THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL

EDITED BY

MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON

VOLUME

XVII. u,

NEW YORK

CITY

Published from October to May, by

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

An

illustrated

magazine devoted

to the

advancement of Natural His-

tory, the recording of scientific research, exploration and discovery,

museum exhibition and museum influence in

men eminent in these fields, including
explorers, and members of the American Museum

and the development of

education.

Contributors are

the scientific staff,

FREE TO MEMBERS OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY

ITED BY THE DE

NEW YORK,

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII

January

Hinki Faibfield Osbork

and the 'Tyrant" Dinosaur

Western Venezuela

Dinosaui
Travel Notes

in

Autumn Migrations
Reproduction
'I

HOW

in

Mary Cynthia
Norman m

Lei

V--

,,

,i.l, it

linematography

the Inited States

in California

Tourmaline

BB1

ABY

The New Archaeology

Mexico
Camp Life in
Reproductions in Duotone of Scenes and Portraits from
The .Meaning of Bird Music

Knit
the

Gl
tSl

i.yn

1,

LSOS

American Southwest

HENB1 OLDYS
M. P. SKINNER
Babni u Bbows

Yellowstone
Monocloniua, a Cretaceous Horned Dinosaur
Fossil Man in South Africa
Tin- threat .la, I.. Mass from .lordansmuhl
Report from the Asiatic Zoological Expedition
of the

Notes

i:

V r Nelson
Clark w issleb

Museum

Dii

I-

I.

MAR! CYNTHIA

Hum

Excavation of the Aztec

IRD

and Turipiuise

Some Birds

i;i

Glib

,,f

Butterflies
Dnotone of \\ inter Studios

in

i..

Hi BE]

Flight of a Meteor

ii.

M IROB
A Search for Scytalopus
Discoveries at the Aztec Ruin
The Invention and Spread of Agriculture
The Ruins of Tuloom, Yueatan

Leo E. Miller
Eabl II Mobbi!
HERBERT
3PINDEN
I
SYLVANUS G-BISWOL] )l
win Stabr Jordan
W. D. MATTHEW

America

The Eulachon and its Kindred

A Fossil Deer from Argentina

1 )

Kentucky and Her Cave Men

N. C Nelson
Individuality. Temperament, and Genius in Animals
ROBERT M. YERKES and ADA \\ VTER]
The New .Jersey rite- Barrens
[OHN \Y. II xhsii i-.i.ri.i k
Creative Textile Art and the American Museum
M D.I Cba pobd
Plate in four colors, -houm.- -ilk- nh ,|, i.-n. inspired by primitive basketrj and potter)
opposite
n _ :M >.....i-', deigns taken from various collections in
Plate in four colors,
,>-,,

the

oppo

America

for

WILLIAM

Wild Life

hi Every Yard "

To South America for Bird Study
Military Hygiene Exhibit
Mus.-um Notes

Reminiscence
oti

on

of

Foundei of the

War Time

in

Siife.

.Votes

with

Much Work

th.

34:t

Otto WinMrs. Nathaniel Lord Bbitti

Ghebai
D
i

3o3

Mil,

Sperm Whaling South

Manzanita
.inure
!

328
341

346

Accomplish, d

A li.-u, .
Wild Flowei
Lower Nevi Sort Baj

Henry

The Crocker Land Expedition Home

Ostrich Farming in Sent!
Urn a
oi

2!>o

Mud-. B,,h

Museum

Willi \m a. Mirriii.
georoe Birp gei-.
B LBBINGTON MOORE
Kt>. I). ORABB

D. A.

.1

HULL

T, G.

Mary Cynthia In. m

Walter B.

as r
Recollections of the
>ld
West
Fores, rj and the Paper Supply
A Buffalo Bullfight

thi

274

rosKPH H. Choatj

\frica

in

2fiS
'-'TO

May
American Museum

Florida Turtles

Mirages

F]

K. Cherrie
I'-lv A, Winslow

Conservation of Our Food Supplies

of History
of Wild Flowers

Horn

T.

Gkoroe

The Dawn

Wild Mushrooms

J I"

254

-.

Museum

The War

22]

r
of the Equator
of Cleai l.ak.
Well

Scientific-ill-

i-liim, e into the

,i

Fairi-i

II
William K
,

:.in'oi-nia
,

Cmotion, ill

W,

Bird

I),

1.

Uerbiasi

WILLIAM E RlH
LEO 1 Mil
Matthew- and Waltei Granoeb

399

419
Bird Photographing on the Falkland
Bird Life in the Falkland-

Through

the

-lands

II

Navahn Region

IT::

Lowie

495

i,

Known

II,

II

Hi:

Oi

Two Fur

Robert
Seal Problems and Their Solution..

h.

December

Uu

Known

I.iiil,-

Pictures"

Rov Chapman Axi.rf.ws

Boric Am.rkws
L. H. Baiiot
A
.Hto DBARBOBB
Hart Mebkiam
C

Ms from China

Yvf.tte

vmuii

lie

Permanent Agriculture and ... .;..>

Terrestrial Life in Polar Knvironmente
Win No. liaise Your Own Furs
I

How

M:,l,' T..li.

BaWtbl

Buzzard, Loot His

Turk,-.

ih..

S]

eh

"

^eShS

-'-

Charles W.iieu.
'" " 0EASB

otes

[LLUSTKATIONS
N'avaho dances. 478; Apache
myth, 556; Hopi, 568-573

cem

Agricultural

186

181

501
reproductions
122

portrait

southwest,

s,,,,,

ii.

-\l

duotone

in

!,

quarry, 14:t; ornaments,

.lonl.insniiihl

(February); Indian group.

cover,

group,

70-74

ilifornia,

'

of,

224-229. 232

tucky and Dix Rivers, 223

Glacier, South Georgia Island, 547

lis

Ape, anthrop,

n,

imoths, cover,

(January)

izanitas. Clear

Lake. California. 398-402

160-165

in,

-s

Hals, African feuit eating, color plate, opp. p ,i->;

of
Belgian Congo, 560 565; hammerhead,
bacl

lecember)

-s

plmlnLT.ipli.

I'.ir.l,

8 1-

woods and holds, reproductions

:s
duotone from winter photographs. 41-56

\l:e-s;i, hi
<v.\.
music. 125-127; feedJunioi Audubon Class, ;i4o

woodpecker. ,",11; telephoto pictures of. 5863: of the Fellowstone, 128, 134; rhea, 162;
hermit thrush. 2 40; South
rican, 2711
gnatcatcher, 348; egret, 349;
Eocene, 1 <: of the Falklands, 428-460

Itirds.

Maya

art,
-. -'

Diet

180, 190,

200-204

Meteorites. 28-31, back

(Jar

Mink, 552

Monkeys. 241

136-139
Mushrooms, 322-331
Xavaho region, 472-478
"Neptune." relief ship. 284
New Mexico, camping scenes
Plata Valley, 463-470
Old West, pictures of. 332-340
,

/;//,, ,,./,,.,.

184
14

Butterflies

portrait of. 268

Chimpanzee, \n:mg, 377: threading

512,

109,

51

needle,

38:s

517-522,
527-531,
525-

515,

I,

535; natives, 517 519, 522,

533-5311
seenes, alls, 510, 511,
531,

527, 530, 582, 585, 536, cover,

ismber)
Choate, Joseph n
portrait of, opp 285
('KIT dwellings, St. 1112. Ills, 1111, 112, 113
,

'

oh-

l.-ussell

Congo rain

.1

portrait of, 20(1

i.

15

r.

Pampas,

cover

299

restoration),

"(17;

f ssi

ops; group

|
i

of Virginia.

(October)

tiialr.uwu.

restoration
structed. 4 IS
13,

116;

of.

skeleton

recon-

136 138
139

and man, 381: nerve of

man. 382
Flag
1

ii

land

agmonl

a/,

no

d.l

"f

1,

i,

210

Pottery, Indian.

174-184

Quftil protection, cartoon. 260

Quich.ua n.uives of southern Bolivia,

407-415

Rio
Janeiro harbor, cover, (March)
Roosevelt, Th. odore, 288
Ruins, Aztec, Bf 99, 168-179; Tuloom.

Sandal, yucca. 168

S,-t/hih,i>tlx.

bird photographs,
of American, 364

'

of,

.!'

Ducks, wild, 26 1,
Eeptletia, 22
Faeial. muscles of gorilla
Falkland

428, 430. 431, 43::.

438, 440, 441. 449, 452. 454, 455, 458
Peruvian, pottery, 183-184; bronze. 574
Pigs, 238
Pine Barrens. 244-252
Pitcher plant, 251

550

forest,

on man.

Afr

5115,

428-460

her plant, 250; sea-

|,,l,

-proline

is

duotone, 303-

in

Salts Cave,

190-204;

Kentucky

j;:n

167

Sea horse, decorative painting of, 490

Shark, frilled. 379
Silence Contest, A. 556
Skulls, dinosaur and hird. 17; human and chimpanzee, 376

'

'"

,:

llui

of,

29

demands upon

deer.

re-

136-139;

13,

11,

208

264

of,

South America. Western Venezuela, 14-23;

Bolivia and Argentina. 156-165
South Georgia Island, Lucas Glacier, 547
Southwest, American. 115-122
Struthiominwa, 6 13
Telephoto pictures of birds. 58-61
Textiles, 'designs for.

254-259
292

Turtles, gopher, 2SS, 289,

Tyrannosaurua, 13
Yeiio/inla, western,
portrait

of,

of

546

490

Whaling, American sperm, 380-397

Willows ill April, cover, (April)
Winir. photographs from woods and
acl

41-56

its,

16-21

14-23

,,,,,,
l

l68

335-340

Yellowstone Park, 128, 134

'needles. 172
indal
I

fields

of

Mai

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL

INSECT MIGRATION
FLIGHT OF METEORS
TELEPHOTO FOR MOTION PICTURES
INTERPRETING THE LIFE OF DINOSAURS
TRAVEL NOTES FROM VENEZUELA

WINTER

IN

MASSACHUSETTS

The American Museum

of Natural

History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henri
First

Osborn

r uri

Vice-President

Secretary

Adrian Iselin, Jr.

John- Pi
\Vlll

huh Mitchel, Mayor op the City op New York

oast, Comptroller op the City op New York
Ward, President op the Department op Parks
Charles Lanier
Henry C Frick

George F. Baker
Frederick F. Brkwsteb
Joseph II. Choate
Cutting
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler

Ogden Mills
Percy R. Pyne
John B. Trevor
Felix M. Warburg
George W. Wickersham

Madison Grant

Anson W. Hard
Archer M. Huntington
Arthur Curtiss James
Walter B. James
A. D.

.Milliard

administrative officers
Assistunt Treasurer
ir.

United Statks Trust Company

op New York
scientific staff

'rederic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director

Geology and Invertebrate

Vertebrate Palaeontology

Palest

Hovev, Ph.D.. Curator

Kkeds, Ph.D., Asst. Curator

ris

Mineralogy

Henry Fairfield Osborn,

LL.D., D.Sc, Curator

Emeritus

W. D. Matthew, Ph.D., Curator

Walter Granger, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]
William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Assoc, in Paleontology

Charles R. Eastman, Ph.D., Research

TVoods and Forestry

Inn

1,

brate Zoology

Mi
Crampton, Ph.D., Curator
ROY W. Miner, A.B., Asst. Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
i:

I.

in

IOAP, A.M., Curator Mollusca

MUTCHLER, Assistant
v"am Name, Ph.D., Assistant
Frank E. WAT80N, B.S., Assistant
W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social

A. J.

Associate

Anthropology
Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
PLINY E. Goddard, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Robert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Herbert J. Spinden, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
N. C. Nelson, M.L., Asst. Curator
Charles W. Mead, Asst. Curator
M. D. C. CRAWFORD, Research Associate in Textiles
Geo. Bird Grinnell, Ph.D., Research Associate
J.

Ethnology

Howard McGregor,
in

Ph.D., Research Associate

Anthropology

Louis R. Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical

Anthropology

Leslie Spier, B.S., Assistant Anthropology

Anatomy and Physiology

tlogy

and Ei

rpt tology

Basiiford Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus

John T. Nichols, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes

Mary Cynthia Dk-kerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator

-slow, M.S., Curator

Kerpetology
.'

.1

A.

Ornithology

Allen. Ph.D., Curator

Frank M. Chapman,

Sc.D., Curator Ornithology

i.rews, A.M., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy

In

W. MILLER,

Jimis P

Curator Ornithology
nmalogy
nmialogy
CHAPIN, A ]:. Assistant Ornithology
Asst.

Public Education

George H. Sherwood, A.M., Curator

G. Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
Ann E. Thomas, Ph.B., Assistant

Books and Publications

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM

OURNAL
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY. EXPLORATION, AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

January, 1017

Volume

XVII.

Number

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO

MAY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF

NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:
ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR. TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. APPLICATION FOR ENTRY AS
SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE
AT NEW YORK CITY. NEW YORK, PENDING
INCLUSIVE. BY

CONTENTS FOR JANUARY

Cover,

Mammoths from
A

Frontispiece,

the Mural

Charles R. Knighi

l>\

Tree from Red Deer River, Alberta

Fossil

Photographed by Barnum Brown in 1915, at the time

BOW "ii exhibition in the American Museum, with giant

of

its

discover;

ind

fossil .linos,, ,irs

..

ivi

iln

i
,

The "Ostrich" Dinosaur and the "Tyrant"

Henry Fairfield Osborn

Dinosaur
Methods

anil difficulties in

Mm

n -tioatnm

animals from their

of extinct

from restorations surest. <] by Ibe

Illustrations

Museum

account of the American

Illustrations from photograph*

The Flight

b;

archieologii

tin-

remains

Herbert

Travel Notes in Western Venezuela

An

fossil

\utl,..r

in

.1.

Spinden

northern South Amen,

Eliot Thomson

of a Meteor

id b;
Explanation of an astronomical subject of great interest, areomp:
of the meteorites in the American Museum ol Natural History by Dr. Chester \. Reeds
Illustrations especially from photographs ami ^'eoimens on exhibition in tlie American

Autumn

Illustratioffs

of observations
from 01

Reproductions
Scenes from
ii

Howard

Migrations of Butterflies

With records

in

made

on Long

Lugusi ami s.-i.i.i

OUEKAI. by the Aut hoi

land during

Museum

Shannon

.1.

and

Is

Massachusetts,
nthis D

with quotations from Thoreau's

al

By Marj Cj

husetts.

The Telephoto Lens

ol

Field

33

ran

Duotone of Winter Studies

tin

Id

Lo

Author

in

Norman McClinxock

Cinematography

">;

A new

achievement in bird photograph; with descriptions of aims and methods

Illustrations from the Author's motion picture films, giving comparativi results with regular

lens

and telephoto

Gem Mining

in the

Tourmaline and

United States

L. P.

Turquoise
Illustrations by

The

Jai

Gratacap

65

courtesy of the Out. at States Geological Survej

Rabbil

in

Mary Cynthia Dickerson

California

Intimate observations on the development

<

Od "f three

of in

months
Illustrated with photographs from

life

b;

thi

luthor

Museum Notes

76

Mary i'imiii
in. .us

should

Centra] Park West.

Now

be

addressed

t..

the

Ameru

Museum Journal,

STork City.
to "ii

in,

mlii rs

i,i

Hi,

ii

an Musi

'<..

,7th

St.

and

Photo by Bar

FOSSIL TREE

FROM RED DEER

RIVER,

ALBERTA

This petrified tree trunk, now on exhibition in the dinosaur hall of the American Museum, is fortyllvr ''' ' long.
H is in fine state of preservation. Many fossilized trees, chiefly cone-bearers, are found
associated with dinosaur skeletons on the Red Deer River.
They are carbonized and jet black. When
found they are surrounded with a thin layer of lignite, which soon disintegrates under exposure, while
the central silieified stem bleaches to a reddish buff color
:i

Bee

regarding

its

page 78

The

M USEUM

A MERICAN

JANUARY,

Volume XVII

J
JOURNAL

1!H

The "Ostrich" Dinosaur and

the

"Tyrant" Dinosaur
H

By

BNBY FAIRFIELD

OSB

R N

This article illustrates some of the methods as well as the "perils" of the restoration of
extinct animals from their mere or less complete skeletons.
A restoration presents the
author's theory of the habits of the animal, how it moved, how it fed, how it attacked its
prey or escaped from enemies, also the environment in which it lived. In the present in-

named by the author as an habitual "bird robber"

proved through our discovery of one of its descendants to have followed a less destrucThis descendant is known as the "ostrich dinosaur," in relation to a theory of
haluts which may in turn prove untenable.
The Author.

stance a dinosaur which was restored and

lias

tive calling.
its

OXE
logical

of the

American Museum

far north of the old line of the

Among

Union

expeditions of 1902 was hunt-

Pacific Railway.

ing dinosaurs in the greal geo-

of hundreds of skeletons of large forms

known

deposit

Cabin Quarry"

Ornithol He;
is

pretation of the

as

in central

thi

'

the

Bird Robber,"

bird robber,

liuliits of tlii*-

"Bone-

Wyoming,

;i|rti

.oiimal

not

which

we

found

the remains

crowded

into

this

quarry, we discovered one very small.

ind

Knight

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

delicate

skeleton

type

dinosaur,

of

limbs,

with

long,

nating

long,

slender

very slender

recurved

formed

arrival

at

skeleton was verj

the

robber,"

ant.

delicately

its

"bird

cannoi be regarded as

fingers termi-

claws,

presenl

writer,

tirst

although

it

direct descend-

remains of

this

more

recent animal, one of the mos1 extr

dinary dinosaurs ever discovered, were

this

and came into the hands of Professor

studied by

Marsh, of Yale University, for deThis specimen consisted of

scription.

found near Denver, Colorado,

Museum

the

carefull]

conclusion thai this

The

with

head

pointed, recurved teeth.

On

same family of swift runners as the

supposed

hand provided

long

sharply

in

small,

swift-running

with
tail, a

\rr\

of

who reached the

dinosaur was

little

0.

in

1889,

('.

the bones of the hind foot, which wore

This complete .skeleton of the "ostrich mimic" dinosaur, tslrulliioiuimus (of much more recent geologic
age than Ornitholeatea) was discovered by an American Museum expedition in 1914, after a search pro,

a dozen years in the Dpper Cretaceous dinosaur fields

Only parts of skeletons had been found previously, and the

longed through
Vlborta.

i v an entirely new ligli

Studj at these
tenable the old theory regarding the bird-robbim
from Alberta to New York in the solid block of

seen.

li

carnivore and preyed upon the primi-

tive

contemporary birds, in which the

powers

id'

veloped.

flight
,-1111!

were only partially de-

the

animal

was conse-

quently given the name Ornitholestes,

"the bird robber."

The theory was that

speed and very alert movements Ornitholestes was aide to overtake and capture its prey.

by great

It

is

an interesting instance of

one discovery
thai

this

ancient

in

theorj

"bird

how

science affects another

of

the

habits of the

robber" has become un-

tenable through the subsequent discovery of another dinosaur, of much more

recent

geologic age,

belonging to the

es of

northern Montana and southern

and fore liml, had never been

and made unThe skeleton was brought

had lain embedded through the ages

iilln>!,Ht,s.

placed in a
that in

of

skull

this type of dinosaur,

manner

some

so closely similar to

of the large existing birds,

such as the ostriches and rheas. that the

animal received

very

appropriate

name Ornithomimus, "the

bird mimic."'

In

fact,

the

the foot so closely

that of a bird that if

in

period

known

to

it

before

science,

resembles

had been found

dinosaurs

were

would certainly

it

have been described as belonging to an

ancient type of bird.
Little

more was known

of dinosaur until 1902

of this type

when

collec-

tion of limb hones belonging to similar

forms

was

secured

through

explora-

tions alon^ the banks of the Belly River,

THE "OSTRICH" DINOSAUR AND THE "TYRANT" DINOSAl

>ol't

anada. This type was named

Ornithomimus altus, "the tall bird
mimic," by Lambe, of the Canadian
i

Survey.

which

formation

^vol'^ic

Tin.-

in

"bird-mimic"

supposed

these

limb bones were found

considerably

is

more ancient than the Denver Basin

which Marsh's type was discovered.
In

Museum

L902 the American

ploring parties entered

rich

this

Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Life

northern Montana and in L909
southern

Remains

Alberta.

"bird mimics" proved to

rare;

search

but

the

was kepi
ring

finally

of

up

in

complete

solving

the

thereby

in

hope of

the

life

lainih

and

riddle

habits of

of dinosaurs.

this

remarkable

Barnum Brow

who wa< in charge of the

observed

ties

almosl

these

thai

invariably

found

par-

field

boi

an

in

tenl

shore deposits, indicated by wave ripple

marks

the sandstones, mingled with

in

of

mollusks

and

forms of shore-living plant

various

of

which

life,

affords e\ idence that these "bird

-"
[<

lived

rising

and falling

19]

the

l.

mim-

along the seashores and subthe animals exposed

in

the

trying

skeleton

the

of

remains

xtremelj

year

in

exfield

of

of

i:

tides.

prolonged

warded by the discovery of

by the

Finally,

search
a

was

in
re-

complete

skeleton of one of these animals.

The

specimen was exhumed with the greatest

care and brought to the

Museum

in

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

heavy block of solid sandstone in
it
had lain embedded through

the

which

moving and

swiftly

struggling

Consistent with this theory,

ticipated

it

prey.

was an-

that the fore limb and the

At the time of death the animal was

entombed

the

in

position shown, with

the neck benl sharply backward

so that

upon the

the back of the skull rested

top of the hip girdle; as the rock was

from the bones in

laboratory the animal was

gradually removed
the

Museum

found

in

be

to

shown

exactly

the

posture

accompanying photograph except the limbs, winch we found

it

the

in

hand would he specialized

ing

Tn the restora-

tion the arms wire outstretch

and the legs placed

posture as

The

if in

similar bent

robber"
the

both in
ture

discovery of this skull and fore

one

of

the

greatest

the whole history of the

surprises in

science of vertebrate palaeontology.

had

confidently

been

predicted

It

that

these "bird mimics" were flesh eaters,

and the present

pected

find

to

with sharply

adapted

to

writer,

the

pointed,
seizin"'

dinosaur.

"ostrich

to

its

at

skull

least,

ex-

provided

recurved teeth,

and

holding:

On

head and in

be

contrary,

the

mimic" dinosaur proves

not

its

raptorial

limb strucat

but

all

probably a comparatively harmless,

in-

offensive creature.

The extremely small head and

slen-

der jaws, which are entirely toothless,

most nearly resemble those of the living

ostrich.

Unlike any dinosaur yet

covered there

motion.

occasioned

limb

in a

id in front

struggling bird or small reptile,

as in the theory of the ancestral "bird

necessary to alter slightly in order to

expose the two sides.

as grasping

organs adapted to snatching and hold-

is

dis-

a total absence of teeth

and the indications are that the jaws

had been converted into narrow horny
beaks somewhat similar to those of the
ostriches of today. The head as a whole
is

one third longer than in the present-

and

day ostriches, although tin tail

backbone combined are more than

thir-

The jaw- are

rela-

teen

feet in length.

tively deeper

and more powerful than

those of the ostrich, but

all

the areas of

muscular attachment are much

slighter

than

any

the

of

indicating

saurs,

that

this

animal

had long since

all

in
car-

dino-

nivorous

lost

the flesh-eating

adaptations of the
skull,

come

the tree-climbing fore lime nf the th

imblea the fore limb of

After D,

BlainvUU

lie-

consumption
some variety

of

relatively soft

and

tender food.

The

neck
te

and had

litted for the

is

of

long ami

extremely

flexible,

reminding one of

THE "OSTRICH" DINOSAUR AND THE "TYRANT" DINOSAl

thai

of the ostriches,

taceous

diving

is

bird

Such

peromis."

and of the Cre-

known
long,

"Hes-

as

slender neck

in widesl contrast to thai of the gianl

carnivorous dinosaur Tyrannosaurus.

Dew and consistent

tion

namely,
come

actually

both

theory

thai

u- structure and

habits, were

nol

il

animal

this

mimic

to

i:

of adapta-

had

the ostriches
in its

browsing

the ver)

for

This ancient type, the "bird mimic,"

Ostrich

11:.

flight of

is

modern

found

3 Theor>

li/;

i" possess in the

hind

feel

additional toe, which

present

in

the original

is

pornol

Ornithomimus

view of the

Tli'ory of

lose

re

semblances which the animal presents

and hind limbs to the

ostriches, rheas, and
other

limb and

much
the

hand, which arc almost

a>

conl

ostrich.

r;ir\

of the

of South

struthious birds, the author decided to

toed

be quite dear for

sloth

are unlike the n ing

It

some

resembles, on

respei

t-

the

the fore limb

herbivorous tree sloths

peai eful

the "ostrich mimic," Struthio-

mimus.

The av would

the

uiu'

dinosaurs as thej
of

existing

it

u|>oo

tin-

unlike those of the carnivorous

in its skull, neck,

name

pose based

fore

BO

.-in

in

..I

tions of

specimen, and

and unique structure of the

liar

America, such

as

the thn

e-

Bradypus, or the two-toed

a pus.

and

are

long

the

three-toed

The arm and forearm

relatively
sloth,

slender, as

while

the

in

hand

THE AMERICAN

Ml

SEUM JOURNAL

From instantaneous photographs

showing the manner
.ins

.1

;,*

,i

balancer to

msists

in
r

in-

which

it

is

of the Australia!
believed that the

fore part of tlm

body

three digits of nearly equal

iif

length, the tlmnili being

from

off

set

the other fingers apparently for grasp-

ing purposes while the second and third

fingers are quite closely appressed

by side as
gered sloth.

side

the hand of the two-fin-

in

The terminal bones

of the

fingers

were provided with long, par-

tially

recurved

adapted

claws

grasping the limbs of

trees, as in the

It

nearly rivals the

I'or

seizing

an active prey.

This unique combination

has led tu

id'

characters

very lively discussion as to

the life habits of Struthiomimus.

igree to

abandon the

idea that

it

All

was

modern ostriches in
As the fore part

was balanced by a long,

slender, and very rigid tail, in which
the vertebrae are closely articulated,

is

apparent that

mode

balanced

movements

"i-

the swiftest

powers of speed.

that which

stance

agreed that the "oscertainly

of the body

any

in

is

which has ever been discovered.

reptile

its

is

it

mimic"

either Eor digging in any hard sub-

climbing Bloths, bul not adapted

way

for

the animal,
trich

lizards,
lizard,

in

is

in

it

it

depended upon the

of running, similar to

seen in the swift bipedal

several

of

the

modern

such as the Australian water

The

or the frilled lizard.

lizards of

legs with

habit

running upon the hind

the body

reared

front has been observed

upward

among

in

repre-

namely,

carnivorous animal, bul opinion varies

sentatives

between

World Agamas. and the New

World Iguanids, and Tegus or race

purely herbivorous and a car-

nivorous interpretal iou

First, as to the

running motions of

of

three

families

the old

runners.

In each of these forms the

Theory
speed, with the
limb. aitliiiL

sMMed

tail

l.y

of the "ostrich

thin

mimic

dinosaur at full
on the fore

'

Two Additional Theories of Habit to Recount for the Structure

-Tree-browsing theory. The fore limbs an
the sand for sin
Uollusca
ill
8
'

of the

"Ostrich Mimi

The fore

lit

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

1'J

running habil

The

ently.

among
as among

independ-

evolved

has

large tree-living species as well

several

lizards

The

three

are

neither

first,

the beak nor the ends of the fingers are

adapted for seizing an actively moving

The

moving

at a

bipedal trait

high rate

may

be in-

immediately after the begin-

dicated

There

animals.

objections to this theory:

frequenting the

latter

of rearing unless
of speed.

size.

quenting

lizard appears incapable

the

of

deserts.

diminutive

of

anterior claws partly to scrape the sand

awaj and partly to seize the shore-fre-

been

has

habit

rustacean prey of any kind, although

may have

they

been capable of securing

which may have

the sessile mollusks.

ning of the dash over the ground or the

lizard may rear upward after it has run

been swallowed whole: also neither the

A- observed

analogous to that of the shore-living

Raymond

birds

considerable distance.

also by the herpetologist,

during the reared, running

Ditmars,

front

the

in.se

L.

ancers, but

the position of the tail in-

dicates the

marked importance of this

balancing and there is a

in

Another theory

ics." feeble as

mimmay have been

they were,

adequate for attacking sandy and gravelly anthills.

theory

From these studies of modern

we may picture the running gait
which the

William Beebe,

C.

that the fore limbs of the "ostrich

the tail in order to keep the body upright.

that suggested by

is

ornithologist,

the

voluntary curving upward of the tip of

lizards

is

(Grallatores), which partly live

upon small invertebrates.

limbs appear to droop

voluntarily and not to be used as bal-

organ

structure of the beak nor of the toes

is

The

difficulty

with this

that the terminal bones in

both the fore and hind feet do not afford evidence of powers for scratching

upper bones of

of the "ostrich" dinosaurs, in

or digging, nor do the

rod-like tail balances the anterior half

the fore limb give evidence of accom-

being somewhat

the body, the tail

id'

longer than the backbone in front of

The hind limbs

than

in

are

we

than

in the ostriches,

arc not justified in believing

these animals quite attained the

Hint

remarkable speed of the modern

trich,

The

os-

which outruns the swiftest horse.

toes of the

hind

feet

modating digging muscles.

