
EXERCISES
The
following series of exercises belongs to the
Fundamento de Esperanto. They are a part of the

unchangeable foundation of the language, carefully
arranged by Dr. Zamenhof author of Esperanto.
The compiler of this book has added the translations and comment, with an occasional explanatory
word accompanying the vocabularies.
,
The
learner
may
begin the study of the Exer-
cises without going at
discussion of the
length into the foregoing
Grammar, but
will find the latter
useful for reference and review.
How
to Study-
Persons studying in classes will devise methods

adapted to their needs and convenience, but to the
person studying alone a few suggestions may prove
of value.
Go over carefully, all least twice, all
that
is
said herein on pronunciation.
Then take
up, in their order, the Exercises.
Pronounce the words aloud, for this will help

of hearing, though you hear
only your own voice you will thus be able to converse with the first Esperantist whom you meet.
to familiarize the sense
;
Memorize each vocabulary as you proceed.

A
good plan is to memorize also the names of famil-
78
iar objects seen every day, and form sentences

addressed to or about them as you see them.
Learn to name them in Esperanto at sight.
When
have finished the Exercises, subscribe

where you will
find announcements concerning a great assortment
of books, as well as addresses of persons who wish
to correspond in the language.
j'ou
to at least one Esperanto journal,
EXERCISE
Before attempting this Exercise, please read

very carefully Page 7 and those following, on pronunciation.
So many persons have asked that this
book contain keyed words showing pronunciation
that this is attempted here.
The student must
realize that the puzzling added consonants are
frequently inserted only to certify the vowel sound;
and especially note that eh signifies a sound between long a and short e. The accented syllable,
is always the one next to the last.
marked
'
Nu'-bo.
Al.
Ba'-lo.
ahl
bah-lo
noo-bo
Sci'-o.
Co'-lo.
Sen'-to.
tsehn-to
stsee-o
Ce'-lo.
tse-lo
Ko'-lo.
ko-lo
tso-lo
Ci-tro'-no.
tsee-tro-no
O-fi-ci'-ro.
oh-ee-tsee-ro
Fa-ci'-la.
La'-ca.
Pa-cu-lo.
Car.
Ce-mi'zo.
fab-tsee-lah
lah-tsab
pah-tsoo-lo
cbar
cheb-mee-zo
Ci-ka'-no.
Ci-e'-lo.
chee-eh-lo
chee-kah-no
Cu.
choo
Fe-li'-Ca. Ci'-a. Ci'-a.

feh-Iee-chab tsee-ab chee-ah
Exercises
Pro-ce'-so.
Den'-to.
Ec.
EC. Ek.
Da. Lu'-do.
sehn-cheh-sah ehts
ehch ehk
dah
Sen-6e'sa.
pro-tseh-so
Plen'-di.
plehn-dee
dehn-to
79
El.
En.
De.
Te'-ni.
ehl
ehn
deh
teh-ni.
Ve'-ro.
Fa'-li.
Fi-de'-la.
Tra'-fi.
veh-ro.
fah-lee
fee-deh-lah
trah-fee.
da.
dah
Gen'-to.
gehn-to
loo-do
Gip'-so.
Gus'-to.
geep-so
sehn
Gran'-
Ga'-lo.
gah-lo
grahn-
Le'-gi.
Pa'-go.
pah-go
leh-gee
goos-to
Sen.
Pa'-go.
Le'-to. Cis. Cus'-ta. Re'-gi. Gar-de'-no.
pah-jo
leh-jo
jees
Lon'-ga.
Reg'-no.
Sig'-ni.
lohn-gah
rehg-no
seeg-nee
Gu-a'-do.
joo-ah-do
reh-jee
joos-tah
jar-deh-no
Gvar-di'-o. Lin'-gvo.
gvar-dee-o
Ha'-ro.
Hi-run'-do. Ha'-ki.
hah-ro
hee-roon-do
leen-gvo
Ne-he'-la.
hah-kee
ne-heh-lah
Pac-ho'-ro.
Ses-ho'ra. Bat-hu'-fo. Ho'-ro. Ho'-ro.
pahts-hoh-ro
sehs-hoh-rah
Ko-le' ro.
Ho-le'-ro. He-mi'-o.
Bir'-do.
Tro'-vi.
Prin-tem'-po.
beer-do
troh-vee
preen-tehm-po
Fe-i'-no.
I'-el.
feh-ee-noo
ee-ehl
I'-am.
ee-ahm
hoh-ro
Ju.
yoo
ris'-to.
Kra-jo'-no.
Ma-jes'-ta.
Tuj.
rees-to
krah-yo-no
mah-yehs-tah
tooy
Ru-i'-no.
roo-ee-no
Vej'-no.
vay-no
fee-lo
Fo-ir'o.
foh-ee-ro
Jes.
yehs
Juyoo-
Do'-moj.
doh-moy
Pruj'-no.
Ba-la'-i.
Pa'-Iaj.
De-i'-no.
prooy-no
bah-lah-ee
pah-ligh
deh-ee-no
Pe-re'-i.
peh-reh-ee
Ja-lu'-za.
Fi'-lo.
Min.
mean
Jam.
yahm
In.
een
hho-ro
I-mi'-ti.
ee-mee-tee
h/ê-mee-o
hAo-leh-ro
koh-leh-ro
baht-hoo-fo
Mal'-plej.
Jus'-ta.
Jus.
mahl-play
zhoos-tah
zhoos zheh-tee
Jur-na'-lo.
zhah-loo-zah zhoor-nah-lo
Ma'-jo.
mah-yo
Je'-ti.
Bo-na'-Jo.
Ka'-po.
bo-nah-zho
kah-po
8o
Ma-ku'-lo. Kes'-to. Su-ke'-ro.

ma-koo-lo
Ak'-vo.
pabts-kah-po
lee-kvo-ro
EXERCISE
Le-vi'lo.
La'-vi.
Em-ba-ra'-so.
01.
Ri-pe'-ti.
Si-ge'-lo.
Sis-te'-mo.
Ve'-to.
Ves'-to.
vehsh-to
vehss-to.
Plu.
nok'to.
*One
here,
Lu'-i.
Me-zu'-ro.
of the
Pa'-So. Sta'-lo. Sta'-lo.
Un'-go.
Ki'-u.
Fratt'-lo.
Tro-u'zi.
Tra-u'-
Paii-li'-no.
Va'-na.
hoh-dee-ow vah-nab
Ho-di'-aii.
tro-oo-zee
Ze-ni'to.
Na'-zo.
Plu'-mo.
Ba-la'-u.
Zo-o-lo-gi-o.
Mez-
Tre-zo'-ro.
Su'-mo. Zo'-no.
numbered
the mntter
Pe-zi'-lo. Sen'-ti.
U-ti'-la.
Zor'-gi.
Zu'-mo.
Sta'ri.
Dis-i'ri. an-ce'-li.
Ta-pi'-So.
dees-shee-ree sbahn-tseh-lee ta-pee-sho
Eii-ro'-po
ehw-roh-po
Sol'-vi.
A-ze'no.
Si.
Pi'-a.
Sa'ma.
Pe-si'-lo.
Ne-u'-lo.
Pe-re'-u.
Ver'so.
Im-pli'-ki.
Foj'-no.
Ar-ba'-ro.
Pa-ten'-to.
Tu-mul'to.
Laii'-di.
lahw-di
He-ro-i'-no.
Ci-pre'-so.
Te-o-ri'-o.
Mem.
Pa-ro'-li.
He-ro'-i.
So-fis'mo.
3*
No'-mo. In-di-fe-ren'-ta. In-ter-na-
Pal'-pi.
lo.
ko-keh-to
Pac-ka'-po.
Li-kvo'-ro.
ci'-a.
Ko-ke'-to.
ahk-vo
soo-keh-ro
kehs-to
sections of the
So'-no.
Ekzercaro
Pe'-zo.
is
omitted
being found in the beginning of this book.
Exercises
Pe'-co.
Pe'-so.
Ne-ni'-o.
Ge-o-gra-fi'-o.
Spi-ri'to.
Ne-ni'-el. Spe-gu'-lo.
Kon-sci'-i.
ro'-o.
Mo'-le.
ge-ni-e'-ro.
A-di'a(i.
Fi-zi'-ko.
Lip-ha'ro.
In-dig-'ni.
Spi'-no.
In-sek'-to.
He-
He-ro-e'-to. Lu'-e.
Pa-si'-e.
Re-ser'-vi.
EXERCISE
Re'-e.
Ne'-i.
Tra-e-te'-ra.
Tra-i'-re.
Pa'-le.
81
Me-ti'-o.
In-
Re-zer-vi.
Pronounce carefully the following words, giving

attention to the division into sj'llables, which
is
Always speak slowly and clearly^

never slurring a sound or leaving a letter "silent":
not marked.
Citrono. Cento.
Embaraso.
Neniel.
Hodiafl.
Disgiri.
Heroino.
Pezo.
Stalo.
Feino.
Sigelo.
Krajono.
sekto.
Kiu.
Ne-u-lo.
Internacia.
Sukero.
Ruino.
Sono.
Zorgi.
Balau. Sanceli.
Scio.
Zoologio.
Plu.
Gardeno.
tio.
Sceno.
Reservi.
Majesta.
Cikano.
Packapo.
Seshora.
Cipreso.
Gento.
Indigni.
Pesilo.
Laiidi.
Traire.
Lipharo.
Pale.
Facila.
Traetera.
MeIn-
Sofismo.
Domoj. Spino. Majo. Signi. Ec. Bonajo. Legi.

lel.
Juristo.
Cielo.
82
EXERCISE
kolombo,
patro, father.
kaj, and.
frato, brother.
birdo, bird.
aparteni, to belong'
leono,
al, to.
lion.
dove.
esti, to be.
suno,
besto, beast
rozo, rose.
brili, to shine.
floro, flower.
tajloro, tailor.
to.
sun.
Sana,
healthy,
well,
la, the (definite article).
(noun) ending.
ending
o, substantive
a, adjective
as, verb ending, present tense.
Leono estas besto. ' Rozo

kolombo estas birdo. * La rozo
Patro kaj frato.
estas
floro
apartenas
al
estas Sana.
kaj
Teodoro.
^La*
'
La suno brilas.
La *
patro
patro estas tajloro.^
The use
whom we
of la here signifies a definite father; the father of

have been speaking; my father, your father, etc.
''After esti in all its
forms the noan
TRANSLATION
*
'A
shines.
is
nominative.
and a brother. ' A lion is a beast.

a flower, and a dove (or pigeon) is a
The rose belongs to Theodore. The sun
father
rose
bird.
is
is
(The) father
tailor.
is
healthy.
'
(The) father
EXERCISE
infano,
ne,
child.
matura, mature,
jam, already.
ripe,
83
not.
homo, maji
for human
(general
being),
plori, to mourn, weep.
fiielo, heaven, sky.
blua, blue.
kie, where,
libro, book.
krajono, pencil.
sur, on, upon.
tablo, table.
kui, to
lie
(down).
fenestro, window.
plumo, pen
jen,
pomo,
kiu, who.
mi,
apple.
behold
lo,
trovi, to find.
/.
tono,
tero, earth,
stone.
n, ending of accusative (objective).

is,
jam
verb ending, past tense.
Infano ne * estas matura

**
ne ploras.
La
homo ^.
Cielo estas blua.
*In Esperanto, the negative
tute
ne=o^
La
infano
Kie estas la
word precedes the verb and
usually precedes other words to which
always:
^
*
it
belongs, though not
quite; certe nQ=^certainly
Homo, a human being, man in general;
viro,
jiot.
a man;
vlrino,
a zi'oman.
'^Jam r\Q=already not. Jam is used with much greater frequency than the word already in English, and it is well for
the student carefully to study the sense wherever it is found,
84
libro kaj la krajono?
"^Lalibro estas sur** la tablo
kaj la krajono kuSas sur la fenestro.
estro kuSas krajono kaj plumo.
Jen estas la pomo, kiun

kuSas Stono.
'
'See, in
list
mi
'
Jen
'
'
trovis.
Sur
la fen-
estas porno.
Sur
of prepositions, the uses of sur.
la
tero
Esperanto
prepositions require careful study.

It translates with equal precision the
"Jen means behold.
English phrases here is and yonder is.
'Kiun
is
here in the accusative (objective) case, being the
object of trovis.
Pomo
is
the subject of estas, which
(See
Exercise 5) cannot be followed by an accusative. To

understand precisely why kiun is accusative, let us remember
Note
that
b.
it is
a pronoun and stands for pomo.
sentence Jen estas pomo,
pomon mi
accusative becomes clearer.
Kiu
is
accusative by verbs which follow
it.
*A
child is not a
we render
the
freqiiently thus placed in
TRANSLATION
longer
If
trovis, the reason for the
'The child no
'The sky is blue.
pencil ? ' The book is
mature man.
(already not) cries.
* Where are the

book and the
upon the table and the pencil lies upon the window.
* Upon the window lie
'
a pencil and a pen.
Here
*
is an apple.
Here is the apple which I found.
' On the ground lies a stone.
EXERCISE
85
de, of, by, from.

doni, give
dento, tooth.
akra, sharp.
mano, hand.
vidi, to see.
resti, to stay, remain.
forta, strong.
kun, with.
kuraga, brave, daring,
dangero, danger.
rajdi, to ride.
pri, about, concerning.
paroli, to speak.
sign of the plural.

adverb ending.
i, verb ending, infinitive mode.
u, verb ending, imperative mode.
j,
e,
La dentoj de leono estas

Al leono ne donu la manon. * Mi vidas
Leono
akraj*.
'
leonon.
estas forta.
kun leono estas dangere''. ' Kiu

sur leono? ^Mi parolas pri leono.
Resti
kuragas rajdi
**
Observe that the adjective, akraj, is in the plural form, as

noun to which it refers is plural.
the
"Infinitive
verb; has no subject, no tense or time of action.

at any time, to stay with a lion, is dangerous.
For any person,
"Here, the word dangere takes the adverbial form (ending

because it is adverbial in sense, to be translated dangerously, but because it has no noun, the subject of this
sentence being the verb, resti.
Should we say leono estas
danfera, the adjective form would be used.
e) not
lion
is
Do not give
*
To remain
of
your hand to a
a lion are
*
I see
with a lion is dangerous.
'Who dares to ride on a lion? Î am speaking
about a lion.
sharp.
lion.
TRANSLATION 7
^
strong.
The teeth
lion.
86
EXERCISE
bona, good.
fiapelo, hat.
diri, to say.
kc, that (conjunction),
diligenta, diligent.
ami,
veni, to come.
kune,
filo, son.
stari, to stand.
pura, clean, pure.
apud, near,
close by.
koni, to know (to be
acquainted
together.
pane, bread.
mangi,
with').
per, by means
to love.
to eat.
flari, to smell.
budo, mouth.
nazo, tiose.
antaii, before.
domo,
arbo,
fiambro, room.
tree.
La *
Diru
Mi amas
La
Jen kuSas la Capelo de
al ^ la patro,
ke mi estas diligenta.
la patron.
staras
house.
patro estas bona.
la patro.
filo
of.
apud
'
Venu
la patro.
kune*'
kun
la
patro.
'La mano de Johano
estas pura. *Mi konas Johanon. 'Ludovicko,

al**
donu
Mi manias per la buSo kaj flaras
nazo. " An tail la domo staras arbo. " La
*
mi panon.
per la
patro estas en la Cambro.

*See Note
'Uiru
a,
Exercise
al= Tell
such as speak
to,
to.
5.
The
recount
preposition al
to,
etc.
is
used in expressions
87
"Kune kun= Together zuith. Here, a word is repeated with

no apparent purpose other than that of emphasis.
This is
often done with prepositions, especially in connection with
verbs* See Note c, Exercise 31.
"'Note again that the preposition is followed
by the nominawould read give to I bread. 'Panon

the accusative case from the verb; donu.
tive case. Literally, this

is in
Find, on Page 54, the proper uses of per.
TRANSLATION
*
(The) father
is
good.
'Tell (to the) father that

love (the) father.
Come
know John.
*"
^'^
Here
am
lies father's hat.
industrious.
John's hand
'Ludovick, give
is
me [some]
'
*I
The
clean.
bread.
[my] mouth and smell with the

" Before the house stands a tree.
with the
eat
[my]
with your father.
son stands near the father.

"I
nose.
The [my]
father
is
in
the room.
suggested that the student review the preall that is said about
sounds and pronunciation in the beginning of this
book and test his pronunciation by tne rules.
It
It is
ceding exercises, read again
is
much
easier to correct errors before they shall
have become habits.
88
EXERCISE
flugi, to fly.
kanti, to sing.
agrabla, agreeable.
akvo, water.
Car, because, for.
ili, they.
voli, to wish, to will.
trinki, to drink.
knabo,
iOT, forth, out,
boy.
n\, we.
peli, pursue, chase out.
okulo,
aiidi, to hear.
eye.
orelo, ear.
lerni, to learn.
tial, there/ore.
bati, to beat,
riccvi, to get, obtain.

iri, to go.
avo, grandfather.
nun, now,
onklo, uncle*
legi, to read,
sed, but.
li, he.
letero, letter (missive) litero, letter(si,h,c, etc.)

skribi, to write.
La
birdoj
estas agrabla.
volas trinki.
flugas.
Donu
La knabo
'
La
kanto de *
al la birdoj
la birdoj
akvon, Car
forpelis*' la birdojn".
'Bonaj
vidas per la okuloj kaj atidas per la oreloj.

infanoj lernas diligente.
lerni, kaj tial
mi
mon.
'Aleksandro ne volas
mi batas Aleksandron.
'
kaj de** la frato
mi
ricevis libron,
'Mi venas de
ili
'Ni
la avo,
kaj
mi
De
la patro
ricevis plu-
iras
nun
al la

onklo.
Mi
***
libron, sed
*The
skribas
leteron.
used in a sense not known to English.

the song of birds. La is used
article here is
refers to birds generally
It
" La patro ne legas
legas libron.
li
89
La
with the plural form in speaking of a species or race:

birdoj,
birds in genct-al; la homoj,
a science or trade,
we
mankind
in general.
Of
use the singular form, with the article:
Science, la science; medicine, la medicine.

A preposition
meaning:
its
to enter, to
go
may
Iri,
to
thus be joined to any verb,
go;
foriri,
into; preteriri, to
to leave, to
modifying
go aivay;
*The sign of the accusative case follows that of the

''De is translated by several English prepositions.
ples of da and de, Page 50.
^Skribas
to sense.
eniri,
go fast.
plural.
See exam-
may be translated writes or is zuriting, according

See The Verb, Indicative Mode.
TRANSLATION
^
^
The song of birds is pleasing.
Birds fly.
Give the birds water, as they wish to drink. *The
boy drove away the birds. * We see with (by
means of) the eyes and hear with the ears. * Good
children learn diligently.
'Alexander does not
want to learn, and therefore I beat Alexander.
*
From the [my] father I received a book, and
from the [my] brother I received a pen. ' I come
from the [my] grandfather and am going now to
the [my] uncle. "I am reading a book. *^ Father
'
is
not reading a book, but he
is
writing a letter.
90
EXERCISE
papero, paper.
blanka, white,
kajero, copy-book.
juna, young.
fraulo, unmarried man.
fraiilino, Miss.
dolCa, sweet.
rakonti, to
mia, my.
amiko,
tell^ retute.
/ricnd.
bela, beautiful.
historio, story, history.
obstina, obstinate.
deziri, to desire.
vi, you.
tago, day.
sinjoro,
Mr.
sir,
mateno, morning.
festi, to
goji, to rejoice.
kia,
'
10
what
kind,
what
a.
make a festival.
hodiaii, today.
nokto, night.
hela, clear, glaring,

nokto, night.
en,
tn.
pala, pale.
luno, 7noon.
stelo, star.
nego, snow\
pli, 7nore.
lakto, milk.
nutri, to nourish.
ol, than.
vino, wine.
havi,
freSa, fresh,
erari, to err,
elffrom, out from.
Ciu, each, every one.
to have.
plej, most.
eiuj,
tiel, thus, so.
si, oneself.
kiel, as, how.
sia, one's.
all.
saga, wise.
in, suflix of the feminine.
mal,
prefix of contrary, opposite.
Exercises
gi
Papero estas blanka. ' Blanka papero kuas

'
La blanka papero jam * ne kuas sur
la tablo. * Jen estas la kajero de^ la juna fraiilino.
^
La patro donis al mi dolSan pomon. " Rakontu
al
mia juna amiko belan historion. ^ Mi ne amas
obstinajn*^ homojn. * Mi deziras al vi bonan tagon,
Bonan matenon *" Cojan feston (mi

sinjoro
" Kia goja festo (estas hodiati).
deziras al vi).
^^
Sur la Cielo staras la bela suno. " En la tago ni
'
sur la tablo.
*^
vidas la helan sunon, kaj en
la
tre blanka, sed la ^
nego estas
ol
"Ne,
vi.
**
plej juna.
la
blanka.
El
^^
pli ^
vi eraras, sinjoro
estas malpli frea, ol mia.
Ernesto estas
kieP vi. ^" El
pli
" Mi havas
estas pli nutra, ol vino.
panon,
nokto ni vidas la
La papero estas
^*
palan lunon kaj la belajn stelojn.
Lakto
freSan
via pane
Ciuj miaj infanoj
" Mi estas tiel forta,

Antono estas la mal-
Ciuj siaj ^ fratoj
plej saga.
*See Note
c.
Exercise 6.
Esperanto nouns form the possessive case with the help of
the preposition de:
La
libro
de
la
knabo=7%<? boy's book.
imperative mode, signifying, here, a command or request.

This mode has other uses. See Page 34.
with their nouns in number and case.
Âdjectives agree
There
is
see
an exception
*Bonan matenon
is
The Adjective.
accusative here, the verb being omitted,
Mi deziras al vi bonan matenon=/ ivish you

good morning. Bonan tagon!= Cooc? day I
but understood.
92
'As in
this preposition
English,
may be en
(tn) or
dum
(during).
'See Note
"See
*E1
a. Exercise 9.
Comparison, Page
means
^Tiel
of,
25.
out of, from
among
These are correlative words, the
kiel.
demonstrative and the second relative.
as
as, so
They
first
being
are translated
as, etc.
^For fall explanation of the uses of si, sin, sia, see Reflexive
Pronoun, Page 27, and also examples in Exercise z8.
TRANSLATION
*
'
table.
*
White paper
is white.
The white paper no longer
Paper
table.
10
Here
Father gave
is
me
the
young
a sweet apple.
lies
lies
upon the
upon the
lady's copy
*
Tell
book.
my young
'I do not like obstinate people.

' Good morning
"A
wish you good day, sir
"What a joyous
(I wish you).
joyous festival
"In (on) the sky
(there is today).
festival
" In the day we see the
stands the beautiful sun.
bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and
" Paper is very white, but snow
beautiful stars.
"
Milk is more nourishing than wine.
is whiter.
" I have fresher bread than you. "No, you are
wrong, sir your bread is less fresh than mine.
" Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. "I
friend a pretty story.
'
am
as strong as you.
Anthony
is
"Of
the least wise.
all
his [the] brothers,
Exercises
EXERCISE
93
11
feino, fairy.
unu,
vidvo, widower.
du, two.
simila,
karaktero, character.
similar.
like,
one.
vizaf o, face.
povi, can,
pensi,
ambau,
to think.
fiera, proud.
to be able.
both.
oni, one, people, they.
vivi, to live.
plena, full, complete.
portreto, portrait.
laii,
honesta,
krom,
honest.
according
to.
besides.
ec, suffix denoting abstract quality:
bona, good; boneco, goodness.
La Feino
^
Unu *
juna estis
vidvino havis du
tiel
filinojn.
La
pli
mal-
simila al la patrino per sia karaktero
kaj vizago, ke Ciu, kin in vidis, povis pensi, ke
"Unu here
definite.
is
not an indefinite article, neither
In Exercise 12, Sentence
taj infanoj,
5,
we
have:
li
is it
precisely
Kl
iaj tnul-
unuj estas bonaj=(9/' her many children, some

are good. The good children receive more or
[certain ones]
less of definite identification
from unuj.
94
vidas la patrinon
kaj
tiel
pli
juna
patro
unu
filino,
sia
ili
ambaiiestis
tiel
malagrablaj^
ke oni ne povis vivi kun
fieraj,
latt
ili.
'La
kiu estis la plena portreto de sia
boneco kaj honesteco,
el la plej belaj
krom
estis
tio
knabinoj, kiujn oni povis trovi.
"Mai always confers a directly opposite meaning.
Although
more agreeable idea is usually expressed by the root word

and the opposite by means of mal, it has no significance of
bad: Alta, high, malalta, lotu; forta, strong, malforta, tueak.
the
TRANSLATION
*
older
certain
was so
11
widow had two daughters.
like her
that every one
mother
who saw
saw (sees) the mother
in character
and face
her might think that he
they were both
"The
so dis-
agreeable and proud that one could not live with
them.
'
The younger daughter, who was
image of her father

was,
in
girls that
in
the exact
her goodness and honesty,
addition to that, one of the most beautiful
one could
find.
Exercises
EXERCISE
95
12
multe, much.
fari,
nur, only.
promeni, to walk.
hundo, a dog.
tri, three.
^<?,
/t?
6io, everything.
dek,
fingro, finger.
alia, other.
kvin,
sep, seven,
five.
kvar, /<?ar.
mil, thousand.
nau,
make,
/^
ten,
ok, ^^/.
cent, hundred,
ses,
z^.
minuto, minute.
j/;c.
horo,
^<?ar.
konsisti (el), consist of sekundo, second.

monato, month.
Januaro, January.
Aprilo, April.
jaro, year,
Novembro, November, semajno, week.
Decembro, December. Dio, God.
elekti, choose^ elect.
Februaro, February.
ti,
sankta,
//.
holy.
krei, to create.
dato, date.
Marto, March.
naski,
it,
to bear,
produce.
sign of past participle
am-it-e, been loved.
Du
*Pli
homoj povas
pli*
multe*
fari
multe ol=Literally, more much than.
ol
unu.
It
Mi
should be
remembered that pli is merely a word of comparison: Pli

granda=/arêr, "more large"; pli malgfranda=swa&/-,
"more small,'
96
havas nur unu buSon, sed mi havas du orelojn.

'Li promena kun
la
dek
tri
de
fingroj
hundoj.
siaj
*Li
manoj.
faris Cion
'
Siaj
per
multaj
infanoj unuj** estas bonaj kaj aliaj estas malbonaj.

*
Kvin
kaj sep faras
dudek.
Kvar
dek du.
kaj dek
'Dek
kaj
dek faras
ok faras dudek du.
'
Tri-
dek kaj kvardek kvin faras sepdek kvin. '"Mil okcent
naddek
"Li havas dek unu
tri.
infanojn.
**Ses-
dek minutoj faras unu horon, kaj unu minuto konsistas el sesdek sekundoj.
monato de
"Januaro estas
la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara,
la
unua
Novembro
Decembro estas la dek-dua.

" La dudeka (tago) de Februaro estas la kvindekunua tago de la jaro. " La sepan tagon de la
estas la dek-unua,
semajno Dio
elektis,
unuaj tagoj.
"Kiun
^'
ke
Kion Dio kreis en
daton*^ ni
havas?
sepa tago de Marto.

naskita la
î estu'pli sankta, ol lases
" Hodiatl
la
sesa tago?
estas la
dudek
" Georgo Vaington
dudek duan^ de Februaro de
estis
la jaro mil
sepcent tridek dua'.
'This use of multe

final e
is
quite confusing to the beginner.
The
frequently has a neutral rather than an adverbial sense.
Multaj birdoj, multo da birdoj and multe da birdoj all mean

the adverbial form being most often used.
This is similarly true of kelke da, which is used instead of
about the same,

kelkaj.
Exercises
î^j
"Be sure that you understand the use of
this
pronoun.
See
Reflexive Pronoun, Page 27.
^See Note
Exercise 11.
a,
See El, Page 51.

*Note that the imperative form
clause indicating purpose.
^ What date
have we ?
Esperanto query
is used in a subjunctive
See Imperative Mode, Page 34.
Instead of
How
old are you ? the
What age have you?
is
Neither sur
^See Rides of the Grammar, XIV, Page 17.
en (2)expresses the sense, so we can use jo
(on), 6e {at) nor
or the accusative without a preposition.
We
*The adjective ending denotes the ordinal numeral.
Nineteen hundred and seven. In Esperanto
the sense is always The nineteen-hundred-and-seventh.
say, in English,
TRANSLATION
^
Two men
can do more than one.
one mouth, but
with three dogs.
have two ears.

*
He
fingers of his hands.
are good
make
"
'
* I
He
Of her many
and others are bad.
twelve.
make
'
have only
takes a walk
did everything with the ten
Ten and
ten
seventy-five.
hundred and ninety-three.
^^
'
children,
some
Five and seven
make twenty.
and eighteen make twenty-two.

five
12
'
Four
Thirty and forty-
One
thousand, eight
He
has eleven chil-
^^
Sixty minutes make one hour, and one

hour consists of sixty seconds. ^^ January is the
dren.
^^
pS
first
ber
month
is
of the year, April is the fourth,
the eleventh,
December
twentieth day of February

the year.
"The
selected to be
is
is
Novem'*
the twelfth.
the
fifty-first
seventh day of the week
more holy than the
The
day of
first six
God
days.
" What did God

date
is it
create on the sixth day?

"What
(have we) today. " Today is the twenty-
seventh day of March.
" George Washington was
born on the twenty-second day of February,
in the
year one thousand, seven hundred and thirty-two.
Exercises
EXERCISE
tiu, that.
varma, warm.
tempo, ti7ne.
sama, same.
teruro, terror.
devi, ought.
labori, to labor.
kontrau, against.
kuiri, to cook.
sen, without.
inter, between, among,
to
Cesi, to cease.
afero, affair^ matter.
draw.
tre, very.
proksima,
loko, place.
near.
porti, to carry.
ig,
suffix,
13
ordinara, ordinary.
dauri, to continue.
persono, a person.
Cerpi,
99
krufio, pitcher.
meaning
to
cause to be
pura, pure ;
purigi, purify.
eg, suffix of
increased
granda, /ar^^;
degree:
grandega, immense.
indicating the place devoted
lernejo, a school.
ej, suffix
to learn
ad, suffix showing continued action

spirado, breathing.
to
lerni,
spiri, to
breathe',
n, sign of accusative case.

6i,
denotes proximity:
tie, there ;
tie
6i, here'\
tio, that\ tio 6i, this.
fojo,
^^
time"
unu
fojo, one time, once;
du
fojoj,
twice.
lâ
Feino
(Daiirigo)
*
Car Ciu amas ordinare personon, kiu estas

li^, tial tiu 6i patrino varmege amis sian
maljunan filinon, kaj en tiu^ sama tempo i
simila al
pli

lOO
havis teniran
malamon
kontrati" la pli juna.
"
Si
devigis Sin mangi en la kuirejo kaj laboradi sen'Inter aliaj aferoj tiu Ci malfeliCa
Cese.
devis du
fojojn*'
en Ciu tago
malproksima loko
grandan kruCon.
kaj
Cerpi
iri
domen*'
alporti
infano
akvon en
tre
plenan
were used it would refer

clause, and again refers to
persono. the person who is loved. In the same sentence sian
is used because it refers to the subject of the phrase in which
and not si, because if
which is the subject of this
'Li, here,
to kiu,
it
si
appears.
Tiu sama tempo= That same time. Esperanto often uses

a demonstrative adjective or pronoun instead of la.
TAalamon
would
kontraii=//a/r<'rf ag-ainst.
use, in English, ybr or tozuard,
In a similar sense
''Accusative because an implied preposition is omitted.

tzi'o times.
This is also written dufoje.
we
Je
du fojoj^/br
Domen; literally, housezvardly. Again we see the ready

use of the adverbial form. Were the noun domon used here
it might mean that the poor girl, in addition to her other burdens, was carrying the housel Domen has the accusative ending to show direction toward the house.
See Rule XIII.
TRANSLATION
The Fairy
*
As every one
him
13
( Continued )
ordinarily loves a person
who
is
mother ardently loved

her elder daughter, and at the same time she had
a terrible hatred against the younger. ' She compelled her to eat in the kitchen and to work inceslike
santly.
had
[self], therefore this
'Among
distant place,
unhappy child
draw water in a very
other things this
to go, twice every day, to
and carry home,
full,
a large pitcher.
Exercises
EXERCISE
urbo, town.
joi
14
logi, to lodge, reside.
a6eti, to buy.
aii, or.
kulero, spoon.
re, back, again.
forko, fork.
mono, money.
danki, to thank.
peti, request, ask.
post, after, behind.
ankau, also.
kiam, when.
"por, for.
bezoni, to need, want, pagi, to pay.

tofo, goods, stuff.
kosti, to cost.
Ciam, always.
Jeti, to throw.
venki, to conquer.
psio, page.
fini, to end, to finish.
se, if.
tuta, 7vhole, entire.
da, of; used after words
expressing weight or
measure.
prunti,
as a loan
lend or borrow prunte doni,

prunte preni, to take as a loan.
to
ant, ending of active participle,

loving, being now loving.
to
give
present tense
amante,
obi,
.fold:
duobla, twofold, double.

duope, by or
op, suffix of collective numeral

two together.
in twos
on, suffix of fractionals
Mi havas
pomoj.
'
Tiu
duono,
half.
*Mi havas centon*da

urbo havas milionon da logantoj.
cent pomojn.
ei
The cardinal numerals are not changed. When

say cento, milo, dekduo, etc., we have substantives, which
take the regular case and number changes.
The two forms
are used interchangeably.
Mil homoj, milo da homoj, are
both correct.
"Centon.
we
loa
*
Mi
aCetis
dekduon
du dekduojn da
'
forkoj.
*
jaroj) faras miljaron.
monon, kiun
dek-duon) da kuleroj kaj
(ati
mi
vi pruntis al
por la prunto
trie^
Mil jaroj
(ati
milo da
Unue mi redonas
;
al vi la
due mi dankas vin
mi petas vin ankaii poste
prunti al mi, kiam mi bezonos mpnon.
'Por Ciu
tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, sed por la hodiaJia

tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon,
dek frankojn.
*
'
" Ok
Tri estas duono de ses.
" Kvar metroj
de dek.
frankojn
frankojn
" Tiuj
**
Kvinope
Ci
tial,
mi
aii
" Unu tago estas
'*
tri-
tricent-sesdek-sesono
sin Jetis sur min, sed
ili
"Por
dek du pomojn, kaj

pomoj.
Stofo kostas naii
de
du amikoj promenas Ciam duope.
kvin atakantojn.
tri
estas kvar kvinonoj
da** tiu Ci
da frankoj).
cent-sesdek-kvinono
jaro.
(=tio estas)
du metroj kostas kvar kaj duonon
tial
(aii
t. e.
Kvinoble*' sep estas tridek kvin.
Tiu
al Ciu el la infanoj
Ci
mi venkis
la
miaj kvarinfanoj mi aCetis
libro
mi donis po'
havas sesdek pagojn
se mi legos* en Ciu tago po dek kvin paôj,
iinos la tutan libron
en kvar tagoj.
"Note the addition of e to form adverbial ordinals:

due, \x\t=^ Firstly, secondly, thirdly.
Unue,
Unuobla, single, duobia,

See again the use of the adverbial ending. This has
a neutral sip.nincance (Note b, Exercise 12).
Kvinoble sep
has a noun value and is the subject of the sentence.
"Suffix
double.
of multiplication, -obi-:
Exercises
103
This preposition, translated
^Da.
used with words

See Da, De, P. 50.
of, is
indicating quantity, weight, measure, etc.
*The
collective
suflBx
'Po means at the rate

per, see
Esperanto has no exact English

tzuos, by threes.
of
Duope, triope=^>'
equivalent.
Page
of.
For
distinction
between po and
55.
^Here, although the sentence is conditional in sense, the

conditional mode is not used. After se, the endings as, os
and is are frequently used.
TRANSLATION
*
have one hundred apples.

^
*'of" apples.
' I
itants.
* I
have a hundred
This city has a million of inhab-
bought a dozen spoons and two dozen
Â thousand years
forks.
14
(or,
a thousand oi years)
make a millenium. 'First, I return to j'ou

money which you lent me second, I thank you
;
the loan
ask you also to lend to
third, I
wards, when
shall need
that
thirty-five.
fifths
cost
and a
is,
'
ten
francs.
Three
of ten.
nine francs
half francs
is
therefore
(or
receive double
*Five times seven
" Eight
half of six.
"Four meters
;
for
after-
'For each day
money.
receive five francs, but for today
pay,
me
the
of this
is
is
four-
material
two meters cost four
of francs^.
**
One day
is
104-
three-hundred-and-sixty-fifth, or a three-hundred-
"These two friends

" Five together they
and-sixty-sixth, of a year.
always walk (two) together.
threw themselves upon me, but

assailants.
three apples.
day,
overcame
"For my four children
apples, and to each of
fore, if I
them
bought twelve
gave at the rate of
" This book has
sixty pages
read at the rate of fifteen
shall finish the entire
all five
book
there-
pages every
in four days.
Exercises
105
EXERCISE
15
fonto, source.
riCa, rich
volonte, willingly.
lavi, to wash.
sub, under, beneath.
teni, to hold, grasp.
oportuna, opportune.
trankvila, quiet.
soifi, to thirst.
tuj, immediately.
donaci, make a present, preni,

preni,
to take.
formo, form.
to take.
gentila, polite.
vilafo, village.
6e,
at.
This word is used as a suffix to

viro, a man.
designate the male of animals
bovviro, kokviro.
:
La FeinO
*
En unu*
venis al
al
t'\
tago,
kiam
(Daiirigo).
i
estis
apud
tiu
malriCa virino, kiu petis in, ke
"Tre
trinki*^.
fonto,
i
donu
volonte, mia bona," diris la
*See Note a. Exercise 11. Here, in both Esperanto and

we do not use owe in a numerical sense, but as a
English,
semi-definite article.
''Five times in this sentence i occurs.
might think that
si
At
first,
the student
could be substituted somewhere, but observe
each instance the action or thought passes from one

The zvoman came to the girl and asked
other
the girl that the girl give a drink to the zvoman.
that in
person
to the
io6
Kaj
'
bela knabino.
akvon en
Cerpis
lavis sian** kruCon kaj
tuj
Si
la plej
pura loko de
la fonto kaj
Ciam subtenante'
alportis^ al la virinon,
por ke la virino povu trinki
bona virino trankviligis sian
la
knabino:
*Kiam
oportune.
pli
la
la kruCon,
soifon, i diris al
**Vi estas tiel bela, tiel
bona kaj
honesta, ke mi devas fari al vi donacon"

Ci estis feino,
kiu prenis sur sin la formon de mal-
riCa vilaâ virino, por^ vidi,
granda estos
kiel
"*Mi
gentileco de tiu Ci juna knabino).

vi
donacon," dadrigis
kiun vi diros,
tiel
(Car tio
el
faras
la feino, **ke Ce** Ciu
via buSo eliros
aii floro
aii*
al
al
vorto,
multe-
kosta gtono."
*That she give her to drink.

This use of the infinitive,
though once common in the English, is now obsolete, and
represents a peculiarity of Esperanto which the student should
remember.
Here, sian, the reflexive
pronoun which always refers to

The girl washed
the subject of the clause, is properly used
the girls pitcher.
See Note
'The use
c.
Exercise
8.
of the adverbial ending here supports our previous
statements that this frequently
When
the
fluanta
participle
is
akvo^^/loivirig
predicate,
zvater.
qualifying
When
preceded by some form of
La akvo
estas fluanta=7'/!^
ever,
refers
it
has a neutral significance.
directly
to
the
water
noun, yet
it
it is adjectival:
is
is Jloicing.
is
a part of the
esti, it is adjectival
When, how-
not connected with
it
in
Exercises
ways,
either of these
it
107
adverbial
is
Fluante,
akvo sin
purigas=(When)ôtt/2^, -water furifies itself.

^ For to see,
for
to do, etc., are forms of expression often
Per means in order
used.
See uses of
fie,
Page
'Observe use of au
to,
for the purpose
49.
zxx=êither
TRANSLATION
The Fairy
^
One
came
day,
or.
IS
(continued)
when she was near
to her a poor
give her a drink.
of.
the spring, there
woman, who asked her

^
'Very willingly,
[woman]," said the beautiful
girl.
that she
my
good
Ând she
at
once washed her pitcher and drew water in the

cleanest place in the spring
woman,
the
the
the
all
and carried
[it] to
the
the time holding the pitcher, in order that
woman could drink more conveniently. *When

good woman had quieted her thirst, she said to
girl:
"You are so beautiful, so good and so
I must make you a gift" (for this was

who had taken upon herself the form of a
poor village woman, to see how great would be the
^"I make j'ou a
politeness of this young girl).
honest, that
fairy,
gift,
continued the fairy, "that at every word which
you say there
shall
come out
a flower or a precious stone."
of
your mouth either
io8
EXERCISE
16
ci, thou.
anstataii, instead of,
uzi, to use.
tranCi, to cut.
niso, a Russian.
gardeno, a garden.
voki,
fidela, faithful.
to call.
vero, truth.
vintro, winter.
hejti, to heat.
forno, stove.
il,
suffix indicating tool
to cut; tranCilo,
Mi
legas*.
ordinare vi^.
bino.
La
nisoj.
gardeno.
instrument
tranfii,
*Ci skribas (anstatatt ci oni uzas

'
Li estas knabo, kaj
Si
estas kna-
tranCilo tranCas bone, tax gi estas akra.
*Ni estas homoj.

