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The Body In Motion

How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory


systems of the body influence and respond to movement
Anatomical position- the individual stands erect facing frontward with their
palms facing forward
Superior- towards the head
Anterior- towards the back of the body
Inferior- away from the head
Posterior- towards the back of the body
Medial- towards the midline of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- towards the body
Distal- away from the body

Synovial joints

Synovial cavity between articulating bone allows joint to be moveable


Bones are covered by membrance of hyaline cartlidge
This cartlidge is a shock-absorber, helps reduce friction
Variety of difference shapes and sizes: Ball and socket

Joint Action
Flexion- Bending or decreasing angle at a joint
Extension- straightening or increasing angle at a joint
Adduction- moving a body part towards center or midline
Abduction- moving a body part always for center or midline
Circumduction- moving a joint in a circular motion
Rotation- turning or twisting a bone along axis
Dorisflexion- involves moving toes towards shinbone
Plantraflexion- involes moving toes away shinbone

Muscular system
Isometric- muscle develops tension no change in muscle length e.g. pushing
against a doorframe
Isotonic- muscle develops tension and there is a change in muscle length
causing movement e.g. bicep curl
Contraction- tension develops in muscle and muscle shortens
Eccentric- tension develops in muscle and muscle lengthens

Respiratory system
Mouth, nose and nasal cavity- warm, filter and moisten incoming air

Pharynx- prevents food from entering trachea


Lrynx- protect trachea by producing a strong cough
Trachea- allow expansion of esophagus when swallowing large pieces of food
Bronchi- the dividing parts of the trachea reaching into the lungs
Bronchioles- continuing to lead from the bronchi steams and lead to alveolar
sacs
Alveoli- hollow cavities contained within alveolar sacs.
Exchange of gases
carbon dioxide is exchanged in tiny air sacs at end of bronchial tubes.
Oxygen moves from alveoli to surrounding capillaries
Carbon dioxide moves from bloodstream to capillaires and into alveoli.
Carbon dioxide is removed when a person exhales

Circulatory system
Components of blood
1. Regulates temperature and water content in cells
2. Protects from diseases and bleeding to death
3. Transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and others the body

Critical Question 2: What is the


relationship between physical fitness,
training and movement efficiency?
Cardiorespiratory endurance Ability of heart, lungs and circulatory system to supply oxygen and
nutrients to working muscles
Provides necessary nutrients and oxygen to cells during exercise
Without basic ability all other components are jeopardized
Muscular strength Maximal force/ tension that muscle group can extract against a
resistance
Strength requirements are relative to movement and sport
Sufficient strength enables sufficient movement and reduces incidence
of injury
Muscular endurance
Ability to substain or repeat a muscular effort for a relatively long period
of tiem
Movement for an extended period of time requires this
Without- technique deteriates continued movement is jeopardized
Likely hood of injury increases
Flexibility
Range of movement that can be performed in/around a joint
Directly influenced by flexibility by joints and surrounding tissue

Enables full movement actions and contributes to quality of movement


Body composition
Proportions of various body tissues, influence on body mass
Requires sufficient stores of energy to enable movement but exccesive
storage of fa, must be moved in sport and places additional strain on
joints

Skill- related components of physical fitness

Power
- Ability to move body quickly
Speed
- Rate of change in position of athlete
Agility
- Change direction or position of body rapidly and quickly
Coordination
- A smooth flow of movement when performing physical task,
evidence when nervous and muscular system work together
Balance
- Body is stable position or state if equilibrium
- May be static or dynamic
Reaction time
- Time that is takes to respond to a stimulus

FITT principle

F- Frequency: how often you exercise


I- Intensity: how hard you exercise
T- Time: How long you exercise
T- Type: What type of exercise you do
Immediate Physiological Responses to Training
Heat Rate
Ventilation Rate

Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output
Lactate Levels

Immediate Physiological Responses


Exercise intensity increases, as well
as rate at which heart beats
At beginning of exercise, immediate
increase in ventilator, followed by
continuing gradual rise in depth and
rate of breathing
Amount of blood ejected with each
contraction of heart also increases
Volume of blood that is pumped out of
heart per minute also increases
during exercise
Increase in level of hydrogen and

lactate ions in blood but later evens


out with lactate being removed.

Critical Question 3: How do biomechanical


principles influence movement?
Motion
Linear- straight line, basic motion, uninterrupted motions will continue to move
in straight line.
Velocity- speed and direction of an object
Acceleration- rate at which speed changes in relation to time
Momentum- Mass times Velocity, quantity of motion

Balance and Stability


Centre of gravity- located within an object, all particles are attracted to it.
Culmination of all forces is acts upon one point.
Line of gravity- straight line drawn from an objects center of gravity to ground.
Base of support- surrounds the outside perimeter of object ehrn it is in contact
with surface

Fluids mechanics
Flotation- the action of floating in liquid
Centre of buoyancy- center of gravity of water tat swimmer displaces, when
body is fully under, center of gravity will fall directly above swimmer center of
gravity.
Fluid resistance- drag force, occurs due to friction between bodys surface and
fluid.

Force
How the body applies force
Through muscular system promoting movement of skeletal system
How the body absorbs force
Force distributed over large area has less than applied to smaller area
Changing impact from direct to oblique will lessen force
Distributing force through flexing of joints
Application of force
Greater force applied, great speed and acceleration of object

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