The theory which, on

it.

longer

any of the running lizards but

relatively shorter
so that

relatively

of StrutUo-

'ostrich"

the

chiefly

for

pose cither

dinosaurs

an

body

is

by

that

were adapted

browsing

herbivorous

among low shrubs

lower branches of
the

whole,

the

seems the most probable one

trees.

or the

In balancing

means of the smaller

down

branches of trees and in drawing

the limbs of trees toward the mouth,

hands may have

mitnus are purely of the running type

the

and not adapted

been used as the tree sloths use theirs.

lor

scratching or dig-

long,

sloth-like

While the fore limb

ging.

Influenced

by the fact that

the

re-

quite powerful,
was certainly not adapted to quick

mains of these "ostrich mimics" are invariably found in deposits which had

movements such

is

as arc essential to the

capture of an active prey.

It

must be

formed ancient seashores, in conjunc-

admitted that no thoroughly

satisfact-

tion with the peculiar structure of the

ion- explanation of this limb has yet

neck ami the fore limb. I'.armtm Brown

been suggested

has
a

suggested

wader which

taceans

and

that
fed

the

animal

was

upon small crus-

mollusks,

using

its

long

it was
some particular
function or habit which had already
been assumed in part in the remote an-

ideally

adapted

it

is

evident that

for

THE "OSTRICH" DINOSAUR AND THE "TYRANT" DINOSAUR

form,

cestral

catcher"

"bird

the

of

Less,

expert

with

Tyrannosaurus extremely

Jurassic time, Ornitholestes.

Thus

the theories of several

13

descended from similar ancestors:

Largi

powerful teeth, very shorl

neck,

anatomists who have cooperated with

and short, powerfully clawed

the author in attempting to solve the

and enormous hind Limbs prw ided w

mimic" indicate
of opinion and of

riddle of this "ostrich

very powerful recurved claws

\,t\

mimus

diversity

greal

extremelv

Eoi

ith

small-headed,

the

iS^^
^W^^ssasfc
The "Ostrich

Jlimi.

..

l'it

ami the

on of the "ostrich

Tyrant" Dinosaur, Tun

mimic" dinosaur (right upper) and that

the "tyrant" dinosaur left lower), animals which, notwithstanding their e\trrm.
Inhabits, il.*< nd.-tl from similar ann-stors. Photo
i

<

n,i

interpretation.

It

i>

agreed only,

the animal was

Der,

and. secondly, thai

probability

haps
ing

was

in

all

for search-

and grasping some particular

"tit

Eorm of shrub or

Tyrannosaurus gives

the greatest extremes

of two
different

jaws

known
in

us

and

neither

the

fore

horn,

in

highly

nor

the

hind

for seizing a Live pre}

limbs
In both

animals the hind Limbs are adapted

very rapid progression.
tin.- i>

the

flexible,

to

In th

designed t" over-

take the prey, while in Struthiomimus

this

length

of

Limb was doubtless to

enable the animal to escape from ene-

to

mosl

habits which have,

one of

sheathed

ongated

Tyrannosaurus

fruit.

contrast which this animal pre-

sents to

toothless

herbivorous ami that per-

hand was adapted

tlic

The

first,

very swiff run-

thai

n tdelj

mies,

among which may

Tyrannosaurus

itself.

have

/ENEZUELAN ANDES
into tin- vall.-y of Hi.- Uio Omnia.
an elevation of about eleven thousand feel
.

is

up

to

ii

Pii

Travel Notes
By

in

E IMi B

II

zuela and one

more

re-

name Vene-

the origin of the

dotes.

panied by the
\

Maraeaibo

de

<

ij>-l,i.

a-

illustrio

espu<
in

io

cij

k99

VenezuelaLittle

found

ii\

mnstance he gave the

From
name

of Maraeaibo are

Sinimaica

The bongo

Those

ination: the comparison between Venice

Magnifieenl

the

humble

fishing

and the bomes

Indian-

in

the

New

CAR,

Map
western Venezuela showing
portion
reconnaissance ol this pari of northern Soutl
..I"

ical

:i

ol

to

the

at

night-

bongo manned by Parajuano

Indians we arrived at the lagoon of

between the arid peninsulas of

and Parajuana.

and

in a

of Venice" to the shallow sea en-

Goajira

of greal

Slipping out of Maraeaibo

fall

.nil'

days of flowery speech and fervid imag-

still

ethnologist

the

to

closed

'i

sur-

traveler with an eye for the picturesque.

villages

raised on piles above the water.

The

Venice.

viving pile-built rillages north of the

i

teres!

entered the Gulf of

he

World struck the popular fancr and

the whole land was known as

soon

be credited

to

than the majoritj of place name anec-

W ben Uon

J.

fn.ni pin

time-honored story that

is

ITlates

Western Venezuela
T
SPIND E N

1!

at

ten o'clock

mom morning.

flat-bottomed boat pro-

is

pelled by sail- or poles and

gating -hallow waters.

Sinimaica

is

small bra<

Irish

ral

the largesl

lit

of

.1

lakes connected

canal- called

anos.

for navi-

The lagoon

of

series of
l>\

natu-

There are three

TRAVEL NOTES IX WESTERN VENEZUELA

Parajuano Indians in

villages of

lagoon bearing the Spanish

La Bora

Boquita,

del

whore they have not been cleared

away

for eoeonut walks.

There

is

the houses rise two or throe

made
now worn
Tat-

under these generous garments.

tooing
face

seen upon the arms while the

is

ordinarily painted with a large

is

circle

a tide

upon each cheek connected by

the

aii'"--

line

of perhaps two feet in the lago

the high-water mark.

interesting

is

it

bandoleers and belts

of long strings of beads are

thickets fringe the open wa-

Mangrove
ter

from the low shore.

"in

was doubt-

much simpler and

to note that

being composed of detached clusters of

In ancient times the dress

less

and El

same character,

All arc of the

Barro.

this

Cafio,

17

The men

nose.

sometimes seen in their ancient

feel

which consists of a
and sometimes

above

are

attire

and breech-

belt

by

cloth

canoe and you step from the wobbly

ficial

wigs are worn by the leading men.

dugout upon ladders rising from the

water and find yourself on a shaky

ami sandals with tasseled latch.'-.

The Goajiro Indians live mostly in
the interior of the de-en peninsula that

All traffic

You

platform of small poles.

roofs of heavy thatch.

Mats enclose the

cover portions of the floor.

fireplace

While you

box

is

sit

tilled

with earth.

on your heels and eal

ami boiled manioc.

toasted

plantains

you

through the latticed

see

rectan-

have light frames and

gular houses

The

are cour-

The

teously invited to enter.

upturned faces of
in

from the

makes th

insect

may

ac-

count for the custom of building houses

Bui

be water.

esting fact that

it

is

an inter-

have bouses upon the arid plain well

hack

The

plain

is

dreary stretch

i<

not the

in

In

Venezuelan

histories

.lark talc- of Mi' Walt,

nais. Sir Ih

buccaneers

who ravaged

Morgan, and the

glory

tin'

own immediate

Engla

Is

of which
is

as

in

i-

again.

caibo was destroyed.

round

the

old

encroaching lake
tower

time

and

plaza.

Laved

into the bush

and ruined walls enter the waters of the

keeping open bouse

a partial!]

Mara-

fortune.

was

lesser

the

of

huilt

'l

dress affected by the

- nt

reads

on.'

Raleigh, L'Olo-

and

Iivii

resembling

PeriM) is
known

little

ilones.

delight

The

and

in the desert are

poles

tree,

west of Lake

de

Sierra

unusually large

ami in

(the

-ni rolled by the wild

Mol

border garri-

The mountain range

caibo

of these

Even the strongly defended Gibraltar

rn end of Lake MaraTodaj
at the latter site a U-w modern huts

the divi-divi from the

valuable dye and tannine substance

Th< houses

maintains

nt

ii

in

their

'

The mosl conspicuous

shrubs.

be
atholic mission of Rio Hacha
Colombia and the other at the lag
Parawaipowa where the \

.11

from the thicket-covered shores.

Covered with acacia.- and othi

contact with civilizal

in

Maracaibo

that

man from

of

fall.

arable

b(

come

warlike

their

In two places they have

their territory.

son.

life

name and

their

bears

Arti-

poncho.

habits have kept the white

floor the

Bcaveng

little

catch the crumbs that

is

women

volumino

remain-

gra

'fid hell

from

former

'

intact

at
10

is

surrounded by

coastal plain extremely dry in the north

On tin- iirid plains back from the lakes a large

and the hammocks are swung in the shade
Weaving with
''s,

cotton

is

still

and hammocks

di

practiced by the Goaji

ree often serves as the sole shelter of a

ndians.

The products

of the

fam

loom include

TRAVEL NOTES IN WESTERN VENEZUELA

and given over

and

cactus

to

thorny shrubs, bul humid in the

south and clothed in heavy for-

The

est.

sierras

greal

to

abruptly

rise

from the edge of

this plain

and

From

the

heights.

end of the lake the

seem an impassable wall

southern
^.ndes

with

forested

their

fogbound
the

And

thai

sidewind

trails

gorges and

climb

and

slopes

crests.

indeed

deep
ridges,

lofty

only to drop again to the roaring

stream, find passes in the barren

paramo some fourteen thousand

feel above the sea.
The ransii

tions from one type of en\ iron-

men!

to

another are sudden and

startling.

A
for

bul

direei

used

Little

trail

Morula leaves the unhealth-

iii

arid
T
hose groi

ful lake port of

through

Bobures, passes

Torondoy,

dripping

River to h> very source

paramo

!>

the

in

Mucumpate.

of

ami

Tor

tin-

to

foresl

center,

coffee

ascends

then

jsasfes

In the

coffee region the mountain-sides

have been cleared of fores! ami

onl\

widespreading bucari

the

for the

le

tender

shr

vermilion bios

that

coffee,

cause the high

the

roll

to

th.'

become

perhaps be-

rid

winds

of

stoop

in

age an.

thatch

slopes,
-

ing

rain.

their

mud ami

Small huts of
cling

soon

we

valley ha-

tin'

for

ma---

Torondoi

Leaving
find

too dry

February

In

trees are

iri

condition

an.

differ-

make

an odd patchwork of dull coloron

the

brighter

mountain-sides.
green

of

'
I

ami

savannahs

small

stretches of

nluibit.Hl

The

plantains

Thn Parnjiinno won

hi

111-'

I':


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

20

Bhows

Mucumpis Below we
wheedle

not

able

from

meal

noonday

are

to

Mrs.

After

Sanchez who keeps the posada.

we climb in a dizzy zigzag

tp Mm umpis Above where half a dozen
[ndian huts are clustered in a hanging
brief resl

alley.

We QOW

enter a second zone of

humidity and
While the trees are not of
about us.
soon the forest closes in

great size the growth

very dense, with

is

and ferns competing for

vines, canes,

the scanty spaces between trunks and

timber

the

Andes

imi

characteristic

Out

of the blue the afternoon fog

and shreds and

creates itself in wisps

simn the world

forest

for

opens,

lost to sight.

is

we

nearing

are

The
its

upper limit and the trail feels its way

in the white dusk along the edge of
things.

Mossy

trees are like vanishing

the plant

size of

the

of

paramo

namely, the Espeletia.

This curious

perennial, with its leafy

crown

soms, and

its

thick trunk

grows

feet

to the height of six or seven

and in the distance

human

Pa-

Friar of the Paramo.

is

not unlike a

and black
Another plant of the paramo

figure in white cowl

cloak.

has small leaves braided along the close-

growing

steins.

were

for juniper

yellow blossoms.

might be mistaken

It

not for the pink and

it

A common

sembles the huckleberry and

the stream a thousand feet below.

heavily fruited.

a rambling mud-walled

of the

called the Frailejon del

is

ramothe Great
It

made

and blackened leaves of former

ghosts but reality comes in the roar of

At Samuro,

felted

with cotton against the cold, its awkward flower stocks set with yellow blos-

years,

Jew.

transition from the

and by the increase in

of

bank the trail, in fuchsias, gi ra

ninms. and the purplish Wandering

In the Venezuelan

The

upper forest zone is fairly abrupt and

is marked by the dwindling of the trees

dead

that

the barren land above

begins at about ten thousand

it

fed elevation.

branches.

One sees the familiar plants

Xew England gardens in begonias

is

line.

The paramo

At

ravine-.

moisi

in

itself

From

bush
is

re-

often

the divide one gains a splendid

structure with smoke-blackened thatch,

view of the Sierra Nevada de Merida

we found a number of shivering Indians in striped ponchos. The earthen

floor of the common sleeping-room was

across the deep valley of the

wet and the chill fog penetrated every-

The highest

and good humor

an unknown
virtue in the mountain inns of VeneOne may easily picture some
zuela.

measurements an altitude of
5002 meters (16,411 feet). The trail
drops down through a valley showingsigns of ancient glaciation and after
two hours' travel we come to a region

thing.

Kindliness

flourish but cleanliness is

starving disciple of Hygeia shutting his

eyes and praying while he eats, but to a

This range boasts

River.

Chama

five

peaks

rising into the zone of perpetual snow.

one,

La Corona,

given by

is

latest

where wheat

is

raised.

The

little ir-

peripatetic anthropologist after a hard

regular fields are as stony as those of

day on the

the

trail the

earthy smell of the

small greenish potatoes

comfori ing.
in

Then

stew

is

there

and

is

grateful and
a savory

perhaps

but

an egg

sprinkled with the rusty salt that the

government

sell-.

On

a mediaeval boar's head

in

on a charger.

BpeciaJ occasions

may

be brought

New Hampshire

cuehies, a

population

town of some
largely

At Mu-

hills.

size

Indian,

with a

our trail

joins with the better traveled one run-

ning from Valera to Merida.

The

valley of the

Chama below Mu-

cuchies grows drier and hotter as

go down

it

but before Merida

is

we

reached

southern end of Lake Mararaibo and during the winter are often
The (rails sidewind deep gorges, and houses are often perched on steep hillsides. In the lower
Coffee is grown on the steep mountain sides
is humid and the vegetation rank and tropical.
is often cut green and toasted in thin slices
cover of larger trees. The plantain a coarse banana

The Andes
upped

rise as a great wait at the

in fog.

e the climate

ier a

a substitute for bread

"i'

tie-

paranin

ni

(lie

Andes

-ilie

land above timber line, beginning at ten thousand

with down that resembles cotton

ipeletia, with leaves heavily felted against the cold

TRAVEL NOTES IN WESTERN VENEZUELA

Me-

conditions change Eor the better.

rida

is

natural

an old-fashioned

and

city

placed on

fortress,

grown

is

as

well as a variety of other tropical prod-

From Merida one may

travel by

mule

possible.

soil

northern

into

across

the

was made southward

journey

or

Llanos

grass}

Cabalozo and San Fernando de Apure.

As

pui'eh

expedition.

ucts.

23

The an

sloping

bench between two streams. The University of the Amies i- situati

Coffee of superior quality

on the dry

earliesl

11

of the

resull

scientific

now seems

clear that the

pottery art of Mexico

.
i

trast of tropical

to

Valera,

Tuetivo

in

rection.

tion

Trujillo,
a

There are narrow

stretches

lower country

are

ten

or more

feet

is

Eoresi

of

belts as well a>

true paramo.

hot

The

and dry and when

we come to the broad plain in which lie

Tucuyo and Barquisimeto we find forests of cactus tree- made almost imby underbrush of smaller
Only where water can he put

ile

"bat

Ami
known as

tral

in eleva-

some

hut

thousand
short

Carai

general northeasterly di-

The An

extended

em

ancient times across

America

South

mouth of
marked by
style,

i-

spread

is

horizon." was
in

the

po

The

Amazon.

trail,

clay figurin

art

was assoagricul-

ture,

and with the historic

the

utmost

own dav and

dev<

importance in our

civilization.

METEORS
The meteors an
pari ndi

within our atmosphere, the

>/,,..

many

IN

FLIGHT

stars are millions of miles away.

rapidly moving meteor is hot only in a thin skin on the surface w

onrush ax fast as it burns, trailing behind as a stream of light. Iron metei
like tinder in the oxygen compressed to high heat in front of them. Thus
idly,

may burn

entirely

R >p/-"d nr,,l

fr

away and no

fraction of

them reach the ground

takes fire and is blown aw

are so combustible that they

lich
rs
it

is

that small iron masses,

mo

The

Flight of a

Meteor

STORY OF THE FLIGHT OF STONE AND [RON METEORS THROUGH

THE AIR, THEIR DIRECTION AND [MPACT WITH THE EARTH.EXPLANATION OF THE TRAIL OF FIRE OF A "SHOOTING STAR"
By B L

II

HOMSOS

when the application of science to national defense and to internal industrial

development lias been forced into an importance that centers the world's attentio
scientific men. any word from an American like Elihu Thomson is .it' especial note.
While
rii- time,

the following article concerns pure science rather than applied - iem

Americans

to

of electrical welding.
is

Elihu

e,

Thomson stands

His contributions to electrical enhundred patents, among them the very great discovery
fact one of the few men of today whose personal achievement

au exponent of applied science.

chiefly as

gineering have yielded him some

He

is

in

five

having a large effect upon industrial progress. In addition he has given his cooperation
working in applied science to such an extent that President Maclaurin, of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, recently bestowing upon Dr. Thomson the Fritz
that institution, pronounced him one of the greatest teachers of his generation.

With

this in

mind

it

an unusual pleasure

is

to read the following clear explanation of

an

astronomical matter which for most of us has heretofore been enveloped in vagueness.

The

American Museum of Natural History are unusually

are unusually well arranged for study by the visitor. In a

collections of meteorites in the

important, and also

brief paper following the present article Dr. Chester A. Reeds, assistant curator of geology
and invertebrate palaeontology in the American Museum, has -u-u'c-tci a tVw of the colleens which particularly illustrate the points male by Dr. Thomson.
The

Editor.

THE

may

fell ci wiiiir

proper

assist

understanding

to

the

of

and chemical actions

physical

which occur during

while

mass of ma!

i.

be

wry

cold,

entering our air will be

mpounded with

[ts velocity

on

velocity

in

its

the earth's mo-

of

its

relation to that of the earth.

entering our air the

in

its

path

break

to

high

the

air

he

front

great

fra

temperature
in

by air

it

may

into

it

of

of

the

and op-

it

posing n- motion melts or vaporizes the

materials

Stony

which

of

it

CO]

is

Ming

mi

pieces

of

rock would naturally yield to fracture

and dissemination more readily than

tion or velocity around the sun

ing to the direction

in

- d

meteor or shooting star would

stitutes a

resistance

enough

th

meteor into our atmosphere.

i

miles per second

crushing strains brought upon

motion

When

in

masses of solid

iron.

This may account

the

oportion of the bodies

is

high,

which reach the ground being composed

the earth*? gravitational force can

mod-

of iron,

the motion but slightly.

such

Rock masses

atmosphere acts so

md and

relatively to

ify

earth's

effectively as a

In*

earth

In

protective sheath, that

known

as meteoric iron.
are,

however,

because the] were moving,

only a few of the very numerous bodies

variously

known

meteors,

aerolites,

reach
velocity

the
is

earth'as

high

as

shooting

and

siderites

as

ever

thirty

a general

in

arth in

stars,

Id

thus have

entering our
are

sui

have perhaps survived

so

air.

its

orbit,

lower velocity in

But the iron meteors

i

aormous

crushing -train- and remain intact, or

THE AM HHIIC AX MUSEUM JOURNAL

become broken into a few pieces
only, which survive further crushing.
Metallic iron is however so freely
fchej

burning on

idly

flight

tion of

may

it

reach the ground or the

combustible that when exposed to a

sea surface while

blast of hot, compressed oxygen,

siderable velocity.

it

is

burned into fused iron oxide very rapidly.

That is what happens to iron
meteors in their
of

them

The

flight.

air in front

com-

like a blast of highly

is

bury

surface, the time of

its

being short, a considerable frac-

still

moving with con-

On

the land

may

it

a depth more or less great.

itself to

In the case of an iron meteorite just

considered,

there

then

will

two

be

sources of heat energy giving rise to

The

pressed gas so rich in oxygen, and so

luminosity.

heated by compression, as to cause the

highly compressed and luminous while

The

air in

front will be

survival

the wastage by combustion of the iron

of a stony meteor or aerolite for such a

on the outer surface will result in high

luminosity and a train of sparks or fire

iron to burn like tinder.

time that

may

it

reach the ground,

from its having entered our outer air at a comparatively low velocity or upon its having

must consequently

bad

result

long flight almost horizontally in

much

the thinnest outer air. so that

speed was lost before

initial

its

On

it

of

fell

with a more ruddy light back of the

meteor.

The

recent

industrial

use

the

of

acetylene blowpipe with excess of com-

pressed oxygen in cutting heavy iron

and

steel

masses, such as thick plates,

is

hand, the survival of an iron meteorite

an evidence of the effectiveness of the

combustion of iron in removing mate-

or siderite depends on its velocity being

rial.

into the denser air below.

crushing strains

insufficient to develop

great enough to fracture

and upon the

mass itself, or of

pieces,

oric

fractured.

velocity will

it

sipated

into small

size of the

mete-

fragments,

fused state which

of course

is

as

it is

is

mag-

blown away as

fast

formed, thus continually expos-

if

ing unoxidized metal to continue the

have indeed been observed falling out

will

before

its

lie

it

that the

consumed and

any of

it

dis-

reaches the

Moreover, the energy of mo-

ground.

The product

netic oxide, a black oxide of iron in a

small iron mass of high

burn away so rapidly in

the dense oxygen in front of

whole mass

the other

tion converted into heat

by air

resist-

burning.

Melted

pear-shaped

meteor in

its course through the air.

These are probably composed of iron

cinder or melted oxide.

The

flight of a

meteor

ance will not heat the body internally.

time that although

The heat

heated,

will be in the fused outer skin

drops

of the track or train left by an iron

so short in

is

surface

its

is

highly

has not sufficient heat con-

it

of oxide and will go into the trail or

ductivity to allow heat to pass

train left behind in the meteor's path.

outer surface to the interior.

[ndeed, the fused iron oxide as soon as

the air in a very cold state and at no

formed on the outer surface is blown off

and left behind in the hot luminous
trail which marks the course of the

time possesses more than a thin skin of

body through the

possess, as

If,

ment

air.

however, the iron mass or fragis

large and the velocity has been

reduced so that no further crushing or

breaking can occur, then although rap-

heated

which

metal,

liquefies,

and
it

is

torn

at

steep.

once
It

off.

its

burns,

can only

were, a thin layer in which

the temperature gradient

or.

from

It enters

is

very sharp

The temperature

this layer or skin is the

limit of

melting point of

the oxide or of the iron

itself,

for, as

THE FLIGHT OF
we have

said,

blown away just

is

it

as

soon as fusion occurs.

as turn a hot blast it even

Lei

hot flame upon

a piece of

forms rapidly ami

the

ad

to

oxygen

forcible

melt

The wax

soon

as

as

diminishing body of wax to the

whole mass of a large iron meteor

is

Such a meteor,
on entering our thin upper air. will
condense the gases immediately in
therefore not possible.

increasing their tempera-

it.

and

tare

oxygen

the

bringing

to

1'

high,

resistant

ill''

may

denser air

as

ments

will

begins.

it

to

by combustion be greatly infracturing, exposing

by the

creased

aded surfact
or

oxidation,

the

[f

enough, most,

if

not

all,

ground.

But
to

if

the veloi

cause

such

fracl in ing

break

at

till

or

il

is

long

of the

frag-

no1 high

is

When fragments
idly.

meteors

Iron

ii

soon

When

in a solid

dition,

it

reai b

gradually

than

it-elf in

retarded

nearly

or

likely to be

undergo

to

unless their velocities are es

The slower moving

iron meteorites of

almosl sure to

survive their flight and

1

undergone

ing

the

e el

The

1>\

ombus

total mass.

ili''

uumber

greater

reaching our air

of

tin

naturally

tire

-mall,

and are disintegrated or burned com-

during

pletely

cases

come

to earth

There

are

us
ov,

milelargt

<

west
-i

>ize

ii

very

a-

the

oon Butte

con-

great

"Meteor Crater."
Arizona, a few

in

of Win-low.

excavation

The

rare.

i-

but evidently meteor-

ii.

much

Others

flight.

many

no limit to their possible

i>

known
ni"t

by

far

the

as attributa-

ate. or

perhaps

of them.
It

earth.

to

fall

wastage

tion, not, however, constituting a high

the earth

and comparative!]

embedding

the

may endure

the rapid waste by oxidation and

siderable fraction of

round

of

more

formerl]

ient,

arc broken off they are

spherical outline are

the surface of fused products due to the

fit

miles

poor projectile- and are retarded rap-

know

a size su

inclined to

many

the flight of a well-shaped cannon shot.

'id
the
remaining
o
merely diminished by combustion and
fusion with the continual cleansing of

mass has

be hoi

course more

much

either entire or in fragments.

fracturing

rush of gas past the meteor.

no1

and their form being usually very irregular, they meet with an
enormous retardation as compared with

larger have in

extens

the mass

the

Passing

vertical, they traverse

tli'

burning

to

flight

ments may be consumed before reaching

enough

path-.

frag-

the rate of

.and

will

it

or less horizontal or

rush

The smaller

burn

ii"\\

high as com-

projectile from a

ai

rise sufficient!]

or fracture the mass.

surface.
tical

striking

its

to a thin layer on its outer

Meteors rarely descend in ver-

a-

he exl remehj

velocity

initial

tlie

ma

moving

niter skin of the

so survived will,

necessarily be

high-powered gun.

density at which the combustion of the

would seem

It

of dense air.

last.

instantaneous vaporization of the

front of

not

except

rapidly

velocity that

pared with that of

high

burn out-

will

ami

rapidly,

at

mass which has

into the sea.

reaching the ground, have lost so

will

to

com-

not

is

jot

melted, blow away, leaving

An

ici

Lot us then subject a hall of

temperature.
side,

[ce

less

that a

much

Water
the ice

oil'

none the

is

the proi ess

oi

bustible.

wax

blown

is

but what remains

r,

fall

in

verj

in'.

METEOR

.1

.Many

i-

about forty-five

diameter and

-ix

hundred

hundred

feet

feet

deep,

in
It

THE AMERICA X MUSEUM JOURNAL

28

surrounded by an upcast ridge from

is

one hundred and fifty to two hundred

above the surrounding plain, and

Eeet

fragments of meteoric iron are numerin the slopes of this ridge and on

ous

the plain outside.

At some time

past a huge meteoric mass

fell

in the

and ex-

cavated this enormous hole.

The
tions

similarity of

between

the

ing and

is

is

very strik-

strongly suggestive of the

COLLECTIONS of METEORITES
The collection of meteorites in the American Museum is large and varied, and exhibits

number of specimens
of which Dr. Thomson

in a considerable

various

features

ble giant

moon

are

impacts of meteoric masses

unobliterated because, though formed

millions,

not billions, of years ago,

if

the moon's surface

sion, as the
it

form and proporArizona Meteor

Crater and lunar craters

idea that the craters on the

the unobliterated records of innumera-

is

not subject to ero-

moon has no atmosphere

never had an atmosphere, being too

small to retain one.

Consequently

it

preserves a record of all that has hap-

pened to scar

during countless ages

it

of past time.

IX

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

streaks of light.
ticular

In looking at these par-

photographs

one

should

not

lose

sight of the fact that the meteor trail

is

within our atmosphere and that the multi-

tudes of stars which are also in evidence are

speaks in his paper.

In one of the alcove windows on the east

and invertebrate
Museum, there are a
number of transparencies taken from photo-

millions upon millions of miles away.

note

that

It is

side of the hall of geology

also

palaeontology of the

streaks are not of a uniform width through-

graphs of meteors in

made by Dr.
Observatory,

flight.

These were

E. E. Barnard at the Yerkes

Williams

Bay,

Wisconsin.

The meteors are represented by long white

out.

interesting

Instead

outline as

more

to

of

we might

being

the

light

spindle-shaped

in

at first suppose, they are

a series of elongated spindles or

darts joined by attenuated bands of light.
Does this imply that the elements of the air
like

COLLECTIONS OF METEORITES IS AMERICAN Ml

are unevenly mixed, that the oxygen
ligible

01

absent

"holes"

are

in

places,

in

the

neg-

is

Perhaps there are a set ies ot

"crushing" stages throughout the flight of
the meteor, which dei elop a larger number
of smaller fragments ai d greatlj incn ised
Dr.
rate of wastage by combustion
This would
article, page 27).
sphere

it

trail,

does not meet the objection raise.) by

the total disappearance of the light streak

and

its

vertebrate pateontology,

The exterior of

renewal subsequently as seen

in

one

,-i

Eoi

stone meti

fce

cently broken surfaces

gray

is

usually

>'

beneath the earth'- surface

time, both the exterii

long

of

the

intermediate

are part

stone and

The large

part iron.

stone and iron meteorites in the

Memorial Hall
Museum. The smaller

Museum

col-

lection are in

at the entrance

to the

stone, iron,

stone meteorite has a black

broken rarfacei is light gray in color,
readily than iroi

more

and

for

<

chipped surfaces may be dulled by weathering, for even stone meteorites oftentimes

which oxidize, thus discoloring the

The Selma aerolite, from Selma.

lot

light

,-i

'Where the aerolite has lain on

color.

or just

contain

representative

eo

ond of an inch thick or less. The interior of

such a specimen is unaltered, and on re

The Museum collection contains a large

number of stone meteorites (aerolites), as
well as of iron meteorites (siderites), and
grou] oi -iderolites, which, speaking broadly,

is

ered with a black crust about one thirtj sec

of the photographs.

29

wing.