'
or
a knife.
'
Vi estas infanoj.
Kie^ estas la knaboj?
" Kie
estas
la
'Ill
estas
'Hi estas en
knabinoj?
"Hi
la
ankaii
" Kie estas la tranCiloj? "Hi

kuSas sur la tablo. " Mi vokas la knabon, kaj li
" Mi vokas la knabinon, kaj Si venas.
venas.
" La infano ploras, Car gi*' volas mangi. " La
" Knabo, vi
infanoj ploras, Car ili volas manî.
estas negentila.**
"Sinjoro, vi estas neêntila.
"Sinjoroj, vi estas neêntilaj. "Mia hundo, vi
" Oni diras, ke la vero Ciara
estas tre fidela.
" En la vintro oni hejtas la foinojn.
venkas.
estas en la gardeno.
"Kiam
oni estas riCa (aCi riCaj) oni havas multajn'
amikojn.
a
:
Exercises
109
* See uses of the present tense, page 30.
Kie may have either an interrogatory or relative sense

Iru kie gloro vin atendas=6'o xuhere glory tuaits thee
''
^ hs,
in English,
when unnecessary
it (gi) is
used with reference to a child,
to specify sex.
^Ne has only a neutral significance and does not mean,

mal, the direct opposite. Here, the sense is that the boy
not polite, though not necessarily that he is rude.
like
is
* Oni translates the English o7ie or they in such sentences

as one ought, they say, etc. As the author indicates (Sentence
24), it may be followed by a plural adjective if the sense
requires this. Oni is always nominative, its accusative and
possessive being reflexive, sin, sia
Oni devas sin gardi
rilate sian reputacion=(9e ought to watch himself zuith
resfect to his reputation.
:
*See Note
b, exercise 12.
TRANSLATION
^
ci
am
reading.
(thou)
we
boy, and she

it is
sharp.
is
Thou
16
art writing
instead of
ordinarily use vi (you).
^We
girl.
The
are men.
'He
knife cuts well,

*
You
is.
for
are children.
* Where
^They are Russians.
are the boys?
'They are in the garden. ^^ Where are the girls ?
"They
*^
also are in the garden.
Where are
knives? "They lie upon the table. ^* I call
^^
I call the girl,
boy, and he comes.
and
^*
comes ?
The child cries because it wants to
"The children cry, because they wish to
the
the
she
eat.
eat.
" Boy, you are impolite. ^' Sir, you are impolite.
you are impolite. ** My dog, you are very
*^
faithful.
They say that truth always conquers.
"^
^*
In the winter they heat the stoves.
When one
is rich, one has many friends.
^"Sirs,
no
Th< American Esperanto Book
EXERCISE
17
kial, why, wherefore.
insulti, to insult.
frue, early.
pardoni,
longa, long.
salti, to leap,
perlo, pearl.
granda, great,
diamanto, diamond.
miri,
Sajni, to seem.
nomi,
to
naiva, naive.
okazi,
to
dum,
sendi,
to send.
during, while.
to
to forgive.
jump.
large.
wonder.
name.
happen.
kapabla, capable.
La Feino
*
Kiam
knabino venis domen,
tiu t\ bela
patrino insultis^ Sin, kial
***Pardonu
la fonto.
feliCa
kiam
tri
al
"ke mi
knabino,
(Dafirigo)
Si
revenis
tiel
Sia
malfrue de
mi, patrino," diris la maltestis
tiel
longe''."
'
Kaj
parolis tiujn Ci vortojn, elsaltis" el Sia buSo
Si
rozoj,
perlo j
tri
kaj
grandaj diamantoj.
tri
***Kion mi vidas!" diris Sia patrino kun grandega

miro.
'"Sajnas
kaj diamantoj
'(Tio
filino).
ei
estis
al
*
la
mi, ke
De
el Sia
kio tio
unua
fojo,
buSo elsaltas perloj

venas, mia filino?"
t\
ke
Si
nomis Sin
'LamalfeliCa infano rakontis
Cion, kio okazis al
Si,
kaj,
dum
Si
al Si
sia
naive
parolis, elfalis el
Exercises
ia
bugo multego da diamantoj.
"mi devas
diris la patrino,
^"
ii i
Marinjo,
fratino,
rigardu,
kiam
kio
parolas
tien*^
fiu
akvon
kaj
de vi trinki, vi donos gin
estas tiel,"
el
buo de via
la
ne estus
al vi
agrable
"Vi devas nur
iri
al
kiam malriSa virino petos

al gi gentile."
literally, insulted her zvhy. In English

would not be the proper word, though obviously the
*Insultis Sin kial

insult
"Se
sendi mian filinon.
eliras
havi tian saman kapablon?

la fonto Carpi
'
writer intends to express a humiliating invasion of the girl's

dignity
and "feelings."
''Longe
be joined.
adverbial, there being no noun to
is
we
If
say
dum
tia
which
longa tempo, the
it
could
adjective
is
of course properly used.

'^
See Note
c.
Exercise
8.
^ Accusative sign for direction.
words of direction as
that adverbs
Cu
It is
not proper to refer to
in the "accusative case," as
may have this
it is
seen
ending.
when no other
estas?= ^FA^;v are you? Here,
kie indicates the question. 6u vi estas en la AatnoiÂre
you in the house?
{zvhether)
word indicates
it.
is
the sign of the question,
Kie
vi
TRANSLATION
The Fairy
^When
17
Continued )
this beautiful girl
went home, her mother
insultingly asked (insulted) her
why
she returne
iia
'"Pardon me, mother,"
so late from the spring.

said the
unhappy
"for staying so long."
girl,
'And when she spoke

from her mouth three
these words
large diamonds. ***What do

in intense
mouth
wonder.
'"It seems to
me
'(This was the
first
her daughter).
lessly all that
my
number
happened
fell
of diamonds.
to her,
***If
must send
to
would
it
woman
it
my
asks of you
be so,"
said
daughter there.
sister's
mouth
" You need only go
spring to draw water,
to her politely."
and while
not be pleasing to you
have the same capability?

the
art-
out of her mouth a
"Molly, look what comes out of your
to
'Whence
time that she [had] called her
[had]
*'l
when she speaks
daughter?"
*The unhappy child told her
she was speaking [there]
the mother,
that from her
out pearls and diamonds
leap
leaped
and three
see !" said her mother
(from what) comes this thing,
great
[there]
roses, three pearls
and when a poor
[a] to drink,
you
will give
it

Exercises
EXERCISE
113
18
kuri, to run.
vespero, evening.
Cu, whether.
edzo, husband.
nova, new.
montri,
show.
to
mem, self.
vesti, to clothe.
zorgi, care, be anxious,
gardi,
gasto, guest.
akompani, accompany.
îs,
serdi, to search.
until.
2ip to,
pupo,
to ivatch.
forgesi, to forget.
doll.
facila, easy.
Li amas min, sed mi
lin bati,
sed
nomon.
Venu
al
Cu"
apartenas
mia patro estas

edzino
*
etc.,
tre*'
^Diru
Mi
al
volis
mi vian
skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn.
mi hodiau* vespere.
historion.
domo
ne amas.
forkuris de mi.
li
Ne
lin
diros
vi
al
al
Mi rakontos
mi
la
al vi
veron?
La
*Li estas mia onklo, Gar
li.
lia frato.
Sinjoro Petro kaj lia
amas miajn infanojn
mi ankau
tre
Together with tomorroiu ei'ening, yesterday morning,

Esperanto has today morning and today evening.
^See Note
''Tre,
English
much,
e.
Exercise 17.
rendered
we would
etc.
very,
modifies verbs
use another
adverb
directly, while in
very greatly,
very
XI4
amas
"Mi amas min
veston.
amas
li
" Mia
sin
sin
gastojn
sed
Si
al
mem
mi vian novan
amas vin mem,

homo amas sin mem.
ke li amas lin pli, ol si
mem**, vi
Ciu
pri i tiel, kiel
mi zorgas
ne zorgas pri
tute
" Miaj
ne gardas.
domo
sia
kaj
akompanis
si kaj
eliris
gis
ilin
" Mi jam havas mian Capelon nun

" Mi lavis min en mia Cambro,
vian.
domo.
vi
lavis sin en sia Cambro.
pupon
mi montris
" Oni ne forgesas

^
Mem
means
"La
kun
ilia
serCu
kaj
Si
infano serCis sian
al la infano, kie
facile sian
pri
fratoj havis hodiati
post la vespermango niaj fratoj
gastoj el
la
kaj
" Mi zorgas
mem
mi
mem,
frato diris al Stefano,
mem.
tute
"Montru
iliajn (infanojn).
kuSas îa pupo.
unuan amon.
self in the sense of personality,
and can be
used with the personal pronouns.
and sin refer back to Si: she does not care

Examine carefully all sentences using si, sia,
comparing them with the accompanying translations.
Here,
si
about herself.
and
sin,
TRANSLATION
'
He
loves me, but
do not love him.
to beat him, but he ran
your name.
*Do
18
away from me.
not write
me
* I
'
such long
wished
Tell
me
letters.
Exercises
Come
you a story.
tell
*
me [my
to
my
father
my
love
is
Will you
to him.
'"
his brother.
'
is
'
will
the truth?
my
uncle, for
Mr. Peter and his wife

also love theirs
Show me your new
^^
me
tell
He
very much
children
very much.
house] this evening.

^
The house belongs
115
^^
coat.
love
you love yourself, he loves himself, and

" My brother told
every man loves himself.
myself,
Stephen that he loves him
"
take care of her as
care for myself
takes no care at
all of herself
herself
*^
at
My
*'
my
already have
washed myself
herself in her room.

doll
but she
house with the guests and
brothers')
(the
its
and does not guard
brothers had guests today
accompanied them to
"
himself.
evening meal our brothers went out of
after the
their
all.
more than
hat
in
their
;
now you
my room
look for yours.
and she washed
" The child was looking
showed the
" One does not
(the guests') house.
child
where
for
its doll lay.
easily forget one's first love.
Xl6
EXERCISE
murmuri,
to
murmur,
19
vazo,
vase.
argento, silver.
princo, prince.
speciala, special.
certa, certain, sure.
koleri, to be angry.
servi, to serve.
serpento,
Tzno^frog.
apenaii, scarcely.
opinio, opinion.
serpent.
us, ending of verbs, conditional mode.

ar, suffix of collective
;
arbo,
em,
suffix
stairs
tree
(Dafirigo)
tre bele*," respondislafilinomalêntile,
"ke mi
iru al la fonto
iru**,"
diris
la
"
"Mi
volas ke vi tien
patrino, **kaj iru tuj."
sed Ciam murmurante.
venis al la fonto.
Si
vidis
vestitan*^, kiu eliris el la
estis
tiu
sama
*La
filino
*Si prenis la plej belan
argentan vazon, kiu estis en la logejo.
(tio Ci
Stuparo,
La Feino
iris,
showing a tendency or inclination:

babilema, talkative.
babili, to chatter
'"Estus
Stupo, step
arbaro, forest.
unu
'Apenaii
Si
sinjorinon, tre riCe
arbaro kaj petis de
Si trinki
feino, kiu prenis sur sin la
formon kaj vestojn de princino, por
vidi,
kiel

Exercises
granda
estos*^ la
mi venis
malboneco detiu
t\
knabino). *"Cu
tien 6i," diris al i la malgentila kaj fiera
"por doni
knabino,
alportis argentan
vazon speciale por

*
akvon,
se
vi
^Certe,
trinki?
vi
al
trinki al tiu t\ sinjorino
mem
117
tio,
Mia opinio
volas
trinki."
por doni
estas:
prenu
"Vi
tute ne
'
"**Bone,
estas êntila, " diris la feino sen kolero.
tax vi estas
tiel
mi
servema, mi faras al vi donacon,
ke Ce 6iu vorto, kiun vi diros, eliros
el
via buo
serpento au rano."
aii
* Be sure that
used.
See Note
you understand why the adverbial form is

Exercise 7, and Adverbial Ending, P. 25.
c.
Împerative mode in a subjunctive clause.

^
is
34.
the substantive to which
Vestitan, though following
belongs (sinjorinon),
See Page
considered directly qualifying
it
a very
If between the substantive and participle

any form of esti, the participle would be
richly-dressed lady.
there
intervened
nominative.
^
See Note g. Exercise 14.
Estos instead of estus.
See Note A, Exercise
12.
TRANSLATION
The Fairy
*
**It
rudely,
would be very
'*for
me
to
19
Continued )
fine," replied the
(that
should)
daughter
go to the
xz8
spring.**
"I want you to go there," said the
mother, "and go at once

but grumbling
all
'The daughter went,
!"
the time.
beautiful silver vase that
was
She took the most
in the house.
'
She
had scarcely reached the spring [when] she saw

a lady, very richly dressed, who came out of the
and asked her
forest
same
fairy,
for
a drink (this was that
who had taken upon herself the form

to see how great would be
and dress of a princess,
"'Did
the badness of this girl).

to her the rude
'Certainly,
and proud
girl,
take the water
'"You are not
yourself,
if
gift
'
1
My opinion
you wish
is,
to drink."
at all polite," said the fairy, without
""Well, since you are so
you the
said
brought a silver vase especially (for
that) to give a drink to this lady
anger.
come here,"
"to give you a drink?
that at every
obliging,
word you
make
(shall) say,
from your mouth shall come either a snake or a

frog."
Exercises
EXERCISE
sidi, to
119
20
silenti, to be silent.
sit.
hierau, yesterday.
renkonti,
saluti, greet, salute.
sabato, Saturday.
to meet.
morgaii, tomorrow.
diman6o, Sunday.
vendredo, Friday.
plezuro, pleasure.
lundo, Monday.
kuzo, cousin.
horlogo, clock.
timi, to fear.
dormi,
to sleep.
veki, to wake.
scii, to
know.
viziti, to visit.
leciono,
puni,
instrui, to teach,
lesson.
surda, deaf.
to punish.
muta, mute.
tui, to touch..
spegulo, viirror.
kara, dear.
ordoni, order, command, babili, to chatter.
kandelo, candle,
gsij^> <?'^>'> glad.
danci, to dance.
morti, to die.
petoli, to be mischievous.
which contains
ruso,
Rusujo, Russia cigarujo, cigar-case.
uj, suffix indicating that
a Russian
Nun mi
*
legas.
legas^, vi legas kaj
Vi skribas, kaj
"
filon,
kaj
li
li
legas
ni
la infanoj skribas
sidas silente kaj skribas.
vian
gentile
ili
6iuj
Ciuj
Hierau mi renkontis
salutis min.
Hodiaii
Note again the use of the simple verb, legas, where in

we would say am reading.
English
I20
estas sabato, kaj morgaii estos dimanCo.

estis
vendredo,
'Antati
tri
faris*' al
li
post-morgaii
kaj
tagoj^'mi vizitis vian kuzon, kaj
plezuron.
'
Cu
vi
jam
logon? 'Mi gin ankoraii ne serCis
Hieraii
lundo.
estos
mia
vizito
trovis vian hor-
kiam mi finos
mian laboron, mi serCos mian horlogon, sed mi
' Kiam mi venis
timas, ke mi gin jam^ ne trovos.
al li, li dermis; sed mi lin vekis.
"Se mi estus
Sana, mi estus feliCa.
"Se li scius, ke mi estas
" Se la lernanto scius
tie ei, li tuj venus al mi.
bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus.
" Kial vi ne respondas al mi ? ^* Cu vi estas surda
" Infano, ne tuSu la spegumuta? " Iru for
*'
" Karaj infanoj, estu Ciam honestaj
lon
Li
"
kaj
mi
venu,
pardonos al li.
Ordonu al li, ke li
ne babilu. ** Petu gin, ke Si sendu al mi kandelon.
*'Ni estu' gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, Car la vivo
ne estas longa. " Si volas danci. *' Morti pro la
'*La infano ne Cesas
patrujo estas agrable^.
zXjl.
petoli.
''
ago.
This does not mean before three days, but three days
See Antaii, Pp. 48, 49.
"^Fari is usually translated /o make, to do. Here, it means

give, analogous with our English use of make when we say
"m4ike you a present."
*'Jam, translated already, is used in this sentence where no

such word would be required in English, and its significance
can best be understood by a careful study of its uses in these
Exercises.
See Note c. Lesson 6.
Mr. Bullen, in his Standard Course of Esperanto,

"This sentence should be carefully noted, as it illustrates the fact that Esperanto always uses the conditional in
-us, where a real condition or supposition (that is. that the
"
says:
Exercises
I2I
We observe here that both

fact is non-existetit) is implied."
verbs are conditional: // / zu&re Jtealthy (but I am not)
I should
be
haffy
(but I
am
not).
'Note the various uses of the imperative in this Exercise.

In English, the imperative is used for direct command or
entreaty, but in Esperanto we have mi iru, ni iru, etc.
^See Note c. Exercise 7.
TRANSLATION
^
Now
am
are all reading.
write
they
20
reading, you are reading

^
You
we
are
are writing, and the children
all sit silently
and
write.
'
Yesterday
met your son and he greeted me politely. * Today

' Yesis Saturday and tomorrow will be Sunday.
terday was Friday, and the day after tomorrow
"
Three days ago I visited your
will be Monday.
Have
cousin, and my visit gave him pleasure.
you already found your clock ? * I have not yet
looked for it when I finish my work I shall look
I
'
for
my
'When
clock,
I
came
but
to
fear that
him he was
shall not find
sleeping, but
it.
awoke
"If
him. ^^ If I were well, I should be happy.
he knew that I am here, he would come to me at
^Îf the pupil knew his lesson well, the
once.
^^
Why do you not
teacher would not punish him.
" Are you deaf or dumb ? ^^ Go
answer me ?
" Dear
" Child, do not touch the mirror
away
1
children, be always honest.

^^
" Let him come, and
Order him not to chatter.

^"Ask her to send me a candle. ^^Let us be joyful,
^^
She
not long.
let us use life well, for life is
^^To die for one's country is
wishes to dance.
^*
pleasant.
The child does not cease to be misI will
forgive him.
chievous.
laa
EXERCISE
rimarki, remark,
nu well!
notice
21
krii, to cry,
jes, yes.
kulpa, blameable.
kaSi, to hide, conceal.
Casi, to hunt.
rego, king.
demandi, demand, ask. sola, alone.
pro, for the sake of.
ho oh!
!
ve
ho ve
a/^^/
alas!
ek denotes sudden or momentary action

to cry
La Feino
^
Apenau
krii,
(Daflrigo).
Sia patrino Sin rimarkis, Si kriis al
**Nu, mia filino?"

Si la
ekkrii, to cry out.
patrino," respondis al
*'*Jes,
malêntilulino^, eljetante
unu ranon.
"*Ho,
Si:
unu serpenton
Cielol" ekkriis
la
kaj
patrino,
"kion mi vidas?
*Sia fratino en 6io estas kulpa
mi pagos
tio Ci
Sin.
al Si
*La
la plej
por
"
'
Kaj
proksima arbaro.
La
filo
revenis de Caso, Sin renkontis

estas
tiel
Si tuj
kuris bati
malfeliCainfano forkuris kaj kaSis sin en
bela,
li
demandis
Sin,
de
kion
kaj pro kio Si ploras.
t\ tute
sola,
sinjoro,
mia patrino
forpelis
min
la reô, kiu
kaj, vidante,
el la
Si
ke
Si
faras^ tie
"*Ho
dome."
ve,
'
Exercises
123
*In this word we have our first combination of two sufiSxes

There is no limit to the combination of these so long as the
meaning is clear. Here, the meaning is offosite-polite-ferson-feminine a rude girl or woman.
Faras.
This word
time referred to
is
in the present tense, although the
is
See The Present Tense, Page
past.
TRANSLATION
The Fairy
^
21
(Continued)
Scarcely had her mother observed her [when]
she cried to her
mother," replied
"Well,
my
daughter?"
her the rude one,
to
blame
for everything
will
pay her
Ând she immediately ran to beat
unhappy
child ran
nearest forest.
away and hid
all
alone,
sir,
my
this
*
her.
'
The
herself in the
and observing that she was
so beautiful, he asked her what she
*"Alas,
for
^The king's son, who was returning
from a hunt, met her
here
**'Yes,
throwing
^"Oh heaven " exclaimed

mother, "what do I see? * Her sister is to
out a snake and a frog.

the
30.
and
for
was
(is)
what she was
mother drove
me from
doing
crying.
the house."
Review the preceding Exercises, reading aloud

the Esperanto text. Learn to think in Esperanto,
grasping the idea from the Esperanto word, with
no thought of English. Memorize the ideas of the
vocabularies, not the definitions.
134
EXERCISE
flui, to
22
movi,
flow.
to
move.
strato, street.
fali, to fall.
peki, to
intend,
levi, to
sin.
to intend.
riprofii, to reproach.
li/ty raise.
pasi, to pass.
mensogi, to tell a
neniam, never.
neniu, nobody.
atendi,
savi, to save.
mondo,
lingvo, language.
grava, important grave.
pasero, a sparrow.
kapti, to catch.
meriti,
to merit.
lie.
to wait, expect,
world.
,
agio, eagle.
soldato,
jugi, to judge y try.
konduki,
aresti, to arrest.
tra, through.
soldier.
to conduct.
at, sign of present passive participle
amate,
being loved.
int, sign of the past active participle
having
aminte,
loved.
ont, sign of future active participle
amonte,
being about to love.

ot, sign of future passive participle
amote,
being about to be loved.
Fluanta akvo estas
senmove.
*
pli
pura
Promenante* sur^
Kiam Nikodemo batas
ol
akvo staranta
la strato,
Jozefon,
mi
falis.
tiam Nikodemo

Exercises
125
*A1
estas la batanto*' kaj Jozefo estas la batato.
homo,
^Trovinte pomon,
homo ne povis
Car vi
Dio
pekinta*^ senintence,
mem
'Lafalinta
mi gin mangis.
sin levi.
Ne
ripro6u vian amikon,
pli multe meritas riproCon
unufoja mensoginto,
dum
vi
pardonas.
facile
estas
li
estas nur
ankorau nun
"Adverbial ending, because not directly connected with

See Note/", Exercise 15.
the subject.
Observe use of preposition sur.
'^
See Substantival Participle, Page 40.
This participle
ifies
homo
is
directly
adjectival in form, not because
it
an unintentionally-sinning man
mod-
but
because it is predicative, kiu estas being omitted in English,

a man zuho has sinned unintentionally. But if kiu were
;
a verb other than estas, then the participle

Al
would stand detached, and take the adverbial ending
homo kiu, pekinte senintence, pentas, Dio facile pardonas=
The Tuan zuho, havi7ig sinned unintentionally, refents,
God readily pardons.
the subject of
The person
a one-time ferson-îvho-has-lied.
In
lie, therefore the past form, -into.
the same sentence, mensoganto is in the present form because
it refers to
some one who is a general liar as the person
Literally,
referred to has told a
speaking
tells
him, with commendable candor,
all-t he-time liar.
still,
nozv,
Z36
eiam mensoganto.
revenos
Venu,
la
la
pasinta^ jam
neniam
tempon venontan neniu ankoraii konas.
"En
ni atendas vin, Savonto de la mondo.
lingvo "Esperanto" ni vidas laestontan lingvon
" Aiigusto
de la tuta mondo.
"Mono
filo.
havata estas
" Pasero kaptita

**
La tempo
La
" Li
estas
estas
mia
plej
amata
grava, ol havita.
pli
bona, ol agio kaptota.
pli
soldatoj kondukis la arestitojn tra la stratoj.
" Homo, kiun
venis al mi tute neatendite.
oni devas jugi, estas jugoto.
'This meaning can be expressed

time.
Tempo
Tempo,
will
Tempo
pasinta=/'a*^
^&9mXA=Ttme zvhich fias fassed.

jam neniam reveno8= Time, having passed^
kiu esXas
pasinte,
never return.
TRANSLATION
*
still.
Flowing water
*
is
While walking
22
purer than water standing

in the street, I fell.
Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus

beater and Joseph
pardons a
'
is
Having found an
apple,
could not raise himself.

friend, for
the
is
*God readily
the beaten.
man who has
'When
sinned unintentionally.
I
ate
'Do
it.
The
fallen
man
not reproach your
you yourself more deserve reproach
he
Exercises
is
only once a
*
liar.
127
while you are
liar,
The past time
will
Savior of the world.
now, always
never return
the
'Come, we await
future time no one yet knows.
you,
still,
" In
the
language
"Esperanto" we see the future language of the

whole world. " Augustus is my most beloved son.
^^
Money had [now]
is
which has] been had.
more important than
"A
[that
sparrow caught
" The
better than an eagle to be caught.
" He
led the arrested persons through the streets.
came
me
to
The
the
is
the accused (person to be tried).
student has observed that while sometimes
translations
of
Esperanto text so
English,
this
is
these Exercises
literally as
to
not invariable
translation follows the thought
the text.
"A man whom
quite unexpectedly.
they have to try
is
soldiers
The
follow
the
make very poor

frequently the
more
closely than
student will find fewer parenthetical
explanations as he proceeds and will rely more and
more upon his own perceptions

and style of Esperanto.
to
grasp the
spirit
xa8
EXERCISE
23
kelke, some.
aventuro, adventure.
konsideri,
inda, worthy, valuable.
to consider,
palaco, palace.
akcepti, to accept.
doto, dowry.
propra,
(one's) own.
angulo, corner, angle.
baldaii, soon.
ig, to
become
pala, pale
je, indefinite preposition.
La Feino
*
La
kiu
regido,
vidis,
paligi, to turn pale.
See
p. 53.
(Fino)
ke
el
buSo
gia
eliris
kelke* da perloj kaj kelke da diamantoj, petis Sin,
ke
al
ke
Si
dim
al
li,
de kie
tie Ci
sian tutan aventuron.
li
tia
kapablo havas
pli
venas.
'La
'
Si rakontis
regido konsideris,
grandan indon,
ol Cio,
kion oni povus doni dote al alia fratilino, forkondukis^ Sin al la palaco de sia patro, la rego, kie
edzigis je
ke
Si
Si.
Sed
de
si
povas
diri,
malaminda, ke Sia propra patrino
farigis^ tiel
Sin forpelis
pri Sia fratino ni
li
kaj la malfeliCa knabino, multe
kurinte kaj trovinte neniun. kiu volis Sin akcepti,

baldati mortis en angulo de arbaro.
la
Exercises
*Kelke.
See Noê
b.
Exercise 12.
^Conducted away.
For, with other Esperanto adverbs
and prepositions, is often thus joined to the verb instead of
following
it.
Pari, to
make;
farifi, to
become.
TRANSLATION
The Fairy
*
The
issued
tell
prince,
who saw
this
that
from her mouth
came.
She
told
him her
'The prince considered
whole adventure.
gift
Concluded )
pearls and diamonds, begged her to
some
him whence
such a
23
had greater value than
all
that
which one
could give as a dowry to another maiden,
[and]
took her away to the palace of his father, the king,
where he married
we may say
her.
that she
own mother drove

unhappy
girl,
her
But concerning her
sister
became so hateful that her
away from her
and the
having run about a great deal and
having found no one who wished to receive, her,

soon died
in
a comer of the forest.
X30
EXERCISE
24
saloho, drawing-room.
OS, sign of future tense of verbs
amos,
7vill
love.
'
al
*
Nun H
mi
al
mi
'
la veron.
Kiam
veron
{zXx
li
al
antaiie diros al
mi
veron
la
mi
diros al mi la veron).
al
mi
Kiam
veron
la
mi
la veron).
veron.
la
veron
(ati
li
'Se mi petus
farus
mi
la
"Mi
mi
mi volas
veron).
lin,
li
vera
(aCi
al
mi,
li
al mi,
li
li
dirus
se
li
estus dirinta
'Kiam mi venos, diru
estu dirinta al
estu
la veron.
eraron,
la
volas diri al vi la veron.

diris,
diris
estos dirinta
venos
" Kiam mia patro venos, diru

(aii
li
la veron).
venos
antatie*^ dirus al mi la veron (ad se
al
mi
mi
vi
antaii^ ol vi
'Mi ne
la veron.
al
estis dirinta al
aii
Hierad
en la salono, lijam antatie diris
*Li diros al mi la veron.
jam
la veron.
Li Ciam diradis*
vi vidis nin
la
mi
diras al
al
al
mi
la
mi antatie
veron).
"Mi
volas, ke tio, kion

esti dirinta la
Exercises
*-'D\n, to
say ;
ad, sufi^
continues to say, to
Antau
**
ol,
131
continued action;
of
See Page
before than.
49.
''Observe that the conditional, or -us mood,
Here, the past tense
is
Now
he
tells
me the truth.
*When you saw
me
'
told
the
He
me
the truth.
previously have told

told
me
the truth
me the truth).
would tell me the truth.
if
always
Yesterday he
truth.
tells
me the
truth.
me the
truth.
He
will
When you come to me he will

me the truth (or he will have
or, before you come to me he
will tell
the mistake
24
us in the drawing-room he had
already (previously) told

tell
has no time.
inferred from antaiie.
TRANSLATION
*
diradaSi
tell.
'^
should ask him, he
If
should not have made
he had previously told
me
the truth.
When I shall come, tell me the truth. " When

my father comes, tell me (previously) the truth.
"
said be true (or, I wish to have told the truth).
wish to
In
tell
you the
truth.
"
wish that what
connection with this Exercise the student
should review the conjugations of the Infinitive,
Imperative and Conditional modes.
See pp. 32-35.
132
EXERCISE
25
inviti, to invite.
komerci,
to trade,
sekvi, to follow.
konstrui,
to construct.
Suldi, to owe.
oro, gold.
ringo, ring.
lerta, skillful.
projekto, project.
infeniero, engineer,
fero, iron.
vojo, road, way.
agi, to act.
pastro,
kameno,
poto, pot.
fire-place.
kaldrono, kettle.
vaporo, steam.
priest, pastor,
boli, to boil.
pordo, door.
korto, yard, court.

aj,
something made from or possessing the qualmalnova, old; malnovajo, an old thing;
ity of:
frukto, fruit
Mi
* Mi
'
estis amata.
Mi estos
Mi estus* amata. ' Estu amata. * Esti
estas amata.
amata.
amata.
'
Vi estas lavita.
estos lavita.
" Esti
lavita.
invitota.
" Estu
fruktajo, something made from fruit.
'
Vi estis lavita.
'
Vi
" Vi estus* lavita.

"Estu lavita.
" Li estas invitota.
" Li estis
"Li
estos invitota.
" Esti
"Li
estus* invitota.
" Tiu
Ci komerde mi.
"La
.surtuto estas aCetita de mi, sekve î apartenas al
invitota.
cajo estas
mi.
estis
*'
invitota.
Ciam volonte
Kiam
via
domo
aCetata'*
estis konstruata,
jam longe konstruita.
'^
Mi
mia domo
sciigas, ke de
Exercises
133
nun la Suldoj de mia filo ne estos pagataj de mi.

Estu trankvila mia tuta uldo estos pagita al
^*
Mia ora ringo ne estus* tiel longe
vi baldaii.
*'
serCata, se gi ne estus tiel lerte kaita de vi.

la projekto de la infenieroj** tiu 6i
^^Laii
fervojo estas
konstruota en la daiiro de du jaroj sed mi pensas,

ke gi estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn^. ^' Honesta
homo agas honeste. *' La pastro, kiu mortis antaii
nelonge (ati antau nelonga tempo), logis longe en
^*
nia urbo.
Cu hodiaii^ estas varme au malvarme?
*'
Sur la kameno inter du potoj staras fera kaldrono
el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas bolanta akvo,
tra la fenestro, kiu sin trovas apud
eliras vaporo
la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton^.
;
* The use of estus in Sentences 4, 10 and 16 indicates the

presence of a condition or contingency, though this is not
Be careful not to translate should
stated, as in Sentence 24.
by estus where duty is expressed use A^vzs=ôught.
''The passive participle

action by de.
is
connected with the source of the
See Rule VI, Page
15.
This word means civil engineer.

The word for locomotive engineer is maSinisto, or a more precise term, lokomotivFervojo (iron-zaay) is the Esperanto term for railway.
isto.
'^
*Do
not forget that
accusative case
is
used.
where a preposition
is
omitted the
Here, the absent preposition
is
dum.
Antaii nelonge is the expression usually used for not longago, a short time ago, recently.
'Hodiaii, hieraii and morgaii are not nouns, but adverbs.

the adverbial form of varme and malvarme.
The
noun form, when necessary so to speak of today, tomorroiv,
is la hodiaua tago, la morgaua tago.
Hence
* Accusative to
show
direction.
^^
154
TRANSLATION
*
* I
am
loved.
* I
should be loved
was loved.
[if
].
'
25
' I
Be
shall be loved.
loved.
To
be
You have been washed. ' You had been

"You
washed. 'You will have been washed.
loved.
'
"Be washed (past).

would have been washed.
" To be washed. " He is to be invited. " He was
" He will be (about) to be invited.
to be invited.
" He would be (about) to be invited. " Be invited
"To
"This
be (about) to be invited.
is always willingly purchased
by me. " The overcoat has been bought by me
consequently it belongs to me. ** When your house
was being built, my house had already been built
" I make [it] known that from
for a long time.
now on the debts of my son will not be paid by me.
" Be at ease my entire debt will have been paid
**
My gold ring would not be so long
to you soon.
searched for if it had not been so cleverly hidden
by you. " According to the project of the engineers, this railway is to be built in the course of
two years, but I think that it will be under con**
struction more than three years.
An honest man
"
acts honestly.
The priest who died recently had
" Is it warm or cold
lived a long time in our city.
today? (or, is today warm or cold?) *' On the
hearth between two pots stands an iron kettle from
the kettle, in which is (finds itself) boiling water,
issues steam
through the window, which is near
the door, the steam goes into the yard.
(future).
article (of
commerce)
Exercises
EXERCISE
135
26
ekster, outside.
vojai, voyage f travel.
piedo, foot.
benko, bench.
kanapo, sofa,
meti,
to put, place.
muso,
mouse.
lounge.
lito, bed.
super, over^ above.
aero, air,
kafo,
teo, tea.
coffee.
sukero, sugar.
kremo, cream.
interne, within.
fianco, betrothed person
hirundo, swallow.
trans, across.
rivero, river.
estro, chief.
atenta, attentive.
kvankam,
dubi,
estimi,
fi!
to doubt.
abomeno,
fie!
although.
to esteem.
abomination.
rapida, rapid, quick.

et,
diminution of degree or size
malvarmeta,
cold'y
cool;
ridi,
to
malvarma,
laugh;
rideti,
to smile.
*
Mi estas en la gardeno. ' Kien
*Mi iras en la gardenoh.
La birdo
en la Cambro (=ti estas en la Cambro kaj
Kie vi estas?
vi iras?
flugas
flugas en gi).
(=gi
La
birdo flugas en la fiambron
Cambro kaj flugas nun en

* Mi
Mi vojagas en Hispanujo.
vojagas
'
Mi sidas sur sego kaj tenas la
en Hispanujon.
piedojn sur benketo. ^* Mi metas la manon sur la
gin).
estas ekster la
'

136
" El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la

" Super la tero
gi kuras sub la lito.
"Anstatatl kafo li donis al mi
sin trovas^ aero.
" Mi staras
teon kun sukero*', sed sen kremo.
tablon*.
nun
liton, kaj
ekster la domo, kaj
neniu krom
estis
li
li
" En la salono
" La hirundo
estas interne.
kaj lia fianCino.
flugis trans la riveron, Car trans la rivero sin trovis
" Mi restas tie Ci laii la ordono de

" Kiam li estis Ce** mi li staris tutan
" Li diras, ke mi estas
horon apud la fenestro.
atenta. "Li petas, ke mi estu' atenta. ** Kvankam
vi estas riCa, mi dubas, Cu*^ vi estas feliCa. "Se vi
" Se li jam
scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus.
" Ho, Dio kion vi faras
venis, petu lin al mi.
"For de tie Ci
"Fi, kiel
"Ha, kiel bele
" Nu, iru pli rapide
abomene
hirundoj.
aliaj
mia
estro.
move my hand toward the table in the act of placing it

Hence, n for direction. Note carefully this
table.
upon the
sign of direction in Sentences 4, 6,
8,
10, 11, 16.
as in Sentence 29,
This is often used instead of estas.
A similar
form is sin turnu al, to address oneself to, to turn to. Ciuj
sin turnu al la redaktoro=Z<r/ all address the editor.
''Observe the use of sin trovas here,
Exercise 25.
''Sukero here, because

preposition,
''
it
kun
is
a preposition.
Esp>eranto often uses the pronoun thus
house.
Without the
would be teon kaj sukeron.

:
6e ra.v=At my
Ce vi=At your house.
See Note
c.
Exercise 25.
'This meaning, in English, has two forms of expression

ht asks that I be attentive, or he asks me to he attentive.
In Esperanto the former is invariably used.
Exercises
137
^ Dubi in any form is followed by 6u to connect a proposition containing a verb, and by pri when followed by a noun
Mi dubas u vi estas fidela=/ doubt zvhether you are faithful Mi dubas pri via fideleco=/ doubt (concerning) your
fidelity.
TRANSLATION 26
Where are jôu?
Î am in the garden.
' Where are you going ?
*
I am going into the
* The
garden.
bird flies in the room (it is in the
*
room and flies about in it). ^Thebird flies into the

room (it is outside the room and flies into it). 'I
am
traveling in Spain.
*I
am
on a chair and keep
traveling into Spain.
my
upon a stool.
" From under
the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it
runs about under the bed. ^^ Above the earth is
^^
(finds itself) air.
Instead of coffee he gave me
*
"
I sit
I
place
my hand upon
feet
the table.
^*
tea with sugar, but without cream.
stand out-
**
and he is within.
In the drawing-room was nobody except him and his fiancee.
**
The swallow flew across the river, because beyond
^'
the river were other swallows.
I am remaining
" When
here according to the orders of my chief.
side the house,
he was at
my
house he stood a whole hour at the
" He says
window.
asks that
that
am
attentive.
^^
He
*^
Although you are rich,

^^
I doubt that (whether) you are happy.
If you
knew who he is you would esteem him more. ^^ If
he has already come, ask him to come to me. ^* Oh
God what are you doing? ^^ Ah, how beautiful
^*
Away from here " Fie, how abominable ^* Well,
go faster
I
be attentive.
138
EXERCISE
kunmeti,
to
27
tiam,
artikolo, article.
objekto, object*
kompreni, understand,
polo, Pole.
vokalo, vowel.
then,
tia, such^ such
ekzemplo, example.
necesa, necessary.
prepozicio, preposition.
compound, simpla, simple.
radikoj
ligi, to bind.
root.
soni, to sound.
klara, clear.
postuli, claim, require, gramatiko, grammar.
nacio, nation.
diversa, diverse, various
aboni, to subscribe.
Sipo, ship.
matenmangi, to eat breakfast,
^
La
artikolo la estas uzata tiam^,
las pri personoj atl objektoj konataj.
estas tia
sama
kiel
en la
aliaj
komprenas
kiam ni paro' Cia uzado
lingvoj.
'La
per-
uzadon de la artikolo
(ekzemple rusoj ati poloj, kiuj ne scias alian lingvon krom sia propra), povas en la unua tempo tute
ne uzi la artikolon, Car gi estas oportuna sed ne
necesa. * Anstataii la oni povas anka(i diri P, (sed
nur post prepozicio, kiu finigas per vokalo).
* Vortoj
kunmetitaj estas kreataj per simpla kunligado de vortoj
one prenas ordinare la purajn
radikojn, sed, se la bonsoneco atl la klareco postulas, oni povas ankad preni la tutan vorton, t. e.,
la radikon kune kun gia gramatika finigo.
'ksonoj, kiuj** ne
la
zemploj
skribtablo
oni skribas)
nacioj);
aii
intcrnacia
tutmonda (de
skribotablo (tablo, sur kiu
(=kiu
la
tuta
estas inter diversaj
mondo)j unutaga
;
:
Exercises
139
unu tagon); unuataga (kiu estas en

unua tago); vaporipo (=ipo, kiu sin movas
(kiu daiiras
la
per vaporo); matenmangi, tagmangi, vespermangi;
abonpago (=pago por

*
la
abono).
In English
tiam kiaxa^=tJien zvJien.
we use zuhert alone, and frequently in Esperanto simply kiam.
Observe
Tiam kiam
**
this use of
more
is
Note that kiuj
definite
and emphatic.
plural because
is
it
represents more than
one person.
TRANSLATION
27
used when we speak of persons

* Its use is the same as in the
or things known.
other languages. 'Persons who do not understand
the use of the article (for example Russians or
Poles who do not know another language beside
their own), may at first not use the article at all,
Înstead
for it is convenient but not necessary.
/'
after
preposi(but
only
a
say
of la we can also
^
words
Compound
with
vowel).
a
tion which ends
we
genjunction
of
words
simple
are formed by
cleareuphony
or
roots,
but
if
the
pure
erally take
ness demands, we can also take the whole word
i. e., the root together with its grammatical ending
* Examples
skribtablo, or skribotablo, a table on
which one writes ; internacia, that which exists
between or among various nations tutmonda, of
the whole world unutaga, lasting one day ; unuataga^ of the first day ; vaporSipo, a ship which
moves by steam ; matenmanii, tagmanî, vesperabonnianiiy to breakfast, to dine, to eat supper
*
The
article la is
j>ago,
payment
for subscription.
I40
EXERCISE
iam, at any time, ei>er
akuzativo, accusative
dependi, to depend.
esprimi, to express.
nominativo, nominative.
celi, to aim.
egala, equal.
ia,
any kind
tie, there,
kauzo,
cause.
direkti, to direct.
veturi, to journey, travel
of.
flanko, side.
dekstra, right-hand.
neniel, in no way.
nc\i....nelc, neither... nor
dis'
same as the English
dissemi,
la
28
prefix dis
Ciuj prepozicioj per
'Se
nominativon.
ni
si
mem
postulas Ciam nur
tie
dependas ne de
'
prepozicio, sed de aliaj kadzoj.
esprimi direkton, ni
tiel
semi, sow;
iam post prepozicio uzas
la akuzativon, la akuzativo
sekve:
to scatter broadcast, disseminate.
tie
(ên
aldonas
al la
tiu loko),
Ekzemple
tien
(=al
denon, sur la tablon," kaj la vortoj
"tablon" staras
"en"
tie Ci
kaj
por
vorton la finon
n;
tiu loko);
same ni ankaii diras "la birdo flugis en
pozicioj
la
la gar-
"gardenon,"
en akuzativo ne Car la pre-
"sur" tion
Ci
Car ni volas esprimi direkton,
postulas, sed nur

t, e.
montri, ke la
Exercises
birdo ne sin
141
gardeno kaj
antaiie en la
trovis
sed ke gi de alia loko flugis
ilugis,
al la
tie
gardeno,
montri ke la gardeno kaj la
al la tablo (ni volas
tablo ne estis la loko de la flugado, sed nur la celo
de la flugado); en
tuteêgale
t\x ia
tiaj
prepozicio status au ne.
mi veturos Parizon
hodiaii
dome.
'
okazoj ni uzas la finigon n
(aii
Jam
en Parizon).
estas
tempo
iri
disigis kaj iris en diversajn flankojn
stren kaj
'
li
iris
maldekstren.
Mi konas neniun en
tiu t\ urbo.
"Mi
kompreni, kion vi parolas.
nek^ lian fraton
(aii
*Morga{i
"^Mi restos
domen.
:
mi
'
iris
Ni
dek-
Flanken, sinjoro
^^
Mi neniel povas
renkontis nek
mi ne renkontis
lin,
nek
lin,
lian
fraton).
*Egale
"Note
form,
lish:
is
nek
here used where one would expect same.

nek, translated neither
though practically obsolete,

nor voice nor sound.
is
TRANSLATION
*
nor.
similar
sometimes used in Eng-
28
All prepositions, in themselves, always require
only the nominative.

