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POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Study of Population
Population refers to the number of persons
occupying a certain geographic area
The rate of population growth is the net
annual increase in population, which is
computed by getting the difference between
number of births and number of deaths
Malthusian Theory
Two centuries ago, English economist Thomas
Malthus argued that population growth
geometrically, which add more people every year
Increase food supply is arithmetic, whereby food
supply is limited by available land, soil quality,
and the level of technology
Malthusian Theory
Believes that the increase in population outgrows
increases in the food supply
Thus, there is need to keep population growth in
line with food supply
Consequences of Population Growth
high fertility societies are not able to provide good
health, education, and welfare programs
the process of industrialization is slowed down
technology is costly and uncertain
consumption patterns destroy the ecosystem as
technology depletes the natural resources and
environmental problems are accelerated
it contribute to social inequality
WORLDS LARGEST COUNTRIES IN 2002
Rank
1
2
3
4
5

Country
China
India
U.S.A.
Indonesia
Brazil

Population (in millions)


1.281
1.050
287
217
174

Rate of Population Growth Rate in the


Philippines
the current population of the Philippines is
102,474,459 as of Thursday, August 25, 2016,
based on the latest United Nations estimates.
the Philippines population is equivalent to
1.37% of the total world population.
the Philippines ranks number 12 in the list of
countries by population.
Rate of Population Growth Rate in the
Philippines
The population density in the Philippines is 343
2
2
per Km (888 people per mi ).
The total land area is 298,192 Km2 (115,133 sq.
miles)

44.9 % of the population is urban (45,842,660


people in 2016)
The median age in the Philippines is 24.4 years.
Philippine Population and Its Quality
According to Human Development Index,
th
Philippines ranked 114 out of 187 countries
The index provides a composite measure of the
following:
A. Living a long healthy life (Life Expectancy)
B. Being educated (Enrolment in all levels)
C. Decent Standard of Living (PPP)

Philippine Population and Its Quality


Despite the countrys surge in GNI and GNP,
United Nations Development Programme said
economic growth does not translate to human
development
UNDP said pro-poor policies and significant
investments in peoples capabilities-though a
focus on education, nutrition health, and decent
work can sustain progress
Variables on Population Change
Four variables are involved in population change:
A. Fertility
B. Mortality,
C. Life Expectancy,
D. and Migration

Fertility
refers to the actual number of children born to a
woman.
To measure this, the crude birth rate is computed:
the number of registered births per 1,000 of the
population in a given area at a specified time.
Mortality
refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 of the
mid-year population in a particular place at a
specified time.
This is measured by the crude death rate.
Life Expectancy
refers to the average number of years a person is
expected to live from time of birth.
Migration
Population change is affected by migration, which
is the movement of people for permanent
residency.
Immigration poses an economic problem in a
slow growing economy and produce problems of
social cohesion and conflict.

RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES


INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

What is a Community?
Social organization that is territorially localized
and through which members satisfy most of their
daily needs and deal with most of their common
problem.
Process or the movement towards unity in the
system as social life; an ongoing movement
which is never completed or finish.
Rural and Urban Dichotomy
Gemeinschaft - familistic (rural)
Gesellschaft - contractual (urban)
Improved
social
transportation
and
communication are breaking down the
differences between rural and urban
communities.
Rural and Urban Differences
Occupations
Size
Density of population
Homogeneity or heterogeneity of
culture
Social differentiation & stratification
Social mobility
Type of social interaction
Solidarity
Urban Ecological Processes
Urban ecologists monitor the physical changes in
the city and the way an individual adapts to the
changing urban environment, which in turn
influences the way the ecological process
functions.
Urban Ecological Processes
Concentration occurs with the growth of towns
and cities. It refers to population increase in a
given area, as determined by population density.
Dominance it is when one area in the city tends
to have controlling social and economic
positioning relation to the other areas.
Urban Ecological Processes
Gradient refers to the condition of receding
degrees of dominance from a selected dominant
center.
Centralization various institutions and
establishments are drawn together along lines of
transportation and communication.
Urban Ecological Processes
Decentralization the scattering of functions from
the main districts to the outlying districts.
Invasion occurs when new types of people,
institutions, or activities enter an area previously
occupied by a different type.
Urban Ecological Processes
Succession occurs when the new population or
new function gains dominance.