.'

explain the enlargements in the meteor

l>iit

SEl

and that there

upper atmosphere such

in the lower

as the aviators have experieni ed

at

siderolite

in

considerable

Memorial Hall,
found

teorite ever

is

in

iron-bearing

the largest
this countrj

of the largest in the world.

are

evidence

in

owing

to the

cracks,

after

it

it

is

in

minerals

this

and

oni

Several cracks
meteorite,

but

absence of a crust within the

supposed that they developed

reached the earth by alternate ex-

O s
!

.ft

-s

P4

S"8

'i

COLLECTIONS OF METEORITES IN AMERICAN MUSEUM

pan-ion and contraction of the mass just as
joint

planes are developed

rocks of the

in

earth's crust, or, that they were developed

by impact.
The iron meteorites have a thinner crust

at the time of the fall

The

or skin than the stone meteorites.

skin has a metallic luster and

specimens) like

iron

not so black

is

The

as the crust of the aerolite.

interior of

was

the aerolites,

not

these
affected by their passage through the zone
of lire, the atmosphere, for their texture is

unaltered up to the very skin.

peculiar

meteorites

"Widmanstatten"

or

some

In

iron

known

crosslines

Neumann

lines"

as

may

on a polished surface by a weak

For some time it

solution of nitric acid.

was supposed that this was a sure way of

identifying meteorites, but there are a number of siderite meteorites

in

the

collection

Their outer mm
which cannot be etched.
faces may be chiseled into a nose, rounded,
or pitted, depending upon whether they
turned over in their rapid flight. The most

'Hiking instance
compressed
the

large

the

Museum

of a pro-

shaped in this manner by the

oxygen flame on a siderite, is
Willamette, Oregon, specimen.
[e

deeplj

in

ol

scarred,

the

pei

while

imen
the

ough and

front

rounded, pitted, and fluted surface.

There

is

also in another one of

tl

has

31

cases on the east side of the hall of geologj

and
1

1,

invertebrate

palseontologj

jolleetions of material

01

the

wind, have been

gathered from Meteor Crater. This exhibit

has been placed here through tl
Princeton University, and of Mr. D. M. Bat
ringer, of Philadelphia.

Another exhibit

is

United states National Museum,

the
Washington, and a third one at the Crater
itself, in Coconino County, Arizona.
Some years ago a companj was oi
under the direction of Mr. Bai rin
surveyed the site ami sank drill holes in the
at

;i

bottom of the Crater to depths greater than

The products of the drill
five hundred feet.
ing. samples of the sedimentary rock, metamorphosed sandstone, shah' balls, Canyon
Diablo meteorites, and ejected rock frag
let written
A
nt- are on exhibition.
by Mr. Barringer containing a number of
maps, photographs, and descriptive text
1

1-

accompanies the exhibit.

On an average of once a week the Museum
is called upon to examine supposed meteoritic material, but in most instances we are
tel]

specimen

is

the expei taut visitor that his

It
ruck.

some other kind of

should be noted that if the thin metallic skin

or black crust is absent, the specimen is in
all

probability not

meteoi

ite.

Chester a.

L'i

Bear view of the Willamette meteorite to show the effects of tin- flume-, whipped l.aekward
speed of the flight and the fierceness of the burning. This meteorite, now in Memorial Hall of the
lean Museum, was found in Willamette Valley, near <>r. go
ovember 9, 1906.
hack of the ever for another Mew of this meteorite]

Amer

A SEPTEMBER MIGRATION ON LONG BEACH. LONG ISLAND

When the wind is strong from the north or northwest, many of the insects travel westward along the
south side of the boardwalk.
"Monarch" butterflies are in the majority, with occasional violet tips, the hunt.is butterfly, peacock butterflies, and other species.
Thi' author, through eight years' observations, lias discovered for the "monarch" a route nearly one
hundred miles long on the southern coast of Long Island. This is thought to be a part of the extensive
Coastwise route for this butterfly from Canada into the Southern States.
This butterfly migrates northward
also in the spring

Autumn
Bv

SYSTEMATIC

II

Migrations of Butterflies
<>

A k

SHANNON

studies of the sea-

sonal migral ions of insects have

always been attended by

The

ties whi* h are sufficiently obvious.

subjects

when

flight, of the

in

full

themselves,

the

elusivencss,

distinguishing

mereh

of

difficulty

loi al

annual beha\

difficul-

movi menl

gratory, so that

population

residenl

Erom the

is

all

ool

are

these

the waj

in

information.

There-

surprising thai

we have

definite

which have stood

dra\i backs

Eore

impossible to dis-

incoming travelers

tinguish

mi-

considered

be
is

it

range of various

a]

ma}

which

spei ies

ragmentarj

knowledge

the

of

take

movements
ami

stancy

regularity

the

"monan

and

the

eubule

h"

ion

con-

the cas

these,

((

course, then

"I'

ertain

pari icularh

in

In addi-

spring.

movements Erom

dispersal
ral\ in

in

oi

pi

which certainly move south

>.

i"

sea

in

real

in
in

nosia

sulphur"

"greal

autumn ami north

i

pari

anv

with

Sorth America, excepl

butterflies

moths

(Aletia argillacea

moth

species which do migrate, as wi

on which questions

whether butterfli
sonal

large and impres-

bod;

sive

Erom an extensive advance, as well as

the n ide geographii

ior.

fact, there

Iii

In-

south in-

ami.

una-.'

like the col tp]

ami the

bean

velvei

(A nticarsia gem'matilis

I,

n hii h

M0NARCH5 IN MIGRATION.
MIGRATIONS OF GR A P TA PYRAMEIS. JUNONI
AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES.
.

J5i
Autumn

migrations of

migration of birds, Migratio

north or northwest

in

wind

ion

direction, m)

in

numbers

l;irir<l\

al-o

profuse along the Long [stand

illustrai

...

>

llnwiinl

.1

of

migrating

'ontrollinir f.-wtor in the

in

the

wind

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

::i

arrive so late in the north as to perish

approach of winter.

w nil the

This body of negative opinion as

re-

gards the regularity of seasonal move-

seems

ment,

be

to

strong

especially

among European entomologists and

connection with the insect

life of

in

that

Yet, for reasons which need

continent.

and on account

nut be elaborated here,

number

of the larger

of detailed

rec-

ords which have been made, one would

expect an opposite conclusion.

war

In the

W. Tutt. the

L898, Mr. J.

reviewed

lepidopterist,

the

British

scientific

literature in an exhaustive paper

concluded

"although

that,

and

nothing

through September, with stragglers apThis

pearing even into late October.
route of neurly a hundred miles

highway leading from the

Canadian territory and extending into
the Southern States an assumption
which seems justified by

growing mass of data

possession.

It

ili.-

birds.

It

an

analogy

between the migrations of insects and

migrations of birds, we can find

the

The

none.

latter

is

regular, systematic.

former appears to be

purposeful; the

spasmodic,

irregular,

undertaken

solely

uncertain,

on account

of

absolute necessities of the time."

the

Yet,

writer has tried to show in a

as the

article. 1

recenl

ture

and

el'

dragon

review of the litera-

migrations through-

llv

Europe shows a constancy of direcami of route, tor all the

out

tion, of season,

follow

Long

Island

drawn,

in very large

island itself.

subject

this

probable that the insect

is

which

migrants

that

have discovered in our in-

tii

coast

the species of butterflies which have

found migrating

in

observations

carried out with these principlesinmind.

As
S(

of

result

of eight

years of per-

observation on the southern coast

Long

been

[sland, a

definitely

"monarch"
begins

route of travel has

established

butterfly.

about

for

the

are

evident

coming down from

procession composed of

insects traveling side by side in

company. Thus Long Beach on southern Long Island, a sandy, barren land
unobscured by

trees,

has been

chosen

for these observations.

Another
found
tion

assisting

factor

has

been

in the discovery that the fluctua-

from

nounced as

day
it

is

to

in

day.

and as pro-

in the case of birds, is

apparently due to

been

it

is

crowded movement there

cont racted

many

change

case,

by the east-and-west-lying ocean shore

as to cause a

An attempt in this review will

made to show, first the principles
of behavior governing autumn butterfly
migrations on Long Island, and second

southern

autumn

measure, from the

In any

the travelers

the

in

the north will he so deflected sideways

countries where record- have been made.

be

constantly

the writer's

question, however,

is

in

how many insects cross Long Island

Sound whatever may he the habit of

tion than

into

betin

coastwise

would have given us greater satisfacquiries

is

one part of

lieved to represent only

tin-

wind direction

same

cause,

although

tin'

temperature change, often accompanying the shift in wind direction, doubt-

an important factor.
Mr.
Trowbridge found that when the
wind was from the northeast the hawk
less aits as

C. C.

migration

along the Connecticut and

Long Island
slight,

shores was comparatively

while with the wind from the

southern quarter, the movement becami

still less,

or ceased entirely.

But when

The movement

the wind shifted to the north or north-

and

wot, many birds were urged southeastward into Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and into eastern Connecticut, as well as

mid-August

lasts

"MONARCHS" RESTING DURING

On Long Beach, Long

have been observed daring galea el
touch of color to garden shrubs :md shade trees
I

STRONG NORTHWEST WIND

mooarchs"

35

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

This

Islan

profus

along these shores, as the birds

tion

struggled westward against the wind on

their waj

down

more

to the

direct flightwaj

[dentical be-

the Atlantic shore,

Ai

ci

havior has been repeatedly noted

mam

although

made

been

in

wind

with a greal variety of

ing to the greater opportuni-

<>

they offer for the observation of less

ties

com

and

n.

some

in

far as

cases, so

the writer knows, the hitherto unnoted

autumn

butterfly

migrants

Long

of

Island.

another

Still

feature should be

local

noted: the fifty-foot-wide board walkthat, supported on concrete pillars, ex-

tends for several miles along the beach

For

proximity to the ocean.

close

in

when

winds are especially severe

from the northern quarter, many butthe

terflies travel

protective trough

in the

dune

or valley formed by the

slopes and

northern side of the walk: while

the

many

are even driven beyond this har-

between them and the ocean, and

rier
in

southern

its

steadily wesi
tion

The

butterfly

arehs"

made

of

vicinity

years,

way

their

detailed records which follow in-

observations

were

and

work

lee,

the measure of protec-

affords.

it

clude

only

in

this

of

the
the

in

year

migrants other than

have

noted

both here and

recently

have

1916,

immediate

For although

walk.

in

thej

in

"mon-

previous

Connecticut,
been

clearly

identified by repeated capture of nearly

all

the species concerned.

These notes

were made, of course, front a fixed

tion,

and represent only

at

Wind northwest.
Long Beach is visited

Libellula pulchella,
iunius are in

Anax

Tramea
the-

at

lav,

rata

sta-

a small pari of

the butterflies -w hichwere doubtless trav-

ersing the beach some distance awav.

ami

majority

with a
an any
il,, mis

also

present.

,1,1,1,!.,'

Libt

/>.

observations have

northwesi wind have been intentionally

chosen

L916.

profuse migration of dragon dies is in

progress including a greater number of
species than the writer lias ever before
TZpiceschna heros,
observed at one time.

the

prevailing, days of north or

direction

12,

ease of the butterflies and dragon lies.

s.i.

st

The Sightway
2.20 p.m.

,!!

All alike are traveling steadily west along

the south side of the board walk, until they
reach the obstructing buildings to the west

when they turn diagonally northwest against

the wind and pass through the street- of

Long Beach. This divergent path is followed throughout the migratory season,
although some individuals fly directly west
"Monarchs" are preswithout diverging.
ent but not in great numbers, living side by
side with the dragon tlies. At 4.30 P.M. two
almost
certain!)
butterflies,
dark-winged
Vanessa antiopa, pass west and are followed
by one Basilarckia disippus.

Arm st 15. Faint breeee from tin south.

10.20 a.m. A scattered procession of "mon(In all
archs" is passing steadily west.
following records the westward direction of
flight

AUTUMN MIGRATIONS OF BUTTERFLIEi

A

2.15.

I bellula

pass west,

pul,

A humming

and

h, lla

manj "n

bird,

Py

3. 16.

email

stu.lv

in

L2.10.

ubult
12.25.

.'

spen
on bay

the afternoon

MhiM

ll

i.i'

is

r.lis"

in. .tin

in-

:m. in.

few

/."/...

aN.i -.mi,

pass,

"iiii.iiai.lis"

..i

:-

ruin ami a
philodic,

marsh.

tin'

h,

;,,

ami

...

'

...''..

Scattered

8.20 i.m.
archs.
9.05.

-.

Ihwest.

"mon-

of

procession

I."!.

lllllllllllim

--.-

pa
1".

inti]

I.",

ami one

....i

sion

-I

coi

dragon

The

n ind

shit ts,

ere

fl

also

apra.

Occasionally J
o
mall di a
flies,
pa
a scattered pr
rable extent.
The small red
>'>

dulum

bit

oming soul b a1
more indiscriminately

pass.

bei

els

here and

rapa

six Pi, ris

'

A humming bird,
A hummingbird.

2.45.

3.30.

pass west, also mi.

...

I.

migration.
jority, then Grapta

.limes.

lie

"Mon-

ofuse
tl

number

fortj

of Pi,

and

thilodic,

ithwest.

Scatti

and

pul

Libellula

chella passes.
1

/'"

1.45.

groups
are

in

apa

passes
Fifteen

steadily east.
iew at a ime.

11.46.

September
northwt

'

scattered
or eighteen

in

24.

onan h"

">

of "monarchs"
stream
dozens of Graptas,
olios philo

west, with
/'

diet

Dui ng

15.

passes h

the last

G
fifty minutes,
1th

steadily

ent,

ami

Pi.

east

in

<

rapm and a less number ..(' JuFew dragon flies are pres-

ris

mostly
/

wind

ttrong

Thousands

1.56.

.1

st.

10.45.

/.../

ImM

/..,.

..

jinn,:.-..

...

I. ill, II,

/iiilrli, lln

1,1

The small

m.s'.

Si/mi',

llv

dragon

red

asimialh

...

passes.
12.40.

A "monarch."

12.41.

'
G

12.55.

Later

mm. mi.

A few

From
com Imli'

afterward Catopsilia passes me,

2.30.

Catopsilia

2.45.

Dragon

these
thai

rei

equent,

ks pa--.

seems

ords n

ubult

passes east.

fair to

the following butterflies

'

i:

t.

.i

with

lesser

Clear
68
in

onan

mi-

nosx

fabricii,

<

Pi, ris

and
nppus,

centra] Long [sland.

10 a.m.
Many

autumn

westward

Pyrameis huntera, Vanessa

tiopa,
Grapta
interrogationis

pus}

movement diminishing.

-h

habitual

are

grants on Long [sland

in gal hers in
3. 15.
\ sti
he northwest and
a pouring ram. accompanied by a
the west, sweeps over tl
is hidden by flying clouds of sand; all mi-

hs"

less

Mil'

las!

rapa

three

and

atalanta

is

although
these

anvar.

probabh

Pijrann

'

for

the

records

are

species

>

When we

consider this com

'

insei ts

Later in the morning other Graptas pass,

with ' olia

traveling

along southern

steadily

Long [sland the quesas

irises

A humming

4. 15.

Imi.\

noted

enl

10.15.

day several dozen

fi

"I
i..-

west,
passes east.
1.10.

the

in

futur

bird.

it

-'-.

and

to

more

their exact
pai

sland.
th.

From

1.10 \x. until 12

"monarchs"

of

pass

in

thousand

the

is
1

an.

fev

To

determine this point a number of later

visits were 111, el
to Norton Point which
vves

Bird migrants have not

pt

the

onej

[sland and

n partic il
birds,

humming

which

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Long

Island.
i:

i]

22.

Southwest wind of consid-

rable stri ngth.

A "monarch" is flying about the

p.m.
western edge of the Point, and traveling
southwest. Two others are floating here and
A Junonia flies from
there above the dunes.
liJin*
the grasses and travels southwest.
1

Mies lure

lihiliiilii-i

Some

hills.

ami there above the sand

Pieris
I.ilnlluln

-rasses, mil'

rapas rest
pulchella

among

the

hawks hack

and forth, a Tramea lacerata Mies south

Ige of the shore. PapiUo
along lie wester
No
asterias rests on the lee side of a dune.
stant direction of migratory movement
is noticeable.
i

30.
A storm on the previous
is followed by clearing, a drop in temperature, and a powerful northwest wind
I'jion
he.
nnies
a gale at the shore.
which
leaving the train at Coney Island a procession of "monarehs" is seen to be traveling
down Atlantic Avenue toward the west.
Seven are seen within a space of fifteen feel
about the station exit, others eome from the
east in scattered Mights of a dozen or more.
This procession continues westward all the
way to the Point.

September
day

Here the gale sweeps so powerfully down

the Narrows and across the bay as to keep
The lee side of a
the butterflies in shelter.
clipped hedge surrounding the house which
fronts the immediate Point, is spotted with
Others clusthe red wings of "monarehs."
ter in characteristic bunches on the ornamental shrubbery of gardens or even on the
Grapta also
shade trees of the avenues.
rests on the hedge with Colias philodice.
Other specimens of Colias shelter themselves
in the grasses when Junonia is found.
Swallows Hocking from the east breast the
wind, fly high or low, then dip lower still,
and by skimming .just above the waves are
able to leave the shore and find their way
across
bay toward Staten Island.
the
Hawks appear from the east beyond the
lighthouse, strongly breast the wind, are
blown back to land, only again to attempt
They try one air level,
the water passage.
then another, and finally work their way
out of sight across the bay.
occasionally
leave
"Monarehs"
their
1

shrubbery

shelters,

fly

toward

west

the

shore, feel the full force of the wind, and

are blown back to land.
A Junonia Mies
against the wind and is blown back like the
hawks.
It tries again, is once more cast
landward; then mounts higher still and flies
fully fifty feet over the water, only, once
more, to feel the full strength of the wind

which carries it back

to the beach where it
to sight among
the bushes.
Farther to the east

is lost

few Anax Junius

and one Train, a laci
a

traveling

are

rata

toward the Point.

October
milder

It
is
yester-

1.

than

day and the wind has

abated its force, but.
is
still
from
the
northwest.
:?.30

train

p.m.
While the
halts
in
the
Island Rail-

Coney

road
yards.
"monarehs" and

Anax
from

the

over the
continue
scattered
is

moving

two
two

come

Junius
east,
train,

My

and

west.
A
procession
down the

avenue.
At the Point itself,
a great migration of
of
the
thousands
small
dragon
fly,
Sympi hum rubicundulum, is in progress

along the shore and

toward the extreme
1

tip of the hind.

Illl

III.

arehs"

..

quite

e<

same

".Monfollow
the

course.

Some My

AUTUMN MIGRATIONS OF BUTTERFLIES

direct!} to the Point and travel westward out
of sight, others follow the eurve of the shore
for a short distance northward and leave the

land at this point. Epi&schna, in considerable

numbers, and the smaller dragon flies behave in the same way, although the powerful Epueschna follows the dired flightwaj

and '
o in shorn the same
Gra
All alike leave this shore, and
behavior.
agains! a wind that is still quite stri
theu waj wesl ai ross the bay and toward
Staten [stand until
theyarelost to sight.

others.

What

This

hibernators in the north.

true

is

of Grapta, Pyrantels huntt ra,

atalanta, Vanessa antiopa and Junonia

1

maj combine migration

in which case thej

hibernation

with

show

would

some

So

ca nia.

el'

analogy

partial

our winter

although

with

For

resilient birds.

with

are

species

certain

us
the

throughout
year,

the

is

39

inili\ icluals

hose

of

which spend the

quite

con-

u interaboul \'e

stant

and

con-

sistent

movemenl

significance
this

which begins
a

me from

sists
11

per-

so

long

for

acter

southward

autumn

ame charconducted

records

The
light

th

show

red admiral,
.

.nice.

,nil\

over

ot

southwestern corner
butterfly

More-

''I

t>>

tember

Me Vnrk

the waters of

ii

P.

i.-w

be present

than

men-.

wi

T/ir

ments.
suggestions,
It

is

at

migrant-

which

and

Dumber

are

\|

re-

of

winter

southeast

toward the
i

ion

of

recenl

;i

desi

el

this

species

the

British

<

..

!onl

n- southward,

1912.

9,
1
1

Si

in.

al least

report

in

from

once that,

spring), the greater

butterfly

Entomologist

howevi

evident

undoubted^ tn
in

.i

contained

Lo]

hi

ii

hue

en

Island,

'

westward over

omitting Anosia, the "monarch"

these

Island.

ninety

unavoidable.

turns

Long

Id

travels

west

Mot
near

Nortuii
of

01

number
thi se

!r;ivin-

MiLTiiut^

in-

terior

over,

Mr

b]

flying

P,a\

trend

been

William T.Davis

as

the

has

it

ment
toward

was

for instanci

southward movethere;

far

complete.

reported

conditions

should

these

-cell

Yet

favor-

deep-

an-

from

sho

able

-lull

\alurallv

further

upon

individuals

ens into winter.

along the Jersey

coasi

mer
a-

studies

ditional

as

jusl

our sum-

oi

Ad-

period?

Earther

north,

follows a definite
.mil

sonie-

whal

at

date,

definite

region

traveling
[sles
i

ami

indica-

autumn migra-

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

to

Then,

ion.

three Basilarchia

too, onlj

were discovered, but certain

almost

migrants,

other

would seem
disippus

licate thai the presence of

Moreover, although

wasnol accidental.
was

September

only on

identified

learlj

L6,

an-

certainlj
:/,,'.

was certainly present

it

is

significant, too, that the

highly

common

winter phase of the

sulphur" (Colias philodice)

This

noted.

is

"clouded
so little

is

probably accounted for

by the fad that this phase, whatever

njature,

passed,

is

in

many

in

region outside our immediate lati-

sc

The presence

tude.

cabbage butterfly
\rrv

:-

interesting,

ropean importation,

rapce),

being a

for.
it

common

the

of

(Pieris

recalls the

reports which exist in old

World

also.

Eu-

many
litera-

ture regarding the extensive migrations

of

In some
Pieris brassicm.
numbers involved have been

butterfly,

cases the

so great as to give the

or

urate]

ioB over

appearance of

snowstorm blowing over the

drifting

has

cabbage

close relative, the larger

lis

ing

steadilj

be land,

one direc-

in

writer

[ndeed, on<

19, 1915,

when
Yet

passed east.

single individual

its

habitual course along the Connecticut

-here

i-

is'.t |.

shown by an extensive
32, 23, and 24,

west, as

flight during

ami

September
recent

h\

September observa-

tions by the u titer.

addition to this

William T.

Mr.

however,

Davis believes there

is

summer

late

which would
account for these eastward flights on

movement from the

Long

south,

Island.

Finally, after considering various ex-

its

cases,

on this

observation

earlier

movement,

on one or two other occasions.

1

an

from

same beach, October

planations which might

difficult

avoid

t"

lie

offered,

it

is

the conclusion that.

whatever their outcome, many of these

am! migra-

flights are as truly seasonal

as

tory

those of birds.

are

interesting

these species

It

moreover, that

fact,

butterflies

id'

is

an

all

of

and dragon

flies have a wide distribution into the

Southern States, so there is no impos-

sibility in the

movement
the

conception of a prolonged

tor

some species other than

The

monarch."'

travel

for each,

exact

limits of

however, ami the ques-

tion of a spring return for certain of

the longer-lived

species,

can he deter-

seem

mined only by experiments

of

able to alighl on the water surface Eor

the butterflies as they pass

and tracing

noted

moment

these

li.it

to iv-i.

butterflies

ami then

to pise again

ami pursue their interrupted

flight

in

them

'The

"great
in

puzzling, as

rapa

on

eastward
habitual

sulphur"

is

flighi

is

somewhat

the record also of Pieris

September
at

(Catopsilia

eastward flight

of

8.

For that this

Catopsilia

Long Beach, seems

is

quite

ei ideni

their

later

course along the

coast.

the same general direction as before.

eubule)

in

marking

(ur records give certain evidence that

such interesting secrets exist, and that

some region or regions

ii-

problems,

hitherto

lives of son

to the south of

contain the answer to

undoubtedly

I'

neglected,

in

the

our commonest, most

familial' butterflies.

WINTER PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE WOODS AND

FIELDS OF MASSACHUSETTS WITH QUOTATIONS
SELECTED FROM THOREAU'S JOURNAL
ON WINTER' IN MASSACHUSETTS
BY MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON

<*

1^
TRACK OF A DEER MOUSE

IN

THE WOODS

away ... is verj handsome, like a chain of a new patfc

Am.ri. a itiat is little observed or dreamed of.
week "r fortnight even, of prettj still
now, not to be thought of. if it wore not for these "
omanj thou
weather, the tracks will remain to tell of the nocturnal adventures of
sands of years before
printing with ftia lypfs. and so it will be so many thousands of years
to be read
e will be printing in the snow
after his types are forgotten perchano
A

single track stretching

Mill life in

'

by a

new

race of men.

{Jan.

7.5)

The winter was

not given to us for no p trpo

there li no fruit left for winter to ripen.

we a
to ihis. mere
the great harvest of the year, the harvest of thought All previous hi
fodder and green crop. (Jan. 30) ... A fart must be the vehicle of some humanity in order to
It
muBl ! warm incarnated, have
Otherwise it is like giving a man a stone when he a-ks for bread.
A man has not seen a thing who has not fell it" (Feb. M)- ThOBEAM
been breathed on at least.
fruits of the earth are already ripe,

Then

is

'Quotation* tued throve)

^!!ii

L*

IJH!*

THE SILENCE OF WINTER

"Some

three inches

and

this

Tins

he first of the winter.

morning, concluding witl

vhich produced a slight glaz
i-able even
and increases the stillness by making the leaves

aspect,

wind. </>.. 94)

are threescore years
oincident with the life of the univeri
nd the expectation of men, not our

q a considerable
.

ation

and

What

invitation.

hurriedly and coarsely lived to

That aim

live too fast

.

and coarsely.

Our moment

of life costs

moments
.

We

many

highest which requires the highest

of divine leisure, in

which your

life is

consult our will and our understanding

hours, hours not of business, but of prepa-

and

finest discipline."

{Dec.

2S) Thoreau

JQ&mi

WET AND HEAVY SNOW

" You glance up these paths, closely embraced by bent trees, as through the side aislea of a cathedral, and expect to
What a comment on our life is the least strain of music! It
hear a choir chanting from their depths. (Jan. .10)
lift*, me above all the dust and mire of the universe.
Almost all. perhaps all. our life is. speaking comparatively, a
We habitually, forever and .-v.-r,
SteTeotrped depair, (.., we neroi at any tun- r.:.|./e the full grandeur of our destiny.
underrate our fate. (Jan. 13)
There are in music such strains as far surpass any faith which man ever had in the
He must be very sad before he can comprehend them.
loftiness of his destiny.
Music hath caught a higher pace than
any virtue that I know. It is the arch reformer. It hastens the sun to nil setting. It invites him to his rising. It is the
(Jan. 8)
... Whan we are to poor that the howling of the wind shall have a
sweetest reproach, a measured satire.
."
(Jan. 18)
THOREAU
music in it
.

45

NEW ENGLAND BOG AND MEADOW

In severe winters the quails venture out of the woods,

and join the poultry of the farmer's yard. ... It is remark

which thus half domesticates itself, should not be found wholly domesticated before this
Pel 7)
am glad to find that our New Kngland life has a genuine human core to it: that inside, after all. there is so little
ml brag
The middle aged son
helps his old mother about her work when the field does not require
M)
If there are any who think that I am vainglorious, that I set myself up above others, and crow

sble

that

...

this

bird,

"' r 0>eir Ion estate, let me say that I could tell a pitiful story ... if my spirits held out to do it.
I coubl
them with a sufficient list of failures. ... I think worse of myself than they can possibly think of me. being better acquainted with the man.'' (Feb. 10) Thokxau

47

bd

f'iff!

WINTER GOOD NIGHT

"...

Stood within a rod of a downy woodpecker on an apple tree.

How curious and exciting the
its hind head
I ask why it is there, hut no answer is rendered by these snow-clad
fields. ... It looks ... as if it had a black cassock open behind and showing a white undergarment.
... It is briskly and incessantly tapping all round the dead limbs, but hardly twice in a place, as if to
sound the tree, and so see if it has any worm in it.
How briskly he glides up or drops himself
down a limb, creeping round and round, and hopping from limb to limb, and now flitting with a rippling
sound of his wings to another tree. (Jan. 8)
... The snow buntings and the tree sparrows are the
true spirits of the snowstorm.
They are the animated beings that ride upon it and have their life in it.
(Jan. l)
... You hear the lisping music of chickadees from time to time, and the unrelenting, steelcold scream of a jay, unmelted, that never flows into a song, a sort of wintry trumpet, screaming cold,
."
hard, tense, frozen music.
(Feb. 12) Thoreau
blood-red spot on

50

YELLOW WITCH-HAZEL FLOWERS OF MIDWINTER

"Perhaps what most moves us

in winter is some reminiscence of far-off summer

(/on /.'
friends are such as no frankness will settle
Explanation is n
ami blessing thai result to two or more individuals who fi
is the unspeakable joj
are liable to no mistakes, but will know each other through thi. k and thin.
Who are the
plaining.
(Dec 27)
O Happiness, what is the stuff thou art made of
I-

My

difflcultiei

with

my

a crumpled sunbeam
mayst he wound off!

on some flower'

What momenta

art as subtle as the pollen of flowers

and the sporules

coiled dew-line settling

Thou

will

nol

of the

sup

fungi

what

is wanted.
Friendship
sympathize
Bach
ranged
Two friends ex
and floating pi
the reel from which thou
I

(/on, to)

THOB1

11

51

1 11

I
1

5
O
0-

CO

'-

5 | 5 | |
1 ~ c " I

USS 3i'luc
c

Ml

'

-2

^
u*

5
*
I a

\
II -||

l
a

iJl

a 2

1 i

A
The snow ha

fallen

WOODLAND PATH

so gently that it form

an upright wall on the slenderest twig.
The agreeable maze which the
more ohvious than ever, an< every twig thus laden is as still as the hillside itself.
The sight of
cklesa road
would tempt us to begin life again. (Dec. 26)
... I sometimes think that I may go
lard and earnestly, and live
more substantial life, get a glorious experience, be much abroad in heat
id night, live more, expend r iore atmospheres, be weary often.
But then swiftly the thought comes
far out of your way for a tru ?r life, keep strictly onward in that path alone which your genius points
:

id

cold.

me.
it,

Go

do the

i.Shtfn

d laborious

life.

