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SMK St. Joseph, Miri

BENGKEL TEKNIK MENJAWAB KERTAS 3 SPM 2015
ELEMEN : 12 SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL

Observing & Making Inference

01

ASPECT
Observing

CRITERIA
Ability to use the sense of sight

02

Making inference

The ability to infer the initial conclusion to explain the

observation

Example SPM 2007

(i)

State three observations shown in the diagram 1.2

1.

Level of mercury decreases / Final temperature is lower than initial

temperature / The temperature decreases

2.

Gas bubbles are released / Effervescence

3.

The level of the solution increases

Endothermic reaction / Heat is absorbed happens when hydrochloric

acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to produce sodium
chloride, carbon dioxide and water.
Example 2 SPM 2011

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Set

Apparatus set-up
Susunan radas

Observation
Pemerhatian

(i) Based on set I, state one observation in this experiment. [3 marks]

Yellow precipitate is formed.

(ii) Based on the observation in (a)(i), state the inference. [3M]

Sulphur is formed.
Example 3 SPM 2014
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the electrical conductivity of
ionic and covalent compounds with the same concentration.
Experiment

Apparatus set-up

Ammeter reading

Diagram 1
Based on Diagram 1, state the observation and the corresponding inference for each
Experiment I, Experiment II and Experiment III in Table 1.
Experiment
I

Observation

Inference

Ammeter shows reading /

Ammeter needle shows
deflection /

The compound can conducts

electricity // Electrolysis
occurs // The presence of
freely moving ions

Bubbles of gas produced

Oxygen and hydrogen gas

produced //OH- and H+ are
discharged

II

III

Ammeter shows reading /

Ammeter needle shows
deflection

The compound can conducts

electricity // Electrolysis
occurs // The presence of
freely moving ions

Bubbles of gas produced

Oxygen and hydrogen gas

produced //OH- and H+ are
discharged

Ammeter needle does not

deflect //

The compound cannot

conducts electricity /
Electrolysis does not
occur // No freely mobile
ions // Exist as molecules

No bubbles of gas

No gas produced //
[6 m]

Measure and using number

03

ASPECT
Measure and Using
Number

Example 1 SPM 2009

CRITERIA
1. The ability to collect quantitative information using precise
numbers
2. The ability to collect quantitative information using correct
unit.

24

24.50
28.00

25.5 22.00

Table 2

Based on Diagram 2 record the burette readings and volume of gas evolved at 90 seconds
and 120 seconds in Table 2.
Example 2 SPM 2014

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Experiment

Apparatus set-up

Ammeter reading

Classifying
04

ASPECT
Classifying

CRITERIA
The ability to differentiate objects to each group based on
certain criteria such as common characteristics

Example 1 SPM 2011

Table 1 shows the information about pairs of metals and its positive terminal in
voltaic cells.
Pair of metals
Pasangan logam
Silver and copper
Argentum dan Kuprum
Iron and Copper
Ferum dan Kuprum
Tin and Copper
Stanum dan Kuprum

Positive terminal
Terminal positif
Silver
Copper
Copper

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Gold and Copper
Aurum dan Kuprum

Gold
Table 1

Clasify silver, iron, tin and gold into metals which are more electropositive than
copper and metals which are less electropositive than copper.
[3 m]
Metal which are more electropositive
than copper

Metal which are less electropositive

than copper

Iron

Copper

Tin

Silver

Example 2 SPM 2014

(g) You are given a list of substances as follow:
Tetrachloromethane

Lead(II) bromide

Copper(II) sulphate

Ethanol

Classify these substances into ionic compound and covalent compound

Ionic compound

Covalent compound

Copper(II) sulphate

Tetrachloromethane

Lead(II) bromide

Ethanol

[3M]

Predicting , Communicating & Using Space Relationship with time

05

ASPECT
Predicting

06

Communicating

07

Using space
relationship with time

CRITERIA
01 The ability predict about what will happen based on
observations or data that can be trusted
02 The ability to predict value of data logically
Ability to present information or data in various forms such as
table, graphs or labelled diagram
Ability to describe the changes of the parameters with time

Example 1 SPM 2011

Set

II

III

IV

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Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution (mol
dm-3)
0.20
Time (s)
1
time

20

0.16

0.12

0.08

25

33

50

-1
(s )

0.05
Table 1.1

(i)

Based on Table 1.1, plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate

solution against 1/time. [3M]

Based on the graph,

(ii) state the relationship between the concentration of sodium thiosulphate
solution and the rate of reaction [3 m]

(ii) Predict the time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight if the
experiment is carried out using 0.22 mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate solution.
Show on the graph how you determine the time taken. [3M]
Time : s

Graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against 1/time

Example 2 SPM 2014 (Communicating)