sition,
If
we
use the accusative,
ever,
the
after a prepo-
accusative there
depends not on the preposition, but on other causes.
For example, to express
direction,
we add
to the
143
word the ending n

tien,
consequently,
we
to that place; similarly,
bird flew into the garden,
tie,
in that place:
say "the
also
upon the table"; and the
words "garden," "table," here stand
in the
accu-
sative not because the prepositions "in"
and "on"
we wish
to express
require this, but only because

direction
e.,
i.
show
to
that the bird
was not
previously in the garden and flew about there, but

that
it
from another place into the garden,
flew
upon the table (we wish
to
and table were not the place
show
that the garden
of the flying, but only
we use
the goal of the flight); in such cases
the
accusative just the same, whether any preposition

*
Tomorrow
is
there or
* I
shall remain in the
not.
'We
time to go home.
;
went to the
To one
in
left.
this city.
'
***
what you are saying.

brother (or,
shall
'
go to Paris.
It is
already
separated and went in
went to the right and he
different directions
one
house today.
side,
sir
'I
know no
can in no way understand
"
met neither him nor
his
did not meet him, nor his brother).
Exercises
EXERCISE
senco,
143
29
komuna, common.
sense.
ebla, possible.
ofte, often.
ridi, io laugh.
lasta,
last, latest.
sopiri, to sighy long for. regulo, rule.
verbo,
obei, to obey.
verb.
permesi,
to permit, allow.
^
Se ni bezonas* uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne
montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas
* Sed
estas bone
uzi la komunan prepozicion je.
uzi la vorton je kiel eble pli^ malofte.

la
'
Anstatati
vorto je ni povas ankaii uzi la akuzativon
prepozicio.
pro
lia
Mi
naiveco,
ridas je lia naiveco (
au
mi ridas
lian
aii
sen
mi ridas
naivecon)
Je la lasta fojo mi vidis lin Ce vi (aii: la lastan

'Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton.
fojon).
Mi
sopiras je mia perdita feliCo (au: mian perditan
*E1 la dirita regulo sekvas, ke se ni pri

verbo ne scias, 6u gi postulas post si la akuzativon (t. e. Cu gi estas aktiva) au ne, ni povas
feliCon).
ia
'
Note indicative mode following se. The need of a prepoa matter of doubt. See Note e. Exercise 20.
sition is not
**
Another peculiar Esperanto form, very frequently used t
Kiel eble plej frue, kiel eble plej bone, kiel eble plej multe.
144
Ciam uzi
la
akuzativon.
'
Ekzemple,
povas
ni
diri
"obei
al la
patro" kaj "obei la patron" (anstataii
"obei
je la
patro").
"Sedni ne uzas
la
akuzativon
tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion
malper-
t\
mesas ekzemple: ni povas diri "pardoni al la

malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni
devas Ciam diri "pardoni al la malamiko lian kul;
pon.
TRANSLATION
29
*
If we need to use a preposition and the sense
does not show us what preposition to use, then we
can use the

well
'
to
common
use the word
Instead of the word je
' I
'The
we can
travelled
my
that
last time I
if,
'
it is
also use the accusa-
laugh at his simat your house.
saw him
two days and one night.
lost happiness.
But
as seldom as possible.
j'e
tive without a preposition.

plicity.
'
preposition je.
From
the said rule
concerning any verb,
I
it
sigh for
follows
we do not know
whether or not it requires the accusative after it

(i. e. whether or not it is transitive) we can always
use the accusative. * For example, we can say **to
obey 'to' the father" and "to obey the father."
"But we do not use the accusative when the clearness
of sense forbids this
for example, we can say "to
pardon 'to* the enemy" and "to pardon the enemy";
but we should always say "to pardon to the enemy
;
his fault."
Exercises
EXERCISE
0/ any
ial,
for any cause.
ie,
kind.
serio, series.
pronomo, pronoun,
time, ever,
adverbo, adverb.
anywhere.
iel, in
30
konsili, counsel, advise.
ia,
iam, at any
145
any way,
rilati,
to be related to,
prefikso, prefix.
ies, anyone's.
io, anything.
ajn, ever.
iom, any
diferetici, to differ,
quantity.
helpi,
iu, anybody, somebody.
to help.
sufikso, suffix.
la,
ial,
iam,
ie,
ies,
iel,
io,
iom,
iu.
La
montritajn na\i vortojn ni konsilas bone ellerni*,

Car
el ili
6iu povas fari al
pronomo j
aliaj
si
kaj adverboj.
literon k ni ricevas vortojn
grandan serion da
^
Se
ni
demandajn
aldonas la
aii rilatajn
kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies, kio, kiom, kiu.
ni
aldonas la literon
tia,
Hal,
"El,
Ham,
tie,
when used
study out;
ni ricevas vortojn
as a prefix,
oughly, though this

out, to
/,
tiel, ties, tio, tiotn,
is
not
is
montrajn
^
Aldon-
sometimes translated thorsense. Ellerni, to learn
its literal
ellabori, to
tin.
Se
xvork out.
146
ante la literon
tia, tial,
tiam,
nen ni ricevas
'Aldonante
al
vorton (i ni ricevas montron

ple
proksima
malproksima,
pli
tiu,
tie,
malproksime,
'Aldonante
sime.
al la vortoj
ti (ati
kiant ajn,
kie ajn,
demandaj
povas ankorati
fari
tiama,
iiamulo, k.
t.
p.
aliaj vortoj
tiel
kia
aj'n,
per helpo de
(sufiksoj)
tiea,
is
said of Correlative
tioDs are
added here
ek-
ti-tiea, tieulOf
plu).
In connection with this lesson, the student should
what
kial
kio ajn,
tic el la diritaj vortoj ni
liama, kioma,
(=kaj
prok-
la vorton
kies ajn,
aliajn vortojn,
gramatikaj finigoj kaj
zemple
kiel ajn,
Ekster
kiom ajn, kiu ajn.
ekzem-
ti tiu) pli
tie ti aii li tie,
ajn ni ricevas vortojn sendiferencajn

aj'n,
montraj la
proksiman
tiu
nenio,
nenies,
la vortoj
pli
neajn
vortojn
neniam, nenie, neniel,
nenial,
neniom, neniu.
'Aldon-
tiom^ tiu.
tie^ tiel^ ties^ iio,
ante la prefikson
nenia^
vortojn komunajn
nt ricevas
Words, pp.
70-73.
review
few explana*
Tia is the demonstrative of quality, translated that, such a,

With the relative, kia, it translates such as.
such kind.
Also, it is used as a demonstrative article, in the sense of t?ie
for the purpose of giving added force, just as una is similarly
(See Note a. Exercise 11).
used in a less definite sense.
In this sense, it loses its significance of quality, and may be
followed by kiel. the relative of manner. In Exercise 27,
Exercises
147
tia sama kiel, which is correct, because

But we must not say tia bona kiel, the sense
here being as good as, and the correct form tiel bona kiel.
Sentence
tia
means
2,
we have
the.
These
lo, tio, kio, 6io, nenio.
refer to objects
all
They
not used as modifying words,
and are
indicate the thing itself.
Kio estas tio? Nenio=^FAa/ t's thai? Nothing. But if we

wish to use the correlatives as modifying words, we say
la
:
birdo^^wy kind of bird.
6iuj birdoj^îl^ birds.
Ciu means each, or every, but does not mean all, as do

iam, 6ie, iel, 6iom, etc.
lu and the other four words of
this series express individuzdity, but refer,
specified,
tiuj
Hence,
to persons.
when
not otherwise
to express plurals,
6iuj, kiuj,
are the correct forms.
TRANSLATION
^
Some
kind, for
somehow,
where,
30
some reason, some

somebody's,
quantity, somebody.
The
time, some-
something,
some
nine words shown
we
advise [the student] to learn thoroughly, because
from them everyone can make for himself a large

series of other
to
them
pronouns and adverbs.
[as a prefix] the letter k,
rogative or relative words
we add
such,
the letter
therefore,
we
then,
If
we add
obtain inter-
what kind, why, when,
where, how, whose, what (thing),

If
we
how much, who.
get demonstrative words
there,
thus, that person's.
:
;
148
that, that
much, that person.
we
get collective words
Adding the letter/
each and every kind, for
every reason, always, everywhere, in every way,

everybody's, everything,
the prefix ncn,
for
we
no such,
no reason, never, nowhere, nohow, no one's,
strative
words the word
proximity
li,
whatever kind
//,
obtain a meaning of
that,
iiu
//,
this
"Adding to the interrogative
here.
words the word
we
//,
example
for
there, tie
'Adding to the demon-
nobody.
nothing, none,
tie,
'Adding
everyone.
all,
obtain negative words
we
aj'n,
get indifferent
words
whatever reason, whenever,
of, for
wherever, however, whosesoever, whatever, what-
'Besides
ever quantity, whoever.
words we can make
still
then),
for
example
eternal,
from these
other words, with the help
of the grammatical endings

fixes)
this,
and other words (suf-
contemporaneous
how much,
(existing
there, a person living
there or being present, a contemporary or person

of that time.
Exercises
EXERCISE
humoro, humor,
korpo, body,
31
fermi,
to shut.
kontrakti, to contract,
animo, soul.
plenumi, to fulfilL
bruli, to burn.
ligno, wood.
materialo, material.
bastono,
tegmento,
funto, pound.
koloro,
roof.
tero, earth.
chest, box.
lipo,
haro, hair.
lip,
griza, gray.
vango,
ist,
stick.
supre, above, upper.
color.
telero, plate.
kesto,
49
cheek.
person occupied with
maro,
sea;
maristo,
sailor.
Lia kolero longe dafiris. ' Li estas hodiaii en

^Li koleras kaj insultas.
kolera humoro.
*Li
fermis kolere la pordon. ^ Lia filo mortis kaj estas
nun malviva. *La korpo estas morta, la animo
' Li
estas morte malsana, li ne
estas senfhorta.
vivos pli, ol unu tagon. * Li parolas, kaj lia parolo
"
fluas dolCe kaj agrable.
Ni faris la kontrakton
^"Li estas bona parolanto.
ne skribe, sed parole.
" Starante ekstere, li povis vidi nur la eksteran
"Li logas ekster la urbo.
flankon de nia domo.
*
" La ekstero de
interno.
"Li
tin ti
tuj
homo
faris,
estas pli bona, ol
kion mi volis,
kaj
lia
mi
I50
dankis
por la tuja plenumo de mia deziro.
lin
"Kia granda
brulas? "Lignoestas
" La fera bastono, kiu
kuSis en la forao, estas nun brule* varraega. '*Cu
^'Li eliris
li donis al vi jesan respondon, ati nean?
el^ la dormoCambro kaj eniris en la mangoCambron.
brulo
kio
bona brula materialo.
"La
birdo ne forflugis
alflugis al la
**
domo
gi
nur deflugis de
Por Ciu aCetita funto da teo
tiu
Ci
komercisto
*'
Lernolibron
aldonas senpage funton da sukero.

oni
devas ne
la arbo,
kaj surflugis sur la tegmenton.
tralegi,
sed tralerni.
" Li
portas
rozkoloran superveston kaj teleroforman Capelon.
"En
mia skribotablo
sin
trovas kvar tirkestoj.
'^Liaj lipharoj estas pli grizaj, ol
*In Sentences
i. a, 3, 4.
kolero,
liaj
vangharoj.
kolera, koleras, kolere;
These sentences are

designed to show with what facility an Esperanto root may be
To add the partiused as a noun, adjective, verb or adverb.
in 15, 16, 17, brulo, brulas, brula, brule.
ciples in their adjectival,
substantival
and adverbial forms,

made possible by
with the variations and degrees of meaning
it would puzzle the expert

measure the possible range of expression.
the use of affixes
''Eliris
c,
el,
Exercise
deflugis de, alflugis
al,
Esperantist to
surflug^s sur.
See Note
8.
"This lesson contains a number of compound words.

student
may
at first find
it
The
difficult to distinguish these at sight,
but he will soon "catch the spirit" of Esperanto.
Failing in
he will search the vocabularies in vain for seeming roots

which are only simple combinations.
this,
Exercises
151
TRANSLATION
*
His anger lasted a long time.
an angry mood.
*
He
now
31
He
shut the door angrily.
The body
is
lifeless.
immortal.
"
He
is
He
angry and
is
mortally
today in
is
insulting.
is
His son died and

the soul
mortal,
ill,
is
is
he will not live
more than one day. * He speaks and his speech

' We made the conflows sweetly and agreeably.
^^
tract not in writing, but verbally.
He is a good
speaker.
"Standing outside, he could see only
^^
the outside of our house.

city.
*'
The
exterior
of
He
this
lives
outside the
man
better
is
than his interior. ^* He did at once what I wished,

and I thanked him for the immediate fulfillment
of
my
burning
desire.
?
^^
What
" Wood
is
a big blaze
good burning
What
is
material.
The iron rod which lay in the furnace is now

" Did he give you an affirmative or
burning hot.
"He went out of the bed-room
a negative reply?
^^
^"
and entered the dining-room.
The bird did not
it only flew down from the tree, flew to
fly away
the house and lit upon the roof. ^^For every pound
of tea purchased, this dealer adds free a pound of
sugar. ^Â text-book one ought not to read through,
;
but to learn through.
^'
He
gown and a mortar-board

table are four drawers.
than his whiskers.
^^
wears a rose-colored
hat.
**
In
my
His mustache
writing-
is
grayer
152
EXERCISE
32
teatro, theater.
okupi,
maniero, manner.
meâniko,
Iiemio, chemistry.
diplomatio, diplomacy.
scienco, science.
fiziko, physics.
to occupy,
mechanics.
tlaso, glaso.
nigra, black.
drapo, cloth.
OVO, egg,
signifi,
maro,
amaso, crowd.
bordo,
sea.
a^tuno, autumn.
lando, land, country.

najbaro, neighbor.
suferi, to suffer.
mezuri,
Teatramanto
to signify,
shore.
measure.
to
of te vizitas la teatron kaj ricevas*
baldaii teatrajn manierojn.
Kiu okupas
sin
mehaniko, estas mehanikisto, kaj kiu okupas sin

'
hemic, estas hemiisto.
Diplomatiiston oni povas
ankati nomi diplomato, sed
nomi
fiziko,
mem.
'La
fotografisto
ne povas
fizikiston oni
Car ziko estas la
nomo de
fotografis
la science
min,
sendis mian fotografajon al mia patro.
kaj
plena
je
vino.
mi
Glaso de
vino estas glaso, en kiu antaiie sin trovis vino,

kiun oni uzas por vino
je
je
aii
glaso da vino estas glaso
'Alportu
al
mi metron da nigra
Exercises
(Metro de drapo signifus metron,
drapo.
kuis
153
^Mi aCetis dekon da ovoj.
Tiu
ducent kilometroin da longo.
maro
staris
amaso
^^
arbo sin trovis multe

Kelkaj
tiu ti vorto
havas
rivero
la
bordo de
la
^**Multaj
birdoj
" Sur
multo)
(aii
^*
da
plej feliCaj*',
^Ên
siaj najbaroj.
nur kelke da homoj.
montras, ke
ti
Sur
varmajn landojn.
homoj sentas sin la
vidas la suferojn de
sidis
'
homoj.
da''
flugas en la autuno en pli

la
kiu
sur drapo, a^ kiu estas uzata por drapo).
"Da"
la
birdoj.
kiam
ill
eambro
post ia vorto
havas signifion de mezuro.
* Note the use of ricevas
use akiras.
The
latter
where the inclination would be to

would mean that he desired or culti-
vated the manner, rather than that
and
in
''If
some instances
at least
it
would be
simply "stuck to him,"

fully appropriate.
the student will thoroughly study the uses of da in this
exercise he should never err regarding
its
use.
Sentas sin feliaj=/Ve/ themselves happy.

Felifiaj is
Supplying the full
sense, we have sentas sin esti feliSaj.
See also Sentence 7,
*'
nominative, being a predicative adjective.
Exercise 33.
TRANSLATION
Â theater-lover often
32
visits
soon acquires theatrical manners.
the theater,
^
He who
and
occu-
^^^ American Esperanto Book
154
pies himself with mechanics is a mechanic,
who
occupies himself with chemistry
we can
*A diplomat
we cannot
the science
itself.
me and
sent
Glaso de vino
because fiziko
a glass
photograph
wine.
full of
Bring
cloth, or
bought ten eggs.

*
kilometers long.
crowd of people.
warmer
birds.
On
me
which
is
This river
sat only
shows that
this
father.
glaso da vino
a meter of
(//a)
mean a meter
used for cloth).
two hundred
is
birds
people
feel
the
fly in
" Upon the
tree
happiest
a few people.
word has a sense
" Da
autumn
were many
when they
witness the sufferings of their neighbors.
room
of
the shore of the sea stood a
" Many
countries.
"Some
name
a glass in which was previously
is
which lay on the
to
my
to
black cloth {.metro de drapo would
'I
the
is
The photographer photogaphed
my
wine, or which one uses for wine

is
and he
a chemist.
but a physician
call diplomato,
call fiziko^
is
"In the
after a
of measure.
word
Exercises
EXERCISE
mezo,
155
33
kreski,
middle.
to
larga, broad.
lumo,
mola,
lis'ht,
turmenti,
beni,
to torment.
nobla,
to bless.
kredi,
koko,
renversi,
to believe.
nepo, grandson.
cock, chicken.
Mia
bovo, ox
stepfather,
ankau malgranda
estas
larga pordo.
estis tiel
gtono.
* Dika,
patrino, mother ; bo-
li
'
Haro
li
estas de
sed
li
ne estas
meza kresko.
ne povas
trairi tra nia
estas tre maldika.
La
Li
mal-
nokto
malluma, ke ni nenion povis vidi eC antavi
nia nazo.
kiel
dika*, ke
tiel
ne estas granda,
frato
to upset.
V2lVS\ô, field.
bo, relative by marriage

patrino, mother-in-law.
noble.
knrba, curved.
monto, mountain.
duonpatro,
soft.
senti, to feel.
rekta, straight.
^Tiu
*
usually
6i
malfreSa pano estas malmola,
Malbonaj
translated
infanoj
thick,
amas
stout, while a popular
and
turmenti
here means thick in a
sense not often thus expressed in English.

is
grow.
dika, thick, fat.
ejcpressive
Careful English
Americanism
is fcU.

156
bestojn. ^Li sentis sin
en kiu
la tagon,
estimas tiun
t\
li
malfeliCa, ke
tiel
estis naskita.
malnoblan homon.
li
Mi
malbenis
forte^ mal-
*La
fenestro
longe estis nefermita*; mi gin fermis, sed mia frato

tuj gin denove'^
mallonga,
ol
" Rekta vojo
malfermis.
"La
kurba.
estas pli
tablo staras malrekte,
kaj kredeble baldaii renversigos.
"Li
staras supre
sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon.
" Malamiko venis en nian landon.

belpis al mi, ke mi malbonigis
" La edzino de mia patro

avino de miaj infanoj.
kun
tri
avinon kun
*"
mia nevino.
la korto staras
fratino
estas
tre
koko
bela
" Mi
kvar nepinoj kaj kun
Siaj
Lia duonpatrino estas mia bofra-
" Mi havas bovon
tino.
mal-
mian tutan laboron.
" Mia onklino estas bona virino.
vian
vidis
tiel
estas mia patrino kaj la
"Sur
"Mia
kokinoj.
knabino.
" Oni
"Lajuna
kaj bovinon.
vidvino farigis denove fianCino.
The use of forte to lend intensity to the verb
is,
we
think,
an improvement over the English use of adverbs from roots

of
meaning similar
verb
to,
but not synonomous with, that of the
dearly love, fiercely hate,
"Ne
here,
and not mal.
etc.
The
student
will readily grasp
the difiference between opened and not closed,
''Denove
is
frequently used for again.
It
means anew.
Exercises
157
TRANSLATION
he
My
is
of
brother
is
not
tall,
medium growth.
33
but he
*He
is
also not short
so stout that he
is
cannot pass through our narrow door.

very
fine.
The night was
see nothing, even before our
bread
as hard as stone.
is
torment animals.
'
He
nose.
Bad
so
felt
despise this
ignoble person.
long open
closed
opened
"A
anew.
it
^^
a curved one.
but
it,
my
is
could
This stale
unhappy
'
we
children like to
cursed the day on which he was born.
Â hair
so dark that
'
that he
intensely
The window was
brother immediately
straight road is shorter than
The
table
stands crookedly
**
and, "understandably", will soon be upset.
He
stands above upon the mountain and looks below
on the
me
hindered
*^
My
"An enemy
field.
so that
father's wife is
mother of
my
tiful girl.
"
spoiled
my
children.
cock with three hens.
My
aunt
entered our land.
^^
is
my
'*
They
whole work.
mother, and the grand" In the yard stands a
My
very beau-
sister is a
a good woman.
"
saw
your grandmother with her four granddaughters
and m}'
law
^^
niece.
I
^"^His
stepmother
have an ox and a cow.
widow became again a
fiancee.
is
my
*^
sister-in-
The young
Th American Esperanto Book
158
EXERCISE
34
viando, meat.
korko, cork.
po9-o, pocket.
Stopi, to stop up.
botelo,
kombi,
somero, summer.
to
tiri,
comb.
draw, pull, drag-
to
bottle.
gliti, to skate.
frosto, frost.
vetero, weather.
haki,
segi, to saw.
fosi, to dig.
kudri,
tondi, to
sonori,
to
sew.
to ring-,
fajfi,
hew, chop.
clip,
shear.
to whistle
sablo, sand.
inko, ink.
sorbi, to absord,
tuko,
to
brando, brandy
militi, to war, fight.
sip.
cloth.
kruta,
brava, brave.
dtupo, step^
germano, a German.
vasta, wide, vast.
steep.
hispano, Spaniard.
tamen, however.
herbo, grass
bruto, brute
paSti, to pasture.
precipe, principally.
lano, wool,
Safo, sheep
*La tranCilo
tranCi
estis tiel
malakra, ke mi ne povis
per î la viandon, kaj mi devis uzi mian
poSan tranCilon.
*Cu
malStopi la botelon?
vi
'Mi
havas korktirilon, por

volis Slosi la pordon,
Exercises
sed mi perdis la glosilon.
harojn per argenta kombilo.
159
*
kombas
Si
al si la
Ên somero ni veturas
per diversaj veturiloj, kaj en vintro ni veturas per
'Hodiaii estas
glitveturilo.
mi prenos miajn
tial
bela frosta vetero,
glitilojn kaj iros gliti.
'Per
hakilo ni hakas, per segilo ni segas, per fosilo ni

fosas, per kudrilo ni kudras, per tondilo ni tondas,
per sonorilo ni sonoras, per

skribilaro
konsistas
el
inkujo,
tranCilo, forko, glaseto
'Oni metis
*^
meni en arbaro.
estas
gtuparo
li
^'
Mi ne
telero,
el
antafl
kulero,
por brando, glaso por vino
" En varmega tago mi amas
kaj telertuketo.
itistaro
kelke da
sablujo,
plumoj, krajono kaj inksorbilo.
mi mangilaron, kiu konsistis
'Mia
ni fajfas.
fajfilo
pro-
Nia lando venkos, Car nia mil-
granda
kaj
levis sin al la
^^
brava.
tegmento de
scias la lingvon hispanan,
Sur kruta
la
domo.
sed per helpo
de vortaro hispana-germana mi tamen komprenis
iom vian
riCaj
aroj
leteron.
" Sur
kampoj paStas
da bellanaj
tiuj Ci
Safoj.
TRANSLATION
*
The
knife
meat with
it,
vastaj kaj herbo-
sin grandaj brutaroj, precipe
was so
and
34
dull that I could not cut the
had to use
my
pocket knife.
i6o
'
Have you
a corkscrew to open the bottle?
wished to lock the door, but
*She combs her hair with a
summer we
and
fine
in winter
we
travel
and
with a saw
needle
by
therefore
go skating.
outfit consists
we
we
clip,
whistle.
take
my
dig, with a
with a bell
My
writing
of an ink-stand, a sand-box,
pens, a pencil and a blotter.
me
shall
is
it
With an ax we chop,
scissors
ring, with a whistle
In the
Today
'
we saw, with a spade we
we sew, with
'
of various vehicles,
sleigh.
'
lost the key.
comb.
silver
by means
frosty weather,
skates
we
travel
had
'
some
They placed before
eating utensils, which consisted of a plate, a
spoon, a knife, a fork, a small glass for brandy,
a glass
like to
for wine,
walk
and a napkin.
in the forest.
because our army
is
^^
On
a hot day
" Our country
will
win
"On
large and brave.
steep ladder he climbed to the roof of the house.
"
do not know the Spanish language, but with
the help of a Spanish-German dictionary

theless
somewhat understood your
letter.
never-
" Upon
these vast and fertile fields pasture large herds of

stock, principally flocks of fine-wool sheep.
Exercises
EXERCISE
i6l
35
acida, sour.
kuko, cake.
suspekti, to suspect.
vinagro, vinegar.
sulfuro, sulphur.
azoto, azote.
koniiti, to preserve.
fiuida, liquid.
gusto,
alta, high.
taste.
nature, nature.
Cemizo,
kolo, neck.
cetera, the
tolo, linen.
glacio,
heroo, hero.
plaCi, to please.
lago, lake..
kovri, to cover.
nagi,
to
swim.
shirt.
rest.
ice.
folio, leaf.
frandi, to be fond of sweets.
sensencajon, mia amiko.

*Mi
kun kuko kaj konfitajo. Âkvo estas
*Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, fiar gi enfluidajo.
havis en si ian suspektan malklarajon. ^Surla
*Vi parolas
trinkis teen
tablo staris diversaj sukerajoj.

sin
trovas
diversaj acidoj
"
En tiuj
t\ boteletoj
vinagro, sulfuracido,
aliaj. ^ Via vino estas nur ia abomena

*La acideco de tiu Ci vinagro estas tre mal"Mi mangis bongustan ovajon. ^"^Tiu Ci granda
" La alteco de tiu
ne estas natura monto.
azotacido kaj
acidajo.
forta.
altajo
monto ne estas tre granda. ^^ Kiam mi ien veturas,

mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakajo. "Cemizojn, kolumojn, manumojn kaj ceterajn similajn
objektojn ni nomas tolajo, kvankam ili ne Ciam
" Glaciajo estas dolCa glaciestas faritaj el tolo.
1 6a
" La riCeco de tiu Ci homo estas

estas ankoraii pli granda.
malsageco
granda, sed lia
knabinon
pro Sia beleco kaj
Ci
**Li amas tiun
igita frandajo.
boneco.
"Lia heroeco
suprajo de
tre plaCis al mi.
la lago estis kovrita per
kaj diversaj aliaj kreskajoj.
"Latuta
nagantaj
" Mi vivas kun
folioj
li
en
granda amikeco.
TRANSLATION
*You
talk nonsense,
my
with cake and preserves.
35
'I drank tea,
friend.
'
Water
a liquid.
did not wish to drink the wine, because it had
it
is
some suspicious unclear matter.
table stood various sweetmeats.

bottles are various acids
in
*Upon the
In these
little
vinegar, sulphuric acid,
and others. ' Your wine is only some

'
kind of abominable acid stuff.
The acidity of
*
this vinegar is very weak.
I ate a good omelet.
" This great eminence is not a natural mountain.
**
The height of that mountain is not very great.
" When I go anywhere I never take with me much
baggage. " Shirts, collars, cuffs and other similar
objects we call linen, though they are not always
made of linen. " An ice is a sweet frozen dainty.
nitric acid
" The wealth
of this
man
is
great, but his foolish-
" He loves this girl because

of her beauty and goodness. " His heroism pleased
me very much. '* The whole surface of the lake
was covered with floating leaves and various other
growths. " I live with him in great friendship.
ness
is still
greater.
Exercises
163
EXERCISE
36
gratuli, to congratulate, altaro, altar.
kuraci,
doktoro, doctor,
to heal, treat.
hebreo, a Hebrew
Cevalo, horse,
pra, great-, primordial,
persons of both sexes
ge,
patro, father
ge-
patroj, parents.
id', descendant or young of
Cevalido, a colt.
fievalo, a horse
Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj.
*Petro,
'
Anno
Elizabeto estas miaj
kaj
Gesinjoroj N. hodiaxi venos al mi.

'
telegrafe la junajn geedzojn.
apud
la altaro.
bopatro, mi estas
bopatro de
La
La
gefratoj.
Mi
gratulis
gefianCoj staris
patro de mia edzino estas mia
lia bofilo,
mia edzino.
kaj
'
mia patro estas
Ciuj parentoj de
la
mia
edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve Sia frato estas
mia bofrato,
ia fratino estas
frato kaj fratino (gefratoj)
mia edzino.
La
mia bofratino
de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj.
estas kuracistedzino.
la
mia
edzino de mia nevo kaj la nevo
kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino
hodiau
estas la bogefratoj de
^"
gedoktorojn P.
La
'Virino,
edzino de kuracisto
doktoredzino A. vizitis
" Li ne estas
lavisto,
li

z64
estas lavistinedzo.
" La
filoj,
nepoj kaj pranepoj
de rego estas regidoj. "La hebreoj estas Izrael" Cevalido estas

idoj, Car ili devenas de Izraelo.
nematura Cevalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido
nematura bovo, birdido
nematura
TRANSLATION
*A
birdo.
36
and a mother together are called

* Peter,
Anne and Elizabeth are my
parents.
brother and sisters. ' Mr. and Mrs. N. will come
congratulated
*I
by
our house today.
to
'The affitelegraph the young married couple.
anced pair stood at the altar. ' My wife's father
is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my
father
father
is
my
wife's father-in-law.
'All relatives of
my relatives-in-law consequently her

my
brother is my brother-in-law, her sister is my
sister-in-law my brother and sister are the brotherand sister-in-law of my wife ' My nephew's wife
and my wife's niece are my nieces-in-law. 'A
wife are
woman who
a
treats the sick is a female physician
wife of a physician is a physician's wife.
wife of Dr. A. visited today Dr. and Mrs. P.
*"The
"He
is not a laundryman, he is a laundress' husband.

"The sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of a
" The Hebrews are Israelites
king are princes.
descended
from Israel.
they
are
^*A colt
because
immature
horse,
chick
an
immature
chicken,
a
is an
a calf an immature cow, a fledgling an imma-
ture bird.
Exercises
EXERCISE
165
37
regno, state, kingdom,

severa, severe.
provinco, province,
polico, police.
sufi6e, enough.
Kristo, Christ.
franco, a Frenchman.
konfesi,
justa, just, righteous.
religio, religion.
to confess.
regimento, regiment.
boto,
uo, shoe.
lasi, to leave, let alone.
boot.
droni, to drown.
verki,
eC, even.
ombro, shadow.
prefi, to pray.
virga, virginal.
to compose.
an, inhabitant, member, partisan
New
ul',
York
Nov-Jorko,
Nov-Jorkano, New- Yorker.
a person noted for:
avara,
covetous',
ava-
rulo, a miser.
*La
ipanoj
devas obei la Sipestron.
logantoj de regno estas regnanoj.
ordinare
pli ruzaj, ol
^Ciuj
Urbanoj estas
*La regnestro de
saga rego. ^La Parizanoj
vilaânoj.
nia lando estas bona kaj

estas gajaj homoj.
'Nia provincestro estas severa,
^Nia
urbo havas bonajn policanojn,
sed justa.
sed ne sufiCe energian policestron.
Luteranoj kaj
Kalvinanoj estas kristanoj. "Germanoj kaj francoj,
i66
kvankam
kiuj loâs en Rusujo, estas Rusujanoj,
ne estas rusoj.
ili
**Li estas nelerta kaj naiva pro-
" La logantoj de unu regno estas sam-
vincano.
regnanoj, la loântoj de unu urbo estas samurbanoj,
de unu religio estas samreligianoj.
la konfesantoj
"Nia
bona
por
regimentestro estas
patro.
" La
siaj
soldatoj
**La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj
la lignajisto faras
tablojn, segojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn.
iston
neniu lasas en sian domon.
simple transskribas paperojn.
" Ni havas diversajn servantojn
kuiriston,
Cam-
"La
riCulo
bristinon, infanistinon kaj veturigiston.
havas multe da mono.

**
"Stel-
" La kuraâ
" Verkisto verkas
maristo dronis en la maro.

librojn, kaj skribisto
kiel
botisto faras botojn kaj Suojn.
***
Malsa^lon
Ciu batas.
Timulo timas eC sian propran ombron. "Li estas
mensogisto kaj malnoblulo.
" Pre^
al la
Sankta
Virgulino.
TRANSLATION
*
The
sailors
inhabitants
of
ought to obey the captain.

a state are citizens.
are usually more cunning

ruler
'
The
of
37
our country
is
"All
'City people
than villagers.
The
a good and wise king.
Parisians are gay people.
Our governor
is
Exercises
strict,
but
Our
'
just.
167
city has
good policemen,
but not a sufficiently energetic chief of police.
'Lutherans and Calvinists are Christians,
mans who
Russia are Russian
in
live
'Gercitizens,
though they are not Russians. ^"He is an awkward and simple provincial. " The inhabitants of
one country are fellow-countrymen, the inhabitants
of
one city are fellow-citizens, the believers of one

^^
religion are fellow-religionists.
Our regimental
commander is like a good father to his soldiers.

" The shoemaker makes boots and shoes. ^* The
wood
wood and the joiner makes
dealer sells
chairs,
and other wooden
a thief into his
house.
drowned
sea.
in
the
articles.
^*
"An
"No
The brave
lets
sailor
was
author writes books,
and a copyist simply copies papers.

various servants
tables,
one
'*
We
a cook, a chambermaid,
have
a nurse,
and a coachman. " The rich man has much money,

^**
Everybody beats a
his
own shadow.
person.
^'
Pray
^^
fool,
^*
He
to the
is
coward fears even
a liar and an ignoble
Holy Virgin.
x68
EXERCISE
densa,
38
brui, to make a noise.
dense.
pluvo, rain.
kaleo, carriage.
pafi, to shoot.
6j,
the
masculine, nj, feminine; suffixes used after
first (i to
6) letters of names, to form endear-
ing diminutives.
Mi
tableton kaj kelke da
aCetis por la infanoj
'En
segetoj.
nia lando sin ne trovas montoj, sed
nur montetoj.
'Tuj post
la hejto la
varmega, post unu horo î

post du
horoj gi estis
tri
horoj gi estis
ni
trovas
sidas
jam
Sur
lia
jam nur varma,
tute
malvarma.
En somero
malvarmeton en densaj arbaroj.
apud
la
estis
nur iom varmeta, kaj post
tablo kaj
'Li
dormetas.
'Mallarga
kampo
nia domo.
vojeto kondukas tra tiu t\

'
estis
fomo
al
vizago mi vidis gojan rideton.
*Kun bruo
oni malfermis la pordegon, kaj la kaleSo enveturis
en la korton.
sed pluvego.
'Tio
Ci estis
jam ne simpla pluvo,
"Grandega hundo metis sur min
sian antatian piedegon, kaj mi de teruro ne sciis,
kion
fari.
serio
da
" AntaCi nia militistaro
pafilegoj.
staris
granda
"Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston,
Exercises
169
Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion
nomas JohanCjo (au

aii
Nikejo
att
VilheCjo
(ail
iliaj
gepatroj
NikolCjo (ati NikoCjo
JoCjo),
Niejo), Erneejo (aii Erejo), Vilheiejo

att
Vilfijo
au
ViCjo),
Man jo
(ad
Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (au Sofinjo).
TRANSLATION
*
some
bought for the children a

little
mountains,
heating,
chairs.
but only
the stove
summer we
hills.
was
it
it
Immediately after
an hour it was
was only somewhat

was entirely cold. *In
find coolness in dense forests.
leads through this field to our

I
saw a happy
and
after
hot,
near the table and dozes.
face
table
little
In our country there are no
only warm, after two hours

warm, and after three hours
sits
38
smile.
He
*A narrow path
house.
Upon his
'
Noisily they opened
the gate, and the carriage drove into
the
yard.
This was no longer a simple rain, but a flood.

^''An enormous dog put his forepaw upon me, and
from terror I did not know what to do. " In front
of our army stood a large array of cannon. ^^John,
Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara and Sophia,
'
their
parents call
Johnnie,
MoUie, Clarie, Sophie.
Nick, Ernie, Willie,
lyo
EXERCISE
39
koto,
dirt,
broso, brush.
rua,
re<i.
honti, to be ashamed.
solena, solemn.
printempo,
infekti, to infect.
springtime, relo, rail.
pendi, to hang,
vento, wind.
kapo, head.
rado, wheel.
Capo, caPt bonnet.
blovi, to blow.
branCo, branch.
tial
En
la kota vetero
mia vesto
mi prenis broson kaj purigis*
paliîs de timo kaj poste

fianCiîs
li
la
bogepatroj.
la vestojn
li
kuzo,
'
veston.
post
tri
'
Li
*Li
monatoj estos
edziâ soleno estos en la nova pregejo,
kaj la edziga festo estos en la
infanigis.
la
rugiîs de honto.
kun f radlino Berto
la edzigo
Car
forte iv^2i((Aiî^}3;
Tiu
Ci
domo de
liaj
estontaj
maljunulo tute malsagigis kaj
Post infekta malsano oni ofte bruligas
de
la
malhelpas
kvankam
al
Siaj
ni.
Si
edzinigis
kun
sia
gepatroj volis Sin edzinigi kun
alia persono.
'En
nego
'Venigu
fluidigas.
*Forigu vian fraton,
malsanulo.
la
printempo
la glacio kaj la
la kuraciston,
Car mi estas
Exercises
malsana.
^"Li venigis al si el Berlino multajn

" Mia onklo ne mortis per natura morto,
librojn.
sed
li
tamen ne mortigis
mortigita de neniu
la reloj
de fervojo,
li
sin
Capon sur
mia kapo
tiu Ci
mem
kaj ankatl estis
unu tagon, promenante apud

falis
sub la radojn de veturanta
vagonaro kaj mortigis.

arbeto
^^Mi ne pendigis mian

;
sed la vento forblovis de
la Capon, kaj gi, flugante, pendigis sur la
branCoj de la arbeto.
joro
171
^*
1
La
"Sidigu vin
(aii sidigu), sin-
junulo aligis al nia militistaro
kurage batalis kune kun ni kontraii
niaj
kaj
malamikoj.
Study carefully the distinction between ig and \%. The

is always transitive, while the latter is intransitive
purigi, to clean ; purigi, to become clean. Sentences 7 and 11
*
former
well illustrate this difference.
TRANSLATION
*
In
dirty
coat.
muddy weather my
the
therefore,
^
He
new
became very
turned pale with fear, and afterwards
Miss Bertha
;
coat
took a brush and cleaned the
he blushed with shame.
wedding
39
the
three
'
He became engaged
months hence
will
be
to
the
marriage ceremony will be in the
church, and the wedding festival will be in the
1 7a
*This old
house of his future parents-in-law.
has become quite imbecile and childish.

infectious
bum
disease they often
binders us.
"After an
the clothes of
'Send your brother away,
the patient.
man
for
he
^She married her cousin, although her
parents wished to marry her to another person.

*
In spring the ice and snow melt.
doctor, because
self
am
die a natural death,

kill
ill.
many books from

himself,
**
He
Berlin.
procured for him-
"
My uncle
but, however,
and was not
Bring the
'
killed
he
did not
not
did
by anyone
one
day, while walking near the rails of the railroad,
he
under the wheels of a moving train and was
fell
"I
killed.
shrub
and
it,
shrub.
did
not
my
hang
cap
upon
but the wind blew the cap from

flying,
hung
itself
my
this
head,
on the branches of the
"Seat yourself (or, be seated),
sir.
"The
youth joined our army and fought bravely, together

with us, against our enemies.
Exercises
173
EXERCISE
surprizi, to surprise.
trompi,
deceive, cheat,
Sviti, sweat, perspire.
magazeno,
40
laca, tired, weary

fulmo, lightnings
bani,
to bathe.
vendi, to sell.
cigaro, cigar.
tubo, tube.
fumo, smoke.
skatolo, small box, cas^,
pantalono, pants.
surtuto, overcoat.
brako, arm.
ing, a holder for a single object
cigaringo,
cigar-holder \ kandelingo, candle-stick.
store.
En
la daflro
La
"
pafojn.
de kelke da minutoj mi aiidis du
pafado
de surprizo.
Mi
daiiris tre longe.
tutan tagon de loko al loko.

estis
'
lin.
bela,
tre
Kiam
saltas tre lerte.
sed la tro
'
Lia
muUa
belan
eksaltis
saltadis la
hierafla parolo
novan,
vi ekparolis, ni atendis afldi ion
kanton.
La
'
I.a
*Li kantas
kantado estas
okupo.
^'
ekbriloj
de fulmo trakuris tra
"La
Mi
parolado lacigas
sed baldaii ni vidis, ke ni trompigis.

tre
Mi
'
agrabla
diaroanto havas belan brilon.

la
malluma
domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas
*^
Du
Cielo.
lernejo, kaj la
domo, en kiu oni pregas, estas pregejo. ^'La kuiristo
^^' American Esperanto Book
174
sidas en la kuirejo.
"La kuracisto konsilis al mi iri en
Svitbanejon. "Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn,
ad Cambro, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo;

skatoleto
objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn,
al alia
estas cigarujo
tubeto, en kiu oni metas cigaron,

'"
kiam oni gin fumas, estas cigaringo.
Skatolo,
en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bas-
estas
plumingo. " En
^*
kandelo.
En
la
monujon, kaj en
paperujon
pli
" La
brako.
plumon por skribado,
sur kiu oni tenas
toneto,
la
kandelingo sidas brulanta
poSo de mia pantolono mi portas
la
poSo de mia surtuto mi portas
grandan paperujon mi portas sub la
rusoj logas en
Rusujo kaj
la
germanoj
heard two
en Germanujo.
TRANSLATION
*
40
In the course of a few minutes
'The shooting continued very long.

surprise. * I jump very skilfully.
shots.
jumped from
jumped
all
day from place
to place.
'I
I
'His speech of
much speaking tires

him. 'When you began to speak, we expected to hear
something new, but soon saw that we were deceived.
yesterday was very
*He
is
fine,
but too
singing a very beautiful song. 'Singing
agreeable occupation.
"The diamond has a
is
an
beau-
Exercises
tiful
"
sparkle.
Two
learn
is
room
^'
a church.
is
^^
Turkish bath.
The cook
to
a cigar-
is
a small box or other object in which people
holder.
a cigar-case
is
^*
and a
writing,
is
box
in
little
tube in which
it,
carry
^^
my
and Germans
in
arm.
a pen-
In the candlestick
" In the pocket of
a pocketbook
a cigar-
is
on which we have a pen for
little stick,
carry a purse, and in the pocket of
carry under
is
which we keep pens
a penholder.
burning candle.
sits in
go
to
store in which they sell cigars,
one puts a cigar when he smokes
me
which they keep cigars,
in
keep cigars
case,
which people
in
^*The doctor advised
the kitchen.
store
The house
a school-house, and the house in which
which they pray
or a
flashes of lightning passed

^*
across the dark sky.
175
is
my trousers
my overcoat
a larger document-case
" Russians
Germany.
live in Russia,
176
EXERCISE
dtalo,
rompi,
vitro, glass.
laCidi, to
41
fleksi, to bend.
steel.
to break.
memori,
f raise.
to
remember.
Spari, to economize,
bagatelo,
vengi, to avenge.
polvo, dust.
eksplodi, to explode.
er, one of many objects
eksciti, to excite.
trifle.
fajro, fire.
pulvo, gunpowder.
of the same kind
sablo,
:
sand; sablero, a grain 0/ sand.