EVEN SPROUTLANDS INCREDIBLY FAIR

In certain places, Mending on their snowiest side, the 'l> were incredibly fair. whit'- as alabaster,
indeed,
young pines reminded you of the purest statuary, and the stately, (nil-grown mi,-., towering around, affected you as
you Hood in a Titanic sculptor's studio.
How new all things seeml ... It i* like Hi- beginning of the world.
The world is not only new to the eye, hot is 'till as at creation
Every Made and leaf is hushed, not a bird or
".

the
if
.

heard

(Jan. so)
wherever there is a soul
(Jan. HI)
be a fruitless one.
...
is

i,

will

insect

ut

to
I

adminwould

If

v.-r,

neither her.- nor there

hei

non nor then, neither in Home nor

do not find her at home a
Tn.no: \r
19)

A SUNSET SKY
"The man

who every day

permitted to behold any

ng so pure and serene as the western sky
ssarily in the sky, though snow covers the
There is no winter necesi
earth.
re or winter.
{Dec. 27)
The sky is always ready to answer our moods. We can s
Whatever we see without is a symbol of something within.
e lover of contemplation, accordingly, will gaze much into the sky.
Fair thoughts and a serene mi]
tke fair days.
{Jan. 17)
... I
witness a beauty in the form and coloring of the clouds which addr
itself to my imagination, ... excites me, stirs my blood, makes my thoughts flow. ... If there is not
thing mystical in your explanation,
... it is quite insufficient.
What sort of science is that which e:
s the understanding, but robs the
imagination? ... If we knew all things mechanically merely, should
now anything really
(Dec. 25)
is

blessed

is

at sunset, while revolutions vex the world.

Thoreau

The Telephoto Lens

Cinematography

in

WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS APPLICATION

IX THE PROBLEMS OF BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY

in-,

application of the telephoto lens

Till:
tu
work

still photography i- well known.

Those ln' have ever tried telephoto
aii-.
<>f
course, thoroughly familiar

with

the

well-known

in

the exposure

crease

law,

This law

tion used.

the

that

required

is

in-

directly

of the magnifica-

based upon the

is

as-

hi

hr

hand,

other

length

of the

longer

the

used

lens

the

is

>

with the increase

magnification.

in the

foi a

In'

greater

the

reason of the rapid

difficulty, by

In the telephoto bird

work which
have done,
auxiliary magnifying lens
I

havi

sharp

the

for

focusing of objects mi the ground glass.

sumption that the diameter of the positive

elemenf of the telephoto system is constant.

The mosl serious difficulty, however, to be

met with in making telephoto motion pic-

When

tures

the telephoto lens

all

..

of

the

io.l

to cine-

difficulties

encoun-

is

problems.

linpossilile

i.-ilh

materially to in -

exposure

in

cine-

the above mentioned law, for the reason thai

sixteen

pi

made

be

isl

be

view of this exposure limita-

i'ii\

urns that th

ily
i-

srorl

alterna-

employ

iii

having larger

ombination
than

.ells

ed

of

has

to

duration.

thirty-

use oJ

Phi

mag

binal

in-

the

up

'

'

no

special

pan- thai is apt

which may be mosl

mo-i ing

vibrations,

disastrous as far as satisfactory screen

one

for

ndh
""'

'

idual

Him and

pii

-till

.-,

pit

hea-

my bird woi
ipod, and brace

a!
i

ion,

espei

am

often

"in',

me-

problem.

heavy

amera, a

the telepho!

lens

This

projected.
of

ii

roubled with vibra-

phi

lai gesl

tele

which has an equivali

en inches and a

call

'-

in

of

6.

lieation

I
I

-.

el

is

-nun

ma;

el
mow a most
ile and
prohibits e relative vibrabetween the pn-itlnn- mi 1,,.
'

problem

which

re-

the term "screen

advisedly,

results'*

quired.

film,

is

camera comtng a com-

intei ioi

the

h ith

'

'

eordingly

image

ed.
i-

bined

lens.

the

probli

telephoto lens but

ting of a

atogi aphic telephotos have their

lenses,

any vibrations present are correspondingly

chanical
e

regulaj

the desired

is

the separate pictures w hen

Ltseli

in

the

b}

cine-

field

constantly

be

use ol

'

far harder, for not onlj

enlarged

tion

make

ii

ith

Vibration

he

and when telephotos are used the

This will ex-

plain win

telephoto work to

-.'.

an be had to
lie

which

glass

photog-

Mill

in

[ighl

complete

present enemy
r,

It

second of

the question of vibration.

is

fought,

Pot

work, in order to conform with

hie

a.i >j>1

photography are present, with

tll

sometimes as much a
hundred dian

nlar telephoto

ary.

Ami,

li

in

of

comparison

COMPARISON BETWEEN
Both photographs

3"

LENS AND

12"

TELEPHOTO

:ge
swinging food shelf for birds on the estate of the Honorable G
The upper picture was
Florida, and were taken from Hie same standpoint.

.how a

Shiran, Ormond Uracil,

made with a :!" motion picture

lens, the

lower with

\-" telcplioto

ROBIN

IN

A BIRD BATH: A

TELEPHOTO TRIUMPH

With ordinary apparatn!

graph the adult robin without the nse of a Wind.

to get near enough

With the 17" telephoto lens
i

to
:it

twentyLens

:it

LOUISIANA HERON AND

!

With the telephoto

.rori

YOUNG AT NEST

and several nests; below, the bird and

it
intrusion, be on intimate ti
rve o Mr. E. A SIi [lhi
,,

60

shown by
home life of

of the nests

telephon.

with the

the birds.

.it

Awn

[eland, Louisiana

LOUISIANA

HERON AT CLOSE RANGE

a

guarding

tl

lens.

The parent utflUes the

THE AM EI! WAX Ml'^EUM JOURNAL

62

same basis as

the

..n

5"

'"

note that, to produce a

%," mo-

L"

IT" lens,

tion picture with this

picture

still

the

,i..

and

which occasionally depict interesting

to use a lens of about 13" diameThis comparison will give an idea of

necessary
ter.

h..u

the question of

ing

telephoto

Owing

for

described,

difficulties

matogTaphers have so far but

used

long

when

foci

realized the possibili-

ferent and varying densities, with the con-

of

sequent fluctuating distortions of the objects.

of

telephoto

lenses

bird

work.

applied

to

This defect can only be met by selecting

most

secured the two

powerful
cinematograph telephotos I could find and
I
will QOW confess it was without a full comtherefore

prehens

the difficulties

if

for me.

Hut, as "necessity

invention,"

photography,

still

song

is

many

for

nite

distance,

This

could

defi-

was rather constant.

term the critical distance

which

distance
it

bird

to ap-

be determined

for each

indi-

vidual bird.

unci

then

It

wort
and

....

still

me

to

that

if

could

birds outside their critical distance

secure photographic images of a

satisfactory

size,

new, and, as far as

was aware, an unused

field

would

pened

up to me.
This reasoning combined with
some simple mathematical calculations led
to the procuring of the cinematograph telephotos already mentioned.

As

,-i

concrete example of this type of bird

photography

will

say that

it

is

manifestly

an impossibility, without the use of a blind,

approach and photograph the average

adult robin at a distance of three feet.
And
to

employing my seventeen-inch lens

working at a distance of twenty-five
feet,
which is thoroughly practical, and
which is outside the generally accepted
yet

by

and

robin critical distance,

of the

same

can secure an image

identical size on the film as

would be able to do with the standard twoinch tens al

1

often

distance of three feet.

have

urse to blinds for bird

work and they are many times essential, but

musl confess it is a source of still greater

in

the

morning and the late afternoon, when

radiation from the earth is less
than it is during the middle of the day.
Telephoto work through great aerial distances, Mich as distant mountain views, presents a problem that cannot usually be
the

gradually

me openly

permit

is

The

pictures.

early

in store

years at

making the

time for such distant work

best

the mother of

proach them to within a more or less

and

suitable time for

observed that individual

birds would

had

wvro

problems

the

Having worked

the eine-

rays passing through air strata of dif-

light
1

usefulness

t'nr

comparatively close

The photographing through

matographic telephoto lens of larger animal

life at a distance from the camera, often
introduces the additional problem of the

inches.

Several years ago

pic-

far the application of the telephoto

work.

telephoto lenses of a longer focus than eight

ties

motion

be noted that in what I have writ-

will

It

ten so

oine-

little

secure

to

lens has been confined to

met in produccinematography.

is

tenses

the

to

bj

consent

and characteristic habits.

would be

it

ledge
tures'

heat

met, except with special tools,

successfully

must be intelligently employed.

Those who have ever tried to make distant

which

telephotos

still

and foggj

know

the unsatisfactory flat

negatives that usually result,

ir-

and development.
This objectionable quality of negative is due
to the action of violet and ultra-violet rays
which are present to an excessive degree berespective of the exposure

tween

the

lens

and distant

objects.

This

defect, to a small extent, can be

and should
be reduced by employing a light shield in
front of the telephoto lens for cutting off all
exl raucous light rays.

Investigations in this subject by such expert scientists as the Belgian worker, M.

Andre Collier, and Dr.
E. K. Mees, of the
Eastman Company, seem to indicate that
(

'.

suspended particles of water vapor,

which are present in the atmosphere, espethe

near the earth's surface, are transparent for the longer waves of light, which
cially

compose the red end of the spectrum.

Therefore, as the human vision is more
affected

than
sion,

is

by the red end of the spectrum

standard photographic emul-

the

our "vision

is not materially affected by

the intervening presence of water vapor in
a landscape view, unless present to an ex-

degree.
On the other hand, it is
supposed thai the passage of even moderate

cessive

song birds in the

open and

be able

with their full know-

Of the

""

n-cl.

to

as

pictures which I have shown at the

of Natural History, one entire
as parts of other reels, was made in

hir.I

Museum

well

THE TELEPIIOTO LENS

IN

CINEMATOGRAPHY

63

amounts of watei vapoi offers a turbid medium to the passage of violet and ultra-violet
light waves, scattering them and producing
upon the photographic emulsion, which is
supersensitive to these rays, much tl
fleet

selected

that would

the harmful ultra violet rays mentioned.

through

be seen

by viewing

a sheet of finelj

scattering effect of water

mum

in

the ultra-violet

human eye

is

not

verj

\ :i

..

.1-

rays,

landscape
This

ground

glass.
is

at a

maxi-

which the

to

sensitive,

and de

the prese

Tm addition to this, when the sky

mist

is

reflects tins light also

makes matters worse

film

and

modern

and adjusted

tools that

it

is

is

light,

iolet

deep yellow

deed, so great

li

lie

scientifically

absorbing

for

spei ial

pani

filter,

all

possible,

of
In

new

the latitude with these

desired, to elimi-

if

nate the entire appearance of atmosphere

in

distant views.

The end

blue the

in

and thus

as

for the photographer.

nil ra

tools to be used are the

creases toward the red end "t the spectrum.

distant

remove these obstai

In order to

to he

sought

however,

for,

which the resulting picture

possible

represent

the

nature by the eye.

I'."

lt'lis.

Wliil.- Itu-

..

is

that

will as closely

as

een

in

^f^ r ^\0$^^

,,i

OPEN CUT
matiti
lica,
1

feldspar,

in.ii.

piartz

and

developed in

and opaline

veins air coarsely

quart/.,
it

United Statet

are strongly

11

HIMALAYA MINE, CALIFORNIA

evanites wherein the throe cor
individualized. Pegmatite forms the in;:

(lf\.'iiip,.(l

in highly colored crystals,

feldspars,

Hi,'

Geological Survt

IN

form wonderful mineral aggr(

wherein, more rarely, the

lilac

kunzite

is

discover

ts of

that rock.

By

courtesy of the

nited State)

'

ril

less

region

_-

Snn Diego County. California, possesses

in

no

the eye

in so

its

to

prospecto

has

w.'alll,

broken through the arid erust

into

of

rock,

and uncovered

dazzling

inhospitable

Gem

Mining in the United States

Tourmaline and Turquoise
By

L.

IF.

confidence
t'..r

the

"the

affirms,

production

of

ic

iks,"

his-

the expectant

arly shows

them inferior

oi

t"r

prosj

relinquish

might

pursuit of these

his

blessed

ot

the United States rery plenteously with

neither

h.-i~

^h<-

ere,
belts,

the

in

to the

in beii

Iit

Ii

matter

oi

gem
-

hunt*
ii'lar;

of the world.

die

Never!

quaint

bi

Ii

and

Thon

3,

in

thi

upon the

chemico-crystallographic

agencies

at

wort

mation of large
of rock,

thi

bough gems
as

States can-

gem producer of
commercial importance.
In only
four important regions have rewards for the

not qualify, at present, as a

us in her

ea rths

pompouslj

more bomel;

very stimul

crimination

gem

been too niggardly

i

As

our own

in

a dictum,

oi

wl

fittest

Dearest the Trop-

|uickly

ranges

CA P

A.

humour

quiet

ii

climate

stones

beaut; an

G K A T

P.

anil

:i-

wide and

profitable, field for

exploration.

of

an

Within a few

tonishing

THE

A. 1/

A'/,' /.'. I.

discovery of a new minora] and a new gem

in Ban
Benito County, California, revealed

an unsuspected hidden pocket of interesting

the
to
associations,
instructive
mineral
mineralogist, but, alas, delusive to the gem
gem vas indeed revealed,

hunter.

hut

it

had, so to speak, a most tantalizing

life, disappearing almost as soon

brevity of

The mercantile epigram, current

as found.

some twenty years ago, that a day's yield

of coal or iron, or a week 's work in a granite
quarry, would exceed the money worth of an

from

entire year's output of precious stones

the United States, might be slightly modi-

view of the phenomenal developments

Yet, allowing to
southern California.

lied in

in

these latter every possible weight, the qualifi-

more

cation would turn out to be scarcely

than an academic correction.

mond

discoveries in

be

to

rather

hints, than

localities of precious stones

recognized, are the tourmaline properties of

the

Maine,

tourmaline

veins

of

California, the turquoise diggings

New

southern
of Ari-

and Nevada, and the

Of course
sapphire quarries of Montana.
this is doing scant justice to the wide prevazona,

Mexico,

lence of a host of lesser gems, which,

throughout the crystalline belts, momentarily
illuminate with glimpses of color and bril-

liancy

work of mining. There

revelations of handsome gems

he prosaic

are incidental

the granite beds from time to time, which

in

truding roots.

appear only to vanish in a miscellaneous

assembly of worthless companions. Among
these gems may be mentioned the beryls of

little

further investigation

brought the overjoyed collector thirty more

crystals.
All but one of these

beautiful

were subsequently lost, and then, according

to a malicious rumor, reappeared in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna.

The

locality of

nouncement of
visited

more

practically valid assets.

United States, as at present best

the

found anywhere. The discovery, now a wellwas made by Elijah L.

tale,
Hamlin and Ezekiel Holmes, both of them
enthusiastic mineral hunters, and both boys.
They had started upon one of those familiar
tours among the hills with hammer and
chisel, which so often reward the devotee
with little more than the exercise.
Young
Hamlin picked up a crystal it was during
an autumn snowstorm which had separated
from the roots of a fallen tree, dislodged
perhaps from its mineral setting by the inrehearsed

dia-

Arkansas have proved

and promissory

sensational

The important
in

Even the

MrSKI'M JOURNAL

its

many

by

disclosures,

Mt. Mica, after the anwonderful contents, was

a mining company with

Dr. Augustus Hamlin as

organized in 1S81.

its

president,

the

dark blue crystals exhibiting the familiar

zonal colorations from end to end, and with

framed in green borders.

in which the tourmalines occur
formed of coarse granite veins, piercing
mica schist, and these pegmatitic invading
rubellite centers

The region

is

The coarser elements,

masses are banded.
is the portions in which the quartz, feld-

that

and mica attain a larger individual

spar,

A painstaking empiricism has also

involved
we think rather spuriously
great number of less truly gemlike minerals

arrested stream and continued

within the aristocracy of gems, and they are

tourmalines shaped themselves.

all

well

represented in the United States.

But they have

was

This company has prose-

work of mining the gems ever

since, with varying success.
There have
been taken out from the Mt. Mica mine,
and from the neighboring localities of Auburn, Hebron, and Norway, some superb
green stones, flawless and delicately dichroic
with yellow tints; also some remarkable
cuted

North Carolina and elsewhere, sometimes

graduating into unmistakable emerald, the
topazes of Texas, the opals of the West, the
wonderful kunzite of California, and the not
infrequent garnets and amethysts everywhere.

and upon

mineralogists,

development, encase the gems. The mother

vein contracts and then again spreads, as

though

in its

try rock,

ing

it

upward flow through the counhad paused, expanding like an

through

course

penetrat-

its

constricted

openings,

gem
The zonal

while within, slowly crystallizing, the

character

is

revealed in the rude alignment

really effected a purely para-

of a feldspar strip against a garnet-bearing

with the invincible precious

ribbon of rock, with a lower granitic under-

sitic association

stones of the world.

The Bpecimena of gem tourmaline, found

wall.

at

The

lithia

mica (lepidolite) so con-

stant an associate of the precious tourmain

Madagascar

common mica

(muscovite),

Mt. Mica, Maine, ushered the United States

lines both in California

upon the gem exchange of the world, since

its products rivaled
the best tourmalines

and everywhere the vein

is

blended with

and
is

most capriciously

GEM MINING

THE UNITED STATES

IN

provided with the tourmalines. On opening

the rock the veins are found to l>e widely

and variously altered by decomposition, re

suiting from the infiltration of water, with
the inevitable change of the feldspar into a

The tourmalines are

pocketsusually d<

olored

uncovered

clay.

in

lying on the clay beneath them.

and

changes,

in

the

among

entails

the

sees

gone, under the repeated

in

designation

alterations.

the workers) the qua

ii

"dead pockets."

At Mt. Apatite, some four mile- from the

town of Auburn, similar, bul differently

The Pulsifer

and Keith Mine on the southwest side of the

mountain has been worked for gems in a
as
small way for forty years, and in 1907
Mr. Pulsifer informs me it was first worked

in

by intensely active chemical ageu

remarkable retinue of mini

tin>-t

been crystallized,

gem matter

are a lamellar form

allot.

mi. -a,

embedded
1916,

the

in

Mr.

of

secured

one

the

at

min-

i.illy

valu-

and

am-

tepidolite,

and soda feldepidote, and micas

met,

u ith later derivatives, at

ceded

original

lie

mineral individuality
1

radiating

elts

and

in

its

and with
one region, the

tourmalines

in

to

Scant justice

cat

and while the

abundance of color

this prodigality,

the

in

revel

an amazed and almost

in

astonished at the

alifomia which, some twenty

uncommon

crystals,

'o

es

i
i

of Pala. Pala Chief,

r chants

color

and

its

exult

in

markets
its

Lmpressiveness of

in

all

other

of

localitii

tion in the

Natural

American Museum of

lli-torv

the

cut

beautifully zoned gems, with red

ri

]
i

size.

moderately high mountain ridges.

have,

kunzites
i

China,

In San Diego County there ma;

series of

and

Mesa Grande, and Ra

mmercial output of tourmaline, a

lind:'

less

a gemproducing locality, and the -i/,. and color of

the former have momentarily eelipsed the

niona practically furnished the largest part

gem

do

Ma
eld

wholly

the

big

a third, and garnet and

still

fourth.

in a

.red.

mi

another,

in

ir

lilac,

topaz

discoverable in

of mineral profusion,

mica "ith

olored

kunzite,

is

tourmaline,

red
I

us to southern

sulphides

and native metallic sublimates.

in

region
where tourmalines,
a
and the many lithia cot
eir hues and displayed

plorers these

ran

ish

'." ails

mineral phenomena of central

clustering asso.

so that the lithia

a

further survey of tourmaline mining

kunzite.

with

e,

prize.

California

n hole

tones, tourmaline an.]

lithia-containing

in the vicinity sev-

inn

iorts

he

'

able

and justly eminent a-

salt,

encountered

pockets

beryllium

Lithia

In

Pulsifer

ely reinforced perio

'

the

coarse granite.

point, six thousand carats of blue

eral

spiring probably, in long cont inue

the feld

"I'

and

(cleavelandite)

apar,

June,

some

in

rude str.v

indicate the neighborhood of the

ies,

the boron, hot silica baths, and varying

Here the

search for the gems.

hosts, as-

proportions of lithia beai bag waters.

Here, in pockets, in -earns, and in druses,

conjunction with the unin-

in

of miner-

es

gei

eontents of the decomposed

sisted

tals are themselves coated with a thin erust

of tiny tourmalines, which are absent in the

for feldspar,

Thr0U|

have

alization

gem

activil

conditioned, relations occur.

it

lavadike masses (now reeoi

"live

so-called

aide

when one

elevations are the lithic pediments of large

igneous outflows, an. have them rives under-

crystallization lias ensued through these

terior

culminating in elevations of over

-and feet, which overlook the plainlike exThese inauspicious
panses at their feet.

<.f

ih..

grouped

'

polisl

while

in a

wall
nihellito.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

68

and near them

crystals of kunzite in mimic
lized quartz,

tlic

stupendous
of purest

cliffs

Dp

1905

to

yielded

whose refractive

by

thread

phenomenon
by

or

inclusions,

The

hollows.

disposed

metrically

stones

locality

total the singular cat's-eyes are to

noted,

l,,'

caused

Mesa Grande

tlic

gross output of $200,000 in gems,

which

in

is

sym-

colorless

decline into absolute un-

(achroits)

importance by the Bide of their gorgeous

companions, whose extreme length often
measures eight inches.
If the reader will stop

in the

Morgan gem

examine the case of kunzite, he will

examples of this seIt is
ductive ami quite indescribable gem.
a gem spodumene with a high percentage of
lithia
an element which seems to confer
color in an unusual degree upon its comhall anil

Bee Borne of the finest

and which,

pounds

was

California,

in

before these discoveries

little

more than suspected,

although small colored fragments had been

found in colorless spodumene. Dr. George

Kunz gem expert with Tiffany and Company and associate curator of gems in the
American Museum of Natural History

F.

and combination.
worthy of note that the California
congener from
the tourmaline mines of Madagascar.
A closing note of interest is to be recorded
in il
ecurrence of piuk beryl. These delicately tinted crystals have much charm, from
peculiarities in their crystallization, but to
the gem hunter they appeal by reason of
the promise they half fulfill, that they may
somewhere, some day, attain the gem quality
of the famous morgauite (vorobyevite) of
Madagascar, a princely gem with which
Nature has enriched the mountains of that
island.
These pink beryls have appeared
in San Diego County, associated with yellow, green, and even blue varieties, but they
have not yet been found possessing the tone
depth and richness of the Madagascar stone.
An observation of interest to be made
coloring, its variety, size,
is

It

rubellite greatly surpasses its

se lilai

upon these gem occurrences of tourmaline,

wherever they have produced gem material in
quantity, is the striking resemblance the
geognostic features present in every instance
the course granites, the abundant evi-

dence of

lithia, the

commingled development

of the same minerals, some peculiarities of

as

when the first large

Crystal from California was shown to him.
Later, after a critical examination by Prof.

crystallization

Charles Baskerville, of the College of the

spar (albite), and the very generous associa-

recognized the mineral

New

City of
in

for new
was named

York, the newcomer

legitimate senses

all

alter Pr. Kunz.

it

was

unique pocket yielded

approximated

in

the beryls

succession

in

closely

mineral

the

generation, the prevalence of the soda feld-

tion of quartz.

Leaving California, we descend into Ari-

among

zona,

the turquoise mines.

Centuries

enormous crystals of this paragon of

gems, and two of these now astonish the connoisseur in the gem hall of the American

ago turquoise was mined by the Indian in a

part of New Mexico savagely placed amid
decomposed and crumbling mountains. To-

Museum.

day
and

five

In

its

appeal both

interest,

among

reflects

is

;i

presents

it

salt its

com-

its

these

chemical convariations

genesis

interesting

in

and association; as a gem

in its inconstancy, and

hile

most attractive grades of gem

in

optical properties, in crys-

taJlographic

development, and

reactions,

offers

it

ind

development

and
is

eircum-

"chameleon"

yet attains the

it

aesthetic

appearance and properties. As a mineral

occurrence

ii

and

enclose exactly in a

varies in

it

and

stituents,

to

difficult

is

formula, since

its

As a natural

minerals.

position

to scientific

tourmaline justly ranks high

the

an inviting

in

electrical

field

As a gem

study.

for ex-

his excavations tunnel the cliffs, deserted

valueless,

and

pits

two hundred and

three hundred feet deep, exhibit a vast re-

moval

of

waste,

where

he

searched

the

tufaceous rock for the bits of prized gem.

The
in

old channels and galleries of the Aztecs

the Burro Mountains have

become

filled

with detritus now hardened into a refrac-

mass only penetrable by extended

blasting. The stones found in the workings
show many shades of color but enclose white
centers, and green shades prevail, making
poor showing against the robin 's-egg-blue,
tory

or azure of the higher grades of the gem.

In

Mohave County, Arizona, well-organ-

finest

ized explorations continue for this valuable

are found in the clear, limpid,

mineral, and the present activity, with the

solid greens of

remarkable for

Maine, but
its

its

in California

mineral growth and

incentive

of

expanding

markets,

almost

bestows upon turquoise mining the leader-

GEM MINING
ship

American gem

ig

symptomatic

invariably

lowed

many

in

by

fields

is

fol-

a later saturation of

ded rocks by quartz. This last

cemented tin- whole complex into
in

\asion

lias

rugged

refractory

strata.

as linnet- an.

and

halls,

turquoise,

range of quality

exhibiting the widest

.nr-

The

seam- with interspersed incrustations.

The demand

for

gem

this

easily

and the output in 1908 was apto which yield Neva. la.
praised at $150,1
Colorado, Xew Mexico. Arizona, ami California contributed.
Turquoise is not re
satisfied,

gem

unstinted

with

garded

collector;

by the
too often repaid his

Not admitted into the

color.

of gems

admiration

disappointment by

confidence with
..f

lias

it

it

classed

is

among

loss

its

rani

first

the second and

even third-class stones, because of this ten

dency

rendered

durability,

rivals

.'her -In-,
i

of

sacred

I>r.

connoisseurs

iy

popularity today

Berthold

quart

"i

color

Li

category
a

DO Ml
that

it

stones;

of

"to

Tibetan,

the

stone, to

urquoise, and

1"

call

monstrance VI 1.1
RE, informs the a
ia
turquoise and not a

gat

The turquoise

brush.

developed

nuggety mixture, from which

may

lized
i

in,

found

is

turquoise

ha- monopo-

Arizona

in

product

of

the

tate.

of hills which

approacl

lei

.-it

i,,n-

and

In almost all the workings, hen-

where, the turquoise

consequent
of

position

the

ur

decom-

initial

and

matrix,

the

else-

secondary

is

u|

later

the

entrance into the jointed nia-- of phosphate

solutions, with the final "setting" of the

gem

itself

-tidal

favorable

in

quartz.

to eight

In
in

in. -lie-

host

thread-,

in

ibbons of inter

stone

of

quality

gri en

patches,

in

pun- turquoise,

The

kaolin.

soft

aot

is

six

appeal's

.,r

lather haphazardly yielding

semi-turquoise, and
finest

concen

of

nuclei

some workings veins

hickne .-in- en.

while elsewhere the turquoise

and

i,

exhaust ively done

out

separates

and
\

lo,

both of which are

turquoise,

tt

tli

commercial purposes.

for

worthless

pale varieties

the greenish

I.

lompanj
by the Arizona Turqu lise
Tin- company ha- attacked tin- -te.-p slope
I. In.;,
Peak, one of the Mm.

,,pe.

'

.!

open

ail

foi

mat

The operation

cut.

ion oi

-,

ai e

distin

eable gems

si

..

the

form

to

extracted.

lie

rence,

ir-

rock

of

veinlets

in

with rarely a tendency

crevice-,

-tone."

Mohave Count)

faded streaks, like the dropp

paint

offen-

is

hark

seams of

the

heightened by copper stains of blue

that in the

Tibetans the turquoise bad a

character that lifted it above the

ordinary

is

solutions

turquoise.

blotch

xi.le

ir

ing

ciri ulal

and green smearing the kaolin with vivid or

the

turquoise

RE,

its

Museum. Chicago, says

the Field
eyes

and

centuries,

unmistakable.

is

fine

in

ha- lieen

it

many

f..r

examples by its
the other gems.
At any

precious

of

one

ee ling

defined order, have

less

bj

nation and alone n:n nn\

most

it-

in

blue of the turquoise,

perfect state the soft

rate

But

deterioration.

to

stains

sui

forming

or

regularlj

not

is

mor

in

69

altera!

compai

ai

depositing

dull,

veins and

in

another
been

Lntru

decomposition,

consequent

with

sions,

igneous

of

of

I'lii,','--,-

it

and

to be a product of alteration,

appears

THE UNITED STATES

IN

industries,

ies ol

gh.

ami great

Drill

aide

bj

in-

tei rai --.

each twelve

bolt
!'.