Ecological segregation arises from the fact that


people differ according to ethnic grouping,
religion, social class, or occupation.
Rural Social Problems
Emigration
Wide gap between the rich and the poor
(particularly in the rural area)
Urban Social Problems
Pollution
Need for better
Garbage and Traffic
Urban Planning
Squatters and Slums
and
Renewal

FAMILY
Basic Concepts
An important institutional element. It is the cultural
mechanism that ensures the familys continuity.
People marry for a combination of reasons:
Love
Economic and Emotional Security
Parents wishes
Escape from loneliness or unhappy home situation
People marry for a combination of reasons:
Money
Companionship
Protection
Adventure or Common interest
Sex or sexual attraction
Forms of Marriage
The forms of marriage practiced in a society affects the
structure of the familys kinship group.
The accepted form may be either MONOGAMOUS or
POLYGAMOUS.
Forms of Marriage
Monogamy permits a man to take only one spouse at a
time.
Polygamy is plural marriage and may assume in this forms:
Polygyny is the marriage of one man
to two or more women at the same
time.
Forms of Marriage
Polyandry is the marriage of one
woman to two or more men at the
same time.
Group marriage
Selection of marriage partners
Various pressures and control operate that regulate the
choice of marriage partner.
No society permits a totally free choice.
Two types of norms
Endogamy refers to the norms which dictates that one
should marry within ones clan or ethnic group.

Exogamy prescribe that one marries outside ones clan or


ethnic group.
FAMILY
STRUCTURE
Family structure
The family is a small institution that unites individual into
cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of
children.
It is built on kinship based on blood, marriage and
adoption.
Family structure
It consist of social structure providing a more or less stable
framework for the performance of reciprocal roles of a
certain function to make the relationship enduring.
Family structure
The structure of the family varies from one culture to
another.
There may be variations among the families.
However there can e a more or less dominant or typical
type.
The classification of families into categories can represent
ideal types.
Basic concepts:
Based on internal organization or membership.
The family is classified as nuclear or extended.
Nuclear family
Is the smallest unit responsible for the preservation of the
value system unit of society.
Its duty is to see that members are socialized into the basic
values of the society.
Is composed of husband and his wife and their children.
Normal adults in every society belongs to two kinds of
nuclear families:
1. Family of Orientation (Origin) - is the family into which
one is born and where one is reared or
socialized.
2. Family of Procreation - is the family established through
marriage and consist of husband, wife, son and
daughter.
Extended family
Composed of two or more Nuclear Families, economically
and socially related to each other.
1. Conjugal Family
which considered the spouses and their offspring's as of
prime importance and which has a fringe of
comparatively unimportant relatives.
The marriage bond is emphasized.
2. Consanguineal Family
consider the nucleus of blood relatives as more important
than the spouses.
blood relationship formed during
childhood are
emphasized.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Nuclear family

Advantages :
with its emphasis on conjugal bond.
husband and wife work by harmonious
relationship.
emphasizes independent residence.
values of independence, initiative and self
reliance.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Disadvantages:
children may develop emotional problems
because of excessive child centeredness of their
family and the solicitude of the family and the of
the parents for them.
it causes the member to feel impact of the strain
severely.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Extended family
Advantages:
a member can turn to a kin for help in times of
crisis.
children learn cooperation at an early age.
social relationship of children.
wide range of protection is afforded to members.
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of Families:
Disadvantages:
such set up can make the children overly
dependent on relatives.
the different kin relationship may result in
confusion of values and norms.
Based on descent
Rules of descent imply cultural norms, which affiliate a
person with a particular group of kinsfolk for certain social
purposes and services.
1. Patrilineal
Descent affiliates a person with a group
of relatives through his or her father.
The child has also well defined
relationship with the mothers kin.
2. Matrilineal
Descent affiliates a person with a group
of relatives related through his or her
mother.
3. Bilateral
Descent affiliates a person with a group
of relative related both to his and her
parents.
Based on Residence
With whom does the newly married couple stay?
Patrilocal
Residence required that the newly married couple live with
or near the domicile of the parents of the groom.
Matrilocal