'Stalo estas fleksebla, sed fero
'
Vitro estas rompebla kaj
ne estas fleksebla.
travidebla.
'
Ne
Ciu
Via parolo estas tute

nekomprenebla kaj viaj leteroj estas Clam skribitaj
' Rakontu
tute nelegeble.
al mi vian malfeliCon,
* Li rakontis al
mi
Car eble mi povos helpi al vi.
kreskajo estas mangebla.
Cu
amas vian
historion
tute nekredeblan.
patron?
*Kia demando kompreneble, ke mi lin

Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodiati,
amas.
'
vi
Car mi pensas, ke mi
mem
havos hodiaii gastojn.

" Via ago estas tre
*'
latidinda.
Tiu Ci grava tago restos por mi Ciam
memorinda. " Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj
Sparema, sed Si estas anka(i tre babilema kaj
kriema. " Li estas tre ekkolerema kaj ekscitigas
"Li
estas
homo ne
kredinda.
malgranda bagatelo tamen li estas

pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron kaj li
" Li estas tre kredema
tute ne estas vengema.
ofte Ce la plej
tre
eC la
plej
nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al
li
Exercises
la plej nekredindaj
homoj,
177
^'
Cen"Sablero
"Li estas tre purema,
ne trovos sur lia vesto.
li
tuj kredas.
timo, pfenigo kaj kopeko estas moneroj.
mian okulon.
unu polveron vi
enfalis en
kaj
efi
" Unu
fajrero estas sufiCa,
por eksplodigi pulvon.
TRANSLATION
*
Steel
Glass
plant
is
is
flexible,
brittle
is edible.
hensible,
and your
but iron
41
is
not flexible.
* Not
and transparent.
every
*
Your speech is quite incompre-
letters are
always written quite
me your unhappiness, for possibly

* He told me
I shall be able to help you.
a totally
incredible story.
^Do you love your father?
*What a question! Of course I love him. 'I
illegibly.
Tell
shall probably not be able to come to your house

today, for I think that I myself shall have guests
today. " He is a man unworthy of belief. "Your
^^
act is very praiseworthy.
This important day
" His wife is
will ever remain memorable for me.
very industrious and thrifty, but she is also very
^*
talkative and noisy.
He is very quick-tempered,
and often becomes excited at the smallest trifle
however, he is very forgiving, he does not bear
anger long and is not at all vengeful. ^^He is very
credulous ; even the most incredible things, which
the most untrustworthy people tell him, he at once
believes.
Â centime, a pfennig and a kopek are
coins,
"a grain of sand fell into my eye. "He
is very clean, and you v/ill not find even a single
speck of dust on his coat. *Ône spark is sufficient
to explode gunpowder.
178
EXERCISE
rezultato, result.
atingi, to attain.
peco, piece,
episkopo, bishop.
Siri, to tear, rend.
moSto, universal
42
title,
grafo, earl, count.
difini, to define.
*Ni Ciuj kunvenis, por priparoli tre gravan aferon;
sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni

'
MalfeliCo ofte kunigas la homojn,
disigas
ilin.
'
Mi
disSiris
disiris.
kaj feliCo ofte
la leteron kaj
disjetis
angulojn de la Cambro.
*Li donis al mi monon, sed mi gin tuj redonis al li.
giajn pecetojn en Ciujn
'Mi
foriras, sed
atendu min, Car mi baldaiirevenos.
'La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo de la rivero.

' Mi diris al la rego
via rega moSto, pardonu mini
:
unu
al Lia Episdua: al lia Grafa

Moto, Sinjoro P.; la tria: al Lia MoSto, Sinjoro
D. *La sufikso urn ne havas difinitan signifon,
kaj tial la (tre malmultajn) vortojn kun urn oni
devas lemi, kiel simplajn vortojn. ^*Ekzemple:
plenumi, kolumo, manumo. " Mi volonte plenumis
lian deziron. " En malbona vetero oni povas facile
malvarmumi.
Sano, sana, sane, sani, sanu, san-
El
la tri leteroj
estis adresita
kopa MoSto, Sinjoro N.;
la
iga, saneco, sanilo, sanigi, sanigi, sanejo, sanisto,
sanulo, malsano, malsana, malsane, malsani, malsanulo, malsaniga, malsanigi, malsaneta, malsanema, malsanulejo, malsanulisto, malsanero, mal-
saneraro,
sanigebla,
sanigisto,
sanigilo,
sanilo,
Exercises
79
resanigi, resaniganto, sanigilejo, sanigejo, malsan-
emulo, sanilaro, malsanaro, malsanulido, nesana,
malsanado,
sanigo, malsanulino,
ista,
malsaneco,
sanilajo,
saniginda, sanilujo,
malsanulista* k.
sanigista, sanigilista,
t.
sanil-
p.
TRANSLATION
We
malsanemeco,
sanigilujo, remalsano, remal-
42
convened to discuss a very important

attain any result, and we
separated. Ûnhappiness often unites people and
^
I tore up
and happiness often separates them.
letter
and
scattered
its
fragments
into
all corthe
*
the
money,
but I
of
room.
He
gave
me
ners
^
returned
him.
going
immediately
it to
I
am
^The
away, but await me, as I shall soon return.
^
in
the
clear
water
the
river.
reflects
of
I
sun
said to the king: "Your Majesty, pardon me!"
*
Of the three letters, one was addressed "To His
"To His
Reverence, Bishop N."; the second:
"To The HonExcellency, Count P."; the third
'The suffix um has no definite
orable Mr. D."
meaning, and therefore the (very few) words with
um one should learn as simple words. ^For ex^^
I willingly
ample plenumi, kolumo, vianumo.
^^
In bad weather one can
fulfilled his desire.
*
all
matter, but
we could not
easily catch cold.

words shown here from the root san* are
and serve to illustrate the wide latitude of expression which may be had by use of the afi&xes.
*The
fifty-three
self-defining
l8o
CORRESPONDENCE
letter, we usually omit the
and write the day of the month with
In the date-line of a
preposition
/<r
accusative sign following the figures
1 8^
St. Louis,
de AUgusto, igo8.
San Francisko, 2&^ de Marto, 1914.
Everyone may safely use
own
his
taste as to
the form of salutation, conforming, however, to the

relations between
By
adresanto and adresaio.
peculiar paradox, the most formal style of address

for
"My
Americans,
formality in
literal
its
Dear Madan>", is far from

meaning, and should the
average European be addressed as Mia Kara he

would infer at least some degree of affection.
A
few of the many forms of greeting are
Sinjoroj:
Respektata Sinjorino
Tre Estimata Amiko

Kara Kolego
Kara Samideano^
The forms
of closing letters are
much
the
same
as in English
Kun
plena respekto,
Tre vcre
via,
Kun granda
Sam-ide-an-o, a
felloiv-lhinker.
estimo,
etc;
etc.
Correspondence
l8l
Modelaj Leteroj
Al Administranto de Amerika Esperantisto,
Cikago, U. S. A.
Sinjoro
Tralerninte mian lemolibron kun treega intereso,

kaj dezirante lernadi pli multe pri Esperanto, kiel
ankatt uzadi mian gis
nun akiritan
scion,
mi sendas
sumo da unu dolaro kaj

Aminde enskribu mian nomon
enfermite mandaton por la
dudek-kvin cendoj.
kiel
abonanto
conta
je la
al via
gazeto
dum unu
jaro,
komen-
Ankau, enpresu
oktobra kajero.
kiel
eble plej frue, la sekvantan anonceton

Dekses-j'ara
esperantistino
deziras
korespondadi
kun kelkaj geartistoj de fremdaj landoj pri la inierA/able sin

Sango de ariajetojn, kuriozajojn, k. t. p.
iurfiu al: Fno. Gladys Nelson^ 23 Paul Avenue^
Suite 16, Nov- Yorko.
Esperante ke
mi
vi baldaii
plenumos mian mendon,
estas, sinjoro,
Tre respekte
la via,
(Fraiilino) Gladys Nelson.
Urbo Nov- J or ko,
i6* de Septembro, 1907.
23 Paul Avenue, Suite 16.
z8a
Toronto, Kanado, 17*" de Aprilo, 1908.
D~ W.
F. Cody,
Galveston, Texas, U. . A.
Mia Kara Samideano

Respondante vian leteron pri la reciproka interSangado de manuskriptojpredikaj, mi povas diri ke
mi multe aprobas la projekton. Per tiu Ci farado
ni sendube ricevos multe da helpon, kaj plibonigos
nian laboradon.
Mi sendas
al vi
per la sama poSto
lanotojn de mia hieraxia prediko, titolita **Ju pli da

Sapo, des pli da Sankteco." Mi vere kredas keoni
ne povas purigi la morojn de la amasoj gis kiam

ili havos sufiCe da riCeco por ûi purajn domojn,
puran aeron kaj purajn vestojn. Cu vi opinias ke
mi eraras?
Frate via,
Charles Saunders
Novembro
la 6*", 1906.
Altera Esperantista Sbcieto,

rue du Marine^ Algero, Algerujo.
Sekretario de
4,
Hamm.
1'
Respektata Sinjoro
Cu vi povas doni al mi, poStkarte, adreson de
juna algera esperantistino kiu kredeble Satus korespondi kun nord-amerika samideanino? Mi multe
interesas pri la afero nia en Afriko, kaj deziras pli
Kun kora danko pro via komplezo,
detale sciigi.
mi subskribas min, sinjoro.
Via humila servantino.
Alberta V. Edwards,
Adreso:
Griff,
Mo., U.
S. A.
Correspondence
183
Especially in correspondence with foreign per-
one should be careful to write plainly, as to

many of these Esperanto script is not easy to read
sons,
unless clearly written.

to
Be
name and address.
whom
particularly careful as
We
Americans,
many
of
habitually use figures of speech called slang
when the gloss is worn

remember
that
such
language cannot be
must
while new, and good English

off,
me that a
a rare American
who doesn't know what is meant by a metaphorical
"peach," and most Europeans would understand
if we mentioned "bird"; but to the home-grown
Japanese or Maori these words would indicate
translated.
certain
book
An
is
Indiana
fersiko.
man
writes
He is
things pertaining to horticulture and ornithology.
184
LA ESPERANTISMO
La
sekvanta Deklaracio
estis
Mer,
la
pan de AUgustOy
Unua
eldonata de la
Jnternacia Kongreso Esperantista
en Boulogne-sur-
igoS'-
Car pri la esenco de la esperantismo multaj

havas tre malveran ideon, tial ni subskribintoj,
reprezentantoj de la esperantismo en diversaj landoj
de la mondo, kunvenintaj al la Internacia Kongreso
Esperantista en Boulogne-sur-Mer, trovis necese
lati la propono de la adtoro de Esperanto doni la
sekvantan klarigon.
La
1.
esperantismo estas penado disvastigi en
mondo
uzadon de lingvo neiitrale homa,

kiu, "ne entrudante sin en la inteman vivon de la
popoloj kaj neniom celante elpuSi la ekzistantajn
lingvojn naciajn," donus al la homoj de malsamaj
nacioj la eblon komprenigadi inter si, kiu povos
servi kiel paciga lingvo en publikaj institucioj de
la tuta
tiuj
la
landoj, kie diversaj nacioj batalas inter
la lingvo,
si
pri
kaj en kiu povos esti publikigataj tiuj
verko], kiuj havas egalan intereson por Ciuj popo-
Ciu alia ideo
loj.
ati
espero, kiun tiu
esperantisto ligas kun la esperantismo,

afero
pure privata por kiu la
zX\.
alia
estas lia
esperantismo ne
respondas.
2.
Car en
la
nuna tempo neniu esploranto jam
La
dubas
pri tio,
Esperantismo
185
ke lingvo internacia povas esti nur

el Ciuj multegaj provoj faritaj
lingvo arta, kaj Car
en la daiiro de la lastaj du centjaroj, Ciuj prezentas
nur teoriajn projektojn, kaj lingvo efektive finita,

perfekte vivipova kaj en Ciuj
rilatoj pleje tafiga montrigis nur unu sola lingvo,
Esperanto tial la amikoj de la ideo de lingvo
internacia, konsciante ke teoria diskutado kondukos
al nenio kaj ke la celo povas esti atingita nur per
laborado praktika, jam de longe Ciuj grupigis Cirkaii
la sola lingvo Esperanto kaj lahoras por gia disvastigado kaj la riCigado de gia literaturo.
Car la aiitoro de la lingvo Esperanto tuj en
3.
la komenco rifuzis unufoje por Ciam 6iujn personajn
Ciuflanke elprovita,
rajtojn
kaj
privilegiojn
rilate
tiun
lingvon,
tial
Esperanto estas "nenies proprajo" nek en rilato

materiala, nek en rilato morala. Materiala majstro
de tiu 6i lingvo estas la tuta mondo kaj Ciu deziranto povas eldonadi en ad pri tiu fii lingvo Ciajn
verkojn, kiajn li deziras, kaj uzadi la lingvon por
6iaj eblaj celoj ; kiel spiritaj majstroj de tiu 6i
lingvo estos Ciam rigardataj tiuj personoj, kiuj de
la
mondo
esperantista estos konfesataj kiel la plej
bonaj kaj plej talentaj verkistoj de tiu
6i
lingvo.
Esperanto havas neniun personan legdonanton kaj dependas de neniu aparta homo.
Opinioj
kaj verkoj de la kreinto de Esperanto havas, simile
al la opinioj kaj verkoj de Ciu alia esperantisto,
karakteron absolute privatan kaj por neniu devigan.
La sola unufoje por Ciam deviga por Ciuj esperan4.
i86
tistoj
fundamento de
la Lingvo
Esperanto estas
la
verketo "Fundamento de Esperanto," en kiu neniu
havas
la rajton fari
neniam povos pravigi

aii
Se
de
la
donitaj en la dirita verko,
li
Sanson.
reguloj kaj modeloj
iu dekliniâs
sin perlavortoj "tiel deziras
Ciun ideon,
konsilas la atltoro de Esperanto."
kiu ne povas esti oportune esprimata per tiu materialo,
kiu trovigas en la
"Fundamento de Esperan-
to," eiu esperantisto havas la rajton esprimi en tia
maniero, kiun
estas
11
farate en
trovas la plej ûsta,

Ciu
alia
unueco de la lingvo
rekomendate imitadi
stilon,
kiu
lingvo.
al Ciuj
kiel
tiel
same,
kiel
Sed pro plena
esperantistoj estas
eble
plej
multe tiun
trovigas en la verkoj de la kreinto de
Esperanto, kiu la plej multe laboris por kaj en

Esperanto, kaj la plej bone konas gian spiriton.
Esperantisto estas nomate Ciu persono, kiu
5.
scias kaj uzas la lingvon Esperanto, tute egale, por
kiaj celoj
li
gin uzas. Apartenado al ia aktiva societo
esperantista por Ciu esperantisto estas rekomendinda, sed de deviga.
VOCABULARIES
The
following
contains
fiienio
all of
the word-roots found in the Funda-
some hundreds of others

The student must understand that
de Esperanto, with
in general use.
the great majority of these roots can be changed
by the addition of the various grammatical endings

and of the prefixes and suffixes so that, having
appropriated a thousand Esperanto roots, he will
possess a working vocabulary of several thousand
;
words.
The English-Esperanto Vocabulary is merely a

supplementary help, to assist the student in finding
the root connected with the idea he has in mind.
It contains few feminine nouns, these being formed
from the general or masculine term by adding the
suffix in.
Hundreds of words for which Esperanto
has no root equivalent are translated by the word
of
contrary meaning,
method
with the prefix
of word-building is
series of
shown
words from the root
Sano, health.
Sani, to be healthy.
Sana, healthy.
Sane, healthfully.
Sanigi, to
make
healthy.
The
tnal.
in the following
for health
'
Vocabularies
Sanigi, to become healthy.
Malsani, to be ill.
Malsano, sickness.
Malsaneco, the state
of being sick.
Sanulo, a healthy person.

Malsanulo, an invalid.
Resanigebla, curable.
Nesanigebla, incurable.
Malsanulejo, a sanitarium, hospital
Resaniganta, convalescent.
Remalsanigi, to suffer a relapse.
Malsanema,
sickly.
Malsanero, a malady.
Malsaneraro, a category of diseases.
Sanemulino, a healthily-inclined female.
Sanigilo, a medicine.
Sanigilaro, materia medica.
Sanigisto, a physician.
Malsaneto, a slight disease.

Malsanego, a very serious malady.
Sanigilujo, a medicine case.
Etc., etc,, etc.
to 69.
See
full list of
affixes,
pp.
65
Esperanto- English Vocabulary
ending
abat-o, abbot
abel-o, bee
aberaci-o, aberration
abi-o, fir
abisen-o, Abysinnian
a, adjective
abism-o, abyss
abiturient-o, abiturient
ablativ-o, ablative
abomen-o, abomination
abon-i, to subscribe to
abnegaci-o, abnegation
abrikot-o, apricot
abrotan-o,
southern-
wood
abrupt-a, abrupt
absces-o, abscess
absin-to, absinthe
absolut-a, absolute
absolutism-o, absolutism
absolv-i, to absolve
absorb-i, to absorb
abstemi-a, abstemious
abstinenc-o, abstinence
abstrakt-a, abstract
absurd-a, absurd
acer-o, maple
acetat-o, acetate
acetile-no, acetylene
acid-a, sour
a6et-i, to buy
ad, suffix indicating continued action paroli,
to speak ;
parolado,
:
a speech
adapt-i, to adapt
adekvat-a, adequate
adept-o, adept
adiau, farewell
adici-i, to add
adjektiv-o, adjective
adjunkt-o, adjunct
adjutant-o, adjutant
administr-i, administer
administraci-o, administration,
management
admir-i, to adniire
admiral-o, admiral
admiralitat-o,
admiralty
admon-i,
to
admonish
adopt-i, to adopt
ador-i, worship, adore
adres-i, to address
adstring-a, astringent
adult-i, to commit adultery
adverb-o, adverb
advent-o, advent
advokat-o,
advocate
attorney,
aer-o, air; aerumi,
to
ventilate
aerometr-o, aerometer
aeronautik-o, aeronautics
aerostat-o, aerostat
afabl-a, affable
afekci-o, affection (not
love)
afekt-i, to affect
afer-o, affair, matter
aforism-o, aphorism
afiks-o, afifix
afiS-o, placard
afrank-i, to pay postage
Afrik-o, Africa
afust-o, gun-carriage
ag-i, to act
agac-i, to set the teeth
on edge
agarik-o, mushroom
agat-o, agate
agend-o, note-book
agent-o, agent
agit-i, to agitate (/^/.)
agiot-o, a speculation in
stocks
agl-o, eagle
aglomer-i, to agglomerate
aglutin-i, to agglutinate
agoni-o, agony
agord-i, to tune
agrabl-a, agreeable
agraf-o, metal clasp
agregat-o, aggregate
agrikultur-o,
agriculture
agronomi-o, agronomy
ag-o, aê
ajl-o, garlic
ajn
ever
kiam
ajn,
whenever
aj,
something made from
possessing
or
the
quality of bovo, ox
bovajo, beef\ bela,
beautiful \
belajo, a
beautiful thing.
akaci-0, acacia
:
akademi-o, academy
akapar-i,
to
"corner
the market" of
akar-o, mite, tick
akcel-i, to hasten,
ac-
celerate
akcent-o, accent
akcept-i, to accept
akcesor-o, accessory
akci-o, share of stock
akcident-o, accident
akcipitr-o, hawk
akciz-o, excise
akir-i, to acquire
aklam-i, to acclaim
akn-o, pimple
akompan-i, to accompany
akomod-i,accommodate
to, to fit
akonit-0, aconite
akord-o, chord {music)
akr-a, sharp
akrid-o, grasshopper
akrobat-o, acrobat
aks-o, axle
aksel-o, axle-hole
aksiom-o, axiom
akt-o, act (theatrical)
aktiv-a, active {gram.^
aktor-o, actor
akurat-a, accurate
akustik-o, accoustics
aku-i, to
deliver a
woman
alg-oj, sea- weed
algebr-o, algebra
Al|eri-o, Algiers
al?iemi-o, alchemy
ali-a, other
ali-e, otherwise
alibi-o, alibi
aline-o,
break
paragraph
aligator-o, alligator
alk-o, elk
alkali-o, alkali
alkohol-o, alcohol
alkov-o, alcove
almanak-o, almanac
akut-a, acute
akuzativ-o, accusative
akv-o, water
akvafort-o, aquafortis
akvarel-o, a painting
almenaii, at least
almoz-o, alms
in water-color
akvari-o, aquarium
al, to or toward
alabastr-o, alabaster
Alp-oj, Alps
alpak-o, alpaca
alt-a, high
alarm-o, alarm
alaud-o, lark (bird)
alban-o, Albanian
albinos-o, albino
or
in printing
aln-o, alder
alo-o, aloes
alopati-o, allopathy
altar-o, altar
alte-o, marshmallow
altern-i, to alternate
alternativ-o, an alternative
album-o, album
albumen-o, albumen
alumet-o, match
alcion-o, halcyon
ald-o, alto
ale-o, walk, path
alegori-o, allegory
alen-o, awl
alfabet-o, alphabet
alud-i, to allude to
alun-o, alum
amalgam-o, amalgam
amas-o, crowd
amator-o, amateur
ambasador-o, ambassador
ambaii, both
ambici-o,ambition
ambl-o, amble
ambos-o, anvil
ambr-o, ambergris
ambrozi-o, ambrosia
ambulanc-o, ambulance
amel-o, starch
amen! amenl
Amerik-o, America
ametist-o, amethyst
amfibi-a, amphibious
amfiteatr-o, amphitheater
amik-o, friend
amindum-i, make
love
amnesti-o, amnesty
amoniak-o, ammoniac
ampleks-o, extent, size
amput-i, amputate
amuz-i, to amuse
an,
sufiix
member,
indicating a
citizen, par-
tisan, etc.:
Ameriko,
America; Amerikano,
an American
anagram-0, anagram
anakronism-o,anachronism
analiz-i, to analyze
analogi-o, analogy
analitik-o, analytics
ananas-o, pineapple
anarTii-o, anarchy
anatomi-o, anatomy
anas-o, duck
anfiov-o, anchovy
And-oj, Andes
Andaluzi-o, Andalusia
anekdot-o, anecdote
aneks-i, to annex
anemon-o, anemone
angil-o, eel
angin-o, quinsy, angina

angl-a, English
angl-o, Englishman
anglism-o, anglicism
angul-o, angle, corner
angel-o, angel
angelus-o, angelus
anilin-o, aniline
anim-o, soul
aniz-o, anise
ankaii, also
ankorau, yet, still

ankr-o, anchor
anomali-o, anomaly
anonc-i, announce
anonim-a, anonymous
ans-o,catch, clinch, latch
anser-o, goose
anstatau, instead of
ant, sign of present active participle:
loving
amanta
antagonism-o,
onism
antag-
antagonist-o, antagonist
antarkt-a, antarctic
antaii, before
anten-o, antenna
anticip-i, to anticipate
antikrist-o, Antichrist
antikv-a, antique
antilop-o, antelope
Antil-oj, the Antilles
antimon-o, antimony
antipati-o, antipathy
antipod-oj, antipodes
antiseps-a, antiseptic
antitez-o, antithesis
antologi-o, anthology
antracit-o, anthracite
antraks-o, anthrax
antropologi-o, anthro-
pology
Anunciaci-o, Annunciation
anus-o, anus
aort-o, aorta
apanag-o, appanage
aparat-o, apparatus
apart-a, special, separate
apartament-o,
suite,
apartment
aparten-i, to belong to
apati-o, apathy
apelaci-o, apellation
apenaii, hardly, scarcely
Apenin-oj, Appenines
aper-i, to appear
apetit-o, appetite
aplaiid-i, to applaud
aplomb-o, aplomb
apog-i, to lean upon
apoge-o, apogee
apokalips-o, apocalypse
apokrif-a, apocryphal
apolog-o, apologue
apologi-o, apology
apopleksi-o, apoplexy
apostat-a, apostate
apostaz-i, to apostatize
apostol-o, apostle
apostrof-o, apostrophe
apotek-o, a chemist's
'
shop
apoteoz-o, apotheosis
apozici-o, apposition
apr-o, wild boar
April-o, April
aprob-i, to approve
apsid-o, apsis
apud, near
ar, indicates a collection
of things
arbo, tree\
arbaro, forest
arab-o, an Arab
:
arabesk-o, arabesque
arak-o, arrack
arane-o, spider
arang-i, to arrange
arb-o, tree
arbitr-a, arbitrary
arbitraci-o, arbitration
arco, violin bow

ard-o, ardor
arde-o, heron
ardez-o, slate
aroma tr-o, areometer
are-o, area
aren-o, arena
areopag-0, areopagus
artemezi-o, wormwood
arest-i, to arrest
argil-o, clay
arteri-o, artery
artez-a, artesian
argon-o, argon
artifik-o, artifice
argument-o, argument
Argus-o, Argus
artik-o, joint
arfent-o, silver
artikol-o,article(^rd!i.
artileri-o, artillery
arliaik-a, archaic
artist-o, artist
arliaism-o, archaism
arlieologi-o, archeology
artiok-o, artichoke
ariipelag-o,
archipel-
ago
arTiitektur-o, architecture
arîtrav-o, architrave
arîv-o, archives
ari-o, air {music)
aristokrat-o, aristocrat
aritmetik-o, arithmetic
ark-o, arc, bow
arkad-o, arcade
arke-o, ark {Noah's)
arkt-a, arctic
arleken-o, harlequin
artrit-o, arthritis
as, present tense ending
of verbs
as-o, ace, of cards
asafetid-o, asafetida
asbest-o, asbestos
asekur-i, to insure
asert-i, to assert
asesor-o, an assistant
judge
asfiksi-o, asphyxia
asign-i, to assign
asimil-i, to assimilate
asist-i, to assist
arom-o, aroma
askarid-o, spoolworm
asket-o, ascetic
asketism-o, asceticism
association,
asoci-o,
organization
asonanc-o, assonance
asparag-o, asparagus
aspekt-o, aspect
aspid-o, asp, aspic
arorut-o, arrowroot
arpeg-o, arpeggio
arsenik-o, arsenic
aspir-i, to aspire
asteroid-oj, asteroids
astr-oj, stars, in general
art-o, art
astrologi-o, astrology
arm-i, to arm
arme-o, army
armen-o, Armenian
arnik-o, arnica
arog-i (al si), to arrogate to oneself
arogant-a, arrogant
astronomi-0,
astron-
omy
sign of the present
passive
participle
amate, being loved
atak-i, to attack
at-,
atavism-o, atavism
ateism-o, atheism
ateist-o, atheist
atenc-i, to attempt
atend-i, to wait
atent-a, attentive
atest-i, to attest
ating-i, reach, attain
Atlantik-a, Atlantic
atlas-o, satin
atlet-o, athlete
atmosfer-o, atmosphere
atom-o, atom
atribu-i, to attribute
atribut-o, attribute
atripl-o, mountain spin-
ach
atrofi-o, atrophy
atut-o, trump, at cards
au, or, either
aiid-i, to hear
auditoriTO, audience
augur-o, augury
August-o, August
aukci-o, auction
aiireol-o, aureole
aurikl-o, auricle
Auror-o, Aurora
auskult-i, to listen
auspic-oj, auspices
austr-o, an Austrian
Australi-o, Australia
autentik-a, authentic
autobiografi-o,
auto-
biography
autograf-o, autograph
aiitokrat-o, autocrat
autokrati-o, autocracy
automat-o, automaton
automobil-o, automobile
autor-o, author
autoritat-o, authority
autun-o, autumn
av-o, grandfather
avar-a, avaricious
avel-o, hazelnut
aven-o, oats
aventur-o, adventure
avid-a, avid, eager
aviz-i, to notify
azen-o, ass, donkey
Azi-o, Asia
azot-o, azote
babil-i, to chatter
bajonet-o, bayonet
babord-o, larboard
bak-i, to bake
bakteri-o, bacterium
bal-o, ball, dance
bacil-o, bacillus
bagatel-o,
trifle
lO
bala-i, to sweep
balad-o, ballad
barbir-o, barber
barCo, beet-root soup
barel-o, barrel, cask
barier-o, barrier
barikad-o, barricade
bariton-o, baritone
balanc-i, to balance
balast-o, ballast
balbut-i, to stammer
baldaken-o,, canopy
baldau, soon
balen-o, whale
balet-o, ballet
balkon-o, balcony
balon-o, balloon
balot-i, to vote by ballot
Balt-a, Baltic
balustrad-o, balustrade
balzam-o, balsam
balzamen-o, balsamine
bambu-o, bamboo
ban-i, to bathe
banan-o, banana
band-o, band, gang
bandag-o, bandage
banderol-o, a strip
paper
of
bandit-o, bandit
bank-o, bank(financial)
bankier-o, banker
bankrot-i, to fail in
business
bant-o, bow of ribbon
bapt-i, baptize
bar-i, to obstruct
barium-o, barium
bark-o, bark (boat)
barometr-o, barometer
baron-o, baron
bas-o, base (.music)
basen-o, reservoir
bask-o, skirt of garment
bast-o, inner bark of tree
bastard-o, bastard
bastion-o, bastion
baston-o, stick
baSlik-o, kind of hood
bat-i, to beat
batal-i, to fight
batalion-o, battalion
batat-o, sweet potato
bateri-o, battery
batist-o, cambric, lawn
bavar-o, a Bavarian
baz-o, chemical base
bazalt-o, basalt
bazar-o, bazar
bazilik-o, basilica
bazilisk-o, basilisk
bed-o, garden-bed
barak-o, barracks
bedaiir-i, to regret
barakt-i, to struggle
beduen-o, Bedouin
barb-o, Iseard
barbar-o, barbarian
barbarism-o, barbarism
bek-o, beak
bel-a, fine, beautiful
beladon-o, belladonna

beletristik-o,
belles-
biret-o, biretta
bis, once more, encore
biskvit-o, biscuit
lettres
belg-o, a Belgian
ben-i, to bless
benefic-o, benefice
bismut-o, bismuth
bistr-o, bistre
bisturi-o, lancet
benk-o, bench
benzin-o, benzine
benzol-o, benzola
bitum-o, bitumen
bivak-o, bivouac
ber-o, berry
berber-o, a Berber
beril-o, beryl
best-o, beast
bet-o, beet
betul-o, birch
bezon-i, to need, want
bibli-o, Bible
bibliogbibliografi-o,
raphy
blank-a, white
blasfem-i,to blaspheme
blat-o, weevil
blazon-o, blazon
blek-o, cry of animal
blend-o, blende
blind-a, blind
blok-o, block
blond-a, blonde
blov-i, to blow
blu-a, blue
bibliotek-o, library
bicikl-o, bicycle
bien-o, landed estate
bier-o, beer
bifstek-o, beefsteak
bluz-o, blouse
bo, relationship by marriage
patro, father ;
:
hO'^Sitvo,father-in- law
bigami-o, bigamy
bigot-a, bigoted
bil-o, promissory note
bileto, ticket
II
bilanc-o, balance-sheet
bilard-o, billiards
bilion-o, billion
bild-o, picture, poster
bind-i, to bind (books)
binokl-o, binocular
biografi-o, biography
biologi-o, biology
bird-o, bird
boa-o, boa
boat-o, jDoat
boben-o, bobbin, spool
bohem-o, a Bohemian
boj-i, to
bark
bojkot-i, to boycott
boks-i, to box
bol-i, to boil
Bolivi-o, Bolivia
bomb-o, bomb
bombard-i,
to
bombard
bombon-o, bonbon
bon-a, good
xa
bosk-o, grove, park

bot-o, boot
botanik-o, botany
botel-o, bottle
bov-o, ox
bracelet-o, bracelet
braliiur-o, crab
brak-o, arm (of body)
bronkit-o, bronchitis
bronz-o, bronze
bros-o, brush
brour-o, brochure
brov-o, eyebrow
bru-o, noise
brul-i, to burn ; biniligi,
to cause to burn
bram-o, bream (fish)

braman-o, Brahmin
brun-a, brown
brust-o, breast
bran-o, bran
branCo, branch
brand-o, brandy
brank-o, gills (of
brut-o, brute
bub-o, ragamuffin
bubal-o, buffalo
fish)
bras-i, to brace inaui.)
brasik-o, cabbage
brav-a, brave
brazil-o, a Brazilian
breC-o, breach
bret-o, shelf
breton-o, a Breton
brev-o, papal breve
brevier-o, breviary
brid-o, bridle
brigad-o, brigade
brik-o, brick
briketo, briquette
bril-i, to shine
briliant-o, a brilliant
brit-a, British
broC-o, brooch
brod-i, to embroider
brog-i, to scald
brokant-i, to haggle
brom-o, bromine
bronk-o, bronchial tube
butcher
bud-o, booth, small store
budtet-o, budget
bufii, to
buf-o, toad
bufed-o, buffet
bufr-o, buffer of car
buk-o, buckle
buked-o, bouquet
bukl-o, ringlet, curl
buks-o, boxwood
bul-o, ball of earth
bulb-o, bulb, onion
bulgar-o, a Bulgarian
buljon-o, broth
bulk-o, roll (bread)
bulvard-o, boulevard
bun-o, bun
burd-o, bumble-bee
burg-o, civilian, burgess
burgon-o, bud
burlesk-a, burlesque
burnoos-o, burnoose
busprit-o, bowsprit
EsperantO'English Vocabulary
bust-o, bust
bu-o, mouth
buel-o, bushel
buter-o, butter
car-o, czar
ced-i, cede, yield
cedr-o, cedar
cejan-o, cornflower
cel-i, to
aim
cek-o, Czech
butik-o, store
buton-o, button
butor-o, bittern
buz-o, buzzard
cezi-o,
caesmm
thou cin, thee

cianacid-o,prussic acid
cibet-o, civet
cidoni-o, quince
cidr-o, cider
ci,
celeri-o, celery
cifer-o, cipher, figure
celuloid-o, celluloid
cembr-o, kind of pine
cigan-o, gipsy
cigar-o, cigar
cigared-o, cigarette
cign-o, swan
cikad-o, cicada
cement-o, cement
cend-o, cent
cent, hundred
centav-o, centavo
eentigram-o, centigram
centr-o, center
cikatr-o, scar
cikl-o, cycle
ciklon-o, cyclone
ciklop-o, cyclop
cikoni-o, stork
cikori-o, succory
centraliz-i, centralize
cikumo, brown owl
cenzur-i, to censure
cerb-o, brain
cercedul-o, teal
cikut-o, hemlock
cilindr-o, cylinder
centilitr-o, centilitre
centim-o, centime
centimetr-o, centimeter
ceremoni-o, ceremony
ceri-o, cerium
cert-a, certain, sure
cerv-o, deer
ceter-a, the rest ; kaj
ceteraj, and so forth
13
cim-o, bug
cimbal-o, cymbal
cinabr-o, cinnibar
cinam-o, cinnamon
cindr-o, ashes
cinik-a, cynical
cipres-o, cypress
14
cir-o, shoe blacking

cirk-o, circus
cirkel-o, compass
cirkl-o, circle
cirkonstanc-o, circumstance
cirkul-i, to circulate
cirkuler-o, a circular
cirkumfleks-o, circumflex
Cabrak-o, caparison
Cagren-o, chagrin
Cam-o, chamois
Cambelan-o, chamber-
quote
citadel-o, citadel
citr-o, zither
citron-o, lemon
civil-a, civil( not military, etc.)
civiliz-i, to civilize
civilizaci-o,civilization
col-o, inch
Cef-,
head or principal:
e e furbo
metropolis.
Cek-o, check (on bank)

6el-o, cell (of matter;
comb)
also of insects'
lain
Cambro, room
Campan-o, champagne
Can-o, cock (of gun)
Cap-o, furred cap
6apel-o, hat
Capitr-o, chapter
Car, because, for, since
Car-o, chariot
6arlatan-o, charlatan
fiarm-a, charming
Carnir-o, hinge
6arpent-i, to do carpenter
cistern-o, cistern
cit-i, to cite,
work
Cemizo,
shirt
en-o, chain
fieriz-o, cherry
Cerk-o, coffin
6erp-i,
to
draw water
from well
6esi, to cease
6eval-o, horse
ei,
the nearest
tio,
that tio Ci, this.