II

blast

guishing the west side of the Cerbat Range

ing.

ami

brought under the sledge, and from the

broken and crushed fragment- the turquoise

included

the

in

general

designation of Mineral Park.

i.al

conditions embrace a

Cambrian

invaded

rock,

geographic

The

litholog-

preexistent

by

later

Pre-

is

picked out.

outline
the

<

high relief, the

being mat

ma

ton-

of

tenderly

t-.

and

iilat,--l

nit,

for

satisfaction

it-

pun- flu,

are

rock

thus

scrutiny

li
-.

ward

'

implen
eroded, assume

,.t

granites

The gem -tone- are found

'in-.

Bundreds

in,

extracted

i,

are aft.

solicitude.

Tinl;

ri

-t

uieral.

im

requires

new developments of
-I

tic

THE JACK

RABBIT,

SANTA CLARA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

i>m
rabbit drive
irrigation and the resulting inno longer occurs in California,
creased occupation and cultivation of the laud have effectually reduced the ranks of the
previous hordes in the state and driven the remnant to a restricted range among the foothills.
The largest rahl.it drive Known to have taken place in California was that of 1896
at Fresno, when eight thousand people participated and twentv thousand rabbits "ere

killed

The Jack Rabbit

M A

i'.v

i;

11

Thia brief study of the

in California

CVXTII

from plmn.-iv

ii-trr.i i.iii-

ibbil was written

during the daily car.' and observation of a pair of
February 26, until they were three months old.
Dm
li

ai'euuiulat.'d

of their birth,

of

to a small vial,

a*

ow'a milk adoiiin

'

washing the

of birth;

that

01

weeks of

pipette

ubbei attai

I.

i.t

snow was
the Coast

develops

thosi

for the

r\

life of

-till mi tin- mountains

Range but the foothills

were green, buttercups and

to

Bide "T

in

tl

was

make

the

fields

at

showing along

from empty

it

been tramping the

foothills,

where

life i>

nished by

tin-

jack rabbit.

Nbv<

speed

t"

air,

was

mj desk

at

my

to

view "f mountains an

tin'!,'

was Bhout

campus

ing,

an

in

the w

jai k

and were

CJniversitj

the

rush "i

feel

on

he

wi

Soon

rabbit.

tlub,

its

witli

iti'li.w

an angle of
the

away with

foothills,

Three laborers

outside.

t'u r-

from

'Hi'

material-

it'

ble - Lftness.

road

field in other words,

iron

"I

times had appeared suddenly a-

yellow,

Valley.
lia.l

em

leapt

LUTHOl

ized

tin'

listening,

ing,
ti

Now
tei

a generalized
ite

instinct

In

wooddevelopmenl
inks,

THE

>i\

mamm

01
their developing
learned by imitation of the pal

face, are not

moment

instinctive from the

rabbits.

it;

erest lies especially in oh

in.

bul

and
ment; and that the play
building which ."
birth

yi

'

had found by previous experience other young

As far as known, nothing has

bej

tin'
It

was

tin-

THE AMERICAN Ml SEUM JOURNAL

work Of but an instant to reach the .lour and
by a bribe change the intention of the man
with the club.
So the rabbit was caught

from
the

this time on is astonishingly rapid.

day they equal the head

fifteenth

length

they outstrip

it,

At
in

until at the (dose

nu-

of the fourth week they are four inches long

merous long scratches on the hands and arms

unhurt

without

(not

expense

the

of

did not give up her freedom without further

and at the end of the fifth week measure four

and a half inches, wdiereas the head is then
only two and three fourths inches in length.
It is amusing to see Baby Jack take advantage

struggle, but between the periods of bewil-

of this increased length of his ears to haul

dering activity ami thunder of hind feet on

the woo.l of the box, she looked out from her

them down ami wash them conveniently in

his mouth he has the instinct to wash his
face from the first morning of his life.
During the first days jack rabbits have a

of the captor), ami was soon in a rabbit

She

house improvised from a packing box.

temporary prison with large, gentle eyes.

The next morning (February 26), on entering the laboratory, T chan

to observe n

small brown oval patch in a corner of the

Bending down over

room.

saw two

luminous eyes gazing mildly at me.

large,

was a baby jack

It

it,

rabbit, so small that it

found, and partly covered in

generalized sense of fear, squatting with

lowered ears at any sound or movement; also
they have a bravado not posses- sed later,

turning and jumping at the enemy in pugilistic fashion while expostulating in a harsh,

Diligent search of the room diselosed one other baby in the farthest corner
under the radiatora family of two. Both

low-pitched voice. Later their fear becomes

very definite and vivid, yielding not a jot to
months of eare and captivity.
One of the most conspicuous signs of a

together could be held securely on one palm

jack rabbit's babyh

and they showed

to

could be held,

mie hand.

little

fear and no desire to

lea re the spot.

The California jack rabbit (Lepus cdlifornioua Gray) is born in an unusually advanced condition. The young rabbit is covered with fur, his white teeth are cut, and his

eyes are wide open.

His coat

accents of yellow and black,

is

brown with

much

richer in

coloring than the grayish fur of his mother;

ami he

young baby jack

labeled a very

is

rabbit by a light gray area which surrounds

like

On

a round bib tucked above his chin instead of

from

his

mouth and

his

brown wiggling nose

On comparison he

scarcely seems the son

of his mother.
His ears arc not half the
length of his head, whereas hers exceed the
length

in

muzzle

short

is

and pointed

like

by two inches.
Also his
and broad instead of long

hers in

fact,

his face is

flat below the eyes as though he

were really as soft and plastic as he looks
and had received a gentle but convincing
blow on the nose. And thirdly, his short,

ludicrously

would certainlj classify him as the

offspring of some other rabbit than a jack.
But these are all items of his immaturity.
rtoi kj

lies

his

in

inability

the fourth day he begins digging, and

is five weeks old spends

in this employment.
Serious-eyed
and absorbed he works very hard like all
young mammals he is "dead in earnest."
.lack rabbits have the play instinct from
the first day.
In this case observed, play
activity increased steadily from the fourth
day to a maximum at the close of two weeks,

this time until he

much time

below.

head

gauge perpendicular distances. For the

few days his instinct keeps him pretty
closely to the ground nest, otherwise he
would try to walk down hill as though it
were level or would unwittingly walk off
any rock or hillock and so might get many a
tumble.
It is not until the third day that,
he begins to be cognizant of the ups and
downs of his world.
His development is
rapid, however, and twenty-four hours later
he stops and studies every situation.
first

legs

By

the tenth day the ears and legs begin to

lengthen out of proportion to the increase in

growth elsewhere, and his muzzle also begins

and narrow. The changes in the

to lengthen

Shape of the muzzle and

radual, but the

in the

length of the

growth of

tin'

ears

continued, apparently without change,

then

except as influenced by increasing muscular

strength.
alert.

Playing

When

rabbits

are

intensely

facing away from each other,

what seems simultaneous

leaps a foot or more in air, they are turned
about touching noses. They bound away in
devious curving and zigzag courses, moving
with indescribable lightness and stopping
with startling abruptness. One jumps at the
suddenly,

with

other "pell-mell," he in turn shoots straight

up

into

the

air,

dropping

to

listening

position with long ears held far forward, very

and

his ears are

very short.
He i* not yet *o afraid as his mother and
my that appears, while scolding in n harsh, low \>iu ii<-<]

i.

In

on thej

increase

in

the

morning

of his life;

first

length

(it

an astonishing rapid
on the third da;

the fourth day

rat.-.

lit-

.1-

Be

loni;

.1-

will

face

about

and jump

\..n.

Ids

L-'.-kI.

Liu

from

tin--

has the instinct to wash hit

r distances; the

Mill'-

dicing

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUM

deer-like,

Again, they take

our jumps over

leader:

follows;

the

first

wide, the second

in the

is

shadow of a

:i

to

following the

-tone, the other

leaps a chasm two

feet

I/.

tilaginous ears snap together.

Finally one

of them sees something that stimulates his

He watches

curiosity.

eagerly,

ears

his

at his heels; they crouch

straight forward and widely opened.

stone, then dash out into

gresses a

He

pro-

he drops one ear, he moves

little,

from the

slightly to the right, to the left, he stretches

shadow again where they remain, momentarily interested in washing each other's

slowly forward, investigation written plainly

the light capering, then peer out

faces.

Soon thej

are playing boisterously

one bounding into air without any

preliminary hint of such an intention, the
Other shaking his head until his long caragain,

and tense muscles.

all and Bunny

in eyes, ears

onlj a

shadow after

away, lowering
little

his tail so that

Ah!

it's

.lack races
is

it

like

black streak between his flying hind legs.

The most surprising thing about young jack

rabbits in the light of the fact that

they are so highly developed when

born, is their continued dependence
on a milk diet as the weeks pass.

On March
showed the

(sixth

2
first

they

day),

recognition of the

possession of teeth by chewing at

the nest material.

When two weeks

(March 10), they gained

old

their

interest in grass, sniffing at it

lirst

with noses a-wiggle ami

little

red

tongues thrust out at right or left,

luit refusing to eat mine than one

two of the grass ribbons. The

weeks
limit was reached
(March 17), four weeks were gone
(March 24), five weeks (March
and the situation seemed
31),

or

three

'

astounding.
at

last

Six weeks (April 7),

they showed willingness to

ami grass. During the

week they were weaned

eat clover

seventh

from their improvised "bottle"

most unwillingly on their part
and with the change in diet became
increasingly wild.

This long period of dependence

on the mother jack rabbit is an interesting fact for the gardener as
as for the naturalist.

well

It

is

likely that in this relatively north-

ern part of California the jack rab-

breeds only three or four times

bit

a season, the months of October,

November, December, and January

constituting a definite winter sea-

Therefore

son.

for

reducing the

rabbits

A very serious and determined young rubbit (four

weeks old), but ready for play at any moment. .lack rabhave the play instinct from the first day, but play
activity increases from the fourth day to a maximum at
the close of two weeks, continuing unchanged thereafter
mtlii, ii.fd by increased muscular strength
bits

is

the

best

ranks

during

of

the

time
these

winter

months, before March provided

the ranks ever again need reducing.

For in California rabbits for the

most part no longer devastate the
crops. This is owing to a constant

THE JACK RABBIT

warfare against them since 1875, and also
because of the continually greatei occupa
tion and cultivation of the country.
The
one

drive,

rabbit

unique

the

of

turesque features of early life

no longer occurs

and
the

in

in California.

West,

II

holi-

day, of closed schools, of general rejoicings

and barbecues, when men. women, and chilered from miles about, driving the
rabbits

into

corral,

where as many of
competed in

as desired

the work of clubbing the helpless, screaming

those days
silence anil death

mber
killed

in

indelible lessons

been

that

the

single drive

:i

rabbit

newspapers estimated that 40,000 rabbits

had been killed in Fresno County during the
7n. nun in Kern and Tulare coun1

California up to

drives in

number of
1898 was more

that the total

than two hundred, with half a million rab-

He had must

custom

ever

people, 20,1

100

the

California

drive

rabbit

he largest

knew

1896,

rabbits killed

becoming a forgotten thing

Those parts of California where
Dumbei of drives took
Joaquin County, for
is

of the past.

changed

ii

mil

tion

being the leading

of wheat,

before the arrival of the settlers

from the
Breeding rapidly, and each individual
life probably eight oi
long, tli.' hosts had grown strong, maintainEast.

ing

numbers despite the inroads of

their

enemies

nnt innl

liseas

tacks of the Indian, whose greatest pride was

'

woi

In- blanket

ted strips of rabbit

But, like the Indian,

army of

great

from

driven

the

of

hundred
its

these
a.

containing

only

wild

state's

res each),

irrigation pro
ing.

an

bt'e.

unnoticed
of

several

thi

has bee

So as wo tramp tic foothills

occasional

nn.

jack

-peed,

thing

but

we

no

bounty

and

-1:111.

i.

the

bi

forget that

the

of

game,

it

built

has

life

pea. efu]

elj

race

for grace

known anyit

led

in past .'lie- nn.

BOW Ion. I- nn
and dry slopes of the foothills.
Here the
adult today yield* t.. few enemies outside of
any dog.
and the slow badgei lm- no chance in the
I

It

i-

likely that

to

these

enemies

those
,-.

ith

who
I'..'

.-iv

sui

But

I,.

e,

well

a-

nothing

noted for

The farms now number

part

small

it-

five

been

back to the

longer important enough to carrj

on on. h pair of the long ears.

succumb

more than

The

has

Strongholds of infertile foothills.

becoming

abb

ja<

dominion.

fleet-footed

hay, with fewer than two thousand farms (a

third

tin

his

routed and the remnants foT

chase.

barlej

pic-

drier foothills

tin

blj
t

dens and

the jack rabbit.'

oyed.

Today, Only twenty years after

todi

ha\ ing a

has

plai e

at

turesquely held swa

and plains as well a- over

fur.

ci

to

ectively;

And

aelty.

in

have given

fields

dairies,

number of rabbits
ranged from a few

twenty thousand; that in s ^v

driving having reached its height,

hundreds

rrain

hards and

pic-

for those days of special

tainly well;

IN CALIFORNIA
i

tailed

as
.)

to
thi

hawk and

oi b

r'eai b

matui

itj

equipped

Museum
Since the

issue of the

lasl

Journal, the

members of

following persons have become

Museum

the

Life

Members, Mrs. Warner M. Van

and Messrs. Amos P. Brown,
lock, Henri 0. Drayton, Colepoji r. Otto M. Eidlitz, Chas. ii.
Dwighi w. Morrow, a. Perri Os

Norden,
m

\-,

Loi

i,

is.

-In., Walter
W. WOOLWORTH.

horn, H. Fairfield Osborn,

WlTHERBEE,

an.l P.

'.

Sustaining Members, Mrs. M. Goldfrank,

Mrs. Pierpo

Morgan, and Mrs. Frida

Notes

meetings of the American

for

the

of

seveuty-four

of

specimens

display

number ever
One group of nine-

eighty-five elements, the largest

grouped

in this

country.

teen contains all the elements

found in na-

uncombined

Through the

ture

in

courtesy of

state.

Eady Ramsay

there

is

exhibited

group of elements helium,

xenon, kripton, and neon discovered by the
There are also
late .Sir William Ramsay.
original

the

from the work of Joseph Priestley, the

relics

Zinsser.

Association

Advancement of Science, will be conThere are on

tinued until February 1.
the

The progress made

Mrs. A. !I. Alker, Mrs.

K. Parrar Bateson, Mrs. Franklin Q.
Brown, Mrs. James Byrne, Mrs. Gilbert

discoverer of oxygen.

Mrs. F. Dalziel, Mrs. Mabel

Langenbebger-Jones, Mrs. J. L. Mott,
Mrs. James Bronson Reynolds, Mrs.
GEORGE S. Runic, Mrs. Victor SORCHAN,
Mrs. Edw. R. Stettinius, Mrs. John N.
Tonnele, Mrs. F. A. Vanderup, Mrs. D. B.
Van Emburgh, Mrs. Vanderbilt Webb,
Mrs. Eli Whitney, Mrs. a. M. Witten-

trated by cases of coal tar products includ-

.!/,//,//

mb,

.1/,

rs,

Colgate,

and Miss E. II. WlSNER, the HON.

William McAdoO, and tin- Hon. James W.
.Ii;.,
Dr. Miller Reese HutBERG,

WADSWORTH,

Herman

OHISON, Dr. Morton R. Peck, Dr.

ABLER,
Schwarz, and Messrs. Mortimer
John (i. Agar, Percy S. Alden, Darwin R.
Aldridge, James W. Alker, Wm. Hall
Allen, Charles Lanier Appleton, George
T. Brokaw, Edwin Burhorn, Everly M.
Prank G. Doelger, Edgar M.
Davis,
Doughty, Geo. Simpson Eddy, William
idt, Sam A. i.kwisoiin, Norvin
B. i,i idheim, William J. Millard, G. M. P.
s wirr.L ii msi. Lit, Charles
F.
M urn
(

'.

Swan, .Ion
Thompson,

l.'i

SSELL

TABER, SAMUEL A.

Martin
Vogel, Max Waterman, Andrew Gray
Weeks, .1. S. Wiley, r.oris Wiley, William II. Williams, Barkley Wyckoff,
.n Wyckoff, Charles ZimmerGl
MANN. and Mr. GEORGE I.. JEWETT in
memoriam.
r. T.

van Betoken,

Jr.,

ii

this country in industrial chemistry since

by

European war

the beginning of the

and

dyes

ing

hemical

was arranged

al

preparedness exhibit which

tin-

pices of

American Museum anAmerican Ihemii al

he

<

Electrochemical Society, the Society

of

CI
of

seum of

tin-

lical

Industry,

Natural

the

History,

Peaceful Arts,

in

illus-

Products of the electrical furnace and those

by the fixation of atmospheric

obtained

nitrogen are also exhibited.

the chemical exhibit is a case preby the department of public health

With
pare,

of the American Museum, showing certain

phases of the life and works of Louis Pasteur.

and

Pasteur was by training a chemist

contributions to chemistry were

his

He found

valuable.

and varied

time, however, for other

activities; in his

younger days he

painting that has been saved

when the silk industry was on the

did portrait
to

us;

verge of destruction because of the spread

of disease among the silkworms, he came

forward with a cure; and it was he who

showed that fermentation was due to
His greatest
microorganisms of the air.
service to the world was the demonstration

first

of the use of vaccines in diseases of

man and

of

anthrax,

animals,
labies,

particularly

in

cases

and fowl cholera.

Among

those

who attended

the meetings

of the vertebrate section of the Palaeontolog-

Society held at the American Museum.

December 28-29, were Dr. .1. ('. Merriam, of

ical

the University of California; Dr. E.

lards, state geologist of Florida;

1,1'

is

preparations.

medicinal

Hay and Mr.

II.

Sel-

Dr. O. P.

W.

Gilmore, of the National

Museum; Professor
versity; Dr. W. J.

R. S. Lull, of Yale Uni-

C.

Sinclair,

of Princeton;

and Dr. F. B. Loomis, of Amherst.

American

and the Muhonor of the

Mr. Alessandro Fvluri exhibited

annual meeting of the

New York

at the

Zofilogical

MUSEUM NOTES
January

a remarkable series of

9,

motion pictures made last summer at

An explanation of the film
Earbor.
-'"

W. Miner. Through the

must inipr.oo.l apparatus and a

Mi

l.v

aiil

tin'

lit'

Bar
was

developed

carefully

Mr.

technique,

Fabbri

has succeeded in ropro. luring on the screen

in.

greatlj magnified scale

animals.

microscopic

many

Various

small and

spei ies

luding

he

ma

animal shown, but

entire

'/<.

interesting, as not

especially

only

enlargement, details of the head and internal

and the circulation of the bl

an embryo

Btructure,

Tlie beating of the heart of

1.

lish

within the egg was brought out especially

The fresh-water Hydra of stagnant

well.

which

pools,

is

thi

only about one thirty second

la! tei

turn

hi

polished

while

belonging

to

relatively

upamy

dia

burial con-

middle

Mississippi

region.

The opening

sessi

the

Advance

was held in the

American .Museum of

Science

of

nt

auditorium of the
Natural History on the evening of Decern
ber 26.
The retiring president, lb. William
Wallace Campbell, director of Lick Obsei
gave

vatory,

an

"The

address,

Nebulae."

Following the address, the

screen about six thousand diameters; certain

mittee which hail been appointed by

Fairfield Osborn, president of the \

the

most

delicate of marine hy-

droids were magnified to

I'm

Mo

ers

'i

who

zoology

of

pi. -tines

like

work opens new vistas

in

their rlassrs.

value tn those

on the anatoim

ran

ami

Mr.

introduce

such

"ill be of groat

who are engaged

ami habits

scale.

to the teach

..i

in

-in-h

iv-oinli

minute

Mr. -V C. Xki.son returned late in De

lember from a field trip which included a
snrvej

of

the

glazed

pottery

Museum, entertained

the

hi eption in the

new

al

man.
>

in.

eiled

and rock shelters in Kentucky.

In the Southwest the ten n
comprised a broad belt from Aztei to \i
buquerque on the Bio Grande, and thence
southwest to St. .lohns and Spring
Arizona.
During this journey, which ina
eling by wagon, in th.
and mi foot, over more than two thousand
miles, and
lour months,
occupied about
about four hundred nuns were exaii
.-lily mapped,
described, and photographed.
Wl
heaps

'

-it.s

these

Were
yi.

tried out

by excavation.

Few of

this

...nil

I)

mural paint

's

Mammoths,"
The orchesl ral
Nahan Franko,

time.

rrl ing of the tlllslrrs

American Museum
312

to the

in

demands made

consideration of the ad

in

of

cost

of the

was voted

special grant

and employees of the

iew of increased

and

tlirni

vanced

..tlirns

in

upon

The grant, which

living.
it

nt

salaries of pip;,

lie

was largely provided through personal subthe

tl

listers.

Barbingtox

M'i.

and

wo,,,|s

has

tE

'in

pointed asso
..I

forest ry.

uate of

the

Scl

versity.

In

191

nt'

\l

he depa

\l

i-

apnt

grad

For.

1909

In Kentucky examination was n

srnes of raws and rock shelters along tb.
Kentucky Biver, and of a largei series along
Green Biver near Mammoth lave

rican

scientists

of the age of

Beindeei and

ol
at

pan,
!

visiting
hail

Henry

program, undei direction oi

included the whole range of nature music
from Handel to Strauss.

,,.

the stratigraphy of the

Com

Honorary

Mi. Charles B. Knight

"The Age

ing,

area of the Southwest, ami alsu an exanima

es

ninth

sixty

meeting of the American Association for the

of an inch in length, was magnified upon the

species of

clearly

all

period of In

late

the

of

introdui

wei

cisl

pottery,

oi

il

hunting

the

former

ami a sione

fragments

aining

to

implements and

stone

the

in

tra.es of refuse

buried

l\

belonging

refuse

fine

pottery,

In the entrance

culture antedating

of

period

Nl.-nol.

I'...ar.|.ut

itself.

as found a pat

of

deposit

was the

by further

also,

and .Mammoth Cave

of

and many
small Crustacea like Cyclops, Evadne, Pro
don, and Caprella, were among the forms
shown.
The presentation of the last was
ini

small rink shelter opposite

and

the

lei

man

.
\

Franc.

Philippines.

Fr

he wa

1914

the United States, where he had wide experi

I'urr

in

field
!

'.

vice, he has

problems and editorial work.

when

lie

left

In

devoted himself

and siu

iculture.

of numerous papers on

govel

nillelil

to research

He

foi est

is

SCI

work

pi

oblem

-.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

78

brought back by
the
Barnum Brown troro his expedition to
in 1915, were
Alberta,
River,
Red Deer
specimens

M,.
the

Mrigade Major

began

Together with various leaves and other plant remains found

sive

dinosaurs.

oi

beds, they serve to illustrate the

in the

same

kinds

of vegetation that prevailed where

The trunk now on
dinosaurs lived.

these

is not that of a tree which grew

ami spindling in a dense forest, but is
would grow in an open glade,
that
the type
When
branching strongly all the way up.
was unearthed, the branches
specimen
the
were all attached, but could not be preserved

exhibition
tall

partly

is

(silicified), the cells

is

converted

into

wood being

filled

with siliceous deposit, while their framework

Some of the
is still preserved in lignite.
trunks are round, but they are usually flattened, partly as a result of compression.
lignite varies in thickness over different
parts of the tree, but if compression is disregarded, the difference in vertical and

The

horizontal diameters shows a conversion of

approximately four inches of wood to one
Some of this lignite has
inch of lignite.

been preserved on the trunk now on exhibition, although it was not practicable to preent ire coating.

Dr. Edgai: Alexander. Mearxs, who died

in Washington, D. '.. near the close of the
year 1016, was one of the first of the many

men of
irorll

at

science

who have

participated in the

of tic Ainrn, -mi .Museum.

He was born

Falls, N. Y., September 11,

medicine at Columbia Univer1883 entered the army with the
l'ir-l Lieutenant Assistant Surgeon.

Highland

L856, studied
sity,

and

in

At the time of his death he held the rank of

tedical

military
ricas

ar,

Corps.

His

was during the

when he served as

service
v\

ropean

ropean birds, then larger than that of the

North American birds. His first comprehenpaper, on birds of the Hudson Highlands, published in 1878, was based on
material found about his home at Highland
Falls; from that time onward, wherever he
chanced to be, he found scientific work to
His appointment as surgeon to the
do.
Mexican Boundary Commission of 18921894, resulted in his publishing Miininmls u/

Colonel Roosevelt states that he was by far

converted

of the

skins

agate

outer layer, above and below,

trunk

organized

and the inside of

tion of these petrified tree trunks is that the

the

later

Boundary of the United States,

and while stationed in the Philippines, in
Bpite of poor health, he made important orlie
nithological and botanical collections.
was a member of the Roosevelt African expedition in 1009, where his enthusiastic work
as a collector won for him from the natives
the title, "The Man Who Never Sleeps."

as they were completely turned to lignite.

An interesting circumstance in the preserva-

into lignite (carbonized),

Cuba ami

in 1883, when he donated a series of

and eggs of North American and Eubirds, the former to remain unmounted as the basis of a study collection.
At this time he was engaged to identify,
label, and catalogue the collection of Eu-

two petrified treo trunks, finely preserved

and nearly complete. One of these, fortyfive feet in length, two and one half feet
wide at the butt, and tapering to a slender
the
tip, has been placed on exhibition in
These tree
dinosaur hall of the Museum.
trunks are from tlie Belly River formation
of Cretaceous age, and were associated with
Skeletons

in

camp at Chattanooga.
His connection with the American Museum

the hospital

the Mexican

the best shot of the party.

On

this expedi-

and important collecand mammals, and of botanical material.

He also accompanied Mr.
Childs Frick to Africa, where again he made
extensive collections of birds and small mammals. He was emphatically a field naturalist.
Although his published papers number
more than a hundred, they were largely
based upon material personally collected. At
the time of his death, he was engaged in the
study of the large African collections he had
tion he secured large

tions of birds

brought together.

For his many services to the American

Museum he was elected a Patron in 1890.
He was a prominent member of the Linna-an
Society of New York, one of the founders
of the American Ornithologists' Union, and

of the National Geographic Society.

early years Dr.

Mearns was one of

In his

the group

of young, enthusiastic, and energetic naturalists which included Merriam and Fisher, men
whose work was not only important in itself,
but did much to stimulate others to undertake zoological work. His death is a decided

loss

to

never

science.

harsh

Ever kindly and helpful,

and always ready to aid

critic,

with word or act. he will be sadly missed.

MUSEUM NOTEL
partment of anthropology

re

lias

II. Harriman
brown sable parka from Alaska, and by
gift of Justice Nathan Bijur a fine moosebide war shirt from the Tlingit of Alaska.
The department has purchased from CO.
Sachs a number of specimens of Indian ma-

cently received from Mrs. E.

where,

were made.

terial, relics of the battle of San.

Creel

in

and of the famous chiefs Gaul, Rain-I Dtted Tail, ami White Ante

1864,

in

ompleting the work

Tm

Museum has

recently

from the Hon. Francis

rei

B.

eived

as

ami took a steamer

si.le.

at

Mullen.

Harrison, of

Other recent gifts are

the Philippine Islands.

lolombia, the

to the Pi

Landing

to Peru.

they proceeded by tram to

lo,

I.

ill.

Titicaca. which they crossed bj steal

to La Paz for a brief stay.
number of months
From this
Cochabamba.

went on

Head

quarters for a
at

undertaken to the Bern

large collections were

made on

and

The explorers worked

Manila, the skin and skull of a timarau from

in

party went to Panama, crossed

sions were

lope.

gift

79
Puerto Val.lavia. large collections

at

baparg

month

for a

rivers.

the

among

at the Mission

himori

the I'ra-

care Indians.
The high country between
Cochabamba ami the Beni was also explori
The men next journeyed to Sucre by way
I

hundred bird skins collected in Ecuador

Mi. William B. Richardson; ami birds
bj
and the skeletons of a giraffe ami a kangaroo pi,.-, >iite.
by the New York Zoological
live

Paul Morton has made

ts.

gifts to the

baskets from the Northwest,

oi

valuable Navajo blanket, ami a bronze statu

ette,

A.

II.

"The Moqui's Prayer for Rain," bj

MacNeal. This last represents one of

participants in the snake .lame speed

the

bearing

ay,

of the Santa Cruz

country about the Upper Pilcoma

after which they proceeded overland to the
Argentine Republic, covering the more than
three hundred miles on muleback.

high

all

ari.l

nent

;.

ii

tion

tn

in.

iii.

si.ur.es in the gift

herpetological

of twenty-two

re

sni

many

in

the Ar-

of the aortl

The

to

in

di

Estero were also

work was done

last

Ex-

from

esl

<

isited.