Residence requires that the newly


married couple live with or near the
domicile of the parents of the bride.
Bilocal
Residence gives the couple a choice of staying
with either the grooms parents or the brides
parents.
Neolocal
Residence permits the newly married
couple to reside independently of the
parents of either groom or bride.
Avuncolocal
Residence prescribes that the newly
married couple reside with or near the
maternal uncle of the groom.
BASED ON AUTHORITY
Where authority is vested- in the family or kinship group?
Based on who wields authority, families are classified into
the following types:
Patriarchal family
Is one in which the authority
is vested on the oldest male
of the family, often the father.
The sons, especially the
eldest enjoy prestige and
privileges.
The male speaks for the
familial group with regard to
property relationships, legal
obligations and criminal
offenses.
Matriarchal family
is one in which the authority is vested
on the mothers kin.
This type is found in few societies.
Individual families, however, may be
found in societies where the mother
dominates the household.
Egalitarian family
is one in which the husband and the
wife exercise a more or less equal
amount of authority.
Matricentric family
is recently emerged type found usually
in the suburbs of U.S. the father
commutes to work and his absence
gives the mother a dominate position in
the family, although the father may also
share with the mother in decision
making.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTIC
OF THE FILIPINO FAMILY
The basic social unit of the Philippine society is
the Nuclear Family, which includes the Father, Mother, and

children, and the Bilaterally Extended kinship group which


embraces all relatives of the father and mother.
1. Filipino family can be considered consanguineal.
2. Filipino family is egalitarian.
3. Filipino family is bilateral.
4. Filipino family can be said bilocal and neolocal.
In marriage, monogamy is the norm, although the
polygamy is aloud among the Muslims and other cultural
communities.
Stages of family life
Courtship is the stage preparatory to marriage and may
include all forms of behavior by which an individual seeks
to win the consent of another to a marriage.
In the Philippines: Traditionally, courtship is generally
observe.
Social change and the Filipino family
Factors that have affected all segments of the society
including family.
Factors:
1. Geographical Mobility
2. Increasing population
3. Industrialization and Urbanization.
4. Change of Status and Role of
Filipino Women
5. Mass Media
Sacred familism
Is characterized by adherence to traditional moral values,
the presence of an authoritarian figure who is statusdominated, Gemeinschaft interaction and a traditionalistic,
simple technology with peasant type of economy.
Secular familism
Is characterized by member of the family who still aim
success of the family as their goal but whose definition of
success has change to a secular material sort.

Collective Behavior and Social Movements


Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Definition
Characteristics
Conditions
Factors
Theories
Crowds
Types of Crowds
Mass
Types of Mass Behavior
Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Collective Behavior: Definition
Voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is
engaged in by a large number of people
Collective Behavior: Characteristics