Cia, all, all such
eial, for every reason
;
Ciam, always
Casta, chaste
Cie, everywhere
Ciel, in every way
Ciel-o, heaven, the sky
Ce, at
Cies, everybody's
Carpi-o,
lint
fias-i, to
hunt

6if-i, to
crumple
iz-i, to chisel
fiifon-o, rag
Cj,
dikan-i, chicane, cavil

2io,
all,
Ciom,
everything
all, all
of
fiirkau, around
6iu, each, every
irp-ij to chirp
da, of
de
endearing diminutive
for masculine
names
Petro, Peter
PeCjo,
it
Pete.
Cil-o, a Chilian
one
okolad-o, chocolate
6u, whether
used instead of
words denot-
debit-o, selling transac-
weight,
dec-i, to be proper, decent
after
ing quantity,
number.
daktil-o, date (fruit)
dali-o, dahlia
dalmat-a, Dalmatian
dam-oj, draughts (game
damask-o, damask
dan-o, a Dane
danc-i, to dance
dand-o, a dandy
danger-o, danger
dank-i, to thank
Dardanel-oj, Dardanelles
dat-o, date (time); datumi, to date

dativ-o, dative
datur-o, datura
dauri, to continue
de, of, by, since, from
debet-o, a "charge,"
debit (indicates debt)
tion,
ready sale
Decembr-o, December
decid-i, to decide
decilitr-o, decilitre
deciinal-a, decimal
decimetr-o, decimeter
deCifr-i, to decipher
dediCi, to dedicate
dedukt-i, to deduce
defend-i, to defend
deficit-o, deficit
definitiv-a, definitive
degel-i, to thaw
degener-i, degenerate
degrad-i, to degrade
dejor-i, to be on duty
dek, ten
dekadenc-o, decadence
dekagram-o, dekagram
dekametr-o, dekameter
i6
Esperanto-Engli<!h Vocabulary
dekan-o, dean
deklam-i, to declaim
deklar-i, to declare
deklaraci-o, declaration
deklinaci-o, declension
dekliv-o, declivity
dekoraci-o, decoration
dekret-i, to decree
dekstr-a, right ; opposite of left
deleg-i, to delegate
delegaci-o, delegation
delfen-o, dolphin
delikat-a, delicate
delir-o, delirium
delt-o, delta
demagog-o, demagogue
demand-i, to ask
demokrat-o, democrat
demokrati-o, democracy
demon-o, demon
denar-o, denarius
dens-a, dense
dent-o, tooth
denunc-i, to denounce
departement-o, department of government

depeS-o, dispatch
depon-i, to deposit
deput-i, to depute
deriv-i, to derive
des pli, the more
desegn-i, to design
desert-o, dessert
desinfekt-i, disinfect
despot-o, despot
despotism-o, despotism
destin-i, to destine
detal-o, detail
detektiv-o, detective
determin-i, determine
detru-i, to destroy
dev-i, ought, must
devi-i, to deviate
deven-o, origin
deviz-o, emblem, device
dezert-o, desert
dezir-i, to desire
Di-o, God
diabet-o, diabetes
diabl-o, devil
diadem-o, diadem
diafan-a, diaphanous
diafragm-o, diaphragm
diagnostik-o, diagnosis
diagnoz-i, to diagnose
diagonal-a, diagonal
diakon-o, deacon
dialekt-o, dialect
dialog-o, dialogue
diamant-o, diamond
diametr-o, diameter
diant-o, a pink
diapazon-o, diapason
diboe-o, debauCh
didaktik-a, didactic
didelf-o, kangaroo
diet-o, diet
difekt-i, to damage
diferenc-i, to differ
difin-i, to define

difteri-o, diphtheria
diftong-o, diphthong
dig-o, dike, dam
digest-i, to digest
diism-o, deism
dik-a, thick; also "fat"
dikt-i, to dictate
diktator-o, dictator
dilem-o, dilemma
dilet-i, to delight in
diligent-a, diligent
diman6-o, Sunday
dimensi-o, dimension
diminutiv-o, diminutive
dinam-o, dynamo
dinamik-o, dynamics
dinamit-o, dynamite
dinasti-o, dynasty
diplom-o, diploma
diplomat-o, diplomat
diplomati-o, diplomacy
say
direkci-o, management,
dir-i, to
board of directors
direkt-i, to direct
direktor-o, director
direktori-o, directory
dis, indicates separation
scattering
iri,
tear ;
disSiri, to
tear to pieces.
disciplin-o, discipline
or
to
disenteri-o, dysentery
disertaci-o.dissertation
disk-o, disc
diskont-o, discount
17
diskret-a, discreet
diskut-i, to discuss
dispepsi-o, dyspepsia
dispon-i, to dispose
disput-i, to dispute
distanc-o, distance
distil-i, to distil
disting-i, to distinguish
distr-i, to distract
distribu-i, to distribute
distrikt-o, district
divan-o, divan
diven-i, to guess
divers-a, various
diver|-i, to diverge
divid-i, to divide
dividend-o, dividend
divizi-o, division (army
do, indeed
docent-o, docent, tutor
dog-o, large dog, mastiff
dogm-o, dogma
dot-o, doge
doktor-o, doctor
doktrin-o, doctrine
dokument-o, document
dolar-o, dollar
dol6a, sweet
dolor-o, pain
dom-o, house
domag-o, pity
domen-o, domino
don-i,'to give
donac-i, to make a gift

dorlot-i, coddle, nurse
dorm-i,
to sleep
i8
dorm-i, to sleep
dorn-o, a thorn
dors-o, back
dct-i, to give a
driad-o, dryad
drink-i, to tipple
drog-o, drug
dower
doz-o, dose
dragon-o, dragoon
drak-o, dragon
drakm-o, drachma
drakon-a, draconian
dram-o, drama
drap-o, cloth
drapir-i, to drape
drast-a, drastic
draS-i, to thresh
drelik-o, twilled cotton
goods, drilling
dren-i, to drain
dres-i, to train
c, abbreviation
zemple
e.
for ek-
g.
of derived adbela, beautiful]

bele, beautifully
e, sign
verb
dromedar-Ojdromedary
dron-i, to drown
dronigi, cause to drown
;
druid-o, druid
du, two
dub-i, to doubt
duel-i, fight a duel
duet-o, duet
duk-o, duke
dukat-o, ducat
dum, during, while
dung-i, to hire
duplikat-o, duplicate
dur-o, a Spanish coin
dud-o, douche
ec, abstract quality

horn., good ; boneco,
goodness
eC, even ; eC se, even if
:
den-o, Eden
eben-a, even
edif-i,
cbl', denotes possibility:

addi, to hear; aiidebla, audible
edikt-o, edict
eduk-i, to educate
edz-o, a husband
efekt-o, effect
efektiv-a, real, actual
cbon-o, ebony
ebri-a, inebriate, drunk
cbur-o, ivory
to edify
efemer-a, ephemeral
19
efemer-a, ephemeral
ekscit-i, to excite
efik-i, to effect
eksklusiv-a, exclusive
eg*, increased degree or

size :
vento, wind ;
ekskomunik-i,
communicate
ekskrement-o,
ment
ventego, tempest
egal-a, equal
Egid-o, -^gis
egipt-o, an Egyptian
eglelin-o, haddock
eglog-o, eclogue
iment
ekspertiz-0, investiga-
echo
place devoted
to
ler-
lern-i, to learn ;
nejo, a school
ek', prefix indicating an
action of short duration or sudden beginning brili, to shine \
ekbrili, to flash
ekip-i, to equip
eklektik-a, eclectic
eklezi-o, church (the
:
institution)
eklips-o, eclipse
ekliptik-o, ecliptic
ekonom-o, superintendent
eks', of the past, ex
:
eksprezidanto,
excre-
eksperiment-o, exper-
egoist-o, egotist
ej',
ex-
ekskurs-o, excursion
ekspansi-o, expansion
eksped-i, to expedite
egoism-o, egotism
eTi-o,
to
ex-
president.
ekscelenc-o, excellency
(title)
ekscentr-a, eccentric
eksces-o, excess
tion by experts
eksplod-i, to explode
ekspluat-i, to exploit,
to work out
eksport-i, to export
ekspozici-o, exhibition,
exposition
ekspres-a, express,positive
ekstaz-o, ecstasy
ekstemporal-o, extemporization
ekster, outside
eksterm-i, exterminate
ekstr-a, extra
ekstrakt-o, extract
ekstrem-a, extreme
ekvaci-O, equation
ekvator-o, equator
ekvilibr-o, equilibrium
ekvilibrism-o, equiliibrism
equivaekvivalent-o,
lent
20
ckvivok-a, equivocal
ekzakt-a, mathematic-
embaras-o,
ally exact
ekzamen-i,
to
examine
eksegez-o, exegesis
ekzekut-i,
to
put
death, execute
ekzem-o, eczema
ekzempl-o, example
ekzempler-o, copy
to
(of
ekzil-i, to exile
out of,
from, from
among
elektromotor-o, electric motor

element-o, element
elevator-o, elevator
ogy
embusk-o, ambush
emerit-o, emeritus
emfaz-o, emphasis
emigraci-o, emigration
eminence
eminenc-o,
eminent-a, eminent
emoci-o, emotion
empiri-a, empirical
empirism-o, empirism
en,
in, into
enciklopedi-0, encyclopedia
endivi-o, endive
energi-o, energy
enigm-o, enigma
enket-o, a poll of
mem-
bers; inquest, inquiry
elf-o, elf
eleksir-o, elixir
elips-o, ellipse
elimini-i, to eliminate
(^math.)
elizi-i, to elide
elokvent-a, eloquent
em', inclination: labori,
work
emblem-o, emblem
embrazur-o, embrasure
embri-o, embryo
(title)
elast-a, elastic
elefant-o, elephant
elegant-a, elegant
elegi-o, elegy
elekt-i, to choose, elect
elektr-o, electricity
elektroliz-o.electrolysis
to
encum-
brance
embriologi-o, embryol-
a book, etc.)
ekzerc-i, to exercise
el,
emajl-o, enamel
emancipi-i, emancipate
industrious.
laborema,
entomologi-0, entomology
entrepren-i, undertake
entuziasm-o, enthusi-
asm
enu-i, to be tired, dull
envi-i, to envy
epar?ii-o, diocese
epidemi-o, epidemic
epiderm-o, epidermis
Epifani-o, Epiphany
epigraf-o, epigraph
epigram-o, epigram
epikurism-o, epicurism
epilepsi-o, epilepsy
epilog-o, epilogue
episkop-o, bishop
21
esplor-i, to explore
esprim-i, to express
est-i, to be
establ-i, to establish
estetik.a, esthetic
estim-i, to esteem
esting-i, to extinguish
estr-o, leader, chief
epistol-o, epistle
epitaf-o, epitaph
epitet-o, epithet
estrad-o, rostrum
eafod-o, executioner's
epitom-o, epitome
et',
epizod-o, episode
epizooti-o, murrain
epok-o, epoch
epolet-o, epaulet
epope-o, epopee
er', unit, one of a colsabl-o, sand\
sablero, grain of sand
lection
erar-i, to err
erik-o, heather
scaffold
diminution of size
monto,
degree
mountain ; monteto,
or
hill
etaf-o, story of building

etat-0, social rank
etend-i, to extend
eter-o, ether
etern-a, eternal
etik-o, ethics
etiket-o, etiquette
ermen-o, ermine
etimologi-o, etymology
etiop-o, an Ethiopian
etnologi-o, ethnology
ermit-o, hermit
eufemism-o euphemism
erotik-a, erotic
erp-i, to harrow
erupci-o, eruption
escept-i, to except
esenc-o, essence
eunuk-o, eunuch
Europ-o, Europe
erinac-o, hedgehog
erizipel-o, erysipelas
eskadr-o, squadron
eskim-o, Esquimo
eskort-o, escort
esoter-a, esoteric
esper-i, to hope
evangeli-o, gospel
eventual,
eventual-a,
contingent
evident-a, evident
evit-i, to avoid
evoluci-o, evolution
esofag-o, esophagus
ezok-o, pike (fish)
aa
fab-o, bean
fabel-o, story (fiction)
fabl-o, fable
fabrik-o, factory
facil-a, easy
faden-o, thread
faeton-o, phaeton
fag-o, beech
fajenc-o, earthenware
fajf-i, to
whistle
fajl-i, to file
fajr-o, fire
fak-o, section, division
fakir-o, fakir
faksimil-o, fac simile
fakt-o, fact
faktor-o, printer's fore-
man
faktori-o, business
pot,
to
fars-o, farce
garment
fast-o, fast, abstinence
fatal-a, fatal
fatalism-o, fatalism
faiik-o, jaw, opening
fav-o, ringworm
mow
fald-i, to fold
favor-a, favorable
falk-o, falcon
terate
falt-o, a wTinkle
to fare (as
health or safety)
fason-o, shape cut of a
falang-o, phalanx
falbal-o, furbelow
falsify,
farmaci-o, pharmacy
fart-i,
(of
college, etc.)
fals-i, to
farize-o, pharisee
farm-i, to farm
farun-o, flour
fasad-o, facade
fask-o, bundle
fal-i, to fall
falfi-i, to
fantom-o, phantom
far-i, to make, do
fara-o, Pharaoh
faring-o, pharynx
de-
agency
faktur-o, invoice
fakultat-o, faculty
fam-o, rumor
famili-o, family
familiar-a, familiar
fanatik-a, fanatical
fand-i, to melt (metals)
fanfar-o, fanfare
fanfaron-i, to boast
fantazi-o, fancy
adul-
phase
moon, etc.)
faz-o,
(of
fazan-o, pheasant
the

fazeol-o, haricot bean
febr-o, fever
fi!
23
fiel
fiakr-o, fiacre, cab
Februar-o, February
fianfi-o, a betrothed
fe6-o, dregs
feder-i, to federate
federaci-o, federation
fiask-o, fiasco
fibr-o, fiber
fibrin-o, fibrine
fid-i, to trust, rely
fidel-a, faithful
federalism-o,
ism
federal-
man
fe-o, fay; feino, fairy

fel-o, hide, pelt
feliC-a, happy
felieton-o, feuilleton
fier-a, proud, haughty

fig-o, fig
figur-i, to represent by
felp-o, velveteen
fiks-i, to fix (not repair)
felt-o, felt
fiktiv-a, fictitious
drawing,
etc.
feminism-o, feminism
fil-o,
feminist-o,
filantrop-o, philanthro-
suffragist,
feminist
femur-o, thigh
fend-i, to split
son
pist
filantropi-o,
ph
i 1
fenestr-o, window
fenikopter-o, flamingo
feniks-o, phoenix
fenkol-o, fennel
filatel-o, philately
fenomen-Ojphenomenon
zation, firm, etc.

filigran-o, filigree
filik-o, fern
fer-o, iron
ferdek-o, deck of ship

ferm-i, to close
ferment-i, to ferment
fervor-o, fervor
to celebrate, to
entertain
fest-i,
festen-o, banquet
feston-o, festoon
feti6-o, fetish
feiid-a, feudal
fez-o, fez (cap)
an
thropy
filharmoni-o, philharmonics
fili-O, branch of organi-
filistr-o, Philistine, vul-
garian
filologi-o, philology
filozof-o, philosopher
filozofi-o, philosophy
filtr-i, to filter
fin-i, to finish
final-o, finale
financ-o, finance
fingr-o, finger
'
a4
Finland-o, Finlando
firm-o, a firm
fisk-o, public treasury
fistul-o, fistula
fiS-o,
fojn-o, hay
fok-o, seal
foken-o, porpoise
fokus-o, focus
foli-o, leaf
fish
iizik-o, physics
fiziologi-o, physiology
foment-i, foment
fond-i, to found
fizionomi-o,
fonetik-a, phonetic
fonograf-o, phonograph
font-o, spring of water
fontan-o, fountain
physiog-
nomy
fjord-o, fjord
flag-o, banner,
signal
for,
flag
flagr-i, to flicker, flare
flam-o, flame
fian-o, custard
flanel-o, flannel
flank-o, side
flar-i, to smell
flat-i, to flatter
flav-a, yellow
fleg-i, to nurse
flegm-o, phlegm
fleksi-o, inflection
flik-i, to
patch,
mend
formaci-o, formation
formal-a, formal
format-o,size and shape
of a book
formik-o, ant
formul-o, formula
forn-o, stove, oven
fort-a, strong
fortepian-o, piano
fortikâ, solid, substan-
flirt-i, to flirt
flok-o, flake
flor-i, to flower,
away from
forges-i, to forget
forg-i, to forge (metals)
fork-o, fork
form-o, form, shape
bloom
tial
floren-o, florin
fonim-o, forum
flos-o, raft
flu-i, to flow
flug-i, to fly
fluid-a, liquid
fiut-o, flute
foir-o, a fair
fos-i, to dig
foj-o,
"time": unufojo,
one time
fosfor-o, phosphorus
fost-o, stake, post
photofotograf-i,
to
graph
frag-o, strawberry
fragment-o, fragment
fraj-o, spawn
Esperanto- English
frak-o, evening dress
coat
frakas-i, to shatter
frakci-o, fraction
fraksen-o, ash (tree)

framason-o, freemason
framb-o, raspberry
franc-o, a Frenchman
frand-i, to be fond of
sweets
frangol-o, black alder
franf-o, fringe
frjank-o, franc
frap-i, to knock
frat-o, brother
fraul-o, unmarried
fraz-o, phrase
fregat-o, frigate
fremd-a, foreign
Vocabulary
25
front-o, front of
army
fronton-o, gable
frost-o, frost
frot-i, to
rub
fru-e, early
frugileg-o, rook
frukt-o, fruit
frunt-o, forehead
ftiz-o,
consumption
~
fug-o, fugue
fulard-o, foulard
fulg-o, soot
fulm-o, lightning
fum-i, to smoke
fund-o, bottom
man
frenez-a, mad, crazy

fresk-o, fresco
fre-a, fresh
fring-o, chaffinch
fringel-o, canary
fripon-o, rascal, rogue
fris-o, frieze
frit-i, to fry
frivol-a, frivolous
friz-i, to curl (the hair)
fundament-o,
founda-
tion
funebr-o, funeral
funel-o, funnel
fung-o, mushroom
funkci-o, function
funt-o, pound
furag-o, forage
furioz-a, furious
furor-o, furore
furunk-o, a boil
fusten-o, fustian
fu-i, to bungle, botch
fromaf-o, cheese
fut-o, foot (measure)

fuzilier-o, fusilier
gabi-o, gabion
gad-o, codfish
gaj-a, gay
gajn-i, to gain
26
gal-o, bile, gall
galant-o, snowdrop
galanteri-o, toilet articles
galantin-o, galantine
galen-o, galena
galer-o, ship's galley
galeri-o, gallery
galicism-o, gallicism
gall-a, Gallic
galop-i, to gallop
galod-o, galosh
galvan-a, galvanic
galvanism-o.galvanism
gam-o, gamut
gamaS-o, gaiter
gangli-o, ganglion
gangren-o, gangrene
gant-o, glove
garanti-i, to guarantee
garb-o, a sheaf
gard-i, to guard
gardeni-o, gardenia
gargar-i, to gargle
garn-i, garnish, decorate
garnitur-o, garniture
garnizon-o, garrison
garol-o, jay
gas-o, gas
gast-o, guest
gastronomi-o, gastron-
omy
gavot-o, gavotte
gaz-o, gauze
gazel-o, gazelle
gazet-o, gazette
ge', prefix meaning both

sexes: patro, father ;
gepatroj, parents.
gehen-o, gehenna
gelaten-o, gelatine
gem-o, gem
gencian-o, gentian
genealogi-o, genealogy
general-o, a general
generaci-o,a generation
geni-o, genius, talent
genitiv-o, genitive
genot-o, genet
gent-o, tribe
genu-o, knee
geografi-o, geography
geologi-o, geology
geometri-o, geometry
gerani-o, geranium
german-a, German
gerundi-o, gerundive
gest-o, gesture
gigant-o, a giant
gild-o, guild
gimnastik-a, gymnastic
gimnazi-o, a college
gine-o, guinea (coin)
gips-o, gypsum
girfalk-o, gerfalcon
girland-o, garland
gitar-o, guitar
glace-a, spick and span,
"dress-"
glaci-o, ice
glad-i, to iron, smooth
gladiator-o, gladiator
glan-o, acorn
gland-o, gland
glas-o, drinking-glass
glat-a,
smooth
glav-o, sword
glazur-o, varnish
glicerin-o, glycerine
gliciriz-o, licorice
glikoz-o, glucose
glim-o, mica
glit-i,
to glide
glob-o, globe
27
granit-o, granite
gras-a, fat
grat-i, to scratch
gratul-i, to congratulate
grav-a, important
graved-a, enciente
gravur-i, to engrave
grek-o, a Greek
gren-o, grain, cereal
grenad-o, grenade
Grenland-o, Greenland
gri-o, oatmeal
glor-i, to glorify
glu-i, to stick
glut-i, to swallow
grif-o, griffin
grifel-o,
slate-pencil,
gobi-o, gudgeon
golet-o, schooner
gril-o, cricket
golf-o, gulf,
bay
gondol-o, gondola
gort-o, throat
goril-o, gorilla
got-a, Gothic
graci-a, graceful
grad-o, grade, degree
graf-o, earl, count
grafit-o, graphite
grajn-o, a grain, stone,
pip (of fruit)
grak-i, to croak
gram-o, gram
gramatik-o, grammar
gran-o, a grain, particle
granat-o, pomegranate
grand-a, large, great
grandioz-a, grandiose,
magnificent
stylus
grimac-o, grimace
grinc-i, to grate, rasp
grip-o, influenza
griz-a, gray
grog-o, grog
gros-o, gooseberry
grot-o, grotto
grotesk-a, grotesque
gru-o, crane (bird)
grum-o, groom
grumbl-i, to grumble
grunt-i, to grunt
grup-o, group
guan-o, guano
guberni-o, government
of a province or state
gudr-o, tar
guf-o, a large owl
gulden-o, gulden
gum-o, gum
28
gurd-o. hand-organ
gust-o, taste
guvcrn-i, to educate in
g^stum-i,
gvardi-o,
private
to taste
g^t-i, to drip
guard of
soldiers
gvid-i, to guide
gutaperk-o, gutta percha
garden-o, garden
gem-i, to groan
ginece-o, gynecium
gir-o, endorsement (of
gen-i, to hinder
note, draft, etc.)

*giraf-o, giraffe
gendarm-o, gendarme
general-a, general
gis, till, until, as far as

givr-o, hoar-frost
goj-o, joy
gu-i, to enjoy
gust-a, just, exact
gentil-a, polite
germ-o, germ
gi. it
gib-o, hump
gin-o, gin
H
ha ha ah
Haban-o, Havana
1
halter-o, dumb-bell
halucinaci-o, hallucination
hajl-o, hail
hak-i, to hack
hal-o a covered market-place
haladz-o, offensive exhalation
halebard-o, halberd
helen-a, Hellenic
halt-i, to stop haltigi,
to cause to stop
;
hamak-o, hammock
hamstr-o, hamster
har-o, hair
haradri-o, plover
hard-i, to harden
harem-o, harem
haring-o, herring
harmoni-o, harmony
harp-o, harp
29
harpi-o, harpy
hermetik-a,
harpun-o, harpoon
herni-o, hernia, rupture

hero-o, hero
herold-o, herald
haut-o, skin
hav-i, to have, possess
haven-o, haven, port
heterogen-a, heterogeneous
hetman-o, a Cossack
hazard-o, hazard
he hey hello
hebre-o, Hebrew
heder-o, ivy
hejm-o, home
!
chief
hejt-i, to heat
hekatomb-o, hecatomb
heksametr-o, hexameter
hektar-o, hectare
hektograf-o, h e k
graph
hektogram-o, h
gram
ek
air-tight
hektolitr-o, hektolitre
hektometr-o, hektometer
hel-a, bright, glaring
helik-o, edible snail
heliotrop-o, heliotrope
hiacint-0, hyacinth
hidr-o, hydra
hidrarg-o, mercury
hidraulik-o, hydraulics
hidrofobi-o, hydrophobia
hidrops-o, dropsy
hien-q, hyena
hierarHi-o, hierarchy
hierau, yesterday
hieroglif-o, hieroglyph
higien-o, hygiene
himn-o, hymn
hind-o, a Hindoo
hiperbol-o, hyperbole
hipnot-a, hypnotic
hippo-
helium-o, helium
hipodrom-o,
drome
help-i, to help, assist
hipokrit-i, to pretend
hemorojd-o,
hipopotam-o, hippopotamus
hipotek-o, mortgage
piles
liver
hepat-o,
heraldik-o, heraldry
herb-o, herb, grass
herbari-o, herbarium
hered-i, to inherit
herez-o, heresy
hermafrodit-o, hermaphrodite
hipotenuz-o, hypothenuse
hipotez-o, hypothesis
hirt-a, bristly
hirud-o, leech
hirund-o, swallow(bird)
30
hiskiam-o, henbane
hisop-o, hyssop
hispan-o, a Spaniard
histeri-o, hysteria
histori-o, history
histrik-o, porcupine
histrion-o, clown
ho
oh ho
hoboj-o, hautboy, oboe
hodiaii, today
hok-o, hook
holand-a, Dutch
hold-o, hold of ship
hom-o, human being
!
hont-i, to be ashamed
hor-o, hour
horde-o, barley
horizont-o, horizon
horlot-o, clock
horoskop-o, horoscope
hortensi-o, hortensia
hospital-o, hospital
hotel-o, hotel
ho ve! alasl
huf-o, hoof
hulul-o, howlet
human-a, humane
humer-o, humerus
homeopati-o, homeop-
humil-a, humble
humor-a, humorous
hund-o, dog
hungar-o, a Hungarian
hura! hurrah!
huz-o, large sturgeon
huzar-o, hussar
athy
homogen-a,
homogen-
eous
honest-a, honest
honor-i, to honor
honorari-o, honorarium
H
Tiameleon-o, chameleon
fiaos-o, chaos
liemi-o, chemistry
Tiimer-o, chimera
Iiin-o, a Chinese person
Tiirurg-o, surgeon
Tiirurgi-o, surgery
Jioler-o, cholera
tior-o, choir
Iioral-o, chorale
Iiromotipi-o,
chromo-
type, color-printing
Tironologi-o,
chronol-
ogy
infinitive
i,
ami,
ia, an)'^
verb ending:
to love
kind of
any reason
iam, ever, at any time
ial, for
ibis-o, ibis
id', the young of: kato,
cat;
ilustr-i, to illustrate
iluzi-o, illusion
imag-i, to imagine
imit-i, to imitate
imperi-o, empire
imperial-o, roof of a
vehicle
imperialism-o, imperi-
katido, kitten
alism
ide-o, idea
ideal-a, ideal
impertinent-a,
idealism-o, idealism
imper-
tinent
implik-i, to implicate
ident-a, identical
idili-o,
31
impon-i,
idyll
to
impose
idiom-o, idiom
import-i, to import
idiot-o, idiot
idol-o, idol
impost-o, tax
impotent-a, impotent
impres-o, impression
impuls-o, impulse
imput-i, to impute
imun-a, immune
ie,
someplace, anywhere
iel,
ies,
somehow, anyhow
somebody's, any
person's
cause to become
bela, beautiful; bel-
ig', to
igi, beautify.
ignam-o, yam
to
become:
ruga,
ititiokol-o, isinglass
ir, tool or instrument
clip;
scissors
they
ilumin-i, to illuminate
incit-i, to incite
to
fidi,
ind', worth
fidinda, trusttrust
:
tondilo,
ileks-o, holly
ili,
inaugu-
ration
red\ rugigi, to blush
tondi,
inauguraci-o,
ignor-i, to ignore
if,
the feminine viro, man ; virino, woman
in', suffix of
worthy
indeks-o, index
indian-o, Indian
indien-o, chintz
indiferent-a, indifferent
indig-o, indigo
indign.i, to be indignant
indigen-o, a native
indikativ-o, indicative
individu-o, individual
induk-o, induction
indulg-i, to indulge
industry,
industri-o,
business
inerci-o, inertia
infan-o, child
infanteri-o, infantry
infekt-i, to infect
infer-o, hell
infinitiv-o, infinitive
influ-i, to influence
inform-i, to give infor-
mation
infuz-i, to infuse
ing', holdor for a single
plumo, pen
plumingo, penholder.
object
ingven-o, groin
ingenier-o, engineer
iniciat-i, to initiate
iniciativ-o, initiative
injekt-i, to inject
ink-o, ink
inklin-o, inclination
inklusiv-e, inclusive
inkognit-o, incognito
inkub-o, nightmare
inkvizaci-o, inquisition
inkvizitor-o, inquisitor
inokul-i, to inoculate
insekt-o, insect
insid-i, to ensnare
insign-o, msignia
insist-i, insist
inspekt-i, to inspect
inspir-i, to inspire
instal-i, to install
instanc-o, instance
instig-i, to instigate
instinkt-o, instinct
instituci-o, institution
institut-o, institute
instru-i, to instruct
instrukci-o, directions,
instructions
instrument-o, musical
instrument
insul-o, island
insult-i, to insult
int', the past participle:
aminte, having loved
integral-a, integral
intelekt-o, intellect
inteligent-a, intelligent
intenc-i, to intend
intens-a, intensive
inter, between, among
interdikt-o, interdict
interes-i, to interest
interjekci-o,
interjection
intermit-i, to occur at
intervals
intern-a, internal
interpret-i, to interpret
interpunkci-o, punctuation
intervju-0, interview
Es:peranto- English
intest-o, intestine
intim-a, intimate
intrig-i, to intrigue
invad-i, to invade
invalid-o, invalid
invers-a, inverse
inversi-o, inversion
invit-i, to invite
io,
something, anything
iom, somewhat, some

ir-i, to go
iris-o, iris
Irland-o, Ireland
ironi-o, irony
inventar-o, inventory
j,
sign
of
knabo,
the
boy,
plural
knaboj,
boys.
ja, indeed, in fact
jaguar-o, jaguar
jaht-o, yacht
jak-o, a round jacket
Vocabulary
33
sign of past tense
is*,
Island-o, Iceland
one occupied with
kuraci, to heal\ kuracisto, a doctor.
istm-o, isthmus
it', past participle pasist',
sive
amite,
been loved.
ital-a, Italian
:
iu,
anybody,
having
somebody
izol-i, to isolate
Izrael-0, Israel
jen, behold, lo
jes, yes
Jesu-o, Jesus
jod-o, iodine
ju pli, the more
jubile-o, jubilee
jud-o, Jew
jam, already, yet

jamb-o, iambus
Januar-o, January
juft-o, Russia leather
japan-a, Japanese
jar-o, year
jard-o, yard (measure)
jasmen-o, jessamine
je, is an indefinite prep-
jugi, to judge
Juki, to itch
Juli-o, July
osition
amis, did love.

Islam-o, Islam
jug-o, yoke
jugland-o, walnut
jun-a, young
jung-i, to harness
Juni-o, June
34
juniper-o, jumper
junk-o, reed, stalk
junkr-o, Prussian noble
jup-o, skirt
jurist-o, jurist
just-a, just, righteous
jut-o, jute
juvel-o, jewel
}ak-o, morning-coat
}aket-o, jacket
5aluz-a, jealous
Jargon-o, jargon
5oke-o, jockey
Jongl-i, to juggle
jaud-o, Thursday
throw
jus, just, just
5ur-i, to
swear
Jurnal-o, newspaper
now
]et-i, to
K
c, kaj ceteraj, and
the rest
k. s., kaj similaj, and
similar
k. sekv., kaj sekvaniaj,
and following
k. a., kaj aliaj, and oth-
k.
ers
k. t. p., kaj' tiel plu,
and
so forth
kab-o, cape of land

kabal-o, cabal
kaban-o, cabin, hut
kabinet-o, cabinet,
closet
kabl-o, cable
kabriolet-o, cab
ka-6o, batter, pap
kadavr-o, cadaver
kadenc-o, cadence
kadet-o, cadet
kadr-o, frame
kaduk-a, decrepit
kaf-o, coffee
kafr-o, kaffir
kag-o, cage
kahel-o, paving
kaj,
tile
and
kaj-o, quay, wharf

kajer-o, copy-book, a
paper book,
single
number
of series
kajut-o, hut, cabin

kaka-o, cocoa
kakatu-o, cockatoo
kakt-o, cactus
kal-o, corn, callous
kalci-o, calcium
Esperanto- English
kaldron-o, cauldron
kalejdoskop-o, kaleidoscope
kalendar-o, calendar
kalandr-i, to calendar
between hot rollers; to
mangle in laundry
kalendul-o, marigold
kale-o, carriage
kalfatr-i, to calk
kalibr-o, caliber
kalif-o, caliph
kalik-o, cup, chalice
kalikot-o, calico
kalk-o, lime
kalkan-o, heel
kalkanum-o,
heel of
shoe, etc.
kalkul-i, to calculate
kalomel-o, calomel
kalson-o, pair of drawers,
pants
kalumni-i, to slander
kamarad-o, comrade
kame-o, cameo
kambi-o, draft,
bill of
exchange
kamel-o, camel
kamen-o, fire-place
kamer-o, box-room
kamizol-o, short nightdress
kamlot-o, camlet
kamomil-o, camomile
kamp-o,
field
kan-o, rush, reed, cane
Vocabulary
35
kanab-o, hemp
kanaben-o, linnet
Kanad-o, Canada
kanajl-o, scoundrel
kanal-o, canal
kanap-o, sofa, couch

kanari-o, canary
kanastr-o, canister
kancelier-o, chancellor
kand-o, candy
kandel-o, candle
kandelabr-o, candela-
brum
kandidat-o, candidate
kanibal-o, cannibal
kankr-o, crawfish
kanon-o, canon (church
law)
kanonik-o,
a church
official, canon
kant-i, to sing
kantarid-o, cantharides
kantat-o, cantata
kantin-o, canteen
kanton-o, canton
kantor-o, chanter
kanvas-o, canvas
kap-o, head
kapabl-a, capable
kapel-o, chapel
kaper-i, seize as a prize
kapital-o, capital, invested money
kapitan-o, captain
kapitel-o,capital(a;Y/i.)
kapitol-o, capitol
36
kapitulac-i, capitulate
kapon-o, capon
kapor-o, caper-bush
kaporal-o, corporal
kapot-o, cape
kapr-o, goat
kapreol-o, roebuck
kapric-o, caprice, whim
Kaprikorn-o, Capricorn
kapstan-o, capstan
kapsul-o, capsule
kapt-i, to catch
kapu6en-o,
capuchin
monk
kapu6-o, capuche, cowl
kar-a, dear
karaben-o, carbine
karaf-o, decanter
karakter-o, disposition
karakteriz-i, to characterize
karamel-o, caramel
karas-o, crucian (fish)
karavan-o, caravan
karb-o, charcoal; terkarbo, Stonkarbo, coal
karbol-o, carbol
karbonad-o, carbonate
karbunkol-o, carbuncle
karcer-o, prison
kard-o, thistle
kardel-o, goldfinch
kardinal-o, cardinal
kares-i, to caress
karier-o, career
karik-o, sedge, rush
karikatur-i, caricature
kariofil-o, clove
kariol-o, carry-all
karmin-o, carmine
karn-o, flesh
karnival-o, carnival
karo-o, diamonds (in
cards)
karob-o, carob-bean
karot-o, carrot
karp-o, carp
Karpat-oj, Carpathians
karpen-o, yoke-elm
kart-o, card
kartav-i, to speak thick
kartel-o, cartel
kartilag-o, cartilage
kartofi-o, cartridge
karton-o, paper board

kanisel-o, carousal
kas-o, money-drawer
kasaci-o, cassation
kaserol-o, saucepan
kask-o, helmet
kaskad-o, cascade
kast-o, caste
kastel-o, castle
kastor-o, beaver
kastr-i, geld
ka-i, to hide
kaStan-o, chestnut
kat-o, cat
katafalk-o, catafalque
katakomb-o, catacomb
katalepsi-o, catalepsy
katalog-o, catalogue
Esperanto' English
kataplasm-o,cataplasm
katar-o, catarrh
katarakt-o, cataract (of
the eye)
katastrof-o, catastrophe
kategori-o, category
katehism-o, catechism
katen-oj, fetters
katolik-a, catholic
katun-o, cotton cloth
kauci-o, bail, security
kaucuk-o, rubber
kaur-i, to cower, squat
kaiiteriz-i, to cauterize
kauz-i, to cause
kav-o, hole, pit

kavaleri-o, cavalry
kavalir-o, cavalier
kavalkad-o, cavalcade
kavern-o, cavern, den
kaviar-o, caviare
kaz-o, case (grammar)
kaze-o, curds
kazein-o, caseins
kazemat-o, casemate
kazern-o, barracks
kazin-o, casino
ke, that (conjunction)
kegl-o, skittle
kel-o, cellar
kelk-e, some, a few
kelner-o, waiter
ken-o, resinous wood
kep-o, a peaked cap

ker-o, hearts (cards)
kerub-o, cherub
Vocabulary
37
kest-o, chest, box

kestrel-o, kestrel
kia, what, what kind of
kial,
why
kiam, when
kie, where
kiel,
how
kies,
whose
kil-o, keel
kilogram-o, kilogram
kilolitr-o, kiloliter
kilometr-o, kilometer
kimr-o, a Welshman
kinematograf-o, cine-
matograph
kinin-o, quinine
kio, what, what thing
kiom, how much

kiras-o, cuirass, armor
kirl-i, to whirl rapidly
kir-o, cherry cordial
kis-i, to kiss
kitel-o,
workman's
blouse
kiu, who, which
klaft-o, fathom
klak-i, to clack, clatter
klap-o, valve, plug
klar-a, clear, distinct
klarnet-o, clarinet
klas-o, class (category)
klasifik-i, to classify
klasik-a, classic
klav-o, key (of piano,
typewriter, etc.)
klemat-o, clematis
9^
whoopingcough
kokon-o, cocoon
kokos-o, cocoanut
kler-a, well-infonned
klerik-a, of the clergy
klient-o, client
klimat-o, climate
koklud-o,
klin-i, to incline
koks-o, hip
kol-o, neck
kolbas-o, sausage
koleg-o, colleague
kolegi-o, college
kling-o, blade
klinik-o, clinic
klister-o, clyster
kliS-i, to stereotype
kloak-o, sewer, drain
klopod-i, to strive for
klor-o, chlorine
kloroz-o, chlorosis
kloS-a, bell-shaped
klub-o, clulT (society)
kluk-i, to cluck
kluz-o, sluice
knab-o, boy
knar-i, to grate, creak
kned-i, to knead
knut-o, knout
koaks-o, coke
kobalt-o, cobalt
koalici-o, coalition
kobold-o, goblin, imp

koCinel-o, cochineal
kod-o, code
kodeks-o, codex
kolekt-i, to collect
kolektiv-a, collective
koler-o, anger
kolerik-a, choleric
kolibr-o, humming-bird
kolik-o, colic
kolimb-o, diver (bird)
kolizi-o, collision
kolodi-o, collodium
kolomb-o, dove, pigeon
kolon-o, pillar, column
kolonel-o, colonel
koloni-o, colony
kolor-o, color
koloratur-o, colorature
kolos-o, colossus
kolport-i, hawk, peddle
kolubr-o, adder
kolum-o,
collar
kolz-o, rape (plant)
kodicil-o, codicil
kofr-o, travelling trunk
koincid-i, to coincide
kojn-o, wedge
kok-o, cock, rooster
komandor-0, comman<
kokard-o, cockade
kokcinel-o, ladybird
koket-a, coquettish
komb-i, to comb
kombin-i, to combine
kom-o, comma
komand-i, to command
(army)
der (of an order)
'
komedi-o, comedy
komenc-i, to commence
komentari-o, commen-
sion, to intrust with
komitat-o, committee
komiz-o, clerk, employe
komod-o, commode
kompakt-a, compact
kompani-o,
company
pliment
komplot-o, plot
tion (musical)
kompost-i, to set type

kompren-i, understand
kompromis-o, compromise
kompromit-i, to implicate, compromise
kotnun-a, common
komuni-i, to give sacrament
komunik-i,
communicate
komunism-o, commun-
(corporation, etc,)
kompar-i, to compare
komparativ-a, compar-
ism
komut-i,
to
commute
kon-i, to know,
ative
a compass
(marine)
kompat-i,
kompliment-i, to com-
kompon-o, a composi-
tary
komerc-i, to trade
komet-o, comet
komfort-o, comfort
komik-a, comic
komisari-o, comissary
komisi-i, to commis-
kompas-o,
3^
to pity
kompendi-o, compendium
kompens-i, compensate
kompetent-a, compet-
kondamn-i,
to
condemn
kondi6-o, a condition,
ent
kompil-i, to compile
komplement-o,
be ac-
quainted with
koncentr-a, concentric
koncern-i, to concern
koncert-o, concert
koncesi-o, concession
konciz-a, concise
stipulation
com-
plement {gram.)
komplet-o, a suit
of
clothes
komplez-i, to be kind,
obliging
komplik-i, to complicate
kondolenc-i, to condole
kondor-o, condor
konduk-i, lead, conduct
konduktor-o, conductor
kondut-i, to behave
konfeder-i, to confederate
40
konfekci-o, the clothing

business
konferenc-o, conference
konfes-i, to confess
konfid-i, to confide
konfidenci-a, confiden-
konserv-i, to conserve
konservativ-a, conservative
konservatori-o, conservatory
konsider-i, to consider
konfirm-i, to confirm
konfirmaci-o, confirmation (church)
konsil-i, to advise
konsist-i, to consist
konsistori-o, consistory
konsol-i, to console
konfisk-i, to confiscate
konsonant-o, consonant
konfit-i, to preserve
konspir-i, to conspire
konstant-a, constant
konstat-i, to declare
konstelaci-o, constella-
tial
konflikt-o, conflict
konform-a,
in
conform-
ity
konfuz-i, to confound
konglomerat-o,
conglomeration
kongregaci-o, coagregation
kongres-o, congress
konifer-o, conifer
konjak-o, cognac
konjekt-i, to conjecture
konjugaci-i, conjugate
konjunkci-o,
conjunction
konk-o, shell
konkav-a, concave
konklud-i, to conclude
konkret-a, concrete
konkur-i, to compete
konkurs-o, competition
konsci-i, be conscious
konscienc-o, conscience
konsent-o, consent
tion
konstern-i, to dismay
konstituci-o, constitution
konstru-i, to erect
konsul-o, consul
konsult-i, to consult
konsum-i,
to
consume
kont-o, trade account

kontakt-o, contact
kontant-o, ready money
kontent-a, satisfied
kontinent-o, continent
continkontingent-o,
gent
kontraband-o,
smug-
gling
kontrabas-o, base viol

kontrakt-i, to contract
kontrast-o, contrast
kontrau, against
41
korporaci-o,
corpora-
kontrol-i, control
kontur-o, outline
kontuz-i, to bruise
konus-o, cone
konval-o, lily
of
tion
the
valley
konveks-a, convex
konven-i, to suit
konvenci-o, convention,
agreement
konver|-i, converge
konversaci-o, conversation
konvert-i, to convert
konvink-i, to convince
konvulsi-o, convulsion
kopek-o, kopeck
kopi-i, to copy
kor-o, heart
koral-o, coral
koran-o, Koran
korb-o, basket
kord-o, chord
kordon-o, cordon
korekt-i, to correct
korelativ-a, correlative
korespond-i, to correspond
koridor-o, corridor
kork-o, cork
korn-o, horn
korne-o, cornea
kornet-o, cornet
kornic-o, cornice
kornik-o, crow
korp-o, body
korpus-o, army corps

korsaj-o, corsage
korsar-o, corsair
korset-o, corset
kort-o, yard, court
korv-o, raven
kosmetik-o, cosmetic
kosm-o, cosmos
kosmopolit-a, cosmopolitan
kost-i, to cost
kostum-o, costume
kot-o,
mud
pay dues
kotolet-o, chop, cutlet
koton-o, cotton
kotiz-i, to
koturn-o, quail
kov-i, to brood
kovert-o, envelope
kovr-i, to cover
kozak-o, Cossack
krab-o, crab, crawfish
krabr-o, hornet
krafi-i, to spit
krad-o, grate
krajon-o, pencil
krak-i, to crack
kramp-o, fulcrum
kran-o, tap
krani-o, cranium
kratag-o, hawthorn
krater-o, crater
kravat-o, cravat
kre-i, to create
4a
kred-i, to believe
kredit-o, credit
kreditor-o, creditor
krejcer-o, kreutzer
krom-o, chromo
kron-o, crown
krem-o, cream
kronik-o, chronicle
kronologi-o, chronology
krop-o, crop (of birds)
kreol-o, Creole
krep-o, crape
kruc-o, cross
krepusk-o, twilight
krucum-i,
kres-o, cress
kresk-i, to grow
kresp-o, pancake
krest-o, crest, comb (of
birds or fowl)
kruC-o, jug, pitcher

krud-a, crude, raw
kniel-a, cruel
krup-o, croup
krur-o, leg
krust-o, crust
krut-a, steep
kub-o, cube
kubut-o, elbow
krestomati-o, chresto-
mathy
kret-o, chalk
krev-i, to burst
kri-i, to cry
kribr-i, to sift
krim-o, crime
kriminal-a, criminal
kring-o, a ring-shaped
cracker or biscuit
kripl-a, crippled
kript-o, crypt
Krist-o, Christ
kristal-o, crystal
kriteri-o, criterion
kritik-i, to criticise
kriz-o, crisis
krizalid-o, chrysalis
krizantem-o, chrysan-
themum
kroC-i, to hook
krokodil-o, crocodile
krom, except
kroz-i, to cruise
to crucify
kudr-i, to sew
kuf-o, woman's cap
kugl-o, bullet
kuir-i, to cook
kuk-o, cake
kukol-o, cuckoo
kukum-o, cucumber
kukurb-o, pumpkin
kul-o, gnat
kuler-o. spoon
kulp-a, guilty
kult-o, cult
kultur-o, culture
kun, with
kunikl-o, rabbit
kup-o, cupping-glass
kupe-o,
compartment
railway car
kupol-o, dome, cupola
in
kupon-o, coupon
kur-i, to run
kurac-i, to treat, cure
kura-a, courageous
kurator-o, curator
kurb-o, curve
kuri-o, papal council
kurier-o, courier
kurioz-a, uncommon
kurs-o, course
kursiv-a, cursive
kurtaf-o, brokerage
kurten-o, curtain
kusen-o, cushion
ku-i, to be lying down
kutim-o, habit, custom

kutr-o, cutter (boat)
kuv-o, tub
kuz-o, cousin
kvadrant-o, quadrant
kvadrat-o, square
kvadril-o, quadrille
kvaker-o, Quaker
r, la, the
labor-i, to work
lac-a, tired
lacert-o, lizard
laC-o, lacing-string
lad-o, tin
laf-o, lava
lag-o, lake
lagun-o, lagoon
laik-o,
layman
lak-o, varnish
43
kvalifik-i, to qualify
kvalit-o, quality
kvankam, although
kvant-o, quantity
kvar, four
kvaranten-o,
quarantine
kvarc-o, quartz
kvart-o, fourth (music)
kvartal-o,
quarter
or
section of a town
kvartet-o, quartet
kvazau, as
if
kver-i, to coo
kverk-o, oak
kvestor-o, questor
kviet-a, calm
kvin, five
kvintesenc-o, quintessence
kvit-a, quit
kvitanc-i, to receipt for
kvocient-o, quotient
lake-o, lackey
lakon-a, laconic
laks-o, diarrhoea
lakt-o, milk
lam-a, lame
lam-o, llama
lamp-o, lamp
lampir-o, glow-worm
lan-o, wool
lanc-o, lance, spear
land-o, land, country
44
lang-o, tongue
lani-o, shrike
lantern-o, lantern
legom-o, vegetable
legumin-o, legume
let-o, law
lanug-o, down
lap-o, bur
lek-i, to lick
lapis-o, lapis
lekci-o, lecture
leksikon-o, lexicon
lektor-o, lecturer
lent-o, lentil
lentug-o, freckle
leon-o, lion
lar-o, sea-gull
lard-o, lard
larg-a, wide
larik-o, larch
laring-o, larynx
larm-o, tear (of eye)
las-i, to leave
last-a, last
lat-o, lath
latin-a, Latin
latrin-o, cesspool, closet
latuk-o, lettuce
lau, according to
laiib-o, arbor
laiid-i, to praise
la^ntenis-o, lawn tennis