The

in the lake rej

San Juan, w here large collections of water

fowl were made.
Altogether the expedil ion,

all

from Siam.

are

new

Museum

to the

collection

san.l

Mr.
and some as to genus.
Xishimura has presented thirty
n

Mamhuria. represents

new to th

Howarth

tol.er 21,

for Puerto Coloml

went up

8.

to

the

and

his

lie

associate, Mr.

this point they

Boyle,

left

Oc

approximately

five

bousand and

olumes

ol

of animal-.

la

thi

.-I

"Hovi

in

Bi

the

public

Life

American Museum auditorium

on Saturday morning. January 20, for the

New

where they s]..-nt

months. One excursion,

Other excursion
the Atrato I: ver drainage on the west coast
of Colombia, and to the Lower Cauca River
1915.

entitled

given

5Tork.

.1.

schools

The pictures were made by Mr.

stone

Antioquia,

an exploration of the Paramillo n

already been described in the
r,

of

tl

Puerto Berrio. an.l thra

Of

'

about fifteen hundred mammals,

histories

life

nter two years

South America,

14.

tion to

P.'

en eight

Uections.

Miller has retur

E.

birds,

Mahoto

cies,

to

ere spenl

ti

v.

east.

San1 iago del

salamanders, an. sixteen frogs,

Several of the specimens

in-

Museum's

the

mi bs

undertaken

were

\Sw a it, of Bangkok,

unique ami valuable addi-

is

hi

of the country were visited.

in his

the

Dr.

Siam, has made

This

ti

four hours.

\li..ii!

gentine, in which time

nntry.

opei

lie

country where the

varies one hundred degrees Fahrei

hands numerous snakes which he

i'i

ami explored the

trail,

in

collaboration

with Pr.

A. Long, of the University of California,

mown
Exhibitors' Book

They

through the courtesy of the

fork.

illusl
e.

The

till!

II-

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

photographs of the essential stages in the
development of plants and animals, and of
carefully

lalieled

diagrams, thus making a

complex subject remarkably

this

ing

there

film

Follow-

clear.

was exhibited another

fly and its

showing the growth of the house

man by

was held
the

Following

this address

in the hall of the

various

chemical

represented at the meetings.

age

societies

On December

Gay gave an ad"Specialization and Research in the

essor Frederic P.

dress

.in

Sciences" before the Section of

Physiology and Experimental Medicine and

Mr. II. E. ANTHONY

months in Cuba, in an

mammal

of

Medical

to disease.

-.I'll i,ni

and Preparedness."
a reception

will

spend the spring

effort to secure fossil

material for comparison with the

the Society of American Bacteriologists.

There was also held a symposium on cancer
and its control.

specimens recently brought back from Porto

Rico.

The unexpected discovery of a rather

mammalian fauna in Porto

extensive fossil

Rico points suggestively to the possibility of

similar faunas ou the adjacent islands, and

During January Dr. Robert II. Lowie

gave four lectures ou ethnology at the Museum. The object of the course was to define
culture.

The subjects considered

lectures were "Culture

at

the

and Psy-

of important results that might come from

successive

correlating the island faunas.

chology," "Culture and Race," "Culture and

that most of the

work

It is

Cuba

in

probable
done

will be

and "Determinants of Cul-

Environment,"

on the eastern end of the island.

Miss Ann E. Thomas represented the

American Museum of Natural History at the
meeting of the New York State Science
Teachers' Association at Syracuse, December 27-29.
She addressed the biology section on the cooperation that exists between
the American Museum and the public schools
of New York City in the teaching of natural

The American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, jointly with the American
Museum of Natural History, on January 1(1,
held exercises signalizing the establishment

of the National Park Service of the United

States.
The speaker of the evening was the
Honorable Robert Sterling Yard, of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, who gave an illustrated address ou

our national parks and national monuments.

Under

Gaunt, an annual

Museum

member

of the

of Natural History, the institution

designated as residuary

is

James
American

the terms of the will of

legatee

of

one

half of his estate.

During
ciation

American AssoAdvancement of Science re-

the session of the

for the

cently held in

New York

City, the meetings

of the Section of Anthropology and Psychol-

ogy convened

the

American Museum,

The

supervisors of the national parks of

who had been called from
West for a conference in Washington,

the United States,

the

visited New York City January 9 and 10.

They were entertained at luncheon at the
American Museum of Natural History, by
Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, January
10.

Following the luncheon, they made a

Museum, paying particular atten-

tour of the

tion to the habitat groups, the halls of verte-

also

brate palaeontology, and the hall of forestry.

those of the American Anthropological As-

Arrangements were made for securing lion,

the supon is, us a series of tree portraits representative of the national parks.
Those
present were Major Amos Alfred Fries, Yellowstone Park
Mr. Walter Fry, Sequoia
and General Grant parks; Mr. George Estyn
<i
Iwin, Crater Lake Park; Mr. Washington P. Lewis, Yosemite Park; Mr. S. F.
Ralston, Glacier Park; Mr. Thomas Rickner.
Mesa \ erde Park; Mr. L. Claude Way, Estes
Park; ami Mr. W. A. Welch, engineer of the
Palisades Interstate Park Commission.

sociation,

the

the

at

American Folk-Lore Society,

Vertebrate Section of the Paheontologi-

and the Entomological Society.

December 27, Professor T. I). A. Cocke-

cal Society,
n,i
rell,

retiring president of the Entomological

Society of America, gave an address at the

tfuseum on "Kossil Insets." On December
Dr. A. A. Noyes, of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, addressed a meeting of the American Chemical Association in
the auditorium of the Museum on "Nitrogen
28,

ym&
. TiVkulMMI

Willamette meteorite near locality where discovered. Side view to show protuberance
(above) produced during flight. The shape of a meteorite depends largely on whether or not
turns over during its journey. If it does not turn over, it is likely to be chiseled by the

it

See

"The Flight

of a Meteor." by Elihu

Thomson, oage 25

THE

APR J& 7

1917

AMERICAN MQm
JOURNAL
J^^fc

EXCAVATION OF THE AZTEC RUIN

CAMP LIFE

IN

HORNED DINOSAUR

NEW MEXICO
MUSIC OF BIRDS

The American Museum

History

of Natural

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry Fairfield Osborn

First

Second Vice-President
J. P. Morgan

Vice President

H.

Dome

Secretary

Adrian Iselin, Jr.

PURROY MlTf'HEL. MAYOR OF THE ClTY OF NEW YORK
York
City
of
New
the
Comptroller
of
Prenderoast,
William A.
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
Lanier
Charles
Frick
Henry
C
George F. Baker
Ogden Mills
Madison Grant
Frederick F. Brewster
Percy R. Pyne
Anson W. Hard
Joseph H. Choate
John B. Trevor
Archer M. Huntington
E. Fulton Cutting
James
Felix M. Warburg
Curtiss
Arthur
Cuyler
DeWitt
Thomas
George W. Wickersham
Walter B. James
James Douglas

Henry

P.

Davison

HlIIN

A. D. Juilliard

administrative officers
Assistant Treasurer

Frederic

run United Status Trust Comp,

of New York

a.

scientific staff
Frederic

A. LUCAS, Sc.D.,

Direct

Vertebrate Palaeontology
Fairfield Osborn, LL.D., D.S

Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology

Kmv
W. D. Matthew.
Mineralogy

William K. Gregory, Ph.D.,

Charles

Woods and Forestry

Invertebrate Zoology

Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator

Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assoc. Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D.. Assoc. Curator
L. P.

A. J.

Gratacap, A.M., Curator Mollusca

Mt'TCHLER, Assistant

Willard G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant

Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant
W. M. Wheeler. Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social
A. L. TUEADWELL, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Annulata
Charles W. Leng, B.S., Hon. Curator Coleoptera

Ichthyology and Herpetology

Bashford Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus

John T. Nichols, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes
Mart Cynthia DioKEBSON, B.S.. Assoc. Curator
Herpetology

Mammalogy and
J.

Ornithology

A. Ai.i.en. Ph.D., Curator

IIekiiert Iavb, Assistant M.in

JAKES P. OhaPIN, A.!!., Assistant Ornithology

Curato

R.

Assoc, in Palreon-

Eastman, Ph.D., Research Associate

Anthropology
Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Robert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Herbert J. Spinden, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
N. C. Nelson, ML.. Asst. Curator
Charles W. Mead, Asst. Curator
M. D. C. Crawford, Research Associate in Textiles
Geo. Bird Grinnell, Ph.D., Research Associate
in Ethnology
Howard McGregor, Ph.D., Research Associate
in Anthropology
Louis R. Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical
Anthropology
Leslie Spier, B.S., Assistant Anthropology

J.

Anatomy and Physiology

Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Charles F. Herm, Assistant
Ai.i.ssANDKO Fabbri, Research Associate
Physiology

in

Public Health

Charles-Edward

A.

Winslow,

M.S..

Curator

Thomas

Frank M. Chapman, Sc.D., Curator Ornithology

Roy C. Andrews, A.M., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy
W. In \V. Miller, Asst. Curator Ornithology
II. E. Anthony, B.S., Assistant Mammalogy

.,

Ph.D.. Curator

Walter Granger, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]

Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]

G.

Hull, Ph.D.,

Assistant

Public Education
George H. Sherwood. A.M., Curator
G. Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
Ann E. Thomas, Ph.B., Assistant

Books and Publications

MA..

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY. EXPLORATION, AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

February. 1917

Volume

XVII,

Numbi

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO MAY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF

NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:
ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 2;. 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24. 1912
INCLUSIVE. BY

CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY

Cover,

the copyrighted photograph by

The Apache Scout, from

Ki>\\

led

Frontispiei
Rito de

los

S.

Cruris

A Stronghold

e,

Frijoles,

of Ancienl

photographed by Herbert

UifE

<

Dwellers

84

Spinden

-i

Excavation of the Aztec Ruin

An
ih.

:ount of
i

aited

tlie

Stati

initial

work on

larc^st

of

iii

M-ii-niiii.-

\. :ix:iii..n

Nelson

C.

N".

tin-

ever undertaken

So

in

[Uustrations from photographs by the Expedition

Clark Wisslee

The \- Archaeology

Camp

Life

Ethelyn

New Mexico

in

Reprodui rions

G.

Nelson

L15

Southwesl

A discussion

L03

Duotone of Scenes and Portraits from the American

in

From photographs by Herbert

The Meaning

LOO

Spinden and Edward

J.

S.

Curtis

of Bird Music
of the

II

musical ability of hinls with illustrations from

tin-

i:\in

Oldts

Author's notations

L23

oi

bird songs

Some

in.--,

An

account
America]

Homed

'r.-ia

linosaur

of thf tir-t romph't.' sk'-lcton of this L'ianl

L29

Man

letter

r. |.lilr

Baeni m Beown

135

of thr past

now- exhibits]

11m

in

Histor]

ral

IlluBtratio:

Fossil

M. P. Skinnee

Birds of the Yellowstone

limn

n-lorat ion

ina.lr

lii

l.'h

liar.l

I.
I

I,.

It

South Africa

in

Ill

from Dr. Robert Broom

The Greal Jade Mass from Jordansmiih]

Museum

141

Ill

Notes

criptions

Central

L42

Expedition

he Asiatic Zoological

'.-irk

should

West,

0:1

addressed

New Fork
to

<

VI

to

mm
the

City.

'ill

il'i

nili-

r.-

|.

A-

"

Joubj

>'.

77th

st.

anc

Photograph by Herbert

STRONGHOLD OF THE ANCIENT

nit-

uf tin-

J.

Spinden

DWELLERS

of the Rito uY los Frijoles, New Mexico, from a ceremonial cave in the cliff.
The
Uio lirande from the west lmw cut deep gorges through the yellow tufa. The cliffs
stream are very steep, ami in them are found artificial eaves made by ancient peoples

Looking up the canon

earns Bowing into the

CLIFF

M USEUM

A MERICAN

The

FEBRUARY,

Volume XVII

J
JOURNAL

191"!

Excavation of the Aztec Ruin

By X.

('.

NELSO X

The American Museum began last summer the complete excavation and reparation of
one of the finest and best preserved examples of prehistoric Pueblo architecture in the South'
This ruin is located in the Animas Valley, in northwestern New Mexico, a few miles
below the Colorado boundary and directly across the river from the town of Aztec. The
west.

town, it may be explained parenthetically, takes its name from the ruin which, according to
erroneous but persisting popular notion, was built, uol b\ the "Indians." but by members
of the Aztec tribes whose habitat since before the Columbian discovery has been confinoil to
Middle America. A resident of Aztec, Mr. II. D. Abrams, is tl
wner, and he has gener
ously given the
largest

single

ance of Mr.
foi

thi

Museum
>

United States.
J.

a concession to clear out and investigate the entire nun.

first

more

rain
of

the principal

is

large

group ol

or less ancient bouses and

villages localized within a shorl radius.

1

doI

group

the last of this

habited,

it

appears

rate to

anj

al

to be in-

em-

formation thai may serve t<> throw light

on tlie habits and attainments of the
builders; and

by the

ideas attained

tectural

Pu< bio

tions

The

its

site

of

is

more than usual

importance, partlj because of

relatively excellent state of preserva-

tion but
fact that

guarded

more especially because of the

the owner has for many years
it

against

vandalisn

ruins of the identical

hundred miles or
though

far

les-

bo

i\

monument

maticallj
the ruin
first

for

looted.

al-

The
at

large

house
that

sai

The

involves two

it

at

uin represent- what was

house and
it

size,

bu1

different

<

pi

ei

like

it

in

The

tell.

came

the Imliaii

\\

mi
It

ive

pine

may

we

be that

onon

'

crops even
ej

l,,

organic group wa

bis

of

from

inhabitants constituted

ai ion.

cisely

was something

lem American apartment

in

its

-real

in

is

and foremost, th

very available partii

t&

once

That

the
the

making

Indian and an
more and more in-

to the

the

terested public.

for a

than

Azter pueblo, they have been

things:

tn

ma

standing por-

the

organized community.

pe exist

around, and

accessible

of

>

structure,

the

of

once

Indians in thai section of the South-

scientific

second, the repair

restoration

the

body the highest development of archi-

west.

the

continuation and completion of the

Aztec
TIIK
member

is

Mr. Archer M. Huntington has generously contributed funds

work. The At BtOB

Morgan.

P.

It

work of the kind ever undertaken within the limits of the

season's excavation was provided for through the generous assist

of scientific

The

in

annot
it

pre-

sp

to

insure

the beautiful Ani-

he was obliged to resort to

'

artificial

watering, and

nothing short

THE AMERICAS MUSEUM JOURNAL

"i

cooperation

digging and main-

in

minating'. Stated in the simplest terms,

the Aztec pueblo consists of three build-

taining irrigation ditches would have

may have been hard

croaching

ings joined in such a

Again, the Pueblos

practicable.

Ihm-ii

nomads,

pressed

and

in

way

thai

way

as to enclose

three sides of a rectangular court.

by en-

This

court faces approximately south and

is

group together for mutual

protection and to build villages that
were in reality great fortresses of no

enclosed by a curving wall, which in

mean

order.

rooms.

examination of the accompany-

tress, as

compelled

An

to

so as to

ing illustrations will perhaps give a bet-

presumably closed and barred

any amount of
The ground plan

of these fortresses than

description.

and the restoration are especially

accommodate a row of small

The only entrance to the forfar as we at present know, led

through a door in this wall and was

ter general idea of the essential nature

verbal

as well

as

in

l__j

(.___,

may imagine

illu-

H-H--4U--M--

[-

to

Kh

have mounted this wall

"

1-?;,

C,?=^----,-=^t

I *"' |

1
-"J

}---l^ri--4-f T -h--U

LLUS4-J

ttfeb

The

i:i:nxB

^
-l-i-HC J

J- J - - i

at night

time of trouble.

guard, or at any rate the defenders, we

hi:
|

expanded

this particular case has been

KJ

LiJ-i-Q

-4-14

WH
H-Vi
T-f

h-H
I

Ground plan of the Aztec ruin as apparent before excavations were begun in July 1916
The
numbered looms with shaded or solid walls are those cleared bj the Museum Expedition. It may be
Doted thai the long walls of the west wing and the cross walls of the north wing join exactly, as if this
portion of the Tillage had been planned and built at the same time. The east wing, on the other hand,
" - in that its long partition walls du not meet the cross walls of the north wing, anil
also in that this building does not appear to have
completed at the south end. This last peculiarity
at this spot of an older house which was partially incorporated in
'0 ''"
presei
1

the great pueblo

EXCAVATION OF THE AZTEC RUIN

and

have foughi from behind a para-

to

At

pet.

attack

events, the initial

all

would have

to be delivered against this

wall, because

affords the only means

it

;i

being

sheer three or four stories high

and provided with no apertures large

Even if the
to admit a man.
1

the

,ii

eeded

in

reaching the court

was

illage, his victory

less

hall'

assured, because there were

tram

es leading direetlj

no en-

be observed

to

the

in

the restoration, the three buildings

rose by

on the sides facing the court

receding steps, each normally one story

high and one room wide.

stairways but

These sepa
outside lad-

bj

der- which could always be

drawn

thus placing the attacking foe at

importance was the

a suc-

fact that

while each

door through

by a

the

wall

front

were entered only through trapdooi

The enemy,

the roof.

building
-a\

).

at

all

1<>

bring his

to

pose himself in

he

deliberately

chosen

accommodating an

increas-

tary

it

will he

could scarcely

One

to

ing population.

The Aztec rum

hut e-eiith

hundred yards
barren

eighi

teblo,

this

a mili-

these brief

type

of

rillagi

improved upon.

out

it

in

full

ivel]

to

modify or enlarge.

must

before be-

onstruction, because the

tl-

nallv

like

dispersed

throw

additional

ruins

being apparently

This im-

census

membi

fewer than

(one.

ai

incorporated

pueblo), and within

mil

I.

ast,

the

in

there

less

one time have been counted

ertainlj all of one hundred rum-, some

might
i

Within

uplands.

there are no

tit

situated in the valley

The
id'

and some on the

number of
medium size.

greater

small or

ng houses of both angular and

curvilineal

ground plans, and

of easily

rule,

built, as

procured cobblestones

atirel}

of

casional

ruin-,

however,

structed

more

or

less

sandstone

sed

Some

or adobi

'<

w.

completely
a-

blocks,

i-

of

the

main pueblo itself.

In other words,
we have here, probably, (he remain- id'
a long-lived community, the members
of

which

at

lived

first

scattered

in

houses hut -raduall; united into larger

ups

dif-

plies that the builders musl have taken

something

from the base of the

gravelly

-tone'-

are built

de-

that the builders

i-

door, perhaps

hundred yards from the right bank

of the Animas River and about two

or river bowlders, laid in mud.

weapon-

or less

very interesting fact about this

mned

ficult

ale

on the smooth

lies

sloping \allo\

live

us

si

more

apparent that as

contrivance

of

these ruin- are

Brsl

and may.

pe,

method

into the
let

therefore,

terraces above.

it.

This

very unevenly developed

is

in

main wing.

the

of

To do till" he would
own ladders and ex-

From

tion.
tails

to get
lire to

was therefore obliged

the lower story.

have

set

in

rooms

ll

also the suggestion of a

is

observed rum- of the

in

of the upper tiers of room- was entered

the norma] way, the ground

center

center wine-

up,

Of particular

cession of disadvantages.

the addition of a series

le

There

in--.

the

rate levels of rc.uni- were reached not by

interior

pueblo

building projecting into the court from

than

from the court

A- maj

houses.

ice

of rooms on the court side of the west

buildings

pueblo

and are indicated perhaps in the

exe,-.

of access to the village, the strong tfuter

the

>:

munity and have built on

scale to
suit demands.
Limited modi
ami enlargements could he made, how

haps, they were

all

until

finally,

per-

gathered w ithin the

wall- of the fortress-like pueblo.

The peat
about

Eve

contained

hundred

room-

>.

11

>

'i

- 'I

iliHIiiji

2
<
O
DC

lilaiH*!
1
=i jS J

x
.-,j>i.^
=

.-a

a)

~
1 I I-

>

- s -

Photograph by E. H. Morris

many as possible ol' the small and fragmeniar artifacts, such as beads, in the
necessary to run this through one or more screens.
Be ond the screen (in the photograph), running toward the Animas River, may be seen the expedition' winding tramway grade. In
the distance rise the Knickerbocker Mountains
In order

floor debris,

to discover as

it is

Photograph
begun

at

the southeast corner of the

iin,

hij

N. G. Nelson

the debris being taken to

Photograph by V

AM
air
<>n

i--

',

Ni Ison

il

or six hun<
iameter; transversely nv.r

The beams are

>

ben two

pine.
to three

inchee thick, usually

rail-, cedar bark, and

i- ;i layer of split
inch coat of clay (adobe), which
general method of ceil

or

Portion of the floor and wall of the circular ami subt.-rraiiriih ki- a. or ceremonial chamber, marked
tli
nre pit. and beyond
on the ground plan, page M>.. In Tin- imtiH'diate foregronnd
1"
the roof directh a bow the lire
intake Bhaft, the smoke having to escape thrniiu't'
ignificance of which in tin cei e
the lefl tna> be seen the uncovered burial of a wolf, the precise

Spam

v.-ll.

but

ood, spaced evenlj

js,

the

whole being

the floor for

aeldon

th.-

Anally

dweller h

and

the.se

ti<

of

-..,.

orb] threes; above these again

-kill

covered

with

four to six

The Bame

THE AMERICA X MCSMUM JOURNAL

94

have housed the same number of

easily

length,

mi

spectively

i-

used as quarried in the hills

282 and 281

but the

timbers employed, some of them meas-

village

uring twelve inches or more in diame-

occupied

somewhat

feet,

the

by

owing

larger,

to the out-

Likewise the great

were felled on the mountain-sides,

ter,

up the

curving wall which encloses the court.

probablj

far

Each of the building wings is from

four to six rooms wide, and was three,

ported

least in part

and

some places possibly four, stories

walls, which are a little over

in

The

high.

three
rise

to

The

thick in the lower story,

feet

still

of twenty-seven feet.

height

rooms, which are always

secular

somewhat in size, the

measured being only a

rectangular, vary

smaller ones
over

trifle

largest as

nine

much

and the

square

feet

as twelve and one half

The

by twenty-three and one half feet.

height
floor

some

of

these

of

rooms from

ranges from nine to

ceiling

to

The doors average

eleven feet.

a little

over two by four feet and usually re-

The

quire one to stoop for passage.

windows or ventilating apertures that

through the rear wall are all
the neighborhood of one foot square.
Of ceremonial rooms, which are

open nut
in

circular in outline and

more or

may

there

terranean,
thirteen

less sub-

as many as
The greater

be

the pueblo.

in

number

are incorporated in the build-

ings proper, but three at least are situ-

ated

nut

in

as

"kivas,"
greatly

in

parently

are

they

of sixty

only about twelve

in

feet.

of

far

in

differ

diameter

excavated

They

labor

is

also vary

involved

village seems

when we consider
sessed

so

feet

details of construction.

The amount
erecting such

called,

These

the largest being ap-

size,

all

open court.

the

while the smallest

somewhat

some four

or five miles away.

spare

actual

particular instance the building stone

main building is 359 feel

the east and west wings re-

lis

people,

in

that these people pos-

no burden-bearing animals and

no

The

strength.

valley,

and trans-

by sheer

human

proverbially

"lazy"'

And

Indian would seem to be a myth.

we

yet the Indian performed his task,

believe, as a

of

slave

case

of

five

royal

taskmasters as in the

who built cities and

Egypt and Mesopotamia.

in

How much
was

erect

to

would

lie

man. and not as the

those

monuments

of an enterprise

it

such

town,

fortified

The

reader at this time.

the

But

site.

really
it

impossible to convey to the

fact

hardly be appreciated even by a

would
visit to

in the course of the four

or five years of future

work planned

for

the complete excavation and reparation

we may expect that the

of the ruin,

enormity of the enterprise will become

tolerably clear.

When we

reached the Aztec ruin in

the latter part of July,

we found what

appeared to be an immense heap of

debris,

almost entirely covered with

By

heavy growth of "chieo" brush.

early September, the place looked very

different.

The brush had been

cut and

burnt, so that the ruin itself stood out

The

in full view.

walls that rose above

the general level of fallen

masonry had

been repaired, and from thirty to forty

rooms, mostly in the east wing, had

been cleared.
ning,

enormous

at

Tt

was merely a begin-

however an experimentation,

as

During
-in ways and means.
coming season we may hope for con-

were

the

siderable progress.
calling not

The

task set

is

one

only for infinite patience

tools except such as were made of

-lone hone, and wood.
We are >till

with regard to scientific details but also

for practical tact in dealing

with

more impressed on finding that

(even the visiting public

problem).

in this

is

men

EXC VATION OF THE AZTEO RUIN

I

work

\,,

ness.

mechanical resourceful-

for

as

well

as

same

the

quite

of

character has been done before in the

Southwest,
sary

thai

so

nut

try

to

has been neces-

it

methods

differenl

determine the quickest and

to

The work itself looks like ordinary

and may very easily degenerate
such.

into

more

volve

who

those

or

To wield

all

any purpose, the

to

periods

heat,

there

no eight-hour law

is

even

who do

those

for

On

work.

baeologii a]

other

the

work,

field

otters

research,

Inn waj

its

the

like prospect ing

is

But here again

of

like

lies a

strike

olo

mildly fanatic oveT something or other

antiquated

tendency
the

in

perhaps arrowpoints.

to

find

object

This

complete satisfaction
unearthed

P
then

--

i-

on the archaeologist

bh the
ili-

nil

ma'!'

!'

always

is

organic

life

ami

Why

ime an.
to

all

histori:

beyond

ing

com era

or

writing,

not

Bui

left

us

history

if

i-

gro\* th of the world's

then

inhabitants,

archaeology

necklace

.if

sea shells

document,

tible

a
a

an incontrover-

is

certain

in

worth more than any

whatsoever.

in

is

A -tone axe or

position of vantage

respects

ritten doi

proper

interpretation

complete array of archaeological

from am given quarter of the

data

world will he a far safer guide haii

any hook of travels of the Mandeville
type or any rhapsodical history of the

>(

torian
thai

i-

money

ill

even admitting hi- sources to be

archae-

documents

if

Therefore
other

h ritten sort

not

genuine

merit,

search

amplj

i-

ask myself these

made

ilta

found,

iii

it-

at

history

than

ha-, within

ex-

questions more than once when hardships and difficulties arose which

interpretation

best

only an approximation to the

!'

"What

recover relics of the past

sober his-

never completely unbiased, so

truth.

this

The most

Carlyleian order.

dead.

ask,

imate purpose

research?

primarily

may

is

who have

records.

infallible, In
|

mm-

bewhiskered individual gone

the

essentially a record of the general

of

danger.

real

of

people

some written
to

real

other

ion the possibility or

value aboui the

cal

balanced scholarly at-

or.

stating anything of permanent

an\

earh notion of an an ha

thai

hum quest

is

rite historj

invention

Eor on
you always expect a
and you are reasonable sure oi

My

debris.

of

dryness

deserl

words, to

in-

excavation of rains

it.

is

The
make

to

is

again

live

past

speak

are noth-

all

an end.

to

archaeology

to maintain

other branches of

momenl

it

miunknown

and
to

immediate purpose

to obtain "spe< mien-."

is

the while occupied with

their

an

But

first.

amid dusi and

nicelj

\ in

love

hand,

of excavation

the

archaeology

not

of course the

mean-

purely practical problems

titude.

The conclusion reached was

now an article of faith, so
that

in

"curiosities."

hut

alternating

always the

longer

ing

indeed,

mind

the

no

arc trying to reconstruct the

rainstorm, and

cold,

were

the

the occupa-

the spe

specimens after

the pen

through

of

when

off,

that

is

spade must be handled

difficult

came about

doubl

of

had worn

tion

Imi

this

and history of prehistoric peoples.

life

in

and

routine

of

less

period

time the mere novelty

especially true for

and

pursuits in-

scientific

for

Tin-

found

best.

labor,

All

the moment doubtful whether

game was really worth the candle.

the

..f

th.-

based
of

those
its

om

and archaeological
\

on
the

d limit-.
re-

indicated. 1
work

in

the waj

o
,,f

JOI i:\u. I.. Mi

Earl II. Mnrri-.
diate charge of Mo- A/t.-<- r\.

who

i-

in

the

inline

hi

?,

?t

I 5

The New Archaeology

Kv
K W SSLER
('

THERE
an

was

time when being

meant being a
mere collector of curious and
expensive objects once used by man.
Such an archaeology could make no just
an

claim to

haeologisl

place in anthropology, the

man.

science of

one another

devotees vied wilh

Its

the greatest

to possess

num-

unique objects, and under the

ber of

This
a

well illustrated in the case of

is

famous Chaco ruin called Bonito, a

pueblo

similar

quite

and

pottery

other

were broughi

the questions, ""how old

North and

give

Smith America

has

collectors'

fill

been

cabinets.

But, while these activities have added

something

to

our knowledge of

New World,

the

man

answer the very questions we are

interested

man

in

in America, whence did he

and what has been his history

been

cmiie.

since his arrival

Geology finds
of

all

how long has

namely,

in

they are impotent to

and

career,

and subsequenl

an analogous fashion the

in

finds

archaeologist

story

in the earth the story

world's origin

the

The new.

the ground

in

man and

of

the

achievements.

his

or the real archaeology

is

the

study of these traces and the formulation of the story they

refuse

however

ma\

held In

lie

archaeologist.

disseci

sect inn

archaeol-

part of the science of anthro-

pologj

There

no mystery about such work.

is

largely

is

of

foil

hut

under the

toil

mind.

di-

In the

are quite

same way. .Mr. Xclsmi and hi- aSSOi Lates have worked out the status of more

faced by the
collecting

of

expensive they

ill

the leas! meet

the exacting conditions encountered by

the

and indusSuch are

new

They

fine or

can

residing there.

the results of the real, or

rection

mere

lie.

