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Plot of Means
Assumptions
1.The populations are normally distributed.
2.The population standard deviations are unknown but assumed equal.
Hypothesis
The null hypothesis in this case is:
0: 1 = 2 = =
i.e., there are no differences between population means.
Our alternative hypothesis becomes:
1: at least two means differ.
Test Statistic
It is obvious that a statistic that measures the proximity of the sample
means to each other would also be of interest.
Such a statistic exists, and is called the between-treatments variation.
It is given by
=1
Test Statistic
SST gave us the between-treatments variation.
A second statistic, SSE (Sum of Squares for Error) measures the
within-treatments variation.
SSE is given by
=1 =1
1 2 .
=
=1
Test Statistic
The mean square for treatments (MST) is given by
=
.
1
The mean square for errors (MSE) is given by
=
.
=
,
Test Statistic
The -value is given by
p-value= (1, > ),
where is the observed test-statistic value.
Reject 0 in favor of 1 if p-value is small.
ANOVA Table
Source of
Variation
Degrees of
Freedom
Sum of Squares
Mean Sum of
Squares
Treatments
Residuals
F-value
=
p-value
(1, > )
Degrees of
Freedom
Sum of
Squares
Mean Sum of
Squares
F-value
p-value
Groups
0.038
0.019
6.461
0.003
Error
51
0.150
0.003
Looking at the small -value, it seems that there is enough evidence to reject the null
hypothesis. Thus there is indeed significant difference in readability of magazine
advertisements from one class of magazines to another.
Multiple Comparison
When the one-way ANOVA finds significant differences between the
population means, it is natural to ask which means differ.
Here we will use the following two techniques for performing this
follow-up analysis:
1. Bonferroni's method
2. Tukeys Method
Bonferroni's method
Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
Group 1
Group 2
Group 2
0.0281
Group 3
1.0000
0.0039
Tukeys Method
Difference in Means Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Adjuted -value
2-1
0.049
0.092
0.005
0.024
3-1
0.013
0.031
0.056
0.761
3-2
0.061
0.017
0.105
0.004
Tukeys HSD