laur-o, laurel
laureat-o, laureate
laut-e, loudly
lav-i, to
wash
lavang-o, avalanche
lavend-o, lavender
lazur-a, azure
lecion-o, lesson
led-o, leather
leg-i, to read
legat-o, legate
legend-o, legend
legi-o, legion
legitim-i, to legitimize
lekant-o, marguerite
leontod-o, dandelion
leopard-o, leopard
lepor-o, hare
lepr-o, leprosy
lern-i, to learn
lert-a, clever
lesiv-o, wholesale washing of clothes

letargi-o, lethargy
leter-o, letter
leutenant-o, lieutenant
leiik-o, league(measure)
lev-i, to lift
li,
he
lian-o, bindweed
libel-o, dragon-fly
liber-a, free
liberal-a, liberal (/^/.)
liberalism-o, liberalism
libr-o, book
lice-o, lyceum, French
college
lien-o, spleen
lig-i, to tie, to bind
lign-o, wood
Esperanto- English
liken-o, lichen
likvid-i, to liquidate
likvor-o, liquor
Vocabulary
45
log-i, to allure
logik-o, logic
limak-o, snail
lot-i, to dwell
logi-0, theater
lojal-a, loyal
lojt-o, lote
limf-o, lymph
lok-o, place
limonad-o, lemonade
lokomotiv-0,
lin-o, flax
linari-o, red linnet
lin$-i, to lynch
tive
lol-o, tares
lili-o, lily
lim-o, limit
box
locomo-
lingv-o, language
lingvistik-o, linguistics
long-a, long
lonicer-o, honeysuckle
lorn-o, field-glass
lini-o, line
lot-i, to
link-o, lynx
lip-o, lip
lir-o, lyre
loteri-o, lottery
lu-i, to hire
lud-i, to play
draw
lots
lirik-o, lyric
luks-o, luxury
list-o, list
lul-i, to lull to sleep
lit-o,
bed
lum-i, to shine
lumb-o, loins
lumbrik-o, earthworm
litani-o, litany
liter-o, letter (alphabet)
literatur-o, literature
litograf-i, to lithograph
litov-a, Lithuanian
lun-o, moon
lunatik-o, lunatic
lund-o, Monday
lup-o, wolf
lupop-o, hop (plant)
litr-o, litre
liturgi-o, liturgy
liut-o, lute
liver-i, to deliver
livr-o, pound (sterling)
livre-o, livery
lustr-o, luster
lut-i, to solder
luteran-o, Lutheran
lutr-o, otter
lod-o, half-ounce
M
ma6-o,
bread
unleavened
chew
madon-o, madonna
mafi-i, to
46
magi-o, magic
magistrat-o, magistrate
magnat-o, magnate
magnet-o, magnet
magnetiz-i, magnetize
magnoli-o, magnolia
mahagon-o, mahogany
Mahomet-o, Mahomet
maizo, maize, corn
Maj-o, May
majest-a, majestic
majolik-a, majolica
major-o, army major
majstr-o, master of an
art, trade, etc.
makadam-o, macadam
makaron-o, macaroon
makaroni-o, macaroni
makler-i, to do brokerage business
makrop-o, kangaroo
maksim-o, maxim
maksimum-o,
maxi-
mum
makul-o, spot,
makzel-o, jaw
malvarmum-i,
mamo,
breast, udder
mamut-o, mammoth
man-o, hand
mana-o, manna
mandaren-o, mandarin
mandat-o, money-order
mandolin-o, mandolin
mandragor-o,
mandrake
maneg-o,
riding-school
mang-i, to eat
mani-o, mania
manier-o, manner
manifest-o, manifesto
manik-o, sleeve
manipul-i, manipulate
mank-i, to be lacking
manovr-o, maneuver
mantel-o, a mantle,
cloak
mantil-o, mantilla
manufaktur-o,
stain
mal', denotes contrary
bona, good; malbona,

bad.
malaj-0, Malay
malari-o, malaria
maleol-o, ankle
malgrau, notwithstanding
malic-a, malicious
malt-o, malt
to take
cold
manu-
facture
manum-o,
cuff
manuskript-o,
manu-
script
mar-o, sea, ocean

marCipan-o, marchpane
mare-o, marsh
marCand-i, to bargain
mard-o, Tuesday
oleomarmargarin-o,
garine
margen-o, margin
47
marin-i, to pickle
marionet-o, marionette
matematik-o,
mark-o, mark
markez-o, marquee
markiz-o, marquis
markot-o, runner of a
maten-o, morning
plant
marli-o, catgut
marmelad-o,
raarme-
lade
marmor-o, marble
marmot-o, marmot
maroken-o, morocoo
Mars-o, Mars
mar-i, to march
maral-o, marshal
Mart-o, March
martel-o, hammer
martingal-o, martingale
martir-o, martyr
mas-o, mass, agglomeration
masag-o, massage
masiv-a, massive
mask-o, mask
mason-i, to do mason
work
mast-o, mast
mastik-o, mastic
mastodon-o, mastodon
mastr-o, master of a
house host
;
ma-o, mesh
main-o, machine
mat-o, mat
matador-o, matador
mathe-
matics
materi-o, matter
material-o, material
materialism-o, materialism
matrac-o, mattress
matric-o, matrix, die
matrikul-i, matriculate
matronin-o, matron
matur-a, ripe
maur-o, a Moor
mauzole-o, mausoleum
mazurk-o, mazurka
mebl-o, a piece of furniture
mefi-o, wick
medal-o, medal
medalion-o, medallion
medi-o, the medium,
average, commonplace
medicin-o, medicine
medit-i, to meditate
medium-o, medium
meduz-o,
jellyfish
me?ianik-o, mechanics
metianism-o, mechanism
mejl-o, mile
Meksik-o, Mexico
mel-o, badger
melankoli-o, melancholy
melas-o, molasses
meleagr-o, turkey
48
melis-0, garden mint

melk-i, to milk
melodi-o, melody
melodram-o,
drama
melo-
melon-o, melon
mem,
self or selves
membr-o, member
membran-o, membrane
memor-i,
to
remember
mend-i, order (goods)

mens-o, spirit, mind,
distinct from matter
mensog-i, to tell a lie
menstruaci-o,
menstruation
ment-o, mint
menton-o, chin
mentor-o, mentor
menu-o, menu
menuet-o, minuet
meridian-o, meridian
merinos-o, merino
merit-i, merit, deserve
meriz-o, wild cherry
merkred-o, Wednesday
merl-o, blackbird
mes-o, mass (church)
Mesi-o, Messiah
mestiz-o, a half-breed
(Spanish)
met-i, to put
metafizik-o, metaphysics
metafor-o, metaphor
metal-o, metal
metalurgi-o,metallurgy
metamorphosis
meteor-o, meteor
meti-o, a trade, handi-
metamorfoz-o,
craft
metod-o, method
metr-o, meter
metrik-a, metric
metropol-o, metropolis
mev-o, sea-gull
mez-o, midst, middle
mezalianc-o,
mesalli-
ance
mezur-i, to measure
mi, I
miasm-o, miasma
miaii-i, to
mew
miel-o, honey
mien-o, mien, air
migdal-o, almond
migr-i, to migrate
mikrob-o, microbe
mikroskop-o,
microscope
miks-i, to mix
mil, thousand
mild-a, gentle, mild
mili-o, millet
miliard-o, milliard
milici-o, militia
milimetr-o, millimeter
milion-o, million
milit-i, to fight
mimik-o, mimicry
min-o, mine
minaret-o, minaret
mineral-o, mineral
mineralogi-o, mineralogy
minac-i, to threaten
mini-o, red lead
miniatur-o, miniature
minimum-o, minimum
ministr-o, minister
minus-o, minus
minut-o, minute
miogal-o, musk-rat
miop-a, nearsighted
miozot-o, myosotis
mir-i, to wonder
mirakl-o, miracle
mirh-o, myrrh
miriad-o, myriad
miriametr-o, miriameter
mirmekofag-o,
ant-
eater
mirmeleon-o,
lion-ant
mirt-o, myrtle
mirtel-o, bilberry
misal-o, missal
misi-o, mission
mister-o, mystery
mistifik-i, to mystify
mistik-o, a mystic
mit-o, myth
mitologi-o, mythology
mitul-o, mussel
mizer-o, misery
mobiliz-i, to mobilize
mod-0,
fashion,
mode
40
model-o, model
moder-a, moderate
modern-a, modern
modest-a, modest
modif-i, to modify
modul-i, modulate
modulaci-o, modulation
mok-i, to mock
mol-a, soft
molekul-o, molecule
molusk-o, moUusk
moment-o, moment
mon-o, money
monali-o, monk
monar!i-o, monarch
monat-o, month
mond-o, world
moned-o, jackdaw
monitor-o, monitor
monogram-o,
gram
mono-
monokl-o, monocle
monolog-o, monologue
monomani-o,
monomania
monopol-o, monopoly
monstr-o, monster
monoteism-o,
monotheism
mont-o, mountain
montr-i, to show
monument-o,
monument
mops-o, pug dog
mor-oj, morals
moral-a, moral
50
muf-o, muff
mug-i, to roar
morbil-o, measles
morCel-o, mushroom
mord-i, to bite
morfin-o, morphine
morgaii, tomorrow
mort-i, to die
morter-o, mortar
moru-o, species
muk-o, mucus
mul-o, mule
mult-o, much
multiplik-i, multiply
mulmuslin-o, mull
mumi-o,
of cod-
mummy
mur-o, wall
murmur-i, to murmur
mus-o, mouse
musk-o, moss
muskat-o, nutmeg
musked-o, musket
muskol-o, muscle
muslin-o, muslin
mustard-o, mustard
mustel-o, martin, sable
mu9-o, common fly
mut-a, mute
muz-o, muse
muze-o, museum
muzik-o, music
fish
morus-o, mulberry
mosk-o, musk
moske-o, mosque
moskit-o, mosquito
unfermented
most-o,
wine
moSt-o, title of respect
mot-o, motto
motiv-o, motive
motor-o, motor
mov-i, to move
mozaik-o, mosaic
mucid-a, damp, mouldy
muel-i, to grind
N
n, ending of the accusative or objective case;
also shows direction
or motion toward
naiv-a, artless
najbar-o, neighbor
naci-o, nation
nadir-o, nadir
naft-o, naphtha
na^-i, to swim
nanken-o, nankeen
najl-o, nail
najtingal-o, nightingale
nap-o, turnip
narcis-o, narcissus
narkot>a, narcotic
nask-i, to give birth to

natr-o, soda
natur-o, nature
nau, nine
nauz-i, to nauseate
nav-o, nave
naz-o, nose
ne, no
nebul-o, fog
neces-a, necessary
neg-o, snow
neglig-o, negligee
negoc-o, business affair, transaction
negr-o, negro
nek, neither
nekrologi-o, necrology
nektar-o, nectar
neni-o, nothing
nenia, none, no such
nenial, for no cause
neniam, never
nenie, nowhere
neniel, in no way
nenies, nobody's
nenio, nothing
51
neutrala, neutral
nev-o, nephew
ni,
we
niC-o, niche
nigr-a, black
nihilism-o, nihilism
nikel-o, nickel
nikotin-o, nicotine
nimb-o, nimbus, halo
nimf-o,
nymph
nivel-o, level
niz-o, sparrow-hawk
nj' endearing diminutive
of feminine names
patrino, mother; pan:
jo,
mamma.
nobel-0, nobleman
nobl-a, noble
nokt-o, night
nom-o, name
nomad-o, nomad
nombr-o, number
nominal-a, nominal
notninativ-o, nominative
nord-o, north
neniom, none
neniu, nobody
normal-a, regular
norveg-o, a Norwegian
neologism-o, neologism
nep-o, grandson
nepotism-o, nepotism
nepre, unfailingly
nest-o, nest, den
net-o, clean copy
nostalgi-o,
ness
neuralgi-o, neuralgia
neiitr-a, neuter
not-i,
homesick-
to note, to
make
memoranda
notari-o, notary
nov-a, new
novel-o, novel
Novembr-o, November
52
novic-o, novice
nu, well
nuanc-o, hue, tint

nub-o, cloud
nud-a, nude
nuk-o, nape of the neck
nuks-o, nut
numer-o, number, No.

numid-o, guinea-fowl
numismatik-o, numismatics
nun, now
nunci-o, nuncio
nur, only
nul-0, zero
nutr-i, to nourish, feed
ending of the noun or

substantive
oaz-o, oasis
obe-i, to obey
obelisk-o, obelisk
objekt-o, object
obr, multiple of numerals
dudu, two
obla, double
oblat-o, wafer
obligaci-o, bond
oblikv-a, oblique
obol-o, a small Greek
coin, obolus
observ-i, to observe
obsfrvatori-o, observatory
obstina, obstinate
obstrukci-o, obstruction
ocean-o, ocean
od-o, ode
odor-i, to give odor
ofend-i, to offend
ofer-i, to sacrifice
ofic-o, employment
oficial-a, official
oficir-o, officer
oft-e, often
ok, eight
okaz-i, to occur
o,
okcident-o, west
okr-o, ochre
oksid-o, oxide
oksigen-o, oxygen
oksikok-o, cranberry
oktav-o, octave
Oktobr-o, October
okul-o, eye
okult-a, occult
okup-i, to occupy
okzal-o, sorrel
ol, than
ole-o, oil
oleandr-o, oleander
oligarbi-o, oligarchy
oliv-o, olive
omar-o, lobster
ombr-o, shade
ombrel-o, umbrella
omnibus-o, omnibus
on', mark of fractions:
triono, one-
tri, three\
ond-o, wave
they
one,
oniks-o, onyx
onkl-o, uncle
ont', future active participle:
amonte, about
to love
ontologi-o, ontology
op', suffix or
ord-o, order
orden-o, the order of

knighthood
ordinar-a, ordinary
ordon-i, to order, com-
mand
crel-o, ear
orf-o, orphan
third
oni,
53
collective
numerals kvar, four;

kvarope, by fours
:
opal-o, opal
oper-o, opera
operaci-o, operation
opi-o, opium
opini-i, to opine
oportun-a, convenient
opozici-o, opposition
optik-o, optics
optimism-o, optimism
optimist-o, optimist
or-o, gold
orakol-o, oracle
orangutang-o,
orangoutang
orang-o, orange
orangeri-o, hot-house
orator-o, orator
oratori-o, oratory
organ-o, organ
organism-o, organism
organiz-i, to organize
organik-a, organic
orgen-o, organ {jnus.)
orgi-o, orgy
orient-o, east
origin-o, origin
original-o, original
oriol-o, oriole
orkestr-o, orchestra
orkide-o, orchid
ornam-i,
to
adorn
ornat-o, clerical robes

ornitologi-o, ornithol-
ogy
ort-a, rectangular
ortodoks-a, orthodox
ortografi-o,
orthogra-
phy
ortopedi-o, orthopedics
OS, sign of future tense:
amos, will love
osced-i, to yawn,
osifrag-o, osprey
gape
ost-o, bone
ostr-o, oyster
ostracism-o, ostracism
54
of,
passive participle,
future : amote, about
to be loved
ovaci-o, ovation
oval-a, oval
ozon-o, ozone
ov-o, egg
pac-o, peace
pacienc-o, patience
padel-i, to paddle
paf-i, to shoot
pag-i, to pay
pagod-o, pagoda
pat-o, page
pagi-o, page (boy)
pajl-o, straw, thatch
pak-i, to pack
pal-a, pale
palac-o, palace
paladi-o, palladium
palankin-o, palanquin
palat-o, palate
paletr-o, palette
palis-o, stake
palisandr-o, rosewood
palm-o, palm
tree
panoram-o, panorama
pantalon-o, trousers
panteism-o, pantheism
panteist-o, pantheist
panter-o, panther
pantofl-o, slipper
pantomim-o, pantomime
pap-0, pope
papag-o, parrot
papav-o, poppy
paper-o, paper
papili-o, butterfly
papirus-o, papyrus
par-o, pair
parad-i, to parade
paradiz-o, paradise
paradoks-o, paradox
paraf-o,flourish, paraph
palp-i, to feel
palpebr-o, eyelash
palt-o, greatcoat
Palestin-o, Palestine
parafin-o, paraffine
parafraz-o, paraphrase
paragraf-o, paragraph
paralel-o, parallel
pamflet-o, pamphlet
pan-o, bread
panegir-o, panegyric
panel-o, panel
panik-o, panic
paralelogram-o, parallelogram
paraliz-i, to paralyze
parapet-o, parapet
parazit-o, parasite
parcel-o,
lot of
land
parcimoni-Ojparsimony
pardon-i, to forgive
parenc-o, relative
parantez-o, parenthesis
parfum-o, perfume
parget-o, flooring
park-o, park
parker-e, "bj' heart"
pa-i, to step
pat-i, to pasture
patel-o, pastel crayon
pat-o, frying pan
patent-o, patent
patologi-o, pathology
patos-o, pathos
patr-o, father
patriark-o, patriarch
parliaparlament-o,
ment
parodi-o, parody
patrici-o, patrician
patriot-o, patriot
patrol-o, patrol
paroii-o, parish
patron-o, patron
pauz-i, pause
pav-o, peacock
pavian-o, baboon
pavilon-o, pavilion
paroksism-o, paroxysm
parol-i, to speak
part-o, part
parter-o, theater pit
parti-o, party
particip-o, participle
paru-o, titmouse
pas-i, to pass
pasament-o,
lace
paser-o, sparrow
pasi-o, passion
pasiv-a, passive
Pask-o, Easter
paskvil-o, lampoon
pasport-o, passport
past-o, paste
pastec-o, pie, tart
pastel-o, lozenge, pastille
pastinak-o, parsnip
pastoral
pastoral-o,
play or poem
pastr-o, priest, pastor
55
pavim-o, pavement
pean-o, pean
pec-o, piece
pe6-o, pitch
pedal-o, pedal
pedant-o, pedant
pedel-o, beadle
pedik-o, louse
peg-o, woodpecker
pejza-o, landscape
pek-i, to sin
Pekin-o, Pekin
pekl-i, to pickle
pel -i, to chase away

pelikan-o, pelican
pelt-o, pelisse, pelt
pelv-o, basin
pen-i, to try, endeavor
penc-o, penny
56
pend-i, to hang
pendol-o, pendulum
penetr-i, to penetrate
penik-o, artist's brush
pens-i, to think
pensi-o, pension
pent-i, to repent
pentr-i, to paint
peoni-o, peony
pep-i, to chirp, twitter
pepsin-o, pepsin
per, by, by means of
percept-i, to perceive
perd-i, to lose
perdrik-o, partridge
pere-i, to perish
perfekt-a, perfect
perfid-i, to betray
pergamen-o, parchment
periferi-o, periphery
perimetr-o, perimeter
period-o, period
peristil-o, peristyle
perk-o, perch (fish)

perl-o, pearl
perlamot-o, mother-ofpearl
permes-i, to permit
peron-o, steps (before
a house)
perpendikular-a, perpendicular
persekut-i, prosecute,
persecute
persik-o, peach
persist-i, to persist
person-o, person
perspektiv-o, perspective
Peru-o, Peru
pes-i, to weigh Orans.)
pesimism-o, pessimism
pesimist-o, pessimist
peset-o, peseta
pest-o, pest, plague
pet-i, to ask, request
petol-i, to be petulant,
mischievous
petrol-o, petroleum
petrosel-o, parsley
pez-i, to weigh, to have
weight
pfenig-o, pfennig
pi-a, pious
pice-o, fir-tree
pied-o, foot
piedestal-o, pedestal
pig-o, magpie
pigme-o, pigmy
pigment-o, pigment
pik-i, to prick
piked-o, picket
pilgrim-i, to make a
pilgrimage
pilk-o, ball (playing)
pilol-o, pill
pilot-o, pilot
pin-o, pine
pinfi-i, to pinch
pingl-o, pin
pini-o, species of
pint-o, pinnacle
fir
pio6-o, pickaxe
pionir-o, pioneer
pip-o, pipe
pipr-o, pepper
pips-o, pip (disease)
pir-o, pear
piramid-o, pyramid
pirat-o, pirate
Pirine-oj, Pyrinees
pirit-o, pyrites
pirol-o, bullfinch
piroteknik-o, pyrotechnics
pist-i, to
pound
pistak-o, pistachio
pistil-o, pistil
pistol-o, pistol
pit-o, piston
piton-o, python
piz-o, pea
plac-o, plaza
pla6-i, to please
plad-o, dish
plafon-o, ceiling
plagiat-o, plagiarism
plan-o, plan
57
plaiid-i, to splash
plebej-o, a plebeian
pled-i, to plead (law)
plej,
most
plekt-i, to
weave
plen-a, full
plend-i, to complain
pleonasm-o, pleonasm
plet-o, tray
plezur-o, pleasure
pli,
more
plor-i, to shed tears
plot-o, roach (fish)

plu, further
plug-i, to plow
plum-o, feather, pen

plumb-o, lead
plu-o, plush
plutokrati-o, plutocracy
pluv-o, rain
pluvi-o, plover
po, at the rate of
podagr-o, gout
poem-o, poem
plant-i, to plant
poent-o, point(in game)

poet-o, poet
poezi-o, poetry
pokal-o, cup, goblet
pol-o, a Pole
polemik-o, polemics
plantag-o, plantain
polic-o, police
plastik-o, plastic art

plastr-o, plaster
plat-a, flat
plate-o, spoonbill
platen-o, platinum
poligami-o, polygamy
poligon-o, buckwheat
polip-o, polypus
pland-o, sole of foot

planed-o, planet
plank-o, floor
polis-o, insurance policy

politeism-o, poly theism
58
politik-0, politics
polk-o, polka
poluci-o, pollution
polur-o, polish
polus-o, pole (of magnet, etc.)
polv-o, dust
pom-o, apple
pomad-o, pomatum
pomp-o, pomp
po9-o, pocket
po9t-o, post, mail
pot-o, pot
potas-o, potash
potenc-a, powerful
potencial-a, potential
pov-i, to be able
poz-i, to pose
pozitiv-a, positive
porci-o, portion
pord-o, door
pra*, great-, primordial;

^V2L^QXVQ\y forefathers
praktik-o, practice
pram-o, ferry-boat
prav-a, right
precipe, chiefly
preciz-a, precise
predik-i, to preach
prefer-i, to prefer
prefiks-o, prefix
preg-i, to pray
prelat-o, prelate
porfir-o, porphyry
prelud-o, prelude
pork-o, hog
prem-i, to press
premi-o, premium
premis-o, premise
ponard-o, poniard
pont-o, bridge
ponton-o, pontoon
popl-o, poplar
popol-o, people
popular-a, popular
por, for, in order to, for
the purpose of
porcelan-o, porcelain
port-i, to carry
portal-o, portal
porter-o, porter (drink)
portope-o, swordbelt
portik-o, portico
portret-o, portrait
portugal-a, Portuguese
posed-i, to possess
posesiv-a, possessive
post, after
posten-o, military post
postul-i, to require
postulat-o, postulate
pren-i, to take
prepari, to prepare
prepozici-o, preposition
prerogativ-o, prerogative
pres-i, to print
presbiter-o, presbyter
preskau, nearly
pret-a, ready
pretekst-o, pretext
pretend-i, to pretend
Esperanto- English
preter, beyond
prez-o, price
prezent-i, to present
prezid-i, to preside
pri, about, concerning
prim-o, first (music)
primol-o, primrose
primitiv-a, primitive
princ-o, prince
princip-o, principle
printempo, springtime
prism-o, prism
privat-a, private
privilegi-o, privilege
pro, on account of
problem-o, problem
proced-i, to proceed
procent-o, interest
prcces-o, legal process
procesi-o, procession
produkt-i, to produce
profan-i, to profane
profesi-o, profession
profesor-o, professor
profet-o, prophet
profil-o, profile
profit-o, profit
profund-a, deep
program-o, program
progres-i, to progress
projekt-o, project
proklam-i, to proclaim
prokrast-i, to delay
proksim-a, near
prokur-o, procurator
proletari-o, proletarian
Vocabulary
59
prolog-o, prologue
promen-i, to walk
promes-i, to promise
promoci-o, promotion
promontor-o, cape
pronom-o, pronoun
propapropagand-o,
ganda
propon-i, propose
proporci-o, proportion
propr-a, one's own
proskripci-o, proscription
prospekt-o, prospect
prosper-i, to prosper
prostitu-i, to prostitute
protagonist-o, protagonist
protekt-i, to protect
protcst-i, to protest
protestant-o, protest-
ant
protokol-o, protocol
prototip-o, prototype
prov-i, to try
proverb-o, proverb
provinc-o, province
provincialism-o, provincialism
proviz-i, to provide
provizor-a, provisional
proz-o, prose
prozelit-o, proselyte
prozodi-o, prosody
prud-a, prudish
prudent-a, prudent
6o
prujn o, white frost

prun-o, plum
prunel-o, sloe
pnint-o, a loan
pnis-o, a Prussian
pruv-i, to prove
psalm-o, psalm
pseuda, pseudo, false
pseudonim-o, pseudo-
nym
psik-a, psychic
psikologi-o, psychology
publik-o, public
pudel-o, spaniel
pudr-o,
toilet
powder
puf-o, puff, tuft
pugn-o,
fist
pul-o, flea
pulm-o, lung
puls-o, pulse
pulv-o, gunpowder
r*^^
>'
pulvor-o, dust, powder

pumik-o, pumice
pump-i, to pump
pun-i, to punish
punc-o, crimson-red
punC-o, punch
punkt-o, point, dot
punt-o, lace
pup-o, doll
pupil-o, pupil of eye
pur-a, clean, pure
pupitr-o, desk
Purgatori-o, Purgatory
puritan-o, puritan
purpur-o, purple
pus-o, pus
pu9-i, to push
put-o, a well
putor-o, polecat
putr-i, to rot
rab-i, to seize and carry

away, to rob
rabarb-o, rhubarb
rabat-i, to rebate
raben-o, rabbi
rabi-o, madness, rabies
rabot-i, to plane
raci-a, rational
rad-o, wheel
radi-o, ray
radik-o, root
radikal-a, radical
rafan-o, horse-radish
rafin-i, to refine
rajd-i, to ride
rajt-o, right
raket-o, rocket, fusee
rakont-i, to relate
ramp-i, to crawl
ran-o, frog
ranc-a, rancid
rand-o, edge
rang-o, rank
ranunkol-o, ranunculus
rapid-a, rapid
rapir-o, foil, rapier
6i
reg-i, to govern
regal-i, to regale
regeneraci-o, regeneration
monopoly
regiment-o, regiment
regi-o, state
raport-i, to report
region-o, region
rapsodi-o, rhapsody
registr-i, to register
reglement-o. regulation
regn-o, state
ras-o, race
rasp-i, to rasp
rat-o, rat
raiik-a, hoarse, raucus
raiip-o, caterpillar
rav-i, to enrapture
raz-i, to shave
re, again
reakci-o, reaction
real-a, real
real-o, real (coin)
realist-o, realist
rebus-o, rebus
recenz-i, to review
recept-o, doctor's prescription
reciprok-a, reciprocal
redakci-o, editorship
redakt-i, to edit
redaktor-o, editor
redukt-i, to reduce
redut-o, redoubt
ref-o, reef (of sail)
referenc-o, reference
reformaci-o,
reforma-
tion
refut-i, to refute
regatt-o, regatta
regol-o, wren
regres-o, regress
regul-o, a rule
reg-o, king
retisor-o,
stage-manager
rejs-o, reis (coin)
reklam-o, advertising
rekomend-i, to com-
mend
rekompenc-i,
to
reward
rekord-o, record
rekrut-o, recruit
rekt-a, straight
rektor-o, rector
rekviem-o, requiem
rekvizici-o, requisition
rekvizit-o, requisite
rel-o, rail
relief-o, relief, embos-
sed work
religi-o, religion
rem-i, to row
rembur-i, to stuff
remiz-o, garage, coach

house
6a
rempar-o, bulwark
rezignaci-o, resignation
ren-o, kidney
rendcvu-o, rendezvous
renegat-o, renegade
renesanc-o,renaissance
renkont-i, to meet
rent-o, income
renvers-i, to upset
repertuar-o, repertoire
reprezent-i, represent
rcputaci-o, reputation
reskript-o, rescript
respekt-i, to respect
respectrcspektiv-c,
(to one's lot, etc.)

rezin-o, resin
rezoluci-o, resolution
rezon-i, to reason
ively
respond-i, to respond
respublik-o, republic
rcst-i, to remain
restoraci-o, restaurant
ret-o, net, netting
retin-o, retina
retorik-o, rhetoric
retort-o, retort {chem.)
retroaktiv-a,retroactive
retrospektiv-a,
retro-
spective
reiimatism-o, rheumatism
rev-i, to
dream
reveng-o, revenge
reviz-i, to revise
revoluci-o, revolution
revolver-o, revolver
revu-o, review, journal
rezerv-i, to reserve
rezign-i, to resign
rezult-i, to result
rib-o, currant
ribel-i, to rebel
ricev-i,to receive
ri6-a, rich
rid-i, to laugh
rif-o, reef
rifug-i, to take refuge
rifuz-i, to refuse
rigard-i, to look at
rig-i, to rig
rigid-a, rigid
rigl-i, to bolt
rigor-a, rigora
rikan-i, to grin, sneer
rikolt-i, to gather
rilat-i, to relate
rim-o, rhyme
rimark-i, to remark
rimed-o, means
rimen-o, strap
rimes-i, to remit money
ring-o, ring
rinocer-o, rhinoceros
rip-o, rib
ripar-i, to repair
ripet-i, to repeat
ripoz-i, to repose
riproC-i, to reproach
risk-i, to risk
rism-o, ream

risort-o, spring (metal)
rit-o, rite
63
rostr-o, trunk, snout

rot-o, company (w/7//.)
ritm-o, rythm
rotond-o, rotunda
river-o, river
riverenc-o, reverence
roz-o, rose
rozari-o, rosary
rub-o, rubbish
ruband-o, ribbon
riz-o, rice
rob-o, robe
rod-o, road (sea)
rojalism-o, royalism
rok-o, rock
rol-o, role
roman-o, a novel
romanc-o, ballad
romantik-a, romantic
romp-i, to breok
rond-o, circle
ronk-i, to snore
ros-o, dew
rosmar-o, walrus
rosmaren-o, rosemary
rost-i, to roast
sabat-o, Saturday
sabl-o, sand
sabr-o, saber
safir-o, sapphire
safran-o, saffron
sagac-a, sagacious
seg-o, arrow
saf-a, wise
sagu-o, sage
sak-o, sack
sakr-o, sacrum
ruben-o, ruby
rubl-o, rouble
rubrik-o, head-line
rut-a, red
ruin-oj, ruins
rukt-i, to eructate
rul-i, to roll
rum-o, rum
ruman-o, a Roumanian
rus-o, a Russian
rust-i, to rust
ru-o, ruche, ruching
rutin-o, routine
ruz-a, cunning
sakrament-o,sacrament
sakrilegi-o, sacrilege
saks-o, a Saxon
Saksujo, Saxony
sal-o, salt
salajr-o, salary
salamandr-o, salamander
salamoniak-o,
moniac
salat-o, salad
sal
am-
64
sald-o, balance
account
salik-o, willow
saliv-o, saliva
of an
salm-o, salmon
scienc-o, science
sciur-o, squirrel
se,
if
seb-o, tallow
sed, but
saw
segment-o, segment
salon-o, reception-room
salpetr-o, saltpetre
seg-i, to
salt-i, to jump
salut-i, to salute
se|-o, chair
sek-a, dry
sekal-o, rye
sekc-i, to dissect
sekci-o, section
sekret-o, secret
sekretari-o, secretary
seks-o, sex
sekst-o, sixth (music)
sekt-o, sect
sekulariz-i, secularize
sekund-o, second
sekv-i, to follow
sel-o, saddle
selakt-o, whey
salvi-o, sage
sam-a, same
sambuk-o, elder (tree)
samovar-o, samovar
san-a, healthy
sandal-o, sandal
sang-o, blood
sankci-o, sanction
sangvin-a, sanguine
sank^-a, holy
sanskrit-o, Sanskrit
sap-o, soap
sard-o, a Sardinian
sardin-o, sardine
sark-i, to weed
sarkasm-o, sarcasm
sat-a, satiated
Satan-o, Satan
satir-o, satire
satirus-o, satyr
satrap-o, satrap
satur-i, to saturate
sauc-o, sauce
sav-i, to save
scen-o, scene
sceptr-o, scepter
8ci-i, to
know
sem-i, to sow
semafor-o, semaphore
semajn-o, week
semid-a, Semitic
seminari-o, seminary
sen, without
senat-o, senate
senc-o, sense, meaning
send-i, to send
sensaci-o, sensation
sent-i, to feel
sentenc-o, sentence
sentimental-a,
sentimental
Sep, seven
sepi-o, cuttle-fish
Septembr-o, September
seraf-o, seraph
serb-o, a Servian
serfi-i, to seek
seren-a, serene
serenad-o, serenade
serfent-o, sergeant
seri-o, series
serioz-a, serious
serpent-o, serpent
serur-o, lock
serv-i, to serve
servic-o, course (at a
meal)
servut-o, servitude
ses, six
sever-a, severe
sezon-o, season
sfer-o, sphere
sfinks-o, sphinx
si, self
Siberi-o, Siberia
silk-o, silk
silogism-o, syllogism
siluet-o, silhouette
silur-o, shad
silvi-o, hedge-sparrow
simbol-o, symbol
simetri-o, symmetry
simfoni-o, symphony
simi-o, monkey, ape
simil-a, similar
simpati-o, sympathy
simpl-a, simple
simptom-o, symptom
sinagog-o, synagogue
sincer-a, sincere
sindik-o, syndic
sindikat-o, syndicate
sinedri-o, sanhedrim
singult-i, to hiccup
sinjor-o, Mr., Sir
sinod-o, synod
sinonim-o, synonym
sintaks-o, syntax
siet-i, to besiege
sifilis-o, syphilis
sintez-o, synthesis
siren-o, siren
Siri-o, Syria
siring-o, lilac
sirop-o, syrup
sifon-o, syphon
sistem-o, system
sigel-i, to seal
sitel-o, pail
situaci-o, situation
skabel-o, stool
sibl-i, to hiss
sid-i, to sit
sign-o, sign
signal-o, signal
signif-i, to signify
silab-o, syllable
silent-i, to be silent
silik-o, flint
65
skaben-o, alderman
skabi-o, itch
skadr-o, squadron
skal-o, scale (of map)
66
skalp-o, scalp
skandal-o, scandal
skandinav-o, a Scandinavian
skapol-o,shoulder-blade
skarab-o, beetle
skarlat-o, scarlet
skarp-o, scarf
skatol-o, small box, case
skelet-o, skeleton
skeptik-a, sceptical
skerm-i, to fence
skiz-i, to sketch
sklav-o, slave
skolastik-a, scholastic
skolop-o, woodcock
skombr-o, mackerel
skorbut-o, scurvy
skorpi-o, scorpion
skot-o, a Scot
skrap-i, to scrape
skrib-i, to write
skrupul-a, scrupulous
sku-i, to shake
skulpt-i, to sculpture
skun-o, schooner
skurg-o, whip, scourge
skvam-o,
scales (fish)
slang-o, slang
slav-o, a Slav
smerald-o, emerald
smilak-o, sarsaparilla
smirg-o, emery
sobr-a, sober
80ci-o, society at large,
the social body
soci-a, social-a, social
socialism-o, socialism
socialist-o, socialist
sociologi-o, sociology
societ-o, society
sod-o, soda
sof-o, sofa
sofism-o, sophism
be thirsty
sojl-o, threshold
sol-a, alone
sol-o, solo
soldat-o, soldier
sole-o, sole (fish)
soif-i, to
solen-a, solemn
8olid-a, solid, substantial, respectable
solidar-a, jointly liable
soliter-o, tape-worm
solv-i, to solve
solvent-a, solvent
somer-o, summer
son-i, to give a sound
sonat-o, sonata
sond-i, sound, fathom
song-o, dreamsonor-i, to ring
sopir-i, to sigh for
sopran-o, soprano
sorb-i, to absorb
sor6-o, witchcraft
sorik-o, shrew-mouse
sorp-o, black haw
sort-o, fate
sovag-a, wild
spac-o, space
spalir-0, espalier
spasm-o, spasm
spat-o, spavin
spec-o, species
special-a, special
specifik-i, to specify
specimen-o, specimen
spektr-o, specter
spegul-o, mirror
spektakl-o,
spectacle
scene
speculaspekulaci-o,
tion
spekulativ-a,
specula-
tive
sperm-o, sperm
spert-a, experienced
spez-o, a clearing of
funds
enspezi, to
take in ; elspezi, to
pay out
spic-o, spice
spik-o, ear (of grain)
spin-o, spine
spinac-o, spinach
spindel-o, spindle
spion-o, a spy
spir-i, to breathe
:
spirit-o, spirit
spiritism-o, spiritism
spiritualism-O, spiritualism
spiritus-o, spirit (alcoholic)
spite, in spite of
split-o, splint, sliver
67
spong-o, sponge
spontane-a, spontaneous
sporad-a, sporadic
sport-a, sport
sprit-a, witty
spron-o, spur
sput-i, to spit, spit up
blood, etc.
stab-o, staff (army)
stabl-o, work-bench
staci-o, station
stadi-o, stadium
stal-o, shed, stall
stalagmit-o, stalagmite
stalaktit-o, stalactite
stamp-i, to stamp,
to
mark
stan-o, pewter
standard-o, flag
stang-o, pole
stapl-o, pile, heap
star-i, to stand
stard-o, bustard
stat-o, state, condition
statik-a, static
statistik-o, statistics
statu-o, statue
statur-o, stature
steb-i, to stitch
stel-o, star
stenografi-o, stenogra-
phy
step-o, steppe
stereoskop-o,
scope
stereo-
68
Esperanto' English Vocabulary
stereotip-0, stereotype
sterk-o, dung, manure
subjunktiv-0, subjunc-
or
sublimat-o, sublimate
substanc-o, substance
substantiv-o, substan-
stern-i,
to
stretch
sprawl out
8tertor-i, to make a
harsh noise
8til-o, style
stimul-i, to stimulate
stipe, broom (shrub)
stof-o, Russian measure
stoik-a, stoical
tive
tive
subtil-a, subtle
subtrah-i, to subtract
su6-i, to suck
sud-o, south
sufer-i, to suifer
stomak-o, stomach
sufifi-a, sufficient
stopl-o, stubble
8trab-i, to squint
strang-a, strange
strat-o, street
streC-i, to stretch
strek-i, to streak
sufiks-o, suffix
sufok-i, to suffocate
8tri-o, streak, stripe
8trig-o, owl
8trigl-i, to
curry(comb)
8trik-o, strike(workers)
striknin-o, strychnine
strof-o, strophe
stniktur-o, structure
strut-o, ostrich
8tudent-o, student
8tuk-i, to stucco
8tump-o, stub, stump
stup-o, tow
sturg-o, sturgeon
sturn-o, starling
sub, under, beneath
subit-a, sudden
subjekt-o, subject
subjektiv-a, subjective
sugesti-o, suggestion
suk-o, sap, juice
sukcen-o, amber
sukces-i, to succeed
suker-o, sugar
sulfur-o, sulphur
sulk-o, furrow, wrinkle
sultan-o, sultan
sum-o, sum
sun-o, sun
sup-o, soup
super, above
superstiC-o,
supersti-
tion
supoz-i, to suppose
supr-e, above
sur, on
surd-a, deaf
surpriz-i, to surprise
surtut-o, overcoat
suspekt-i, to suspect
suveren-o, sovereign
Esperanto- Ens^lish
svarm-i, teem, swarm

svat-i. to act as match-
Vocabulary
69
sven-i, to swoon
sving-i, to swing
svis-o, a Swiss
maker
sved-o, a Swede
S
Saf-o, sheep
aft-o, shaft (machine)
8erc-i, to joke
Sah-o, shah
ild-o, shield
iling-o, shilling
8im-i, to get mouldy,
ajn-i, to
seem
ak-oj, chess
akal-o, jackal
akt-o, shaft (mining)
al-o, shawl
alup-o, shallop
Salm-o, straw, stalk
ani-o, chamois skin
anc-o, luck, chance

ancel-i, to cause to
hesitate, to shake
ang-i, to change
ankr-o, canker
arad-o, charade
arg-i, to load, charge
(a gun, etc.)
art-i, to load (wagon,
car, etc.)
ark-o, shark
at-i, to prize, like
Saum-o, foam
el-o, shell
gelak-o, shellac
elk-o, suspenders
Si,
she
to spoil
ind-o, shingle
ink-o, ham
ip-o, ship
ir-i, to tear
irm-i, to shield
lim-o, slime
los-i, to lock
mac-i, to kiss noisily

mir-i, to smear with
Snur-o, string
ov-i, to shove, push
ovel-i, to shovel
ovinism-o, jingoism
par-i, to be sparing
pic-o, Spitz (dog)
Spin-i, to spin
pnic-i, to spurt, spout
rank-o, cupboard
rapnel-o, shrapnel
raub-o, screw
8tal-o, steel
EsperantO'English Vocab%iJary
ro
9u-o, shoe
Stat-o, state
Stel-i, to steal
Stip-o, block of
Suld-i, to owe
ultr-o, shoulder
Sut-i, to chute or pour
out grain, sand, etc.
9vel-i, to swell
fivit-i, to perspire
wood
9tof-o, goods, stuff
Ston-o, stone
9top-i, to stop up
Strump-o, stocking
Stup-o, stair-step
t.
c,
tio estas,
that
talmud-o, talmud
talp-o, mole (animal)
is
tabak-o, tobacco
taban-o, gad-fly
talk-o, talc
tabel-o, table (figures,
names, etc.)
tabl-o, table (furniture)
tabul-o, plank
taburet-o, tabouret
taCment-o, a squad
of
tambur-o, drum
tamburin-o, tambourine
tamen, however
tamtam-o, tom-tom
tan-i, to tan
tandem-o tandem
tag-o, day
tangent-o, tangent
tanin-o, tannin
tapet-o, tapestry
tajlor-o, tailor
tajd-o, tide
taks-i, to estimate the
value of, to price
tapiS-o, carpet
tar-o, tare (of weight)
tarantel-o, tarantella
tarantul-o, tarantula
soldiers
taft-o, taffeta
taksus-o, yew
takt-o, bar (music)
taktik-o, tactics
talent-o, talent
taler-o, thaler
tali-o, waist
talisman-o, talisman
tarif-o, tariff
tas-o, cup
task-o, task
tartar-o, cream of tartar
tatar-o, a Tartar
tatu-i, to tattoo
taiig-i, to
be
fit
for
tavol-o, layer
te-o, tea
teatr-o, theater
ted-i, to be tedious
teg-i, cover completely
tegment-o, roof
termit-o, termite
termometr-o, thermometer
tern-i, to sneeze
terur-o, terror
testament-i, bequeath
teism-o, theism
testik-o, testicle
teknik-a, technical
testud-o, tortoise
tetan-o, lockjaw
tetr-o, grouse
tetra-o, hazel-hen
teks-i, to
weave
telefon-o, telephone
telegraf-o, telegraph
telepati-o, telepathy
teler-o, plate
teleskop-o, telescope
tem-o, theme, subject
temp-o, time
temperament-o, tem-
tez-o, thesis
tia, such, that kind
tial, therefore
tiam, then
tiar-o, tiara
tibi-o, tibia
perament
tempi-o, temple (head)
templ-o, temple
tie, there
ten-i, to keep, hold