We

there were no impor-

problems,

the ta>ks

Xo

while

this

in a body and left

real

but very difficull ones.

to

We

of

few hundred years.

thai

also,

ogy, as

this

of

builders

to the site

tant changes in their arts

tries

It

curios,

the

that

again within

know,

section

vertical

goi the story of the ruin.

lie

now know

mental questions we have enumerated

geologists.

the

dissecting

above are not only very

comparable

how

curios can

Last summer. Mr.

American Museum's veteran archaeologist, worked several weeks
on whal was left of Bonito. He found
thai the ash heap, or dump, had always
been in the same place, and by patiently

The funda-

tell.

hut to

Bonito,

is

line

these

no answer.

Nelson,

pueblo came

Museum, where

now on view

are

the choices!

long occupied."

to

"Aztec"

found there

relics

this

to

stimulus of these interests the whole of

ransacked

the

to

A good many years ago Bonito

into, and many line pieces of

ruin.

was dug

He must

actually

after section of our old

scientific

than a hundred ruins in

and Arizona.
whal

relative

built,

which

It

can

New

now

Mexico

he told at

date each of these was

is

one of the

first

greal

advances toward the story of prehistoric

man

the United States.

in

among

Mother Earth I'm- the empirical data

upon which in base his answer-. It i-

the Southwest, however, that the true

mil

archaeological

merely

counts;

it

the
is

the conditions

assoi iations that

Kill

finding of things that

and

inter-

really tell the story.

It

is

not

Long ago
the

alone

method

traces of

Delaware

is

the ruins of

applicable.

man were

Valley,

noted in

particularly

at

THE NEW Ai;rif.EOLOGY

They were found deep down

Trenton.

sand and gravel, suggesting great

in

ige

been

For

1 1

; 1

and

debated
suit

i.

years these farts had

discussed

without

two years ago, Mr

Inn

Spier turned his attention to the

Trenton -and deposits, dissecting them

through and through n ith the same inil

The outcome of this

know that the
man are found ai one

ience.

we qom

thai

stone tools oi

Trenton -and. and

the

arc a pari of the pebhle series

same.
:

the -and

short,

is

il

beyond

of the pebbles

the history

and

-and deposil

this

so situated as to

ation at

in

step in

[ere

made toward

the solution of man's

New

the

cli-

N"ew Jersey were

been

has

man

period.

Last

1
1

autumn, however,

moth

Ee made

a\r.

<

sections

tin-

minute dissection of

son

There

term "cave dv

examined

ellers,"

many

of

ama.

that

now

will

There

Kentucky and Virginia. They

found that prehistoric man had nil. Ted
aves,

but

had

lefi

behind

no-

where such clear-cut evideno

successive appearances as in

En

was concluded, therefore, that

all

these

rea-

first

every hope thai

is

give us a chronological

We

cannoi

methods

here

the subject,

to gel

to the

technique of

we should

bul

\\

an arehae-

bring him face to face with

ill

differenl

musl

i- a

its

be

from anything

before.

The new

analyzed

and dealt

has encountered

situation

Eorgel

no1

thai every field excursion of

ologisl

Eo]

new

the

describe

wen used

thai

They belong

-nils.

series

Ohio drainage.

the w hole

nature requires. So, in short.

scientific

of an archaeologisl

mind.
i"

ises

As soon

rive

-i

Eor the

an

as

mere

hse
col

lection of fine objects or curios, and

turns t" problems, ii make- disi overies.

famous

now every

the use of proper methods of n

our arch
the

i-

explorers was not the initial culture of

the real equipmeni

ture could be truly characterized by the

the culture of the

believe that

to

A good man;, years

when the firsl discoveries were
made in Europe leading to the theory
that there was a time when man'- culan early period.

these, Eound

Indians found in Kentucky by our

with as

ago,

vertical

deposits

represented here and those of the historic Indian-.

American caves
at

areful

accumulated

definite difference between the cultures

little

North

<

Mr.

Mam-

near the entrance to the cavern, and by

he

her our

careful study of

the

in

recent

verj

to a

World.

Very much the same can be

to

101
belong

Nelson made

indicate

time when the

ons of

belo\*

is

quite unlike what thej are to-dai

first

in

also the history of the stone

ii.

the

dis-

traces of

of

this

om

onspicuous pa

partly

lake pride

justly

:n.:

pearance

because

when our
made to

tell

career

the

in

n
rl
it

new

the ap-

in

partly

science,

M useura has played a

in its incepl ion, and
will

hasten

the

da>

archaeological exhibits can be

the

true

story

New World.

of

man's

HUMAN SWALLOWS' NESTS

IN

THE

CLIFF

This term seems the best description for those small, rounded rooms, made by human hands long ago
cliff.
They formed the homes of the Pueblo Indians n such places as Puye and
the Rito de los Frijoles (see page 110).
One needs almost to have wings to gain access to some of them, foi
long, shaky ladders (like that in the center of this picture) are far from reassuring.
In past times when
wooden shelters, long since fallen to decay, were reared on beams projecting from the small holes about the
openings of the cliff rooms, the Indian women, gaily dressed like their sisters of today, and less like swallows than tropical birds, darted in and out of doorways" or climbed the ladders with jars of painted pottery on their heads
in the volcanic tufa of the

In the vicinity of Mount Taylor, between Cabezon and San Mateo, a most striking sky
formed by volcanic peaks of varied shapes. Here we see the "Alesna," or "awl," so
no doubt, on account of the sharp point it presents

line

is

called,

Camp

Life in

New

Mexico

THE ENCHANTMENT OF WANDERINGS AND STUDY AMONG ANCIENT

INDIAN RUINS IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
KTII

By

now more than four years

to follow in the wake

i-

IT

began

expedition

archaeological

Mexico.

confess

was

it

erable trepidation that

The

the idea.

sine'

unpeopled spaces,

of an

-.1

New

t<>

ith

onsid-

picture broughl to

mind

by the mere mention of this corner of

our country was one
hi

tures.
in

in\

What

now

change has

a n rough!

opinion by these

iai

look forward with

3S

to

tin-

heat,

were the main fea-

f,\

which

in

the fad thai

ill'

when

through thi- land of enchantment.

a land of
id tlir

enchantment

There

deep blue of th

exhilaration as of wine in the air. and

a

charm

in the very

romance

immensity of the

the

Here,

States.

of olden

for

little-known

this

in

United

the

maintained,

huh

cowbo]

is

rides

-'ill

the

the trapper an.] the treasure

Weird

hunter are frequently mel with.

and wonderful are some of the

tales

told by these natives as they visit with

us around our evening

>

listen,

interested

wo might not
is upon us.
Mi

Brsl

camp

ami

be elsewhere, for the 3pel]

summer

Mexico began

member my

fire,

ami credulous as

in

of

amp

li

Ne\*

in

the vicinity of the pic-

turesque village of Galisteo.

mT

"in

too, the

greatesl

early spring days

again stari forth on our wan-

Truly

range, mi'

Brsl

i.sox

x k

Y \

I,

introduction to

well re-

it.

After

walk of some three miles from the

ili-,, late

little

railroad

station,

whose

newly appointed agenl seemed scarcely

ill-

existent e of the

we came suddenly

to the

edge of

rise

Camp mi Mesito de la Tapia, on the Itio Puerco. Around the has.

a village of some size,
about ninety small villages, while the round hump on top indicates the
Access to the top is fairly diHicuil ami
trouble.
which the valley dwellers probably retreated ii
uated just to the left of the tents
could easily be barred. The only spring for mile

to

of

ground and looked over on what ap-

peared as an oasis

in the desert.

lit-

white church stood in the midst of

group of adobe houses, while apple
orchards and great cottonwoods shaded

Davis'

.Mrs.

tle

air existence

;i

the snows

Jusl beyond, the

the whole.

new bridge

spanned the stream that winds its way

We hastened on
through tin- town.
our way, and were soon resting in a
room in the cool depths of the rambling

adobe structure where

mother-in-law

of

the

From

for ruins, be-

ing ably assisted by a Mexican driver

name.

Anaya.

soon

became

twisted into Ananias on account of the

casual

way

when an
work was

in

extra

which
live

in sight.

hi'

at

or

bors,

during

real

caves,

supplant

supplement or

to

From

expedition,

las!

essary to do
actual

camp

where
site

using a

cooking

in

we

summer,

first

change of camping

the

on

were
in

lire

the

nightly

made

it

nec-

away with everything hut

necessities.

Sleeping cots were

discarded for the ground, and

day's

our

it.

reduced to the open

used the truth

dollars for

made

other places we

use of rock shelters, green-covered ar-

two-burner gasoline stove

vantage point we began to explore

whose

rooms; while

entirely

chant, puts up chance wayfarers.

the surrounding country

Sometimes the twelve

was our complete

by sixteen
apartment, forming sleeping and living
rooms as well as kitchen and dining
foot tent

Senora Davis,

speaking residenl of the place, the mer-

this

which was followed until

fell.

only

English-

was

abode

hospitable

soon afterward exchanged for the open-

box replaced the usual

camp

board
table

demonstrating the uselessness of too

great luxury.

midnight,

until

bedding

our

before

protected

fortunately

vas

heavy can-

by

could be rescued.

The

summer

first

the work of the

expedition was carried on along lines

thai

aecessitated

less

permanent

with

The
bal

camps

compared

as

season

just

closed.

San

Cristo-

rock-shelter kitchen at

which

Senator Pankey, the owner

"81,000

of the

more or

of a

nature,
the

those of

ranch" on which

re

ai

was situated, persisted somewhal

confusion

Camp"

became quite

abandoned.

was finalh

men,

>ur workbecame old

<

soon

and we found them waiting

tids

Erii

Mexicans,

all

our return the next season

work

it

our

to

"Honeymoon
like home before

dubbing

in

Col-

resume

to

Mosl of them -poke no

for us.

English and wen-

happy-go-lueki

being quite contenl apparenl

set,

with

ly

to-

day's frijoles and black coffee, with no

rang

through

-1

the

flat,

th

spot

sheltered

all

sandy,

cliffs

of

holes

it.

worthless

There have been springs and streams of

water

our

oughl

in
in others.

lot

led.

am reminded

of a

was one evening when we

It

imp.
fine, luit

we

as

The day had been

\\rw- loading the last of

our things on the wagon, there

sudden

those

fall.

summer and

By

the time

shelter

dry

arroyo

between

and the place where

driver had

dumped our

m
t

In

to

so

the
a

to

in

keep

to

Old "Socrates" was

the head of the expedition

because of his great know ledge of even

thing on earth or

the heavens

in

\" question could

be put

him

to

that

he was not prepared to answer, and

had

name and

thai grew

All this past

icinity.

sximmer we drank

mended

ild

him and found

bj

had stories of buried

tea
it

chance

Smi

II

asun

guarded by the Indian-

11

he wanted

hi

use for every planl

in the

""

to dig

in

and

the old

The

church ruin

there later on, his natural aversion to

careless

the

l>\

pottery,

enough

polite

roi k

belongings, had

huddle

were

collecting

and

bone

of

mselves

named

ave

at

Nfarcos, bul

hard labor overcame his gr

One young

an impassable torrent, so that

we were obliged

bits

and

ground

the

hi

we reached our

rock-shelter camp, most

were drenched t" the skin.

usually

re-

by the continual sheets of

only
lightning.

ii-

ame up

Soon the pitchy darkness was

destination, a

of

thunder storms
hi

but

has been

time when we had more water than we

i

spend so much time and money digging

Eul

with towering

Thej no doubt

had their opinion of folks who would

beauti

varicolored sandstone overshadow ing

morrow

the

i:

ears

fellow

mere

nd bab>

broughl
girl

ii

into

of about

h all

when

camp
fifteen

heir personal

In archa-ological field work tliere are few holidays. Wlien the excavation
are always plotting, mapping, and cataloguing to keep one busy

is

not actually in prog-

ress, there

This rock shelter, formed by one immense bowlder tipped against Another, waB once an Indian abode.
A little excavating and a few yards of mosquito netting transformed it into a very acceptable dining
room and kitchen during the hot months
I'll.
water near the camp was often too alkaline for use.
At San Cristobal it was necessary to
bring water by wagon from Galisteo, six miles away.
Sometimes the saddle pony was requisitioned to
bring water from a near spring

IOC

C
I'rimi^n-

(d

I'vcii

LIFE IX

NEW MEXICO

which

horses;

l.l//'

kitten

tin-

was unfortunately captured by an owl.

Another workman brought his newly

honeymoon

made

bride

lie.

was said, had been

it

for

lie

Hav-

the folly of the higher education.

ing been
i"

fied

in

school and therefore quali-

a1

a.

had tried

a- postmaster, he

defraud the government, for which

full

swing

he had

spent

Apparently,

Belf.

or

Ji

tin-

In

background

in

Erom his

bride's admiration for

Befon

leaving

month

away

en the

fascinated the na

boys sometimes requesting

Of

COWboyS

half

hour

"lie

whili

da\

held

it.

n-

]
\

up
on

bered

hills

group

genera]

their

cliffs,

fantastic

of

sorts

for

pimm and

carpeted

Mexican

in the

km

Towering

us.

cedar-tim-

many kinds

with

lowers.

Little

udian

for

when

the time

[.art of

sagebrush-covered -and. again

of wild

greatly

U-.

all

replaced by

by the way. was something

th.it

I.

San Cristobal, may be seen the

....

mi"

weathered

tn he

their pictures

at

scene-: kept

and beautiful shapes, melted into vast

him-

camp

yr-ay

unfolding before

might he taken as
souvenirs of their happy time there.
This matter of having picture- taken,
that

taken

new

at Aztec,

in

...hi. ni

hilliilr.-il

of Octobei

the lasi

until

\l.i-,

for the

thn-r

experience

this

the least

won-

last

summer, with it- kaleidoscopic

m\ mind is crowded with
varied images. With scarcely any pause
in our daily travel from the last of

of this picture,

..,,

.-

year in the "pen."

"lie

however,

had net detracted

own

In
In

similar requests.

hanges,

ntoi
in

churi-h hull

make

t"

glance hack over this

derful

trip.

id

were sure

As

10?

and families near our camps

are

towns

scarlet

land-cape that
relief

-.

the

h ith the

adobe boust
the

naked

most unexpected plao

if

a!T"rded

peppers and by

were cot

it

h\
a

few

-,

fruit

and

THE AMEBIC AS MCSEUM JOUBNAL

108

cottonwood
pass

might

almosl

the Frijoles Cation near Santa Fe.

unnoticed, or be thought

merely

still

trees,

they

part of the adjacenl

mind one

of scenes

They

cliff.

re-

Palestine and

in

ladders,

the solitary shepherd surrounded by his

going

to

water jug, serves

the stream with

enhance the

in

cliff,

Ruined

her

with

where

me

age failed

sheep on the bare hillside, or the old

woman

the

seem

ico,

oddly

situated in the

English

thai

seldom

most

Bnd

to

is

selected

vailing

things in view.

in

convinced

The

Indian

for

often

so

of

him

mesas.

for

since

much more

strikingly

way

pic-

were

turesque, while

to

the Indian wo-

From

men

called

are

like
i

birds of bright-

colored

mage
of

dIu-

.,,]

an. lent inuian guar

el

finished
|

small to have been used

on

trasts with the taste in

into

garb shown by

woman, who

is

usually

in somber black with a shawl of

same color throw n out her head.

One's imagination tries

old

life

of these

Indian

to

picture the

women when

they occupied the TOWS Of cave- or ihe

cliff

brought
spots.

these

is

place

the

we

Pais."
eled

too

trav-

miles

tor

through theAn-

dwellings which line the walls of

stupendous

one >idc and the black

<in

the

but

row rocky canon wit

Their

Mexican

this

also

gostura. a nar-

nih the ladders with jars of

painted pottery on their head.-.

elad

inside,

dwelling

love of hrilliant hues in their dress con-

the

in

we

"Point of Mai

hanging ledge high up in tlie cliff, is not so easy of

access as it would appear from the picture.
In fact,
I almost gave up trying to
h it across the steep face

door-

their

ways or

n||

ne

this.

i'

me

as
ln

sur-

grateful to

fee]

inac-

cessible

his

rounding's.

perched on the
tops

beautj

the

of

;ir

that

he had an eye

ever,

,|

am

one

for

(-en-

ters.

are

place

withmanyother

every-

where except

his

dwelling

pre-

the larger

may have

dian

Mexican

language

so while the In-

these tew as,

in

pictur-

esque localities

spoken

the

which

great part at least to be

in

newcomer

the

cour-

New Mex-

northwestern

It strikes

sion.

my

reached the top.

villages, the search for

led ns all over

illu-

three long shaky

its

confess that

ere

chamber high

see that ceremonial

tip in

other,

the

to

beautiful

found

emerge

sheltered

stone

ill's

evening

meadow where we

rincon

near

We camped
a

bridge of great

in a

natural sand-

beauty.

Oppo-

across the valley, was another won-

derful
great

at

How

spring of water and luscious

grass for the horses.

site,

lava

rock

Eormation

cathedral.

resembling

As the sun sank

he-

CAMP LIFE

IN

NEW MEXICO

109

hind this rock we vowed thai we would

rested a day while the sun shone, to dry

charming

eur belongings ami take advantage of

again
spot

return

our

;it

next

enjoy

to

we were

'l.-n

this

Before noon of the

leisure.

the ruin on the

at

mesa overlooking

high

valley

this

all

land and the black lava country beyond.

This was

the hath-.

gion

an

at

thousand

in

elevati

Now

feet.

forested

if

re

neai

hadn't

ii

for the kindness of heart of the

who decided

head of

we

In the sides of the rock were little cliff

the expedition,

houses where the guard

for the crops

another daj for the benefit of the horses,

olden

possibly he would net have lost himself

was

posted

in

were loath

to

ilniil.i

ii"

We

up the

mi

ride

ran.

horsi back

another even more

to

situated

ruin,

stream of wain-

from

ueh

That

leave.

memorable

evening we had

little

those

where

came tumbling down the hillside.

was 'lark when we galloped back
camp, where

roaring

to light

was

Ii

in

been

had

Bre

It

into

we

think, that

came one evening near the Indian

Santa Ana, and

We

had passed through the more

tered

wooded section of

vil-

was raining.

it

that

pan

shel-

of the

country to the sandy waste-

Santa Ana. hoping

into the

The

river had

we were obliged

rain

was

turn back

to

shall

The

-lleller.

hastily

m
a

"Hi-

the

Were

ami after

hill,

made over

the

bOX,

We

age

From
again

wagon

thi- time ""

camp.

site

bi

madlv dov

re

behind

li

locate

t"

lie

plorer

definiteh

on the mesa oppothus, in spite

dei ided

was again

of

He

results.

sull

rain -for

in

gain

would

he

the clouds ami

adi< at ion

ham

es

an
if

exhe

Idered

;1

knapsack soon after breakfasl and

When

forth.

it

began

did

the

pleasing

so

'la\

ness "f
rain

The

come.

not

in

is

hi

set

to rain later on,

we thought he would surely return.

situation

of

He
oui

the sunshine of

before, now had

all

cold,

that dreari-

drizzling

ami wel soggj ground can produi

to the tent

by

The

lantern,

ami

e.

tried

while

iway

da

ami

darl

we found

therefore

of the fact that the -mi

riously

alarmed, especially

as

that the footbridge across tin

had been washed away by the

rising

the hot

sulphur water bubbles joyously

tear-

the ruin- said t"

our experiem

Aztec,

that

take thi- occasion

until

we remain the ad-

for the sake of the horses

'la\

ami

wasted

when

at

truly

ditional

thir-

expedition

the

of

after deciding that

sewed.

somewhat checkered. At Jemez S

a

warm

beds

sorry time. ith

ami onli
shelter of the

old,

pony,

saddle

was Friday, the

teenththe leader

camp,
"I-

-ami
fee

horses had

The

and then

llttll

up on

set

none

torrents,

it

gale,

the bitter

in

little

morningit

ful

to

on forget that experiem

wind blowing

for the

We

after crossing part way.

our

Daisy, would not have bei "me lamed n

some mysterious manner. On that fate-

ing

n ris

mesa

tlie

perhaps

to cross the stream

procure

to

to\i o

top of

stai

concluded that good time must not he

our return.

Ictober,

<

spring

.hi

ami

that

from

anon, we

current.

Visions

sorts of calamities

which

arose
i

of

:I

}\

If I

I |

-la

THE

AMi:i:H'AN MCSKl'M Jol/LXAL

seemed
pull,

bank near a Mexican house.

Soon he was in camp, reciting adven-

tain, too;

opposite

tures of

pass gone rong because

of water in

of

it.

a lost

trail,

and. after

wandering through the day

and into the night, an uncomfortable
continual

makes one

IVir-vl

time passed

lln

in

memory

an adobe hut trying to

of this disaster,

and

it

was

not until we were ready to resume our

travels

and found poor Daisy disabled

to wonder if our good

that

we began

lucls

had

the

left us.

rocky

road

'['hero

and while

has intimated, yet

such as
It

it.

as

thai

some

must admit that

footgear by tins time was not

to

was

could

will noi sa\

walked barefooted over

my worn

they

all

was snow on this moun-

much

ield

protection.

not nianv days before

we were

dodge leak..- in the broken roof.

Hot baths and sunshine soon effaced
the

have about

to

the "padron" had been sighted on the

But the walking over

was not Had and we

trudged gaily onward. Of course there

was the wagon, but the horses always

obliged to leave the lamed pony along

the

way with

driver's, since

Mexican friend of the

from lack of proper

combined with having

tention,

at-

to travel

every day. her injury had grown worse

instead of better.

the

kingbolt

of

As
the

linal

disaster,

wagon broke

off

deep gully

short as

we were crossing

one da]

with no blacksmith shop inside

of thirty miles.
Having by this time
grown somewhat philosophical, W'e sat

for.-sTcd
i

is

vi

times were our stopping places

gyps;

it.

It

;tt

Arroya Hunga near Santa Fe\ elevaarbors which somezesl to the freedom of the

which gives

life

Tli.-

hark wall

of this

ilding,

cliff in which may be traced rows of holes

rooms whose walls appear in the foreground. Although this
room to a third story ma> also be seen. The larger open-

ruined pueblo was formed by a

chiseled out for the ceiling timbers of the

indications

oi"

a lom-

tection

r*'jfiii

the rock shelters or green covered

rariety of experience

is

for grauari*'-

I...

position

and

pro-

from rain
113

THE

LI/ Kill ('.

I.

MUSEUM JOURNAL

dampen

calmly down by the roadside and waited

ters,

while a messenger returned to the set-

thusiasm of those who love the gypsy

tlement we had last passed through and

life

borrowed a new bolster

joy in rising at five o'clock on a sum-

In a way this

for the

wagon.

accident was provi-

last

dential, for the fact that the bolster

had

either to be returned within a certain

time or paid

tended to hasten on

for,

In about two weeks

the expedition.

left

Jemez Springs,

Aztec,

having walked

from the day we

we arrived

at

wisli

can only say that

any one who thinks

this,

might be

down on a certain piece of road over

which we traveled after leaving Jemez
Springs. Twice we unloaded the wagon
set

and transported the goods piecemeal,

before

we reached

track.

It

comparatively good

took considerable imagina-

tion to call those stretches of rocky hillside

and gully roads, and although

was possible

wagon

to

gel

think

an

scarcely have

Even

made

difficult

over them with

it

automobile could
the trip.

experiences and disas-

camp equipment

find real

to eat a breakfast that

into the

wagon, we are

walking perhaps ten or

seven,

at

off

twelve miles before the noon halt

The sun may be

made.

We

prairie schooner.

We

freedom.

would astonish the jaded appetite of

New Yorker. Then, hustling the

thing over two hundred miles.

automobile on these trips instead of a

all its

the en-

is

has been suggested that we use an

with

mer's morning

nearly every step of the distance, some-

It

however, cannot

so

invigorating that

is

hot, but the air

it

matters not.

am

reach a ruin where, perhaps, I

seized with a desire to probe into the

refuse heap for buried treasures, while

the archaeologist

taking his measure-

is

One forenoon

ments and pictures.

unearthed
this

seven

way, before

expedition to

But no!

impossible to

charm

of

it

pieces

pottery

I
in

was necessary for the

move

am

of

on.

sure that

make any one

an existence

merely telling about

it.

it

is

quite

realize the

like

by

this,

One must

be

there and do things and get the "feel of

the country" into his blood,

and then,

unless he be tied too firmly to life's conventionalities, he will return again

and

yet again.

In the high altitudes of the Southwest we always had a camp fire, even on a summer's evening, hut
desert regions firewood is not to be had.
Often very weird and wonderful were the stories told by
row hoy, trapper, and treasure hunter, as they visited with us about the fire at night

in

REPRODUCTIONS IN DUOTONE OF PHOTOGRAPHS

FROM THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
BY HERBERT

J.

SPINDEN AND EDWARD

MOSA, A
The Mohave
,

ill.-

Iv

r.ii-ii.L-

.1.-

inlialril

rated a desert, the

of corn.

The

the arts than the Pitebln an

physique

iolorado in thai regi

pie painl
I

Piman

lik.-

mnd and

rrih

an infere

th

ire

ol

the

Egyptian

themselves with
is.

CURTIS

MOHAVE WOMAN

the verj hoi lands Along the lower course

<

S.

ta
I

Although their roiintrj

Nile, has -:!

baths.

Although

li

.-

I..t
'i

,,,

the

VASH GON,

JICARILLA

Colorado, and were in touch with toe

,., base of the Sangre de Crista Mountains of
as with the more civilized peoples of the
,,,,,;,, tribes of the Greal Plains as well
..I
the Bio Grande in the northern
live on a reservation to the wesl

authwest.
nrl of

Today they

New Mexico

From

CANON DEL MUERTO.

reddish sandstone, takes
to

Its

name from

liiv

dwel

be reproduced in the Nai aha gro'

American Museum

of Natural HI toi

the eopyriqhl, i pi

id

THE NAVAHO COUNTRY OF NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA

IN

^flaffrr

The Meaning

WEEN,

on some dark, over-

cast

night in late Septem-

ber,

there

come

to the ear

rhead sundry piping or chirpnotes,

ing

i-

ii

auditory

as

certain

easj

holding

them

together

migrating birds on

of

(locks

recognize

to

signals

But

their annual journey to the South.

of these migrants, while re-

when one
turning

on

summer home,

ns

to

perches

twig ami. with head thrown back

ami throat vibrating, pours out

dt'

orderlj

utterance

that

net so apparent.

is

new

i-

It

-in

a scries

inn,-, the significance of the

the

opinion

well-settled

utterances do net find their

Ii

primary stimulus

courtship ami mat-

in

Darwin's theory that the choice of

mate en the part of the female is an
ing.

important

song

factor

development

in

by

discredited

of

Herberl

Spencer,

St.

George Mivart, August Weismann, and

i> new
discarded by virtu-

others, ami
ally

the leading students of evolu-

all

tion.

It

songs,
in

with

i-

plumage

like

uierel\

;ui

human

seldom,

displays, are used

beings,

ever, the

if

over, even on

ami

it

is

probably

i>

determining factor
a

male.

More-

ami

easily

their superior qualities by

inheritance mere frequently than Bingef a

lower grade,

from gifted ancestors,

thus

gradually

the
ti

mean- ef progress,

important part
f

musically,

111

it

is

view ef

played by acquisi-

song by imitation

in

musical

"campaninis," which

a-

purpose ami

for this special

are kept

prices.

Wild birds similarly improve their singing

imitation of better singers of

l>\

own

their

species,

as

which have come

tion

evidenced by

is

examples of such imita-

direct

several

Furthermore,

birds

and

sing;

able that

m\

to

attention.

personal

few

female

seems most prob-

it

they possessed sufficiently

if

discriminative ear- to appreciate and

seled

the

males,

they

finest

singers

among

the

would themselves become

singers.

Hut

Darwin's theory of sexual

if

lection

se-

inadequate to account for

he

the development of bird song Erom the

unmusical ejaculations to the

original

present melodies, what

development
natural answer

among

tion

causes

is

birds

have

that

the true cause

is

The simple and

that

musical evolu-

due

is

the same

to

produced

musical

man. especially as the results of the two streams of evolution

-how marked resemblam es
evolt

It

to

is

in

customary,

at

the present time.

deprecate any interpretation of ani-

mal behavior
vior

in

terms of

to attempt to explain

human

beha-

actions of

all

the lower animal- on the basis of differ-

the

the chief

race

known

singers

ef musical qualities would prove to be

the

of

by associat-

but

which often command very high

ed
dm

if

well

is

It

powers

ing the birds with unrelated superior

such progenia! transmission

improving
doubtful

birds.

singing

the

that

canaries are not produced by breeding

Darwin's assumption that

the finest singers mate

-e transmit

but such

incidental one, a-

in the female'- choice of

ers

improvement among

known

of course, undeniable that

i-.

connection with courtship

use

OLD TS

the male ha- been sufficiently

in

Music

of Bird

H EN H Y

By

psychical processes from

ing

similar actions on

human

species.

the

pan

of

This attitude ex-

presses the natural reaction against the

popular tendency to overhumanize the

lower animal-.