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You are given the following apparatus to carry out the electrolysis of molten lead(II)
bromide.
Crucible
Mangkuk pijar

Connecting wire
Wayar penyambung

Carbon electrode
Elektrod karbon

Bunsen burner
Penunu Bunsen

Tripod stand
Tungku kaki tiga

Batteries
Bateri

Draw a labelled diagram to show the apparatus set-up for the electrolysis. [ 3m]

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Example 3 SPM 2007 (Communicating)

[3 m]

Set
I
III
[Accept : hour]

Time taken for

coagulation /min
5
360

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Example 4 SPM 2010 (Predicting)

Rubidium is placed below potassium in Group 1 of The Periodic Table of

Elements. Predict three observations from the reaction of rubidium with
water. [3M]
(i) Produces more/ a lot of white fumes
(ii) pH value of solution is [13.1 - 14.0]
(iii) Small explosion occurs // Burns more brightly
Experiment

II

III

Observation during reaction

pH meter reading of the

solution after reaction

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Define operationally
08

ASPECT
Operational Definition

CRITERIA
01 What should be done?
02 What is observed?

Example 1:
State the meaning of an acid.
Conceptual definition
Bahan yang mengion dalam air untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen.

Both ionization and ion hydrogen cannot be seen.

Operational definition of an acid :

What is done? Substance dissolves in water
What is observed? Changes blue litmus paper to red
Answer :

An acid is a substance that dissolves in water and turns blue litmus paper to
red.
Example 2

State the operational definition for the heat of neutarlisation in this experiment.
What is done? Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.
What is observed? Temperature rise
Operational definition: The heat of neutralization is the temperature rise

when 1 mole of water is produced from the reaction between

ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide solution
Note Must include 1 mole of water, without thisscore 2
Example 3 SPM 2007

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State the operational definition for the coagulation of latex.

What is done? Acid etanoic added to latex.

What is observed? Latex becomes (white) solid
Operational definiton: Latex becomes solid when ethanoic acid is added

shows coagulation of latex.

Example 4 SPM 2014
State the operational definition for electrical conductivity. [Refer page 5]

When two carbon electrodes are dipped into an electrolyte,

ammeter needle shows deflection.
[3M]
Example 5 SPM 2013
State the operational definition for the construction of the electrochemical series in this
experiment.

What is done? Two different metals are dipped into an electrolyte

What is observed? Needle of voltmeter deflects // produces potential

difference
Operational definiton: When two different metals are dipped into an

electrolyte, the needle of voltmeter deflects.

Interpreting Data

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09

ASPECT
Interpreting Data

CRITERIA
The ability to provide rational explanations about the object
or of the data collected

Example 1 SPM 2011

The experiment for the Set I is repeated by replacing the 250 cm 3 conical flask with
a smaller conical flask.
The time taken for the mark X to disappear from the sight is less than 20 seconds.
Explain why. [3M]

[ Refer page 2]

Controlling variables and Making Hypothesis

10

ASPECT
Controlling variables

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Making hypothesis

CRITERIA
Able to identify manipulated variable, responding variable
and constant variable.
Able to make relationship between manipulated variable and
responding variable with direction

Example 1 SPM 2014

(a) For this experiment, state [Refer page 5]
(i). The manipulated variable

: Ionic compound and covalent compound /

Sodium nitrate, aluminium nitrate and glucose solution /

(ii). The responding variable

: Electrical conductivity / Ammeter reading /

Bubbles of gas
(iii) The fixed variable.

: Concentration of electrolyte / Types of

electrodes /Number of battery
[3M]

(b)State one hypothesis for this experiment.

Ionic compound / Sodium nitrate and aluminium nitrate

conducts electricity while covalent compound / glucose cannot
conducts electricity
[3M]

Example 2 SPM 2010 [ Refer page 10]

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(a) For this experiment, state [3M]

(i) Manipulated variable

: Presence of acid /ethanoic acid and alkali /

ammonia solution

(ii) Responding variable

: Coagulation of latex / Formation of white solid

(iii) Constant variable

: Volume of latex / Type of latex

(Avoid using amount)

(b) State one hypothesis for this experiment. [3M]

An (ethanoic) acid coagulates latex while an (ammonia) alkali

does not coagulates latex

Experimenting
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ASPECT
Experimenting

Example 1 SPM 2014

CRITERIA
Able to plan laboratory experiment with following aspects:
Problem statement / Aim
Hypothesis
Making all the variables
List of substances and apparatus
Procedures
Tabulation of data

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Diagram 2 shows the structural formulae of Hydrocarbon X and Hydrocarbon Y.
Both hydrocarbons have different chemical properties.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
By using bromine water as reagent, plan a laboratory experiment to differentiate
both hydrocarbons.
Your planning should include the following aspects:
(a) Problem statement
(b) All the variables
(c) Statement of the hypothesis
(d) List of materials and apparatus
(e) Procedure for the experiment
(f) Tabulation of data