Represent the actions of groups of people, not


individuals
Exhibit patterned behavior that are usually highly
emotional
Often associated with effort to achieve social
change
Collective Behavior: Conditions
Precipitating incidents
Generalized belief of what is wrong
Mobilization
Collective Behavior: Factors
Feeling of normlessness
Breakdown of social control
Timing
Collective Behavior: Theories
Emergent Norm Theory postulates that people
faced with an unusual situation can direct a
movement
Value Added Theory agents of social control
conducive to collective actions must be present
for collective behavior to occur
Collective Behavior: Crowd
A relatively large number of people who are in
one anothers immediate vicinity
Collective Behavior: Types of Crowd
Casual Crowd people who happen to be in the
same place at the same time who share a
momentary interest
Conventional Crowd people who come together
for a scheduled event sharing a common focus
Expressive Crowd people releasing similar
emotions
Collective Behavior: Types of Crowd
Acting Crowd people who are emotionally
focused erupting into violent behavior
Protest Crowd people who engage in activities
intended to achieve political goals, generally nonviolent
Collective Behavior: Mass
A number of people who share a common
interest in a specific idea or issue, but not in one
anothers vicinity
Collective Behavior: Types of Mass Behavior
Rumors/Gossips unverified information that
thrive in times of uncertainty
Public Opinion attitudes/beliefs communicated
by ordinary citizens to decision-makers
Mass Hysteria intense, fearful reaction to a
perceived threat
Fads/Fashions periodic popularity of styles
Social Movements: Definition
Most organized form of collective behavior that
acts to promote or resist change
Social Movements: Theories
Resource Mobilization people organize
movements by using knowledge, skills & money

Political Process movements exploit social


structural opportunities
New Social Movement new forces of identity
are created as people participate in movements
Social Movements: Elements
Precipitating incident
Pre-existing grievance
Pre-existing communication network
Ability to mobilize
Social Movements: Stages
Preliminary Stage people become aware of a
threatening problem
Coalescence Stage people begin to organize
and start making the threat known to the public
Institutionalization Stage organizational
structure develops
Social Movements: Types
Social Movements seek limited change in some
aspects of peoples behavior
Reform Movements seek to improve society by
changing an aspect of the social structure
Resistance Movements seek to prevent or
undo change that has already occurred
Social Movements: Types
Revolutionary Movements seek to bring about
a total change in society
Religious Movements seek to produce radical
change in individuals by establishing a
spiritual/religious system

SOCIAL INTERACTION
Social interaction
It is a basic social process, a universal
principle without which no social life is
possible
It takes place both in social groups of
which one is a member as well as
social institutions
Social interaction
It is a sort of interplay or two-way
action between:

- two or more individuals or groups


- an individual and a group
- two or more societies

Social interaction
It is a process of responding in
awareness of others and adjusting
responses to the way others respond
as mediated through symbols
Role of language in Social
interaction

E.g.

Language is the most important form


of symbol
It may be spoken or written

thumbs up, glaring look, smile,


raising of eyebrows

Patterns of interaction
Exchange- beneficial transfer/trade
Competition- struggle to secure a
reward
Conflict- rules of competition are
broken
War- most violent and intense conflict
Cooperation- central feature of social
life
Types of cooperation
Informal - spontaneous, mutual give
and take
Formal - contractual, rights and
obligations
Symbolic - supportive and
interdependent
Types of cooperation
Informal - spontaneous, mutual give
and take
Formal - contractual, rights and
obligations
Symbolic - supportive and
interdependent
Functions of cooperation
Social cohesion and integration
Social stability and order
Consensus and compromise
Other forms of social processes
Differentiation- creation of interests
Accommodation- equilibrium and
rules

Reciprocity- internal debt of


gratitude
Acculturation- blending of culture
Assimilation- acceptance of new
culture
Pluralism- living side-by-side of diff.
groups
Amalgamation- similarity and
friendliness of groups
rEVIEW
The malays and the indons share
similar culture and are friendly with
one another which helped in
developing harmonious relationship
between the two groups. What social
process is present?
Pedro and Juan became rival suitors
of Maria. Both men wants to have
Marias sweet yes. What social
process is present?
The Baybayin of the early Filipinos
played vital role in the preservation of
culture. What social element is
evident?
Mcjolly and Mang Inasar are rival food
chains along Aurora blvd. Since Mang
Inasar is more popular due to their
promo of unlimited rice, Mcjolly started
a rumor that the meat being sold are
bocha. What pattern of interaction is
most evident?
Employees of XYZ company helps
each other in order to achieve their
goal of reaching a particular number of
sales, and earning more through
bonuses. What type of cooperation is
most evident?

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