tend-o, tent
tif-o,
tenden-o, tendon
tendenc-o, tendency
tenor-o, tenor
tent-i, to tempt
teologi-o, theology
teori-o, theory
ter-o, earth
terapeutik-o, therapeutics
teras-o, terrace
tercet-o, musical trio
terebint-o, turpentine
teritori-o, territory
termin-o, definition
71
tiel, thus, in that
way
ties, that person's
typhus
tigr-o, tiger
tikl-i, to tickle
tili-o, linden
tim-i, to fear
timian-o, thyme
timon-o, pole or shaft
of vehicle
tin-o, vat
tindr-o, tinder
tine-o, moth
tinktur-o, tincture
tint-i, to jingle
tio, that, that thing
tiom, that much, that
many
7a
tip-o, type
tipografi-o, typography
tir-i, to draw, pull
tiran-o, tyrant
titol-o, title
tiu, that person, that
tog-o, toga
tol-o, linen
toler-i, to tolerate
tom-o, tome,
tomat-o, tomato
tomb-o, tomb
tombak-o, tombac
ton-o, tone
tond-i, to shear, clip
tondr-i, to thunder
topaz-o, topaz
topografi-o, topography
torC-o, torch
tord-i, to wind, twist
torent-o, torrent
torf-o, peat, turf
torn-i, to turn on lathe
traktat-o, treatise
tram-o, tram
tran6-i,to cut
trankvil-a, calm
trans, across, beyond
transcend-a.transcendant
transitiv-a, transitive
trapez-o, trapeze
trat-i, to draw (a draft,
note, etc.)
travesti-o, travesty
tre, very
tref-o, club (in cards)
trem-i, to tremble
tremolo, asp, aspen
tremp-i, dip, immerse
tren-i, to drag
trezor-o, treasure
tri, three
tribun-o, rostrum
tribunal-o, tribunal
tribut-o, tribute
tornistr-o, knapsack
torped-o, torpedo
tort-o, tart
tost-o, toast
tricikl-o, tricycle
trik-i, knit
trikot-o, knitted work
tra, through
trink-i, to drink
trip-oj, tripe
tritik-o, wheat
trab-o, beam
tradici-o, tradition
traduk-i, to translate
traf-i, to hit the
mark
tril-o, trill
triumf-o, triumph
tragedi-o, tragedy
trane-o, trachea
trivial-a, trivial
tro, too, loo much
trofe-o, trophy
trajt-o, feature
trakt-i, to treat of
trog-o, trough, manger

tromb-o, water-spout
trombon-o, trombone
tuf-0, tuft
tromp-i, to deceive
tuj,
tron-o, throne
trop-o, trope
tropik-o, tropic
tuk-o, a cloth
immediately
tul-o, tulle
tulip-6, tulip
tumult-o, tumult
tunel-o, tunnel
tunik-o, tunic
tur-o, tower
turban-o, turban
turbin-o, turbine
turd-o, thrush
trot-i, to trot
trotuar-o, sidewalk
'
trov-i, to find
tru-o, hole
trud-i, to intrude
truf-o, truffle
trul-o, trowel
trump-o, a large horn
turist-o, tourist
turk-o, Turk
turkis-o, turquoise
trumpet-o, trumpet
trunk-o, trunk (of tree)
trup-o, troupe
trust-o, trust, syndicate
turment-i, to torment
turn-i, to turn
turnir-o, tournament
turt-o, dove
tus-i, to cough
tu-i, to touch
tut-a, entire, whole
trut-o, trout
tualet-o, toilet
tub-o, tube
tuber-o,
73
bulb or knot
(in plants)
U
u, sign
amu,
uj*, that
of imperative
love
uln-o,
which contains:
cigarujo, cigar-case
ukaz-o, ukase
ul', a person noted for
time, fear\ timulo,
a coward.
:
ulcer-o, ulcer
uleks-0, furze
ulm-o, elm
ell
ultimat-o, ultimatum
ultramar-a, ultramarine
um',
indefinite suffix
umbilik-o, navel
unc-o, ounce
ung-o, finger-nail
uniform-o, uniform
74
univers-o, universe
universal-a, universal
universitat-o, university
unik-a, unique
unu, one
ur-o, ure-ox
uragan-o, hurricane
uran-o, uranium
urb-o, city, town
urin-i, to urinate
um-o, urn
urogal-o, heath-cock
urs-o, bear
urtik-o, nettle
us, conditional of verb
amus, might love
uter-o, womb, uterus
util-a, useful
utilism-o, utilitarianism
utopi-o, Utopia
uvertur-o, overture
uz-i, to use
uzurp-i, to usurp
vad-i, to wade
vapor-o, vapor
vafi-o, waffle
varb-i, to recruit, enlist

variol-o, small-pox
vag-i, to roam
vagon-o, railway car
vakcini-o, whortleberry
vak-i, to be vacant
vaks-o, wax
val-o, valley
valid-a, valid
valiz-o, valise
valor-i, to be worth
vals-i, to waltz
valv-o, valve
varm-a, warm
vart-i, to nurse
vasal-o, vassal
vast-a, wide, vast
vat-o, wadding
Vatikan-o, Vatican
vaz-o, vase
vazelin-o, vaseline
ve
woe
van-a, vain
vandal-o, vandal
vanel-o, lapwing
vang-o, cheek
veget-i, to vegetate
vegetar-a, vegetarian
vejn-o, vein
vek-i, to awake
vekt-o, scale beam
vel-o, sail
vanil-o, vanilla
velen-o, vellum
vant-a, vain,
velk-i, to fade
vampir-o, vampire
futile
velociped-o, velocipede
velur-o, velvet
ven-i, to come
vend-i, to sell
vendred-o, Friday
venen-o, poison
vener-a, venereal
venf-i, to avenge
venki, to vanquish
vent-o, wind
ventol-i, to ventilate
ventr-o, abdomen
ver-a, true
verand-o, veranda
verb-o, verb
verben-o, verbena
verd-a, green
75
vespert-o, bat
vest-i, to dress
vestibl-o, vestibule
vet-o, vest
vet-i, to bet
veter-o, weather
veteran-o, veteran
veterinar-o, veterinary
vetur-i, travel, journey
by vehicle
vezik-o, bladder
vezir-o, vizier
you
viadukt-o, viaduct
viand-o, meat
vi,
vibr-i, to vibrate
viburn-o, viburnum
verdigr-o, verdigris
verdikt-o, verdict
verg-o, switch, rod
vic-o, rank, turn, order

vici-o, vetch
vid-i, to see
verk-i, to compose
vidv-o, widower
verm-o, worm
vermut-o, vermouth
vigl-a, alert
vikari-o, curate
vilaf-o, village
vin-o, wine
vermieel-o, vermicelli
vcrs-o, verse
verst-o, verst
ver-i, to pour
vert-o, fore part of the
head
vertag-o, terrier
vertebr-o, vertebra
vertikal-a, vertical
veruk-o, wan
verv-o, rapture
vesp-o, wasp
yesper-o, evening
vinagr-o, vinegar
vind-i, to swaddle
vinjet-o, vignette
vinkt-i, to rivet, clinch
vintr-o, winter
viol-o, violet
violon-o, violin
violonCel-o, a violoncello
vip-o, whip
viper-o, viper
76
vir-0, a man
virg-a, virginal
virt-o, virtue
virtuoz-o, virtuoso
visk-o, mistletoe
viski-o, whisky
vist-o, whist
viS-i, to
wipe
vok-i, to call
vokal-o, a vowel
vol-i, to will
volfram-o, wolfram
volont-e, willingly
volum-o, volumeCbook)
volumen-o, volume
volupt-o, volupty
roll, wind
vom-i, to vomit
vort-o, word
vitr-o, glass
vitriol-o, vitriol
viv-i, to live
vizag-o, face
vizi-o, vision
vizier-o, vizor
vizit-i, to visit
volv-i, to
voC-o, voice
voj-o,way, road
vulkan-o, volkano
vulp-o, fox
vojag-i, to voyage
vultur-o, vulture
vund-i, to wound
vojevod-o, wayvode, a
small Polish
vost-o, tail
vual-o, veil
vulgar-a, vulgar, com-
mon
official
zebr-o, zebra
zodiak-o, zodiac
zelat-o, zealot
zenit-o, zenith
zibel-o, sable-marten
zigzag-o, zigzag
zingibr-o, ginger
zink-o, zinc
zizel-o, zizel
zoti-o, girdle
zoologi-o, zoology
zorg-i, care for, watch,
see after
zuav-o, zouave
zum-i, to hum
ENGLISH
ESPERANTO VOCABULARY
abandon, forlasi
abash, hontigi
abbot, abate
abbreviate, mallongigi
abdomen,
abduct,
abide,
ventre
forrabi
resti, logi
ability, talente
able, pova
abolish, forigi, nuligi
abomination, abomene
abound, svarmi
about, preska^, Cirkaii
above, supre
abscess, absceso
absent, forestanta
absolute, absoluta
absorb, serbi
abstract, abstrakta
absurd, absurda
abuse, trouzi
academy, akademie
accede, cedi, konsenti
accelerate, akceli
accent (mark), signo
accent, akcento
accept, akcepti
accident, okazo
accompany, akompani
according to, laii

accouche, akui
account, kente, kalkule,
rakonto
accumulate, amasigi
accurate, akurata
accuse, kulpigi
accustomed, kutima
ace, aso
ache, dolore
acid, acido
acknowledge,
konfesi,
avizi
acorn, glano
acquaint, sciigi, konigi
acquiesce, konsenti
acquire, akiri
acrobat, akrobato
act, ago, akte
active, agema, aktiva
actor, aktore
actual, efektiva
adage, preverbo
add, aldoni, adicii
address, adresi
adept, adepto
adequate, adekvata
adhere, aligi
adieu, adiaii
78
English- Esperanto Vocabulary
adjacent, apuda
adjective, adjektiva
administer, administri
admiral, admiralo
admire, admiri
admonish, admoni
adopt, adopti, alpreni
adore, adori
adorn, ornami
adulterate, falsi
adultery, adulto
Advent, Advento
adverb, adverbo
advertise, anonci
advise, konsili, avizi
affable, afabla
affair, afero
affect, afekti
affection, amo, afekcio
affirm, atesti
affirmative, jesa
affix, afikso
afterward, poste
again, ree
against, kontrafl
agate, agato
agent, agento
agitate, agiti
ago, antati
air, aero, aerumi, ario
alas
alas
album, albumo
albumen, albumeno
alcohol, alkoholo
algebra, algebro
alias, alie
alike, simila
alive, viva
all, Ciom, 6iuj
allot, lotumi
allov^, permesi
allude, aludi
allure, logi
almighty, Ciopova
almost, preskati
alms, almozo
aloft, supre
alone, sole
alphabet, alfabeto
Alps, Alpoj
already, jam
also, anka(i
altar, altaro
although, kvankam
alto, aide
altogether, tute
alum, aluno
always, Ciam
agony, agonio
amalgam, amalgamo
agree, interkonsenti
agriculture, agrikulturo
ah! ha!
ambassador,
ahead, antatie
aid, helpi, asisti
aim, celo
ambasa-
doro
amber, sukceno
ambition, ambicio
ambush, embuski
America, Ameriko
amidst, meze
ammonia, amoniako
among, inter
ample, sufiSa
amuse, amuzi
analogy, analogio
analyze, analizi
anarchy, anarHio
anatomy, anatomic
ancestor, prapatro
anchor, ankro
ancient, antikva
and, kaj
anger, kolero
angle, angulo
animal, besto
ankle, maleolo
announce, anonci
anonymous, anonima
answer, respondi
ant, formiko
antelope, antilopo
antipathy, antipatio
antique, antikva
anvil,
any,
amboso
ia
apology, apologio
apoplexy, apopleksio
apostle, apostolo
apostrophe, apostrofo
apparatus, aparato
appear, ajni, aperi
appetite, apetito
applaud, aplaiidi
apple, pomo
appoint, nomi, elekti
approach, proksimigi
approve, aprobi
apricot, abrikoto
April, Aprilo
Arab, arabo
arbitrary, arbitra
arbitration, arbitracio
arbor, laiibo
arc, arko
arcade, arkado
archipelago, insularo
arctic, arktika
ardent, fervora
arena, areno
argue, argumenti
arm, armi, brako
anybody, iu
anybody's, ies
army, armeo
aroma, aromo
anyhow, iel
any quantity, iom
any time, iam
around,
anything,
io
anywhere,
ie
apart, aparte
apathy, apatio
ape, simio
79
Cirkaii
arrest, aresti
arrogant, aroganta
arrow, sago
arsenic, arseniko
art, arte
artery, arterio
artichoke, artigoko
8o
article, artikolo, aô

artist, artisto
as, kiel, tiel
ashes, cindro
Asia, Azio
ask, demandi, peti
asphalt, asfalto
aspire, aspiri, celi
assault, atako
assign, asigni
aunt, onklino
auspices, aiispicoj
Australia, Aiistralio
Austrian, aiistro
author, aiitoro
authority, aiitoritato
autocrat, aiitokrato
automatic, atitomata
automobile, aiitomobilo
autumn,
aiituno
assist, asisti, belpi
avalanche, lavango
astringent, adstringa
astrology, astrologio
astronomy, astronomio
avaricious, avara
avenge, vengi
average, meza
aversion, antipatio
avert, deturni
avid, avida
avoid, eviti
at, Ce
atheism, ateismo
athlete, atleto
atmosphere, atmosfero
atom, atomo
attempt, atenci
attend, atendi,
a^vait, atendi
avâken, veki
a>vay, for
awful, terura
attack, ataki
attain, atingi
atenti,
servi, zorgi
awkward,
neierta
awl, aleno
attention, atento
axe, hakiio
attest, atesti
attract, altiri
axis, akso
auction, atikcio
azote, azoto
azure, lazura
audience,
a(iditorio
babble, babili
baboon, paviano
baby, infaneto, ido
axiom, aksiomo
bachelor, fraCilo
back, dorso, re, posts
badge, simbolo, devizo
badger, melo
bag, sako
bagatelle, bagatelo
baggage, pakajo
bail, kattcio
balance, balanci
balance-sheet, bilanco
balcony, balkono
bald, senhara
ball, balo, pilko, globo
ballad, balado
ballast, balasto
ballet, baleto
balloon, balono
ballot, baloti
balsam, balzamo
bamboo, bambuo
banana, banano
band, ligilo, bando
bandage, bandago
banish, ekzili
bank, banko, bordo
banker, bankiero
banner, flago,standardo
banquet, festeno
baptize, bapti
bar, bari
barbarian, barbaro
barber, barbiro
bare, nuda
bark, boji, barko
barley, hordeo
barometer, barometro
baron, baron
barrel, barelo
baritone, baritone
8i
base, fundamento
basin, pelvo
basket, korbo
bass (music), baso
bat, vesperto
battery, baterio
battle, batalo
bayonet, bajoneto
bazar, bazaro
be, esti
beak, beko
beam,
trabo
bean, fabo
bear, urso
bear, naski, produkti
beard, barbo
beast, brute, besto
beat, bati
beautiful, bela
beaver, kastoro
because, Car
bed, lito
bee, abelo
beech, fago
beef, bovajo
beer, biero
beet, beto
beetle, skarabo
before, antaii
beg,petegi, peti almoaon
begin, komenci
behave, konduti
behind, post
belch, rukti
Belgian, belgo
believe^ kredi
8a
bell, sonorilo
belly, ventro
belong, aparteni
below, sub, malsupre
belt, zono
bench, benko, stable
bend,
fleksi
benediction, beno
berry, bero
besides, krom
besiege, siegi
block,
Stipo,
kvadrato
bloko,
blot, makulo
blow, blovi
blouse, bluzo, kitelo

blue, blua
boa, boao
board, tabulo
boast, fanfaroni
boat, boato
body, korpo
bet, veti
Bohemian, bohemo
between, inter
beyond, trans
boil, boli
bolt, rigli
Bible, biblio
bicycle, biciklo
bomb, bombo
bonbon, bombono
big, granda
bone, osto
bonnet, Capo
book, libro
bigamy, bigamio
bile, galo
bill, bilo, kalkulo, beko,
boot, boto
kambio, afiSo
bind, ligi, bindi, ban-
booth, budo
borax, borakso
dagi
biography, biografio
biology, biologic
birch, betulo
bird, birdo
biscuit, biskvito
bishop, episkopo
bit, peco
bite, mordi
black, nigra
blackbird, raerlo
bleat, bleki
bless, beni
blind, blinda
bore, bori
borrow, prunte preni
bosom, brusto
botany, botaniko
both, ambati
bottle, botelo
bottom, fundo
boulevard, bulvardo
boundary, limo
bouquet, bukedo
bo>v, saluti
bow,
arCo,
pafarko,
ban to
bowl, pelvo, kaliko
kesto,
skatolo
box,
pugnebato, logio
boy, knabo
brag, fanfaroni
brain, cerbo
brake, haltigilo
bran, brano
branch, branCo
brave, brava
bray, bleki
bread, pano
break, rompi
breast, brusto, mamo
breathe, spiri
brick, briko
bridge, ponto
bridle, brido
brigade, brigade
brigand, bandito
bright, hela, brila
brighten,
briligi
brilliant, brilianto
bring, alkonduki
brink, rando
briny, sala
brittle, facilrompa
broad, larga
brochure, brouro
bronchitis, bronkito
brooch, broCo
brood, kovi
brook, rivereto
broom,
balailo
brother, frato
brown, bruna
bruise, kontuzi
83
brush, broso
brute, bruto
bucket, sitelo
buckle, buko
buckwheat, poHgono
bud, burgono
buffalo, bubalo
bug, cimo
build, konstrui
bulb, bulbo
Bulgarian, bulgaro
bull, bovoviro
bullet, kuglo
bun, bulko
bundle, fasko
bungle, fui
burden, argo
bureau, komodo, oficejo
burn, bruli, bruligi
burnish, poluri
burner, flamingo
bury, enfosi, enterigi
bush, arbeto
bushel, bugelo
business, afero, profesio, komerco, ofico
bust, busto
busy, okupata
but, sed, krom, escepte
butcher, buCi
butter, butero
butterfly, papilio
button, butono, buton-
umi
buy, aCeti
by, per, apud, prater
84
Ettglish- Esperanto
cab, fiakro
cabbage, brasiko
cabin, kajuto, kabano,
Cambreto
cable, gnurego
cadet, kadeto
cafe, restoracio, kafejo
cage, kago
cake, kuko
calculate, kalkuli
caldron, kaldrono
calendar, kalendaro
calf, bovido, tibikamo
caliber, kalibro
calico, kalikoto
call, voki
callous, kala
calm, kvieta, trankvila
calumny, kalumnio
camp, tendaro
camphor, kamforo
can, povas
canal, kanalo
canary, kanario
candidate, kandidato
candle, k.indelo
candy, kando
cane, kano, bastono
cannon, pafilego
canon, kanono
canopy, baldakeno
canvas, kanvaso
cap, Capo, kepo
capable, kapabla
Vocabulary
capital, kapitalo, kapitelo,
granda
litero
capitol, kapitolo
caprice, kaprico
captain, Sipestro, kapitano
carat, karato
caravan, karavano
carbuncle, karbunkolo
card, karto
cardboard, kartono
care, zorgi
caress, karesi
carmine, karmino
carnival, karnivalo
caricature, karikaturi
carp, karpo
carpenter, Carpenti
carpet, tapiSo
carriage, veturilo
carrot, karoto
carry, porti
cartilage, kartilago
cartridge, kartoCo
case, kazo, kesto, ingo
cash, mono, kontanto
cast, fandi
castle, kastelo
cat, kato
catalogue, katalogo
catarrh, kataro
catch, kapti
cathedral, katedralo
Catholic, Katolika
cauliflower, florbrasiko
charming, Carma
cause, kaiizo
caution, averti
cavalry, kavalerio
cave, kaverno
cease, Cesi
cedar, cedro
cede, cedi
chaste, Casta,
chatter, babili
ceiling, plafono
celery, celerio
cell, Celo
cellar, kelo
cement, cemento
censor, cenzuri
cent, cendo
centime, centimo
center, centro
century, centjaro
ceremony, ceremonio
certain, certa
certify, certigi, atesti
chagrin, Cagreno
chain, Ceno
chair, sego
chalice, kaliko
chalk, kreto
chamber, Cambro
chamois, Camo
chamois-skin, amo
85
cheap, malkara
cheat, trompi
cheese, fromago
chemise, eemizo
chemistry, !iemio
check, Ceko
cherry, Cerizo
chess, gakoj
chest, kesto, brusto
chestnut, katano
chew, maCi
chief, Cefa
child, infano
chimney, kamentubo
chin, mentono
china, porcelano
Chinaman, tino
chirp, eirpi, pepi
chisel, eizi
chocolate, eokolado
choice, elekto
choir, lioro
chop, haki
Christ, Kristo
Christmas, Kristnasko
church, eklezio, pregejo
chance, hazardo, anco,

okazo
change, angi
chapter, Capitro
cider, cidro
cigar, cigaro
cigarette, cigaredo
cinder, cindro
character, karaktero
cinnamon, cinamo
chariot, 6aro
charlatan, Carlatano
cipher, cifero
circle, rondo
86
circular, cirkulero
circumstance, cirkons tan CO
circus, cirko
cistern, cistemo
cite,
citi
citizen, urbano, ano

city, urbo
civil, civila, gentila
civilize, civilizi
class, klaso
claw, ungo, ungego

clay, argilo
clean, pura
clear, klara
clerk, komizo
clever, lerta
client, kliento
climate, klimato
climb, suprenrampi
clink, tinti
clip, tondi
cloak, mantelo
clock, horlogo
close, proksima
close, fermi
cloth, drapo, tuko
clothe, vesti
cloud, nubo
clove, kariofilo
club, bastonego, trefo,
klubo
coal, karbo, gtonkarbo
coast, marbordo, gliti
coat, vesto
cock, koko
cocoa, kakao
cocoanut, kokoso
cod, gado
codicil, kodicilo
coddle, dorloti
coffee, kafo
coffer, kesto
coffin, Cerko
coin,
monero
coke, koakso
colic, koliko
collar, kolumo
collect, kolekti
college, kolegio
colonel, kolonelo
colony, kolonio
colossal, kolosa
color, koloro
column, kolono
comb, kombi
combat, batalo
combine, kombini
come, veni
comedy, komedio
comet, kometo
comfort, komforto
comic, komika
comma, komo
command,
komandi,
ordoni
commander
der),
(of an or-
komandoro
commence, komenci
commentary, komentario
commerce, komerco
English- Esperant
commission,
komisio,
maklero
committee, komitato
comimon, komuna, vulgara
commune, komunumo
compact, kompakta
company,
roto,
kompanio,
trupo,
anaro,
gastoj
compare, kompari
compass, kompaso,
cir-
kelo
compel, devigi
complicate, kompliki
compute, kalkuli
comrade, kamarado
conceal, kai
concede, cedi
concern, koncerni
concerning, pri
concert, koncerto
conclude, konkludi, fini
concubine, kromvirino
condemn, kondamni
condition, kondiCo, state
condole, kondolenci
conduct, konduki
conduct, konduto
cone, konuso
confederate, konfederi
conference, konferenco
confess, konfesi
confide, konfidi
conform, konformi
confuse, konfuzi
Vocabulary
87
congress, kongreso
conjecture, konjekti
conscience, konscienco
consent, konsento
consequently, sekve
console, konsoli
constitution, konstitucio
construct, konstrui
consul, konsulo
consume, konsumi
consumption, ftizo
contact, kontakto
contain, enhavi
contempt, malestimo
contend,
batali, disputi
content, kontenta
contest, disputi, konkuri
continent, kontinento
continue, daiiri, datirigi
contour, konturo
contraband, kontrabando
contract, kontrakto
contradict, kontraiidiri
contrary, kontraiia
contrast, kontrasti
contrive, elpensi
control, kontroli
contusion, kontuzo
convene, kunveni
convenient, konvena
conventional, kutima
converge, konvergi
conversation, konversacio
88
convert, konverti
convince, konkinki
cook, kuiri
copper, kupro
copy, kopii, ekzemplero
coquet, koketi
coral, koralo
cork, korko, Stopi
corkscrew,
korktirilo
corn, maizo, kalo

corner, angulo
cornice, kornico
korporalo,
corporal,
korpa
corpse, kadavro
correct, korekta
correspond, korespondi
corset, korseto
Cossack, kozako
cost, kosto
costly, multekosta
cotton, kotuno
cough,
tusi
counsel, konsili, advokato

count, kalkuli, grafo
countenance, vizago
country, lando,kamparo
couple, paro
courage, kurago
courier, kuriero
course, kurso
court, jugejo, jugistaro,
amindumi
courteous, gentila
cousin, kuzo, kuzino
cover, kovri, tegi

cowl, kapuCo
coxcomb, dando
coy, rezerva
crab, kankro
crack, fendi, kraki
cradle, lulilo
crafty, ruza
crane, gruo, Sarglevilo
crape, krepo
crater, kratero
cravat, kravato
crawl, rampi
crayon, krajono
crazy, freneza
cream, kremo
create, krei
credit, kredito
creditor, kreditoro
credulity, kredemo
creed, kredo
creep, rampi
Creole, kreolo
crest, tufo
crevice, fendo
cre^v, ipanaro
cricket, grilo
crime, krimo
crippled, kripla
crisis, krizo
criticise, kritiki
crocodile, krokodilo
crop, rikolto, kropo
cross, kruco, malafabia
crystal, kristalo
cube, kubo
cuckoo, kukolo
cucumber, kukurao
cuff,
manumo
89
current, fluo
curtain, kurteno
cushion, kuseno
custom, kutimo
cuirass, kiraso
culpable, kulpa
cunning, ruza
cup, taso
cut, tranSi
cutlet, kotleto
cyclone, ciklono
cupola, kupolo
cure, kuraci, resanigi
curl, buklo
currant, ribo
cylinder, cilindro
cymbal, cimbalo
cypress, cipreso
czar, caro
daffodil, narciso
darken, mallumigi
dagger, ponardo
darling, karuleto
dahlia, dalio
daily, Ciutaga
dainty, frandajo
daisy, lekanteto
dam, digo
darn,
damage, difekti
damask, damasko
dame, sinjorino
damn, kondamni
daub, fui
daughter, filino
daunt, timigi
dance, danci
dandy, dando
Dane, dano
dandelion, leontodo
danger, dangero
dawn,
dangle, pendeti
dare, kuragi
dark, malluma
deacon, diakono
dead, senviva, mortinta
fliki
dart, sego, pikilo

datumi,
date,
date,
daktilo
dative, dativo
dauntless, sentima
tagigo
day, tago
daybook, taglibro
daydream, revo
dazzle, blindigi
deaf, surda
90
deal, komerci, disdoni

dear, kara, multekosta
death, morto
debate, debato
debauch, diboCo
debit, debito
debt, Suldo
decanter, karafo
decaying, kaduka
deceive, trompi
December, Decembro
decent, deca
decide, decidi
decipher, deCifri
deck, ferdeko
declaim, deklami
declaration, deklaracio
declare, aserti
depend, dependi
depute, deputi
describe, priskribi
desert, forlasi
desert, dezerto
deserve, meriti
design, desegno
desire, deziri
desk, skribtablo
dessert, deserto
destine, destini
destroy, detrui
detail, detalo
deter, malhelpi
devil, diablo
devoted, sindona
dew, rose
diagonal, diagonala
declivity, deklivo
diagram, diagramo
decorate, ornami
deep, profunda
deer, cervo
defend, defend!
dialect, dialekto
dialogue, dialogo
deficiency, deficito
define, definite
delay, prokrasti
delegate, delegito
delegation, delegacio
delicate, delikata
deliver, liveri
dictate, dikti
dictionary, vortaro
demand,
postuli
democrat, demokrato
demon, demono
denounce, denunci
dense, densa
deny, nei
diameter, diametro
diamond, diamante
differ, diferenci
dig, fosi
digest, digesti
diligent, diligenta
dine, tagmanî, vesper-
mangi
dip, trempi
diphthong, diftongo
diploma, diplomo
diplomacy, diplomatio
direct, direkti, ordoni
direct, rekta
director, direktoro
dirt, koto
disc, disko
discount, diskonto
discover, eltrovi
discreet, diskreta
discuss, diskuti
disgust, naiizi
dish, plado
drag, treni
dragon, drako
dragoon, dragono
drama, dramo
draw, tiri
drawers, kalsono
dray, argveturilo
dream, songi
dregs, feCo
dress, vesti
disinfect, dezinfekti
drill, bori
dispatch, depeo
drink, trinki
dispel, forpeli
dispute, disputi
dissolve, solvi
drone, burdo
distinct, klara
distinguish, distingi
disturbance, tumulto
diverse, diversa
divide, dividi
divorce, eksedzigo
do, fari
doctor, doktoro, kuracisto
document, dokumento
dog, hundo
dogma, dogmo
doll, pupo
dollar, dolaro
door, pordo
dose, dozo
dot, punkto
doubt, dubi
douche, duo
dove, kolombo
down, lanugo
drop, guto, fali

drown, droni
drug, drogo
drum, tamburo
dry, seka
duck, anaso
dude, dando
duel, duelo
duet, dueto
duke, duko
dull, malakra
dung, sterko
durable, fortika
duration, daiiro
during, dum
dust, polvo
duty, devo, imposto
dyke, digo
dynamics, dinamiko
dynamite, dinamito
dynasty, dinastio
dysentery, disenterio
dyspepsia, dispepsio
91
9Z
E
each, Ciu
eager, avida
elect, elekti
eagle, agio
ear, orelo, spiko
earl, grafo
early, frua, fnie
earth, tero
earth envâre, fajenco
earthquake, tertremo
east, oriento
elm, ulmo
Easter, Pasko
easy, faciia
eat, manî
ebony, ebono
echo, eKo
economize, Spari
ecstacy, ekstazo
eczema, ekzemo
Edeno, Eden
edge, rando
ell,
ulno
else, alie
embarass, embarasi
emblem, emblemo
embrace, eirkadpremi
embroider, brodi
emerald, smeraldo
eminent, eminenta
empire, imperio
employ, dungi, uzi
employment, ofico
empty, malplena, vakanta
enamel, emajlo
enclose, enmeti.enfermi
encore, bis
encounter, renkonti
encroach, trudi
end, iino
edict, edikto
edify, edifi
edit, redakti
edition, eldono
educate, eduki
eel, angilo
energy, energio
engine, magino
Englishman, anglo
effect, efiki
effort, peno, atenco
enlist, varbi, aligi al
egg, ovo
enough,
Egyptian, egipto
enterprise, entrepreno
eight, ok
either, aii
elastic, elasta
enthusiasm,entuziasmo
elbow, kubuto
endow, doti
enemy, malamiko
enjoy, gui
sufiCe
entice, logi
entire, tuta
entreat, petegi
envelop, envolvi
envelope, koverto
envy, envii
epidemic, epidemic
epilepsy, epilepsio
episode, epizodo
epitaph, epitafo
epithet, epiteto
epoch, epoko
93
evolution, evolucio
exact, preciza, ^sta
examine, ekzameni
example, ekzemplo
except, escepte
excessive, troa
exchange, interango
exchange, borso
excite, eksciti
exclusive, eksklusiva
equal, egala
equation, ekvacio
equator, ekvatoro
excursion, ekskurso
execute, ekzekuti
exercise, ekzerco
err, erari
errand, komisio
erysipelas, erizipelo
escort, eskorto
especial, speciala
exhibition, ekspozicio
essence, esenco, oleo
expedite, ekspedi
expel, elpeli
expense, elspezo
experience, sperto
expert, lerta
explain, klarigi
explode, eksplodi
explore, esplori
express, esprimi, sendi
establish, fondi,
ken-
stati, starigi
esteem, estimi
eternal, eterna
ether, etero
ethics, etiko
etiquette, etiketo
euphonious, belsona
Europe, EGropo
exist, ekzisti
expand, etendi
expect, atendi
rapidire
even, eC, ebena

event, okazo
ever, ajn, iam
every, Ciu, Cia
external, ekstera
extinguish, estingi
extra, ekstra
everybody, Ciu
everybody's, Cies
eye, okulo
everything. 6io
eyebrow, brovo
everywhere,
eyeglasses, okulvitroj
eyelid, palpebro
Cie
evident, evidenta
extend, etendi
extreme, ekstrema
94
fable, fablo
feast, festeni
facilitate, faciligi
feather, plumo
February, Februaro
fee, pago
facsimile, faksimilo
fact, fakto
factory, fabriko
fade, veiki
fail,maIsukcesi,bankroti
faint, sveni
fair, foiro, justa
faith, fido
fairy, feino
fall, fali
falsa, falsa, malvera
fame, famo
family, familio
familiar, familiara
fan, ventumi
fanatical, fanatika
fantasy, fantazio
far,
malproksima
farewell, adiaii
farm, far mi
fashion, maniero, modo,
fasono
fast, rapida
fat, grasa
feed, nutri
feel, palpi, senti
felt, felto
female, ino
feminism, feminismo
fence, skermi, barilo
fennel, fenkolo
ferment, fermenti
fern, filiko
ferry, pramo
fervor, fervoro
festoon, festono
festival, festo
fetter, kateno
fever, febro
few,
iom,
nemultaj,
malmultaj, kelkaj
fiance, fianCo
fiber, fibro
fictitious, fiktiva
fiel fil
field,
kampo
fatal, fatala
fig, figo
fate, sorto
fight, batali
figure, cifero
father, patro
fathom, sondi
faucet, krano
fault, kulpo, eraro
favor, favoro
fear, timo
file, fajli
fill,
plenigi
final, fina
finance, financo
find, trovi

line, delikata, bela, mal-
dika
finger, fingro
finish, fini
fir,
abio
fire, fajro
fire-place, kameno
firm, firmo, fortika
first,
unua
fiscal, fiska
fish, fio, figkapti
fist,
pugno
standardo
flake, floko
flank, flanko
flannel, flanelo
flat,
fold, faldi
follow, sekvi
fond, ama
fondle, dorloti
foot, piedo, futo
foot, on, piedire
fop, dando
for, pro, por, Car
force, devigi
forehead, frunto
foreign,
fremda,
flame, flamo
flap,
focus, fokuso
fodder, furago
fog, nebulo
forbear, toleri
taiiga
five, kvin
fixed, fiksa
fit,
flag, flago,
9S
ali-
landa
foresee, antaiividi
forge, forgi, falsi
forest, arbaro
forget, forgesi
forget-me-not, miozoto
forgive, pardoni
klapo
plata
flatter, flat!
fork, forko
pulo
flesh, karno, viando
form, formo
formal, ceremonia
formation, formacio
formula, formulo
forsake, forlasi
flea,
flexible, fleksebla
flint, siliko
flirt,
koketi,
flirti
flour, faruno
flo^v, flui
fortify, fortikigi
forward, antaiien
flower, floro
forward, ekspedi,
flue,
kamentubo
fluid, flua
flute, flute
fly, flugi,
muSo
foam, Satlmo
sen-
antatienigi
foster, nutri
foul, malpura
found, fondi
di,
foundation, fondajo
96
fountain, fontano
four, kvar
fowl, kortbirdo
fox, vulpo
fraction, frakcio
fragment, fragmento
frame, kadro
franc, franko
France, Francujo
frank, sincera
fraternal, frata
fraud, trompo
freckle, lentugo
senpaga
freemason, framasono
free, libera,
freight, Sargo
franco
frequent, ofta
fresco, fresko
fresh, freSa
Frenchman,
gain, gajni
gaiter, gamaSo
gall, galo
gallery, galerio
gallop, galopi
game, ludo, Casajo
gamut, gamo
gang, bando
gangrene, gangreno
garden, gardeno
gargle, gargari
garland, girlando
friend, amiko
fringe, f ran go
frivolous, frivola
friz, frizi
frog, rano
frost, frosto
froth, gaiimo
fruit, frukto
fry, friti
fulfill,
plenumi
plena
funnel, funelo
full,
fur, felo
furious, furioza
furnace, forno
furnish, provizi
furniture, meblaro
further, plie, plu
futile,
vanta
future, estonta
garlic, ajlo
garment, vesto
garrison, garnizono
garter, Strumpligilo
gas, gaso
gather, kolekti
gauge, mezuri
gauze, gazo
gay, gaja
gazette, gazeto
gelatine, gelateno
gendarme, gendarmo
gender, sekso
genealogy, genealogio
group, grupo
grouse, tetro
general, generala, gen-
grow, kreski
grumble, grumbli
eralo
gipsy, cigano
grave, tombo, grava
97
grunt, grunti
guarantee, garantio
guard, gardi, gvardio
guess, diveni
guest, gasto
guide, gvidi
guillotine, gilotino
gravy, viandsuko
gray, griza
grease, graso
great, granda
green, verda
Greek, greko
grimace, grimaco
grind, pisti, mueli
groan, gemi
groin, ingveno
grotesque, groteska
ground, tero
guilt, kulpo
guitar, gitaro
gulf, golfo
gum, gumo
gun, pafilo
gunpowder, pulro
gypsum, gipso
H
ha! ha
habit, kutimo
hack, haki
hail, hajli
hair, haro
half, duono
halt, halti, haltigi
ham,
ginko
martelo
hammer,
hand, mano
hang, pendi, pendigi
happiness, feliCo
harbor, haveno
hard, malmola
hardly, apenafl
hare, leporo
harem, haremo
harmony, harmonic
harness, jungi
harp, harpo
harpoon, harpuno
harrow^, erpi
harsh, malmilda, severa
harvest, rikolto
hasten, rapidi, rapidigi
hat, Capelo
hatchet, hakilo
hate, malami
98
heresy, herezo
hermit, ermit
have, havi
haven, haveno
ha^vk,
akcipitro,
porti
hay, fojno
kol-
hiccough,
hazard, hazardo
hazel-nut, avelo
he,
li
head, kapo, estro

heal, resanigi, kuraci
heap, amaso, staplo
hear, addi
heart, koro, kero
heat, hejti, varmigi
heaven, Cielo
heavy, peza
hedgehog, erinaco
heed, atenti
kalkano, kalkan-
umo
heir, heredanto
heliotrope, heliotropo
lin
li,
himself,
mem
sin, si
Hindoo, hindo
hinge, Carniro
hip, kokso
hire, dungi
his, lia, sia
hiss, sibli
history, historio
hit, frapi
!
ho
hoarfrost, prujno
borderi
hemisphere, duonsfero
hemp, kanabo
hen, kokino
hence, de nun, de
him,
ho
hell, infero
helm, direktilo
help, helpi
hem,
singulti
hide, kagi
hierarchy, hierartiio
hieroglyphic, hieroglifo
high, alta
hippodrome, hipodromo
hippopotamus, hipopotamo
Hebrew, hebreo
heel,
hero, heroo
herring, haringo
hesitate, ganceligi
tic
her, Sin, Sia, si, sia

herald, heroldo
herb, herbo
herd, pati, brutaro
here, tie Ci, Ci tie
hoarse, radka
hoe, sarki
hog, porko
hold, teni, holdo
hole, truo
holiday, festo
holly, ilekso
holy, sankta
home, hejmo
homeopathy,
patio
homeo-
honest, honesta
honey, mielo
honor, honoro
hoof, hufo
hook, hoko
hope, esperi
hops, lupolo
horizon, horizonto
horn, Korno
horoscope, horoskopo
horse, Cevalo
host, mastro, multego
hot, varmega
hotel, hotelo
99
humerus, humero
humor, hutnoro
hump,
gibo
hunger, malsato
hundred, cent
hunt, Casi, serCi
hurrah hura
hurry, rapidi
!
hurt, vundi, dolori, difekti
husband, edzo
husk, elo
hyacinth, hiacinto
hydrogen, hidrogeno
hour, horo
house, domo
hydrophobia,
how, kiel
however, tamen
hyena, hieno
hymn, himno
hyperbole, hiperbolo
hue, nuanco
hum, zumi
human
homo
humane, humana
humble, humila
I,
being,
mi
ice, glacio
idea, ideo
ideal, idealo
hidrofo-
bio
hypokritical, hipokrita
hypothesis, hipotezo
hyssop, hisopo
hysteria, histerio
illness, malsano
illuminate, ilumini
identical, identa
illusion, iluzio
illustrate, ilustri
image, figuro
idiom, idiomo
imagine, imagi
idol, idolo
if, se
imitate, imiti
ignorance, nescio
immense, grandega
immediately,
tuj
xoo
immigrate, enmigri
imp, koboldo
impair, difekti
imperative, ordona
imperial, imperia
import, enporti
impress, impresi
in, en
inch, colo
inoculate, inokuli
inquire, demandi
inquisitive, sciama
insane, freneza
insect, insekto
inside, interne
insidious, insida
insist, insisti
inspiri, inspiri
incite, inciti
incline, inklini, deklivo
instance, instanco
instead of, anstataii
include, enhavi
instinct, instinkto
institute, fondi, institute
institution, institucio
instruct, instrui
instrument, instruraen-
income, rente
indefinite, nedifinita
index, tabelo
indicate, montri
indicative, indikative
indifferent,
indiferenta
indignant, indigna
individual, individuo
indorse, giri
industrious, diligenta
industry, an, industrio
inertia, inercio
infant, infano, infaneto
infect, infekti
infernal, infera
infinite, senlima
influence, influi
influenza, gripo
to,
ilo
insult, insulti
intelligent, inteligenta
intend, intend
intense, forta, ega
inter, enterigi
interest, intereso, procento
interior, interna
interpret, traduki
interrupt, interrompi
intrigue, intrigi
initiate, iniciati
intrude, trudi
invalid, invalido, malsanulo
invent, elpensi
inventory, inventaro
investigate, esplori
injury, vundo, difekto
invite, inviti
inform, informi,
sciigi
infuse, infuzi
inhabit, loî
inhale, enspiri
invoice, fakturo
iodine, jodo
Ireland, Irlando
isolate, izoli
issue, eldoni
iron, fero, gladi