[17M]

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Answer scheme
Able to give the problem statement of experiment correctly

Sample answer
Does hydrocarbon X and hydrocarbon Y/ alkane and alkene / any
name of alkane and alkene react with / decolourise bromine water? //
How does hydrocarbon X and hydrocarbon Y/ alkane and alkene /
any name of alkane and alkene can be differentiated by using
bromine water? //
Does hydrocarbon X and hydrocarbon Y/ alkane and alkene / any
name of alkane and alkene affect / change colour of bromine water?
Does saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon
decolourised bromine water?
Able to give the problem statement of the experiment (without word
hydrocarbon)
Sample answers

Does X and Y react with / decolourise bromine water? //

How to differentiate X and Y //
To differentiate X and Y using bromine //
How is the chemical property of X and Y
Able to give an idea of problem statement of the experiment

What is the different between X and Y?

* X and Y can be any carbon compound
No response or wrong response
Able to state all three variables correctly
Sample answer

Manipulated variable
Hydrocarbon X, hydrocarbon Y // Hexane, hexene // Type of
hydrocarbon // Alkane and alkene
Responding variable
Colour change of bromine // Decolourisation of bromine // React with
bromine
Fixed variable
Volume and concentration of bromine // Volume of hydrocarbon //
Types of reagent
Able to state any two variables correctly

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Able to state any one variables correctly

No response or wrong response

Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and

the responding variable with direction correctly
Sample answer

Hydrocarbon X / Y decolourises the colour of bromine water while

hydrocarbon Y / X does not
Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and
the responding variable without stating the direction
Sample answer

X / Y decolourises the colour of bromine // Y/X does not decolourise

the colour of bromine water.
Able to state the idea of the hypothesis
Sample answers

The colour of hydrocarbon depends on bromine water

No response or wrong response
Able to list all the materials and apparatus
Sample answers
Material

Hydrocarbon X, hydrocarbon Y // Hexane , hexene // Bromine water

*Without bromine water - score 0
Apparatus
Test tube/ boiling tube , dropper, stopper
Able to list all the materials and a suitable container

A: beaker / gas jar

Able to list any one hydrocarbon, bromine water and one suitable
container

A : basin / beaker / gas jar

No response or wrong response

No bromine water

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Able to state all the steps correctly

Sample answer
1. Pour / Add / Fill hydrocarbon X into a test tube / boiling tube.

[a : Volume 1 - 5 cm3]
2. Add [2- 5 drops] / few drops of bromine water.
[a: Volume 1 - 2] cm3
3. Shake the mixture.
[r: mix / stir / swirl]
4. Record any observation.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 by replacing hydrocarbon X with hydrocarbon
Y.
Able to list down steps 1,2 3/4 and 5
Able to give an idea
Sample answer
Pour hydrocarbon X / Y to bromine water // any mixture of chemicals
solution // ignite /burn the hydrocarbon
No response or wrong response
Able to tabulate the data with the following aspects:
1. Coorect heading for manipulated variable and responding
variables
2. List of two hydrocarbon
sample answer
Hydrocarbon
X / Hexane
Y / Hexene

a : given RV or procedure
Observation

Able to tabulate the data with any one correct heading

sample answer
Hydrocarbon

Observation

No response or wrong response or empty table

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Example 2

Disediakan Oleh :
Cikgu Chai Teck Khiong
Guru Cemerlang Kimia
SMK Rosli Dhoby, Sibu

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Aim of the experiment : To investigate / study the effectiveness of

cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y in hard water.
All the variables :
(a) manipulated : Cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y / Types of
cleansing agent
(b) responding : Effectiveness of cleansing agents in hard water /
Cleansing effect on the cloth / Cloth is clean or cloth is dirty /
Formation of scum
(c) constant :
Hard water / Volumes of hard water / Mass of cleasing
agent X and Y
Hypothesis : Cleansing agent X can clean the cloth / does not form scum in
hard water while cleansing agent Y cannot clean the cloth / form
scum in hard water.
Materials : Cleansing agent X, cleansing agent Y, hard water, two pieces of
cloth with oily stain
Apparatus : Beaker / Basin , measuring cylinder, (glass rod)
Procedure:
1. Measure 100 cm3 of hard water using measuring cylinder and pour
into a beaker.
2. Add / Put [3 - 5] g of cleansing agent X into beaker labelled X.
3. Place / Put a piece of cloth with oily stain into the beaker.
4. Stir the beaker with a glass rod / Wash the cloth
5. Observe and record all the observation
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using cleansing agent Y to replace cleansing
agent X.
Tabulation of data
Types of cleansing agent
Cleansing agent X
Cleansing agent Y

Observation