Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Study of Population
Population refers to the number of persons
occupying a certain geographic area
The rate of population growth is the net
annual increase in population, which is
computed by getting the difference between
number of births and number of deaths
Malthusian Theory
Two centuries ago, English economist Thomas
Malthus argued that population growth
geometrically, which add more people every year
Increase food supply is arithmetic, whereby food
supply is limited by available land, soil quality,
and the level of technology
Malthusian Theory
Believes that the increase in population outgrows
increases in the food supply
Thus, there is need to keep population growth in
line with food supply
Consequences of Population Growth
high fertility societies are not able to provide good
health, education, and welfare programs
the process of industrialization is slowed down
technology is costly and uncertain
consumption patterns destroy the ecosystem as
technology depletes the natural resources and
environmental problems are accelerated
it contribute to social inequality
WORLDS LARGEST COUNTRIES IN 2002
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
Country
China
India
U.S.A.
Indonesia
Brazil
Fertility
refers to the actual number of children born to a
woman.
To measure this, the crude birth rate is computed:
the number of registered births per 1,000 of the
population in a given area at a specified time.
Mortality
refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 of the
mid-year population in a particular place at a
specified time.
This is measured by the crude death rate.
Life Expectancy
refers to the average number of years a person is
expected to live from time of birth.
Migration
Population change is affected by migration, which
is the movement of people for permanent
residency.
Immigration poses an economic problem in a
slow growing economy and produce problems of
social cohesion and conflict.
What is a Community?
Social organization that is territorially localized
and through which members satisfy most of their
daily needs and deal with most of their common
problem.
Process or the movement towards unity in the
system as social life; an ongoing movement
which is never completed or finish.
Rural and Urban Dichotomy
Gemeinschaft - familistic (rural)
Gesellschaft - contractual (urban)
Improved
social
transportation
and
communication are breaking down the
differences between rural and urban
communities.
Rural and Urban Differences
Occupations
Size
Density of population
Homogeneity or heterogeneity of
culture
Social differentiation & stratification
Social mobility
Type of social interaction
Solidarity
Urban Ecological Processes
Urban ecologists monitor the physical changes in
the city and the way an individual adapts to the
changing urban environment, which in turn
influences the way the ecological process
functions.
Urban Ecological Processes
Concentration occurs with the growth of towns
and cities. It refers to population increase in a
given area, as determined by population density.
Dominance it is when one area in the city tends
to have controlling social and economic
positioning relation to the other areas.
Urban Ecological Processes
Gradient refers to the condition of receding
degrees of dominance from a selected dominant
center.
Centralization various institutions and
establishments are drawn together along lines of
transportation and communication.
Urban Ecological Processes
Decentralization the scattering of functions from
the main districts to the outlying districts.
Invasion occurs when new types of people,
institutions, or activities enter an area previously
occupied by a different type.
Urban Ecological Processes
Succession occurs when the new population or
new function gains dominance.
FAMILY
Basic Concepts
An important institutional element. It is the cultural
mechanism that ensures the familys continuity.
People marry for a combination of reasons:
Love
Economic and Emotional Security
Parents wishes
Escape from loneliness or unhappy home situation
People marry for a combination of reasons:
Money
Companionship
Protection
Adventure or Common interest
Sex or sexual attraction
Forms of Marriage
The forms of marriage practiced in a society affects the
structure of the familys kinship group.
The accepted form may be either MONOGAMOUS or
POLYGAMOUS.
Forms of Marriage
Monogamy permits a man to take only one spouse at a
time.
Polygamy is plural marriage and may assume in this forms:
Polygyny is the marriage of one man
to two or more women at the same
time.
Forms of Marriage
Polyandry is the marriage of one
woman to two or more men at the
same time.
Group marriage
Selection of marriage partners
Various pressures and control operate that regulate the
choice of marriage partner.
No society permits a totally free choice.
Two types of norms
Endogamy refers to the norms which dictates that one
should marry within ones clan or ethnic group.
Advantages :
with its emphasis on conjugal bond.
husband and wife work by harmonious
relationship.
emphasizes independent residence.
values of independence, initiative and self
reliance.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Disadvantages:
children may develop emotional problems
because of excessive child centeredness of their
family and the solicitude of the family and the of
the parents for them.
it causes the member to feel impact of the strain
severely.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Extended family
Advantages:
a member can turn to a kin for help in times of
crisis.
children learn cooperation at an early age.
social relationship of children.
wide range of protection is afforded to members.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Disadvantages:
such set up can make the children overly
dependent on relatives.
the different kin relationship may result in
confusion of values and norms.
Based on descent
Rules of descent imply cultural norms, which affiliate a
person with a particular group of kinsfolk for certain social
purposes and services.
1. Patrilineal
Descent affiliates a person with a group
of relatives through his or her father.
The child has also well defined
relationship with the mothers kin.
2. Matrilineal
Descent affiliates a person with a group
of relatives related through his or her
mother.
3. Bilateral
Descent affiliates a person with a group
of relative related both to his and her
parents.
Based on Residence
With whom does the newly married couple stay?
Patrilocal
Residence required that the newly married couple live with
or near the domicile of the parents of the groom.
Matrilocal
SOCIAL INTERACTION
Social interaction
It is a basic social process, a universal
principle without which no social life is
possible
It takes place both in social groups of
which one is a member as well as
social institutions
Social interaction
It is a sort of interplay or two-way
action between:
Social interaction
It is a process of responding in
awareness of others and adjusting
responses to the way others respond
as mediated through symbols
Role of language in Social
interaction
E.g.
Patterns of interaction
Exchange- beneficial transfer/trade
Competition- struggle to secure a
reward
Conflict- rules of competition are
broken
War- most violent and intense conflict
Cooperation- central feature of social
life
Types of cooperation
Informal - spontaneous, mutual give
and take
Formal - contractual, rights and
obligations
Symbolic - supportive and
interdependent
Types of cooperation
Informal - spontaneous, mutual give
and take
Formal - contractual, rights and
obligations
Symbolic - supportive and
interdependent
Functions of cooperation
Social cohesion and integration
Social stability and order
Consensus and compromise
Other forms of social processes
Differentiation- creation of interests
Accommodation- equilibrium and
rules