irony, ironio
is, estas
island, insulo
it, gi
isthmus, istmo
Italian, Italo
itch, Juki
ivy, hedero
jackass, azenviro
jackal, gakalo
jacket, jako, ]ako,Jaketo
jail, karcero
jam,
lOI
joint, artiko
joke, Serci
journal, Jurnalo
joy, gojo, joy
jubilee, jubileo
fruktajo
January, Januaro
Japanese, japano
judge, jugi
jug, kruCo
jay, garolo
Jesus, Jesuo
Jew, judo
juggle, jongli
juice, suko
July, Julio
June, Junio
jingle, tinti
job, tasko
join, kunigi
just, justa, ^ste

just no'w. Jus
justice, justeco
jessamine, jasmeno
K
kangaroo, didelfo
keel, kilo
key, glosilo
kick, piedfrapo
kidney, reno
kill, mortigi, buCi
kilogram, kilogramo
kiloliter, kilolitro
kilometer, kilometro
kind, speco, bonkora
king, rego
kiss, kisi
kitchen, kuirejo
knapsack, tornistro
knead, knedi
knee, genuo
I02
knife, tranCilo
knight, kavaliro
knit, triki
knout, knuto
labor, labori
lace, laCi, pasamento,
punto
lack,
manko
lackey, lakeo
laconic, lakona
lad,
knabo
lady, sinjorino
lake, lago
lamb, gafido
lame, lama
lamp, iampo
lance, lanco
land, tero, iando
landlord, hotelmastro,
bienulo
landscape, pejzago
know,
scii
knot, banto, tubero
kopeck, kopeko
Koran, korano
lathe, tornilo
Latin, latina
laugh, ridi
laundress, lavistino
laurel, laiiro
law, lego
lawsuit, proceso
lay, meti
layer, tavolo
lead, konduki
lead, plumbo
leaf, folio
lean, klini, malgrasa

leap, salti
learn, lerni, sciigi
legitimate, legitima
lemon, citrono
language, lingvo
lemonade, limonado
lantern, ianterno
larceny, Stelo
lard, lardo
large, granda
lend, prunti, pruntedoni

leopard, leopardo
leprosy, lepro
less, malpli
lesson, leciono
lark, alaiido
larva, larvo
larynx, laringo
last, lasta, dadri
late, malfrua
lath, late
lethargy, letargio
letter, letero, litero
lettuce, latuko
level, nivelo, ebena
liable, responda
English-Esperanto
liberal,
erala
malavara,
lib-
liberate, liberigi
library, biblioteko
libretto, libreto
license, permeso
lick, leki
lie, kugi,
Vocabulary
malgranda,
malmulte, iom
little,
103
eta,
liturgy, liturgio
live, vivi, logi
liver, hepato
lizard, lacerto
lo 1 jen
load, gargi, argi
loaf, bulkego
1
mensogi
lieutenant, leiitenanto
vivo
life,
lift, levi
malpeza
light, lumo,
lightning, fulmo
lighthouse, luraturo
like, ati
like, simila, tiel
likely, eble, verSajne
lilac, siringo
lily, lilio
limb, membro, branCo

lime, kalko
loan, prunto
lobster, omaro
locality, loko
lock, glosi, seruro, buklo, kluzo
lockjaw, tetano
locomotive, lokomotivo
log, gtipo
logic, logiko
loins, lurabo
lone, sola
limp, lami
long, longa
look, rigardi, serCi
looking-glass, spegulo
line, linio
loom,
linen, tolo, tolajo

lion, leono
loosen, ellasi
Lord, the, la Sinjoro
lose, perdi, malgajni
limit, limo
lip,
lipo
liquid, fluida
liquidate, likvidi
liquor, likvoro
liquorice, glicirizo
list, registro
listen, auskulti
literature, literature
lithograph,
liter, litre
litografi
teksilo
lot, sorto, kvanto

lots, cast, loti
lottery, loterio
loud, laiita
louse, pediko
love, ami
low, malalta, mallaiita

lower, mallevi
lowly, humila
English' Esperanto Vocabulary
to4
loyal, fidela
luck, Sanco, bonSanco
lute, liuto
lull, luli
luxury, lukso
lung, pulmo
lyre, liro
Lutheran, luterano
M
macadam, makadamo
macaroni, makaroni
machine, maSino
madam,
sinjorino
magazine, revue, gazeto

magic, magic
magnet, magneto
mahogany, mahogono
mail, poSto
maize, maizo
majestic, majesta
major, majoro
majority, plimulto
make,
fari
male, viro
malicious, malica
man, homo, viro
manage,
administri
mania, manio
manifesto, manifesto
manifold, multenombra
manner, maniero
manufacture,
fabriki
manure, sterko
many, multe,
multaj,
mil to
I
marble, marmoro
March, Marto
march, marSi
margin, margeno
marguerite, lekanto
marine, mara
mark, signo, stampo,

marko
marquis, markezo
marriage, edzeco,edzigo
marsh, marCo
marshal, marSalo
martyr, martiro
mask, masko
mast, masto
master, majstro
masticate, maCi
mat, mato
match, alumeto
material, materialo
matter, materio, puso
mattress, matraco
mature, matura
maxim, maksimo
maximum, maksimumo
May, Majo
mayor, urbestro
mazurka, mazurko
me, min, mi
meal, faruno, mango
English-Esperanto
mean, meza,
signifi
measles, morbilo
measure, mezuri
meat, viando
medal, medalo
medicine
kuracilo,
medicino
meditate, mediti
medium, meza, medi-
umo
meet, renkonti
melancholy, melankolio
melody, melodic
melon, melono
melt,
fluidigi, degeli
memory, memoro
menace, minaci
mend, fliki
mention, citi
mercury, hidrargo
mere, nura
meridian, meridiano
merit, meriti
mesh, mao
message, depeSo
Messiah, Mesio
metal, metalo
meteor, meteoro
method, metodo
meter, metro, mezurilo
microbe, mikrobo
middle, meza
mien, mieno
might, povo
migrate, migri
Vocabulary
105
mild, milda
milk, lakto, melki
mill, muelilo
millet, milio
million, miliono
mind,
animo, spirito,
obei, atenti, zorgi
mine, mia, mian

mine, mino
mineral, mineralo
minister, pastro, ministro
mint, mento
minute, minuto, noto
mirror, spegulo
miserly, avara
misery, mizero
misprint, preseraro
miss, fraiilino
mission, misio
Mister, Sinjoro
mix, miksi
moan, gemi
mock, moki
mode, modo
model, modelo
moderate, modera
modern, moderna
modest, modesta
modulate, moduli
Mohammedan, mahometano
moment, momento
monarch, monarlio
Monday, lundo
money, money
x66
Lr.gUsh-Esperanto Vocabulary
money-order, mandate
mongrel, hibrida
monkey, simio
monograph, monografo
monogram, monogramo
monologue, monologo
monomania, monomanio
monopoly, monopolo
monster, monstro
month, monato
monument, monumento
mood, humoro, modo
moon, luno
mow,
faiei
much, multe, multo

mud, koto, Slimo
muff, mufo
mulberry, moruso
mule, mulo
multiply, multigi, multipliki
mummy, mumo
municipal, urba
murder, mortigi
murmur, murmuri
muscle, muskolo
muse, muzo, revi
morala, morala
morals, more, etiko
museum, muzeo
mushroom, fungo
more, pli multe, pli,plu

more, the, ju pli....des
music, muziko
musket, muskedo
muslin, muslino
must, devas, devegas
mustard, mustardo
musty, Sima
mute, muta, niutulo
pli
morning, mateno
mortgage, hipoteko
mosiac, mozaiko
mosquito, moskito
moss, musko
most, plej, plej multe
moth, tineo
mother, patrino
motion, movo
motive, motivo
motto, moto
mouldy, Sima
mountain, monto
mouse, muso
moustache, lipharoj
mouth, buSo
move, movi
miutiny, ribelo
mutter, murmuri
mutton, afaJo
mutual, reciproka
muzzle, buSumo
my, mia, mian
myriad, miriado
myrrh, mirho
myrtle, mirto
mystery, mistero
mystify, mistifiki
myth, mito
mythology, mitologio
107
N
nail, najli,
ungo
naive, naiva
naked, nuda
name, nomo
nankeen, nankeno
narrate, rakonti
narrow, mallarga
nasal, naza
nation, nacio
naturally, nature, kompreneble
nature, naturo
naught, nulo
nausea, natizo
nay, ne
near, proksima, apud
nearly, preskaii
necessary, necesa
neck, kolo
necktie, kravato
need, bezoni
neither, nek
niece, nevmo
night, nokto
nine, nau
noble, nobla
nobleman, nobelo
nobody, neniu
no, no
noise, bruo
nomad, nomado
nominative, nominativo
none, neniom
noon, tagmezo
nor, nek
normal, normala
north, nordo
nose, nazo
nostril, naztruo
not, ne
notary, notario
note, noti, rimarki,biIo

nothing, nenio
notice, rimarki, avizo
nephew, nevo
notify, sciigi, avizi
nerve, nervo
neuter, neiitra
noun, substantive
novel, romano
neutral, neutrala
November, Novembro
now, nun
never, neniam
nevertheless, tamen
new, nova
newspaper,
Jurnalo
nice, agrabla
nickel, nikelo
nicotine, nikotino
nowhere, nenie,
nude, nuda
number, nombro,
mero
nurse, varti,
nut, nukso
flegi
nu-
io8
oak, kverko
oar, remilo
oasis, oazo
oath. Jure
oil,
oatmeal, grio
omen, antadsigno
obelisk, obelisko
omnibus, omnibuso
omnipotent, Ciopova
obey, obei
object, celo, objekto
object, kontradparoli
obligation, devo
oblige, devigi, fari komplezon
oblique, oblikva
observe, rimarki
obstinate, obstina
obstruct, obstrukci
obtain, ricevi, akiri
obtrude, trudi
occasion, okazo
occupy, okupi
occur, okazi
ocean, oceano
October, Oktobro
ocular, okula
odd, stranga, nepara
ode, odo
odor, odoro
of, de, da
oleo
malnova, antikva,
maljuna
old,
olive, olivo
on, sur
once, unufoje
one, unu
onion, bulbo
only, nur
onward,
antaflen
onyx, onikso
opal, opalo
open, malfermi
opera, opero
opera-glass, lorneto
operate, operacii, funkcii
opinion, opinio
opium, opio
opponent, kontraiiulo
opportune, ^statempa
opportunity, okazo
oppress, subpremi
optics, optiko
optimism, optimismo
offend, ofendi
offer, proponi, prezenti
opulent, riCa
office, ofico
oracle, orakolo
often, ofte
orange, orango
ordain, ordeni
ohl hoi
or, atl
order, mendi, ordoni

organ, organo, orgeno
ovary, ovujo
oven, forno
109
orient, oriento
over, super
ornament, ornami
overcome, venki
orphan, orfo
orthodox, ortodoksa
orthography, ortografio
overhead, supra
overtake, atingi
ostrich, struto
other, alia
overturo, uverturo, pro-
ought, devas
ounce, unco
owe,
our, nia
out, el, ekster
outline, skizo, konturo
o>vn, propra, posedi

ox, bovo
outside, ekster,
oval, ovala
oxide, oksido
oyster, ostro
overthrow, renversi
pono
uldi
owl, strigo,gufo,cikumo
-a, -e
pack, paki
package, pakajo
pad, vati
pagoda, pagodo
oxygen, oksigeno
pamphlet, pamfleto
panic, paniko
pantaloons, pantalono
panther, pantero
pail, sitelo
pantomime, pantomimo
pain, doloro
paint, pentri, kolori
pale, pala, paligi
papa, paCjo
paper, papero
papyrus, papiruso
parade, paradi
paradise, paradizo
paradox, paradokso
parasol, sunombrelo
palm, palmo, manplato
parchment, pergameno
paltry, triviala
pardon, pardoni
pare, senSeligi
pair, paro
palace, palace
palate, palato
palatable, bongusta
pamper,
dorloti
no
parents, gepatroj
park, parko
parliament, parlamento
parody, parodio
parrot, papago
parsimony, parcimonio
parsley, petroselo
parsnip, pastinako
parson, pastro
part, parte, porcio
participate, partopreni
participle, participo
partition, divide
partridge, perdriko
party, partio
pass, pasi
passenger, vojaganto
passion, pasio, manic
passive, pasiva
passport, pasporto
past, estinta
paste, pasto
pasteboard, kartono
pastel, paStelo
pastille, pastelo
pastor, pastro
pastoral, kampara, pastorale
patch, fliki
patent, patento
paternal, patra
pathos, patoso
patience, pacienco
patriarch, patriarko
patriot, patrioto
patrol, patrolo
pause, patizo
pavement, pavimo
pavilion, pavilion
pay, pagi
pea, pizo
peace, paco
peach, persiko
peacock, pavo
peak, pinto
pear, piro
pearl, perlo
pedal, pedalo
pedant, pedanto
peddle, kolporti
pedestal, piedestalo
peel, Selo
pelt, felo
pen, plumo
penalty, puno
penchant,
inklino,
emo
pendulum, pendolo
penetrate, penetri
penitent, penta
penny, penco
pension, pensio
penurious, avara
peony, peonio
people, popoli, homoj
pepper, pipro
percentage, procento
perch, perko
perfect, perfekta
perform, fari, plenum]

perfume, parfumo
perhaps, eble
peril, dangerego
III
period, periodo, punkto

perish, perei
perjury, Jurrompo
permit, permesi
perpetual, eiama, eterna
pigeon, kolombo
pigmy, pigmeo
pile, staple, amaso
persevere, persist!
person, persono
pill, pilolo
pillar, kolono
perspire, viti
perverse, kontrafia
pest, pesto
pestle, pistilo
pillow,
pet, dorloti
petition, petskribo
petroleum, petrolo
phantom, fantomo
pharmacy, farmacio
pig, porko
pilgrim, pilgrimanto
kapkuseno
pilot, piloto, gvidanto
pimple, akno
pin, pinglo
pinch,
pinfii
pine, pino, konifero
pineapple, ananaso
pinnacle, pinto
pioneer, pioniro
pharynx, faringo
phase, fazo
pheasant, fazano
phenomenon, f enomeno
pit, partero, fosaJo,kavo
philanthropist,
pitch, peSo
filan-
pious, pia
pirate, pirato
pistol, pistolo
domago
tropo
philately, filatelo
pity, kompato,
pivot, pivoto
philosopher, filozofo
philosophy, filozofio
placard, afiSo
place, loko
placid, kvieta
plain, senornama,nebela
phlegm, flegmo
phoenix, fenikso
phonetic, fonetika
phonograph, fonografo
phosphorus, fosforo
photograph, fotografi
piano, fortepiano
picture, pentrajo, fotografajo
pie, pasteCo
piece, peco
plait, plekti
plan, piano
plane, raboti
planet, planedo
plank, tabulo
plant, planti
plate, telero
platinum, plateno
play, ludi, teatrajo
112
port, haveno
pleasant, plaCa
plenty, sufiCa
portion, porcio, parto
pliable, fleksebla
plot, konspiri, komploto
plow, plugi
pluck, kuraô
plum, pruno
plump, dika
plural, multenombra
plush, pluSo
pocket, poSo
pod, Selo
poem, poemo
poet, poeto
point, punkto
poison, veneno
pole, stango, poluso
police, polico
polish, poluri
polite, êntila
politics, politiko
polyp, polipo
pomade, pomado
pomgranate, granato
pompous, pompa
pond, lageto
poniard, ponardo
poodle, pudelo
pope, papo
poplar, poplo
popular, populara
porcelain, porcelano
porcupine, histriko
pore, poro
pork, poikajo
.
porphyry,
porfiro
portrait, portreto
positive, pozitiva
possess, posedi
possible, ebla
post, fosto
post card, poStkarto
poster, afiSo
pot, poto
potash, potaso
potato, terpomo
potency, potenco
poultice, kataplasmo
pound,
pisti,
bategi,
funto, livro
pour, verSi, Suti
powder, pulvo, pulvoro,

pudro
power, povo, potenco

practical, praktika
practice, kutimo
prairie, herbejo, stepo
praise, laiidi
prattle, babili
pray, pregi
preach, prediki
precentor, kantoro
precise, preciza, ^sta
prefer, preferi
prefix, prefikso
pregnant, graveda
prejudice, antaiijugo
premium, premio
prepare, prepari
preposition, prepozicio
presbyter, presbitero
prescription, recepto
present, donaci,prezenti
preserve, konfiti
preside, prezidi
press, premilo, presilo
pretext, preteksto
pretty, beleta
previous, antaiia
price, prezo
prick, piki
priest, pastro
prince, prince
principal, precipa
principle, principo
print, presi
prison, karcero
private, privata
privilege, privilegio
prize, premio
probe, sondi, esplori
problem, problemo
proboscis, rostro
proceed, procedi
procession, procesio
proclaim, proklami
procure, akiri
prodigal, malSpara
produce, produkti
profess, profesi
profession, profesio
professor, profesoro
proficient, kompetenta
profile, profile
profit, profito, gajno
progeny,
ido, idaro
"3
proletarian, proletario
promenade, promeni
promise, promesi
promptly, tuj, ^statempe
pronoun, pronomo
pronounce, elparoli
proof, pruvo, prove
propaganda, propagando
property, pesedaje
prophet, profete
proportion, prepercie
proposal, propene
pro rata, prepercie
prose, preze
prosper, presperi
protect, protekti
protest, pretesti
proud, fiera
prove, pruvi
proverbo, proverb
provide, previzi
province, province
provision, previzaje
provisional, previzera
provoke, incite
proximity, proksimeco
prudent, prudenta
prune, sekpruno
Prussian, pruso
psalm, psalme
public, publika
publish, eldeni, publikpull,
tiri
114
pulley, rulbloko
pulse, pulso
pump, pumpi
pumpkin, kukurbo
punch (drink), punCo
punctuate, interpunkcii
puncture, trapiki
punish, puni
pupil, lernanto, pupilo
purchase,
aCeti
pure, pura, virta, Casta
quack, anasbleki, Cariatano
quadrant, kvadranto
quadrille, kvadrilo
quail, koturno
quality, kvalito, eco
quantity, kvanto
quartet, kvarteto
queen, regino
rabbi, rabeno
rabbit, kuniklo
radius, radiuso
raft, floso
puritan, puritano
purple, purpnro
purpose, celo, intenco
purse, monujo
pus, puso
push, puSi
putrid, putra
putty, mastiko
puzzle, enigmo
pyramid, piramido
python, pitono
queer, stranga
question, demando
quick, rapida
quiet, kvieta
quill,
plumo
quit, lasi
quite, tute
quoin, kojno
quote, citi
rake, rasti
rank, vice, range
rape, perforto
rapid, rapida
rag, eifono
raspberry, frambo
ragamuffin, bubo
rat, rate
rail, relo
rate, procento
railroad, fervojo
rain, pluvo
rainbo^v, Cielarko
rather,
pli
volonte
reach, atingi
read, legi
Etiglish-Espcrcn'o Vocabulary
readily, volonte, facile
ready, preta
real, vera, reala
really, vera, efektive
ream, rismo
reap, rikolti
reason, rezoni
rebate, rabato
rebel, ribeli
rebuke, riproCi
rebut, refuti
receipt, kvitanci
receipts, enspezoj
receive, ricevi
recently, antau nelonge
recite, rakonti, deklami
recognize, rekoni
recommend, rekomendi
recompense,
rekom-
penci
recount, rakonti
recruit, rekruto
red, ruga
reduce, malpliigi
reed, kano
reef, rifo
reflect, rebrili, pripensi
refuge, take, rifugi
refund, repagi, redoni
refuse, rifuzi
refute, refuti
regale, regali
regard, rigardi
regarding, pri
region, regiono
register, registri
115
regret, bedadri
regulation, regulo
reject, rifuzi
rejoice, goji
relate, rakonto
relation, rilato, parenco
religion, religio
rely, konfidi
remain, resti
remark, rimarki
remedy, rimedo
remember, memori
remote, malproksima
render, redoni
rent, lui
repair, ripari
repeat, ripeti
report, raporti
repose, ripozi
represent, reprezenti
reproach, riproCi
reproduce, reprodukti
republic, respubliko
reputation, reputacio
request, peti
require, postuli, bezoni
rescue, savi
research, esploro
resemble,
simili
reserve, rezervi
resist, kontraiistari
"resolute, decida
respect, respekti
respond, respondi
rest, pauzo, resti, ripozi
restaurant, restoracio
ii6
result,
retain,
retina,
retort,
rezulti, rezultato
gardi, teni
retino
respondi
return, redoni, reveni
revenge, revengo
review, revuo, parado
revolt, ribelo
revolution, revolucio
re^vard, rekompenco
rheumatism,
reiima-
tismo
rhinoceros, rinocero
rhubarb, rabarbo
rhyme, rimo
rythm, ritmo
rib, ripo
ribbon, rubando
rice, rizo
rich, riCa
ride, rajdi
rob, rabi
robe, vesti, robo
robust, fortika
rock, roko
rogue, fripono
roll, ruli, ruligi,
room, Cambro
rooster, koko
root, radiko
rope, Snuro
rose, rozo
rosin, kolofono
rot, putri
rouble, ruble
round, ronda
rouse, veki, eksciti
route, vojo
row, remi, vico

rub,
froti
rifle, pafilo
ruby, rubeno
rude, malgentila
right, rajto, guste, dekstra, rekta, prava

righteous, justa
ruin, fuino
rule, regi, regulo
run, kuri
rim, rando
rum, rumo
rural, kampara
ridiculous, ridinda
ring, ringo, rondo

ringlet, buklo
rise, levigi
risk, riski
rival, konkuri
river, rivero
road, vojo
roam, vagi
roar, mugi, blekegi
bulko
roof, tegmento
rook, frugilego
ruse, ruzo
rush, kuregi
rush, junko
Russia, Ruslando
Russian, ruso
rust, rusti
ruthless, senkompata
rye, sekalo
Mnglish-Es^tranto Vocabulary
111
S
sack, sako
sacred, sankta
sacrifice, oferi
saddle, selo
say, diri
scab, skabio
scaffold, eSafodo
scald, brogi
sagacious, sagaca
sage, salvio, saga
scale, skalo,
scales, pesilo
sail, velo,
scandal, skandalo
salad, salato
salary, salajro
sale, vendo
saline, sala
Scandinavian, skandinavo
salmon, salmo
salt, sale
salute, saluti
same, sama
sample, specimeno
sianction, sankcii
sand, sablo
sane, racia
sanitary, higiena
sarcasm, sarkasmo
sardine, sardine
Sardinian, sardo
Satan, Satano
satin, atlaso
satire, satiro
saturate, saturi
Saturday, sabato
sauce, saiico
sausage, kolbaso
savage, sovaga
save, savi, gpari
saw,
segi
skvamo
scar, cikatro
scarcely, apenati
scarf, skarpo
scarlatina, skarlatino
scarlet, skarlato
scent, odoro
scheme, projekto
science, scienco
scissors, tondilo
score, dudeko
Scotchman, skoto
scoundrel, kanajlo
scourge, skurgi
scrape, skrapi
scratch, grati
screen, irmiIo
screw, graubo
scrofula, skrofolo
sculpture, skulpti
sea, marc
seal, sigeli, foko
search, serCi
seashore, marbordo
season, sezono
iiS
secret, sekreto
secrete, kaSi
sect, sekto
section, sekcio, parto
secular, neeklezia
serious, senoza
sermon, prediko
serpent, serpento
servant, servisto
servile, sklava
seven, sep
several, kelkaj, multaj,
sediment, feCo
seduce, delogi
severe, severa
see, vidi
sew, kudri
seed, semo
seek, serCi
sex, sekso
seat, seô, sidiî, sidigi
second, sekundo, dua
seem,
Sajni
seemly, deca
seize, ekkapti
select, elekti
self, selves, mem
sell, vendi
semicolon, punktokomo
seminary, seminario
senate, senate
senator, senatano
send, sendi
sense, sento,
senco,
racio, sageco
sensible, saâ
sensual, voluptema
jugi,
konsentence,
damni, frazo
separate, aparta
September, Septembro
diversaj
shade, nuance, ombraje

shaft, timono
shake, Sanceli,
skui,
tremi
shame, honto
shape, ferme
dividi,
share,
parte,
porcio,
akcio,
parto-
preni
shark, Sarko
sharp, akra
shatter, frakasi
shave, razi
shawl, Salo
she, Si
sheaf, garbo
shear, tondi
sheath, ingo
sheep, Safo
sergeant, sergento
shelf, breto
shell, Selo
shepherd, paStisto
shield, Sildo, Sirmi
shilling, Silingo
series, serio
shine,
seraph, serafo
serenade, serenado
serene, trankvila
brili
English- Esperanto
shingle, gindo
ship, ipo
shirt, Cemizo
shock, frapo
shoe, uo
shoot, pafi
shore, marbordo
should, devas
shoulder, gultro
shove, ovi
shovel, goveli
shov^, montri
shrewd, sagaca
shun, eviti
shut, fermi
sick, malsana
side, Hanko
siege, siego
sift, kribri
sign, signo, subskribi

signal, signalo
signify, signifi
silence, silento
silk, silko
silver, arfento
similar, simila
Vocabulary
119
sister, fratino
sit, sidi
situation, situacio, ofico

six, ses
sixteen, dekses
sixty, sesdek
size, grandeco
skate, gliti
sketch, skizi
skillful, lerta
skin, hatlto
skirt, jupo
skull, kranio
sky, eielo
slander, kalumnii
slang, slango
slanting, oblikva
slate, ardezo
slave, sklavo
sleek, glata
sleep, dormi
sleeve, maniko
slender, maldika
slide, gliti
slipper, pantoflo
slime, glimo
fendo
slope, deklivo
simple, simpla
sin, peko
since. Car, de tiam
slit,
sincere, sincera
sinew, tendeno
smell,
smile,
sing, kanti
single, unuobla
singular, stranga
sir, sinjoro
siren, sireno
smock, kitelo
smoke, fumi
smooth, glata, ebena
smother, sufoki
smear, gmiri
flari,
odori
rideti
snail, limako
I20
English - Espera nto Vocabulary
soprano, soprano
snake, serpento
snare, kaptilo
sneeze, terni
snore, ronki
snow, nego
so, tiel, tia, tiom
soap, sapo
sober, sobra
sorrel, okzalo
sort, speco
soul, animo
sound, sono, sondi
social, sociala, socia

socialism, socialismo
soda, sodo
sofa, sofo
soft,
mola
spade (cards), piko
soil, tero
solar, suna
solder, luti
soldier, soldato
sole, sola
solemn, solena
solid, fortika, iirma
soliloquy, monologo
solution, solvo
solve, solvi
some,
kelkaj,
iom, ia
somebody, iu
somebody's, ies
somehow,
something,
soup, supo
sour, acida
source, fonto, deveno
south, sudo
sow, porkino
sow, semi
space, spaco, dadro
spade, fosilo
iel
io
somewhat, iom
somewhere, ie
son, file
sonata, sonato
song, kanto
soon, baldafl
soot, fulgo
kelke,
spare, indulgi
sparrow, pasero
speak, paroli
species, speco
specter, fantomo
speculate, spekulacii
speed, rapideco
spell, silabi
spend, elspezo
sphere, sfero
sphinx, sfinkso
spice, spico
spider, araneo
spill, disverSi, disSuti
spin, Spini
spine, spino
spirito,
animo,
fantomo, energio, alkoholo
spiritualism, spiritual-
spirit,
ismo
spit, kraCi
spite,
malamo
111
starboard, dekstro
spite of, in, spite

splash, Spruci, plaiidi
stato, etato, stato

statue, statuo
split, fendi
spoil, difekti,
stature, kresko
statute, regulo, lego
stay, resti
steak, steko, bifsteko
malbon-
igi, malbonigi
spoke, radio
sponge, spongo
spoon, kulero
spoonful, plenkulero
spring,
salti,
printempo,
risorto, fonto
spur, sprono
spy, spiono
squad, taemento
squadron, skadro(mil.)
eskadro (naval)
square, kvadrato
squint, strabi
squirrel, sciuro
stab, pikegi
stable, Cevalejo
staff, stango, stabo
stage, scenejo
stain, makulo
stair, tuparo
steal, teli
steam, vaporo
steel, gtalo
steep, kruta
steer, direkti, bovo
stenography, stenografio
step, gtupo, paSi

step- (relation), duon-
stereotype, stereotipo,
kligi
sterile, senfrukta
stick, bastono
stick, glui
stiff, rigida
stifle, sufoki
still, trankvila, kvieta,
tamen, ankoraii, sen-
mova, distililo
movi
stake, paliso, fosto

stall, budo, stale
stitch, stebi
stamin, stameno
stocking, trumpo
stir,
stammer,
stoical, stoika
stamp,
marko
stomach, stomako
balbuti
stampi, pot-
stand, stari
standard,
modelo
Star, stelo
standardo,
stone, tono
stool, skabelo
stop, halti, haltigi, Cesi
store, provizo,
magazeno, butiko
laa
Story, historic, fabelo,

etago
stout (fat), dika
stove, forno
straight, rekta
strain, streCi, kribri
strait,
markolo
strand, fadeno
strange, stranga
stratum, tavolo
straw, pajlo
strawberry, frago
streak, streko
stream,
rivero, rivereto
street, strato
street-car, tramveturilo
subject, temo, subjekto,

regato, regnano
submarine, submara
subscribe, aboni, subskribi, monoferi
subsequently,
sekve,
poste
substitute, anstatadi
subterfuge, artifiko
succeed, sukcesi
such,
tia
sue, procesi
sufBx, sufikso
suffrage, voCdono
sugar, sukero
suit, konveni, kompleto
stretch, streCi
strict, severa
sulphur, sulfuro
strike, frapi, striko

string, Snureto
stringent, severa, dra-
summer, somero
kona
sum,
sumo
summit, supro
sumptuous, luksa
sun, suno
strip, strio
stripe, streko
stroll, promeni
structure, strukturo
struggle, barakti
strut, paradi
Sunday, dimanCo
superfluous, superflua
superior, supera
superstition, superstiCo
supper,
noktomango,
vespermango
strychnine, striknino
student, student
studious, lernema
study, lerni
supplement, aldono
stuff, Stofo, plenigi
surprise, surprizi
suspect, suspekti
swallow, gluti, hirundo
style, stilo, mode, faso-
no
stylish,
moda
supply, provizi
support, subteni
suppress, subpremi
swarm, svarmi
swear,
sweat,
Juri,
blasfemi
123
symbol, simbolo
sweet, dol6a, malacida
symmetry, simetrio
sympathy, simpatio
symphony, simfonio
symptom, simptomo
swell, gveli
synagogue, sinagogo
s^vift, rapida
syndicate, sindikato
synod, sinodo
synonym, sinonimo
syntax, sintakso
synthesis, sintezo
synip, siropo
gviti
Swede, svedo
s^veep, balai
swim,
nagi
swing, svingi
Swiss, sviso
SAVoon, sveni
sword, glavo
syllable, silabo
table, tabic, tabelo

tactics, taktiko
taffeta, tafto
tail,
voSto
tailor, tajloro
take, preni
tale, rakonto, fabelo
talent, talento
system, sistemo
tax, taksi, imposto

tea, teo
teach, instrui
tear, iri
tear, larmo
teat, mampinto
tedious, teda
telegram, telegramo
talk, paroli
tall, alta
telephone, telefoni
telescope, teleskopo
tallow, sebo
tell, rakonti, diri
Talmud, talmudo
temperature, temperature
tan, tani
tar,
gudro
tariff, tarifo,
imposto
tart, acida, torto
taste, gusto, gustumi

tattoo, tatui
tempest, ventego
temple, tempio, tempio
tempt, tenti
ten, dek
tenant, luanto
xa4
tendon, tendeno
tenor, tenoro
tent, tendo
term, templimo, termino
terminate,
fini
terrace, teraso
territory, teritorio
terror, teruro
test, provi
testament, testamento
testify, atesti
tetanus, tetano
text, teksto
textile, teksa
than, ol
thank, danki
that,
tic, tiu,
thaw,
kiu, ke
degeli
thirst, soifo
this, tio ei, tiu 6i
thistle, kardo
thorn, dorno
thou, ci, vi
though, kvankam
thrash, draSi
thread, fadeno
threaten, minaco
three, tri
threshold, sojlo
thrill, vibri, eksciti
throat, gorgo
throne, trono
throng, amaso
through, tra
throw, Jeti
thrush, turdo
the, la
theater, teatro
their, ilia, sia
thumb, dika
them, ilin, ili

theme, temo
thus, tiel, tiamaniere

thy, ci, via
thyme, timiano
then, tiam, do, poste

theology, theologio
theory, teorio
there, tie
therefore, tial
thermometer, termometro
they, ili
thick, dika
fingro
thunder, tondri
Thursday,
Ja(ido
ticket, bileto
tickle, tikli
tide, tajdo
tie, ligi,
kravato
tier, vico
tiger, tigro
till, gis
thief, Slelisto
time, tempo
tin, stano
thigh, femuro
thing, io, a|o
think, pensi
tinkle, tinti
tipple, drinki
tipsy, ebria

tire, lacigi, tedi, enui
title, titoio
to, al
toad, bufo
toast, toasto
125
trace, postsigno
track, vojo
trade, negoci, komerci,
metio
tradition, tradicio
tragedy, tragedio
tobacco, tabako
today, hodiaii
train, dresi,
toe, piedfingro
tolerate, toleri
instrui
trait, trajto
tomato, tomato
tomb, tombo
traitorous, perfida
transcribe, transskribi
translate, traduki
transparent, travidebla
travel, veturi, vojagi
tray, pleto
treadle, pedalo
treasure, trezoro
tomorrow, morgaii
tone, tono
tongue, lango
too, tro
tool, ilo
tooth, dento
top, supro, pinto
topaz, topazo
topic, temo
torch, torCo
torment, turmenti
torpedo, torpedo
torrent, torento
torrid, varmega
tortoise, testudo
toss, Jeti
total, tuto
totter, ganceli
touch, tui, palpi
tow, stupo
toward, al
towel, viilo
tower, turo
town, urbo
toy, ludilo
treat,
vagonaro,
kuraci,
regali,
trakti
treaty, kontrakto,
terkonsento
tree, arbo
triangle, triangulo
tribe, gento
trifle, bagatelo
trill, trili
trio, trio
triumph, triumfo
trivial, triviala
trombone, trombono
troop, bando, amaso
tropic, tropiko
trot, troti
trough, trogo
trousers, pantolono
trout, truto
in-
126
trump,
atuto,
trumpo
trunk,
kesto,
trunko, rostro
turkey, meleagro
turn, turni, torni, vico
turpentine, terebinto
turquoise, turkiso
turtle, testudo
kofro,
trust, konfidi, fidi

try, peni, provi, atenci
tub, kuvo
tube, tubo
tuber, tubero
turtle-dove, turto
Tuesday, mardo
twelve, dekdu
twine, fadeno, Snureto
twinkle, brileti
tuft, tufo
tulip, tulipo
twist, tordi
twitter, pepi, Cirpi
tumbler, glaso
tumult, tumulto
two, du
type, modelo, preslitero,
tune, agordi
tipo
turf, torfo
typhus,
Turk, turko
tyrant, tirano
tifo
U
udder, mamo
ugly, malbela
ukase, ukazo
universal, universala
university, universitato
unless, escepte ke
ulcer, ulcero
until, gis
unbounded, senlima
unto,
uncle, onklo
unworthy, malinda
under, sub
undergo, suferi
underscore, substreki
understand, kompreni
undertake, entrepreni
unexpected, neatendita
upon, sur
unhappy,
malfeliCa
uniform, uniformo
union, unuigo, unuigo
unit, unuo
ai
urge, urgi
urine, urino
us, nin
use, uzi
usual, kutima
usurp, uzurpi
utilize, utiligi
Utopia, utopio
utterly, tute
Etiglish- Esperanto
vacant, vakanta
vacation, libertempo
vaccinate, inokuli
vain, vana, vanta
vainly, vane
valise, valizo
valley, valo
value, valoro
valve, klapo
vanilla, vanilo
vanquish, venki
vapor, vaporo
variola, variolo
various, diversa
varnish, laki
vase, vazo
vaseline, vazelino
vassal, vasalo
vast, vasta
vegetable, legomo
vehicle, veturilo
vein, vejno
vellum, veleno
velvet, veluro
vengeance, vengo
venom, veneno
Vocabulary
127
very, tre
vessel, ipo, boato, ujo
vest, veto
veteran, veterano
vex, Cagreni
vice, malvirto
victory, venko
view, vidi, vidajo
vigilant, vigla
village, vilago
villain, kanajlo
vinegar, vinagro
violence, perforto
violet, violo
violin, violono
virginal, virga
virus, veneno
vision, vido, aperajo
visit, viziti
vizage, vizago
vizier, veziro
voice, voeo
volkano, vulkano
volume, tomo, volumo
voluptuous, voluptema
vomit, vomi
ventilate, ventoli
vote, baloti, voedoni
venture, riski
verb, verbo
vouch,
verdict, verdikto
verse, verso
vertical, vertikala
vowel, vokalo
garantii, atesti
vow, promesi
Jure
vulgar, vulgara
vulture, vulturo
128
W
wad,
vati
wager, veti
wages, salajro
wagon, Sargveturilo
>vaist, talio
wait, atendi, servi
waiter, kelnero
"wake, veki
v^ralk, marSi, promeni
>vall,
muro
walnut, juglando
waltz, valso
wander, vagi
^vant, bezoni, manki
>vard, kvartalo
warm, varma
warn,
averti
wash, iavi
watch, gardi, poShorlogo
water, akvo
wave, ondo
Tvax, vakso
way, vojo, maniero
we,
ni
weed, sarki
week, semajno
weep, plori
weigh, pezi, pesi
welcome, bonveno
well, nu, Sana, bone,
puto
west, okcidento
>vet,
malseka
whale, baleno
what, kia, kio
v^heat, tritiko
wheel, rado
when, kiam
where, kie
whether, Cu
which, kio, kiu
while,
dum
whim,
kaprico
>vhip, vipo
w^hiskers, vangharoj
whisper,
paroleti
whistle, fajfi
whist, visto
white, blanka
wealth, riCeco
wear, porti, eluzi
weary, laca, enua
weather, vetero
who,
wedge, kojno
whose, kies
why, kial
Wednesday, merkredo
kiu
whole, tuto, tuta

wholesale, pogrande
whom,
kiun
widower, vidvo
wizard, sorCisto
vîfe, edzino
wolf, lupo
^vild,
sovaga
willful, obstina
will, testamenti, voH
willingly, volonte
^vin, venki, gajni
^vind, vento
wind,
tordi, vindi, streCi
window,
fenestro
^voman,
virino
womb,
utero
wonder, miri
woo, amindumi
wool, lano
word, vorto
work, labori, verko
^vorld,
monda
wine, vino
wing, flugilo, flankajo
wink, palpebrumi
winter, vintro
^vorm, vermo
worship, adori
worth, valoro, indo
wound, vundi
Tvipe, vii
wisdom, sago, sageco
wrap, kovri, volvi

wreath, girlando
wreck, gippereo
wretched, mizera
wish,
deziri, veil
wit, sprito
without, sen
witness,
vidi, atesti
yacht, yalito
yard, korto, jardo
yawn,
oscedi
year, jaro
yearly, eiujara
yell, kriegi
yellow, flava
yes,
jes
yesterday, hierati
yet, tamen, ankorati
129
wrinkle, sulko
write, skribi, verki
ye'w, taksuso
yield, cedi, kapitulaci,
produkti
yoke, jugo
you, vi
young, juna, ido

your, yours, via
youth, junulo, juneco
youthful, juna
Yule, kristnasko
130-316** English- Esperanto Vocabulary
zeal, fervoro
zebra, zebro
zenith, zenito
zero, nulo
**Total
number
zigzag, zigzago
zinc, zinko
zoology, zoologio
zouave, zuavo
of pages, 316.
AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO
a monthly journal of Esperanto literature
and news, issued at Chicago. It is edited
and published by Comrade Arthur Baker, the
compiler of this book.
Containing articles
on live topics by writers of various nations,
it is of much help to those who wish to acis
quire the international style in the use of the

Per year, one dollar; sample
language.
receive and forward
copy, ten cents.
subscriptions according to our usual clubbing
We
plan. APPEAL
TO REASON.
UCSB LIBRARY
UnWetsity of Califomii
Los Angeles
Till,
Ubrary
|ii,pi'F---'"'"''''"'^'^".
3lb/b^b-9188
OCT 102005
'JUN I d 20QSi

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nCSB LIBRARY

Digitized by the Internet Arclnive

2007 with funding from

Sole Agent for the

MOYER & HAYWOOD

Boys, don't scab o

Cofyright, igoj, by Arthur

dismissed, with perhaps the observation that the

frequently mistaken by the uninitiated

for Italian or Spanish, popularly

the most musical of languages.

American student, due regard being paid

based upon the Ekzercaro^ by

All the exercises are taken

and are therefore absolutely authoritative.

notes and translations, with the discussion of the

grammar, while containing

pages at once, but the student who has forgotten

a good grammarian will find that Esperanto

may widen his knowledge of the subject.

on this and the four succeeding

up, in their order, the exercises.

contained in them, you will be able to read readily

any ordinary correspondence and literature in the

include in the Esperanto-English vocabulary many

Capitals and Punctuation

each representing one sound only:

Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss,S,

The Names of the Letters A, E, I, O, U

are formed by adding the Esperanto noun

r ro, s so, sho, t

i/o, g go, ^jo,

English, with the following exceptions:

E is like a in fate (but not so long).

ch in loch (See explanation).

The American Esperanto Book

writers of text-books, as there

sound which exactly represents

approximately half-way between our

duplicates the English a in fate^

best to advise the student to pronounce e like our

While not listed as an exception

not exactly as in English.

Beginners should pronounce it as in vote^ roll,

The American Esperanto Book

J is classed as a consonant, and the sound is

vowel ending of a word never changes the

Plumo, ploo' -mo; plumoj,

grandajn, grahn-dine; tiu,

tiujn, tee'-ooyn; plej, play.

OJ, Pronounced "oy," is not an inconsistency,

when given the sound of long /. If you doubt this,

observe that perfect diphthongs result.

U is a consonant, and is used after a and. e to

has the sound of

has a sound which

in kow, cow, plow.

a quick pronunciation of ehoo or ayoo, eliminating

TAf American Esperanto Book

pronouncing very quickly

the words eh Willie. This combination never makes

some difficulty to English-speaking

Combinations such as kv, kn, gv, dv, St, dm,