Unscientific

<

123

THE AMERICAN MTSECM JOlllXAL

124

simie

the behavior of

for

beings

would produce such behavior

selves

but

animate

all

same mental causes that

the

scientific

in

them-

minds, in combat-

ing this error, transgress equally in the

opposite

Such reactions
Thus the constant

direction.

generally go too far.

use of consecutive fifths and octaves for

centuries in the earlier stages

several

modern music has

of our

led to a rabid

proscription of such harmonic progres-

and a

sions;

later overindulgence in the

An

things paralleling ourselves.

expla-

nation of these attributes on any basis

that of musical

but

appreciation

(by

which human attributes of the same

kind are explained) would be most
complicated,
far-fetched,
and altogether unsatisfactory.

The

rule adopted

by investigators of the psychology of

the lower animals

is

never to accept an

explanation based on higher psychical

processes

when one based on lower

psychical

processes

may

be made.

chord of the diminished seventh has

useful rule; but

brought that attractive and serviceable

combination of tones into almost equal

phosed into a rule never to accept a

simple, direct explanation

when

disrepute. Hence, the complete humanizing of the animal world by ignorance

complicated, indirect one

may

to the

lias led

of

complete dehumanizing

by learning.

it

It

reverse

the

is

swing of the pendulum.

of

governed

As with man,

physiological

likenesses between ourselves and these

velopment

fellow creatures of a lower evolutionary

ranges

stage, science

emphasizes the physiologi-

and

differences

cal

be as-

seem

to
be
(and per-

derived

this

more

of the interpreta-

psychologists

by

metamor-

easily

nicious) rule.

many

Disregarding the

is

And many

sumed.
tions

it

makes them the

basis for an almost totally different psy-

method of arriving at results.

in the human mind instinct

so with birds, the de-

musical

of

from zero

appreciation

maximum.

the

to

While the impulse to express emotion

vocally

is

common

to

many

creatures,

such expression in musical form

comparatively few.

is

lim-

The dog

chological

ited

Yet, as

barks his joy, the bull roars his de-

to

mingles with reason, so in the animal

fiance,

mind

hog grunts

reason

mingles

with

instinct.

we are confronted with two mu-

When

evolutions paralleling each other

sical

remarkably, the most rational supposition

is

their

in

their

birds display evidence of

proneness to sing freely

to be

when

mute when unhappy

seeming interest in the

performances of more accomplished
ami
an
apparent desire to acsingers,
quire phrases and tones that excel their
;

they exhibit

value

tonality,

lated

character

scribed as music.

So, too,

can

by

among

no

birds

an eagle, the squawk of a parrot, cannot

The

happy and
they show

flic

satisfaction, but utter-

the rattle of a kingfisher, the scream of

causes.

own

its

this

sustaining

and

enjoyment of their songs: they mania

of

legitimate stretching of the term be de-

that such evolutions are alike in

origin

fest

ances

the cat purrs her content, the

of

much knowledge

and even of sequence of

musical

of

rhythm, of melody, of
phrases;

in

all

re-

these

lie

classed

Nor

is

as

musical

performances.

there any physiological line of

demarcation between musical and nonmusical birds.

The crow and

grackle,

although properly classed structurally

with the Oscines, or singing birds, are
lacking in
the

musical expression

while

wood pewee, dove, bobwhite, and

others beyond the pale physiologically,

express themselves musically, the

pewee taking high

gard.

rank

in

wood

this

re-

THE MEANING OF BIRD MUSIC

Even

tlif

common barnyard

occasionally express his exubi

melody, as

true

ings in

with which
the

greet

on

change from piano to

foi

distincl touch of brilliai

paean

this

Maryland cock
November morn-

heard

da'fl

in

cock will
i

ing:

not,

extract

might be thought, an

ii-

from the note

Mo

of

rt,

Mendelssohn, bul an

from

thi

which the

in

was

gamut

ington A\ iarj

accomplish^

and

in

i-i

iiics

'

si ri<

Many

ime.

may

that

The

properly

of

be

classed as melodists hold their title by

very

The

grip.

slight

lis

buzzing songs of mosl species of war-

four

wen

notes

that

or
to pitch

in

quality of tone

was exactly that

of

The attendants

whistle.

on-

Mon-

given

Worth-

in the

Shav nee

al

Pennsylvania,

unblurred by any portam

steps,
slur,

fina

thrush

heard

and

human

the

al

the aviary

had picked up the bird's phrases, and

during my three days there
could
I

the

blers,

hi

renl

never

purple Snch, goldfinch, warb]

junco,

and like singers,

-

nf nuthatch and

bird

the

the indeterminate notes of ho

ances,

musical

I-

although often

an

atteudanl

ese

in his

perform-

was responsible

Jar rendering of them

to

Like the
was,

w<

rare

or

happened

hipping sparrow, and

withoul inquiry whether the

tell

twittering

tin

swallows,

of

the

rue

si

imu
while
ti"l|-

ili>'
ill

thrush avoided

ii

king

in

mel-

man

and enjoj'ed by

dick

.III

la<

differenl

monol

thi

sometimes n

mes,

dif-

His

appears

ith

themes.

ingenious use of the second

the song

issi

lie

varying his utterances, sometimes with

ileas

al in h

that

ear, are al

hi

in

the

following notations of some of the com-

i:'.

binations:

long to speech, rather than song.

(

In tin-

he avian

other

melodists are entitled t" high

musicians, even

hen

musical standan

'>

ductions, although brief, excel in me-

primitive

hm

few are

attracwliiih

theme

in

with

J:-^-;!^;ll

prominent

pari

in

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

126

have given of the bird's music was

him and was

favorite with

freely used,

he had several other phrases in which

The following one

did not appear.

it

will be sufficient to indicate the

rest of his

character of the

general

music:

PEe=
be apparent to any musician,

will

It

however humble

of

the music

rank-, thai

here written (and

an exact tran-

is

it

comparable

perfectly

is

music of
not only

own

our

to

twentieth century

this

and

the use of the same scale.

in

These

hut in rhythm, melodiousness, and har-

songs

three

disclose

strong

harmony as well as for

The alternation of tonic and
dominant harmony in the first is very
feeling

scription of the notes sung by the bird

for

melody.

modulation

effective, while the pleasant

to

E minor

second

in the

quite satis-

is

Particular praise must, how-

fying.

monious balancing of phrases. Careful

examination will disclose several ef-

ever,

fective touches, such as the use.

which presents an attractive, sprightly,

and well-developed theme.

ie

of the combinations given above, of the

Hut
before the following P's.

Ek\

The

rock thrush

Europe,

from

and,

my own

if

is

found

may

mean

in

southern

safely

judge

experience with this one

individual bird and from the rank ac-

corded the species by some observers of

it

in its wild state.

is

of

all

dious

should say that

it

is

it

in

generally handled by a

seems

Its chief rival

proper

its

way

in

which

Personally

have

little

knowledge of

in

that

indicated the high musical char-

able,

have

secured

in

melody and arrangement of

themes surpass all other avian music

come

to

my

attention,

and we

have other species that take high musi-

member

The song sparrows furnish

of the woodland chorus with

different

these

satisfying.

Some

song for each.

themes

song-sparrow

Here

northern Ohio

last

is

one

are

of

very

heard in

spring:

collections

native wilds.

its

four-phrase

several

own thrushes which

however, to reproduce three

blackbird songs of
musically,

melodies enough to equip nearly every

some

am

examples of good music

songs from our

the

have noted one or two utterances from

acter of the bird in

not necessary to cross the

to obtain

cal rank.
lie

singing of the blackbird, although I

American zoological

song,

careless
to

European blackbird (Merula merula).

tin"

is

third

from birds; our own land is the home

of some of the best of avian musicians.

that has

term

the

sense and not in the loose

public.

it

the

to

beauty of

European birds the most melo-

using

accorded

lie

which

Sevres, France,

very choice quality

were
I'vw

recorded

at

years ago by an

This, although simple,

accomplished musician ami lecturer on

human musician need

music, Mrs. Amelia von

borrow

Ende:

is

a very pleas-

ing and melodious phrase, one that no

for

lie

incorporation

ashamed to
into some

THE MEANING OF BIRD

Ami

of suggesl ive themes for

full

prising musii ian n ho

man

that

to the fact

dv.

ne,

those

awakens

of the

songs aboul birds

song

in

boo! of

eounl for this

phenomenon

lates.

of ehani

themes
ii

redible as thai

in.

More remarkable than the union of

related phrases in sequem e b] one bird

articulate

performances, occasionally to
with,

which

in

two

two

separate birds.

The meadow

half of the

meadow

States

From

forty

lark duets thai

by two birds on

my own

to

human

form

To

assun

lasi

March:

e su<

]
i

eturn to the long-

"

in,

musical

mere

Th
lard-

songs -f whose
are

the]

This

is

the

coi

simp
of

interpretation
:

reliev-

remains only the

re

sing

beaut]

appreciative.

matter

the

pi

purpose of

absolute darkness mi moon-

thai

irded as
for the

nights.

idea

which

under

attitude

light, created

less

place

as

is

unconscious instruments

the

abandoned

ing

here reproduo

as to pro-

performances as man alone can appre-

especiall] prone

ire

such

am

Thai

should so combine

ii

sounds as

larks of

CTnited

to sing duets of this kind.

have noted

birds

ac-

degree

of a higher power mad.' to produi

related

thai

theorj

accidentally

accidentally.

speech

b]

immense.

human music

duce

beautiful.

phrases are sung antiphonally bj

is

To

us.

combine notes

bird should so

re-

to

coincidence requires

of credulity thai

songs are very

these

of

pleasing

same way

the

precisely

appeals

which

i"

Some

make them

to

in

ears

human music

of

man

in

Melody, rhythm, harmony, and tonalitj

which the melod]

made up

i-

is

to

arc

thai

taste

and

material,

oi

conform

that

musical

bj

of

principles

onsl ructive

combine

fra-

ternity recently had his eyes opened to

of his discovery

127

construction

developed

monopoh

has no
least,

al

Ml SIC

the

musical compositions

woods and

say here thai our

let nn'

fields are

govern

of his own.

more elaborate composition

ami

if

the

we are brave enough

to

disregard thai bugbear of the average

the

first

bird

sa] ing,

"1

love to

"So

and an-

of bird

rd

song?

uttering

V7e find

musical

some of tho
and

phrases

their

construction

by

ia

music, the difference being mi- of de-

We ma]

of kind

prehend the

full

philosophii

nol
a'

om-

signifi-

cance "f mir own musical emotion, bul

we ma]
thai

safel]

whatever
nail]

sequences of phrases thai are

in

apprei

intelligeni

gree,

music

we i" conclude as to the meanbirds

understand that birds share with

swer would not be more marked.

From such examples

-hall

we

anthropomorphism,

igist,

Were

sing," ami the second rejoining,

the

meaning

resi

lighl

in

the assumption

' %

have

in this re-

illumines and mal

"f bird

11

Some

Birds of the Yellowstone

M

WK

wrong imthe number

often gain a

pression as to

bows

toward you, then turns and

first

repeats his curt-

ite

rds within rello

Park, thinking them few

Eound i" be very bird-

populous anywhere

birds,

farms and

the

other

reason

birds are few

city,

however,

An-

always readj
force of

in the

more seeming than

is

and ninetyd.

Lei

brooks

and

the bird-lover

out

l'<>

early

ush-lined

To

will find

The

cultivated

is

way of

grains, fruits, and

dwelling

rapid

Usually the

the

one that

small and

i-

almost black, flying along close to the

:

on

stream.

He

so

i<>

alight

unconcernedly

paddles

ashore,

that

is

it

at

webbed.

He

is

construction
the dainty

per," ot "water ouzel,"

i

still

<>f

and

little

not

"dip-

the mountain

watch him, he does

more curious stunts

for a few moments, only his
lid moving; then comes to life,
1

Both birds

mud. and

the

in

The

ball

soon

seeds are sure

resembles

of luxu-

to

shed the

to

The brainy little architect waits

the June fresh
a

nest

dated earlier.

which
He

might be inun-

really

seems to wait.

mates early, after having sung

his dainty little

i

so

small

over, or bottli

after

building

lie

a tuft

Ig

The entrance
!

the rush-

moss green, and

iss

ball

nesi

riant grasses.

until

will not be-

and sprout there,

on the

the

that

for

is

The spray from

thi

to lodge

lined with

the inner nesi const]

ing water keeps the

during

ball

with a

rock

waterproof grass that

fine,

aed in a

notch

or

crevice

placed

tl

culiar kind of

spray.
sserine

nesi

building the nesi

with opening downward,

wren,

is a

have

rock in mid-

directly above

scrutiny shows

oddity t" resemble

and

the opening dew nstream.

slippery rock, slide- off into the

water,

and clim
tlii-

tries

waterfall

and the

selected

is

den.

bird noticed in the

first

place,

Usually

water.

stream

it

hers by

>a<

cement of mud.
tion; there never arc

dipper,

never found the nest anywhere

rd

be sure, there will

to

the true scenic parts.

ai

through the meadows, and he

birds in plenty.

real

large numbers,

one hundred

the

is

and wing, but he picks out

bill

favorite

Scar-

nt

that the

fact

during the heal

bin

tin'

iiuit

section of stream, u hi

ii

thai

lies

ravels

day when

ii

..a

villages.

the

comes shooting up

finally

alone with his family on

In-

conclusion

for

tn the sui

Foi

stopping here and there for

-ni travel

half-domesticated

the

not

where the

is

cot

frightens the birds awaj

shy

ad across the

moment, and

and,

park< the heavy timber

direc-

the wa-

undi

iir.

song since Christmas.

>ne of the strangest

thai this tiny bird

facts in

is a

winter songster.
129

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

He

his notes

park, however, notably in the Yellow-

often

stone and Gardiner canons, the osprey

the depths of a wintry

has found the pinnacles of out-jutting

world, when his song rings out above

rock adapted to his purpose, and builds

the Doise of such rapid waters as are

Ins

nrst

open

tin'

delight of thousands of visitors

not just a

is

mere chirper,

are varied and unusually sweet,

he

heard

is

in

January.
Barely has one crossed the northern
in

boundary

Yellowstone

of

fore the driver points out

ami

young

their

raise

there.

are so scarce, however, as to be

whereas the ospreys are

seen,

can look down upon the family.

in the

fall

pairing

As

same birds return

rule the

given nest year after year.

him

One who

and studied the osprey,

a far

nobler bird than either

The golden

of the eagles.

eagle

is

and usually captures bis own

prey, but the osprey will touch nothing
fine bird

own

hut fresh fish of his

national bird,

is a

robber and

He watches

feeder.

The

catching.

unfortunately chosen our

bald eagle,

when

osprey, and

carrion-

the more expert

the trout has been

secured, he torments the smaller bird

until

drops the

it

Then with an
eagle swoops down

fish.

exultant scream, the

and

catches

up

Often the bald eagle

in

unlawful

bis
is

ignobly caught

coyote trap set near

The osprey
cleanly

is

far

bis habits

in

models

are the

id'

prey.

dead

different

and

his

elk.

bird,

young

deportment among

The
111

fir.

or

original nesting site of ospreys

Yellowstone was the

more

being
there
nests.

do not believe that

I
it

a rule to relieve her,

hut he does do the hunting and

conscientious

in

mother remains on the nest to shield

them from the sun with her half-opened

When

wings.
fish,

the father brings in a

from which

lie

has

that

hurly-burly

row.

orderly

get the fish,

of

stands on the

father

In

man's wrist

Yellowstone

Lake

hundreds of these

various other parts of the

them

Sometimes the

each nestling in turn.

male, letting her do

diameter was deposited, at

as large as a

which he

few seconds and then gives some to

in

About

of

an

without any attempt to

trout, tears off half-inch bits

directly

literally

in

gives to the mother, she "chew-"'

great mass of sticks six feet

tlSed.

none of

sit

perhaps within three inches

The

them.

is

characteristic

so

The youngsters

other birds.

removed

first

the head and entrails, there

are

very

when the sun is

warm, the female gets away from the
nest for a short time. The two or three
young are hatched so fender that the

feeding

a stick

is

seeing that she gets her

Occasionally

share.

tip of a pine 0T

where

times

makes

male turns the catch over

birds.

to a

After the

eggs are laid, the mother broods them

for four weeks.

finds

have

return from the South.

first

the male

lowstone Lake and Cafion.

so.

and May, however,

April

in

when they

conspicuous along every large stream.

are found by hundreds about Yel-

may do

they

repeatedly seen them rebuilding and re-

They

has watched

who
can-

ports that the ospreys repair their nests

but

Eagles, both golden and bald,

rarely

there, to

not confirm other writers in their re-

it,

are resident in Yellowstone, build their

They

young

be-

Park,

the birds nesting there are actually os-

nests

raises his

Eagle Nesl

Rock, and the "eagle's" nest on

preys.

and

all

to

the fe-

the tearing and

and he occasionally feeds

hit

Not only at
feeding time do the young ospreys show
to

youngster.

their training.
a

warning note

Let an enemy appear,

is

sounded by

usually the mother, and the

stantlv

throw themselves

parent,

young

fiat

in-

on the

SOME BIRDS OF THE YELLOWSTONE

and remain there mo-

floor of the nest

Should one
like

is

lump

of

l"'

semblance of

perhaps

well,"

's

him back

bluebird

indeed

blue,

to the

of

beau-

is

blue instead of the chestnul of the east-

This bird

ern bird.

no! quite so do-

i-

mesticated as the better know

Km

others

much

ise i-

buildings

sj

is,

About

the same.

Yellowstone

the

in

the bluebird uests as fearlessly as about

an

farm;

eastern

scarce,

buildings

bui

attuned

and many bluebirds

are

follow

still

nor

appreciate

to

nounces his presem

e.

and

neat

atl rai

ia!uli!\

This

respect.

and

ive,

conditions

to

his read}

seems more abun

spei ies

Mammoth Hot

dant

aboul

than

anywhere

sight

to

see

band

scout

ill"

is

pair hunting a

he goes ahead and

iii

pecker hole
wife,

ii"

in

The hus-

May.

earlj

an old w

1-

Then he brings

it.

his

doubt telling her how superior

the tree

is

to all

other trees, and the

hoods, and perh

kitchen

the

draw-

scraps,

looking the opening, the

sudden swoop, robs

but

immediately

over which he

is

hunts
just

A sudden

cone.

that the

front,

in

tree,

and the

final.

Should

another

and that enemj

it

at

alive.

the bairns arrive,

Foi

noted

to

am

sure that

attempt

time,

is

do be-

to

back
in

in

should not dare

a translation of the

Impudent

and freebooter

rascal

happy

as

when

fight

thai

never quite so

going

is

even suspect him

other birds.
tie

One

mountain bluebirds
Tlie\

tercation.

gol

were hard

da
into an alat

the nutcrackers began to arrivi

1

lieu

is

m caterpillars caught
hungn nestful.

to give

remarks.

while

all

enemy;

his

at

nol slow

is

general, and of thai squirrel

they are the busiest parents

Ya-t. indeed,

satisfy that

a
hi

Ee sneaks

unfavorable opinion of squirrels

In-

tree

he cheers her on with his gentle love

bustle

well

can best him.

as enthusiastic.

->

'

the

back into some protecting cranny and

olic

believe that she places most of

When

^'n-<\

hi

fellow,

and robber; bu1

thief

tout

if

pine squirrel, him-

the

impudent

an

is

then proceeds to enliven the woods by

set

-on;:.

Now

."-round.
self,

dive and the nutcracker

perhaps before

it,

be knocked

he

if

sure to drop the

almosi

is

the vituperation he hurls

Should the answei

"Yes," they both
to work to collect materials, bul
]

he

squirrel of

may

'The squirrel

In- cone.

lar.

makes up her mind it is

n be "No," the husbat

thi

birds

Sometimes the nutcracker, by

there
swift,

has

the

neighbor-

minutes

for a few

Springs

presumably

else;

large supply of pine cones, as well as

tention to

aing water in the near brook.

She hovers

is

adap-

win our

should

footing

an-

uniform of

[is

from his perch, but even

is

rolling

he

u uli flashes of bla< b and white

the trunk of a quaking asp.

li

the

which

with

their old-time plan of building a nest in

pretty

him!

musical

"c-crack-k-k-k"

graj
is

even the breasl

soft,

about

perhaps our ears are not properly

In ing bird.

The mountain

nothing

gentle,

But

the warning, will bring

tiful

nu1

nor

given until an hour or more after

not

cracker, or Clark'- crow

the

is

Nothing but the

"All

of

bed up, he

i:il

other extreme

the

putty and can be

placed in any posture.

parent's cry

pii

At

me

into

stunned

b
a

wire

himself.

fence

it.

when

.eded that

and

he

partially

Nor does the nut-

cracker always confine hi- attei

THE AMERICAS MUSEUM JOURS A

Mobbing hawks seems to
the hawk

small birds.
be
is

amusement.

favorite

But

it

make

February

intensely

nights are
still

lies

deep every-

than makes up

about

waterfowl.
that

snow.

"wild."

Frequently the eggs

are

laid

February and

'lays of

lasi

brooding begins immediately.

thermometer was below

have

when

seen the mother on the nest

the

and

zero,

at

May

the Rocky

beloved

of

known

as the

first,

before most

Mountain jay

"camp

that

is

This bird,

camper.

the

robber," although

he scavenges rather than robs,

related to the nutcracker.

is

He

closely-

bears

superficial resemblance to that bird,

is

but

smaller, of a gray color without the

black and white markings of the other,

and

his calls are different.

robber"

is

The "camp

bold and fearless without the

impudent, noisy ways and pugnacious

proclivities of the nutcracker.

he

is

At camp

always about, always getting into

and always trying

trouble,

to share the

He

camper's good things with him.

claims his share, perhaps because he

socialistic

and

If the

is

camper
camper

scarce food

appeal

in

is

is,

getting,

and end

his

the most coaxing, wheedling

tones imaginable. Hard-hearted, indeed,

he who can resist this daring

beggar.

lie

knows no

fear.

is

little

not any more

protected

absolutely

and how soon they

when

how shy
the\

ar-

lose their wild-

and adopt Yellowstone ways. The

mallards are to be found on or near

most of the ponds and smaller

usually with a half dozen fuzzy

lakes,
little

ducklings following the mother about

Although the little chaps

are expert hiders and dodgers, there is
no doubt that the fierce duck hawk and
the large owls get a good many.
On

everywhere.

land they are subject to attack by wolf,

and a whole host of

bobcat,

coyote,

smaller fur-bearing animals.

the water there

Even

an enemy.

is

in

was

riding past a pond and noticed a brood

of

duck-lings

swimming.

They were

sunning themselves, and occasionally

chasing a venturesome bug across the
Apparently they were care-

surface.

and

free

safe.

Suddenly the mother

sounded a note of alarm and made for

the farther shore with the whole brood

How

Soon a muskrat appeared

rapidly toward

they did

swim

Not

the ducks.
fast enough,

although they used their stubby

wings
rat

to help

them

along.

little

The musk-

was almost upon the duckling in

the rear,

when

the

mother saw the dan-

lie

ger and in an instant was there scoop-

not safe to take a

ing wafer with her wings into the rat's

into
It is

is

the migrating ducks are

swimming

how

often hard to believe

It is interesting to see

after her.

about

all

cost of living"

is

other

to

places.

how hungry he
how "high the

him

the

is

feeding within a few

This tameness

hard-hearted, or even slow, the jay

will tell
is,

the

believes

should divide his goods.

is

than

ings

flying about by

It is

birds

ducks and larger

the

peculiar to the Yellowstone, to be sure,

birds are out of the nest and

other birds have begun to nest.

is

down

feet of the passing stages are actually

rive,

of

the ducks

raging blizzard.

other times during

It

for

Yellowstone

the

friendliness

not of cedar twigs and

such straws as can be found above the
a

The young

it

watching

Perhaps the most astonishing thing

Yet the nutcrackers mate then

during the

set
is

But he more
the crumbs and

scraps by the companionship he affords.

is

and build

and

the "camp robber"

just such chances.

for

the heighi of winter in the

and the snow

u here.

pot or a pan off the fire

to cool

the nutcracker interesting.

Yellowstone, the
cold,

the better.

breeding habits chiefly

the

is

much

big and clumsy, so

that

everything,

SOME BIRDS OF THE YELLOWSTONE

This

face.

on

se<

enough

delaj

'1

gain and the enemj

e.

that

ried

the
ile

.:

in

Yellowstone Park

love

conditions along the

favorable

rivers

Bui

the hot-spring water.

mosi of them arrive from the Smith

early

the ponds and

April, and then

meadows

flooded

are

The
far up

riot of noise.

"honk-ah-honk" of geese flying

heard neat

stormy morning when the

.

camper

tired

Long Lived

and arc be-

<

spring

'.

Uo

any of the courting song birds

of the

aesi

large

usuallj

site,

some kind, the birds

settle

ill

dow

of

and

attention to important
:-

yond

mound

low

confidence

borh

much

is

Sfa

It is

little

isl

towing

believed

to

nest

pond

ai

regu-

3he were

if

pairs of

within

Yellowstone

when

seen

jusl

I kn.v..

ows.

Eayden

hawk

places like the Peli-

big

hawks

as

tame and

lowstone.
so

the

valleys,

marsh

astonishingly abundani

is

[1

the

mosi attention.

up

into

is

Ee does

the elevated

nor into the timber, bui often he

to

be

is

the

seen as

we

through the lower, warmi

country.

stone Lake are two small

are

Ee is a prettj
skimming the

In the southeastern part of Yellow-

tame, and are an unfailing

hawks are

is

behavior ami devotes his

mice with an occasional frog or

to

"Mollj

dinarily

killing

of

the park he too

in

ops -n lo- w.i\ to and fro across

ride

L ke the mallard
vm-\

Th

only animated thing

string of

u hundred

as

from

elsewhere

bui

color,

black.

sparrow hauls, however, thai

on

lar inter

in

small snake for relish.

chap

aboui him

all

immedial

his

guilty

birds

amus
-

with her

come

time

the

catcher

rodeni

big

almosi

to

hawk

as

Both this hawk and the red-

I.

vary

brown
small

nearly

the open coun-

fearlessly

il\

in

tail

is

and much more

in

so

this

in

thej

thai

Aboui

are laid and the goslings ap-

spei ies

Even
wood warblers have

little

ergs

and

notions

be called abundant.

to

mi nesi building be-

breast.

his

is

numerous, enough

lin
-

damage than

red-tail

mi his good

rounded by water, or

11

This
the

as

qual-

and ardeni as

tion

feel-

the largesi hawk,

is

less

squirrel.

hawks.

of

try

cold,

red-tail

upsets one's preconceived

thai

timid

of us have
ai

tions almosi exclusively to gopher

-round

note; but

-h.il

Geesi

Few

fierce

eastern relative, and confines his atten-

on

arouses other

in

devote

before he car

Here everything

the

for

oes even

geese stay

winter, finding

all

hem

hawks, bui fortunately these arc rare.

The western
Canada

to

say he knows thorn.

much

musi

bird-lover

ime

helps the acquaintance.

yel

had her brood

sh

efo

was get-

and

11

til.

lei

The

ting uncomfortably near.

third

bo

Soon the race

the duckling gain a lead.

as

Or-

hunted and har-

km and

with on

islei

Thej
and gravel

Island."

consisi of sand

the big white pelicans find them

ng place. Thereeveri

suit-

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

134

aboui two hundred pairs of these birds

and

lav their eggs

raise their ungainly,

Molly Island

unlovely offspring.

most

them:

ideal for

arm

long, sheltered

is

it

young birds;

mer

years,

east

the

as

Dakota

advancing

steadily

to

lakes,

as

but

civilization

leader.

leader,

in

stroke,

as

Then

seen that they are fly-

follows a short glide

wings, which

set

the

In for-

nested

birds

these

small group of them

wings stroking in perfect time with the

is

pre-

abound

also the waters

the food of the pelican.

lie

in a

secluded

fish,

If a
will

it

ing in line, each pair of black-tipped

of the lake, ye1

from getting

passes,

is al-

far enough from shore to prevenl

dacious animals

graceful.

if

is

second

the

broken
bird

first

takes

on

by the

up the

and after an interval as accurate

timed, the third one joins

far

to see these

the

best,

has

of the lake.

wonderful

in.

But

flyers at their

one must go to the southern end

At certain periods during

farther west

the day the males relieve their mates

until these little islands are their "far-

on the nest, and then the arriving and

driven them

thest East."

farther and

The

pelicans are expert

fishermen and their search lor prey carries

them

to all

parts of the lake and

even down the Yellowstone River below

From

the lake.

passengers across,
is

the boat that carries

at

least

one pelican

invariably seen and the cry

Swan!"

is

always raised.

so surprising

"Swan!

This

is

not

an error, since the birds

are large and white, and

make very con-

spicuous objects as they move majestically over the water.

are

still

In flight pelicans

more striking

single one flying past

in appearance.
is a

sight to be

noted, so white, so large, so strong and

"Engle" Nest Rock

departing birds are

wheel

anil

precision.

in

squadrons that

maneuver with wonderful

see a flock of a hundred

To

of these great, swift-moving, gleaming-

white birds against an intensely blue

sky

is

the sight of a lifetime.

It is a

picture well calculated to remind us of

and animal- that lias been ours in North America in the recent past
and it can but
interest us greatly in the work beingdone by the United States Government,
the wonderful series of birds

through the National Parks, in preserving parts of our elsewhere-squandered

inheritance.

Horned Dinosaur

Monoclonius, a Cretaceous

THE FIRST COMPLETE SKELETON OF

B A K N T M

l',\

animals have been more

FV.W
Ceratopsia,
cussed than
the

dis-

the

horned dinosaurs, and none has

stimulated

so

imagination of the

the

times.

have long been known,

skulls,

chiefly

omplete skeletons,

mi

American Museum

yet ]nv\ ious to the

expeditions

Canada

into

im-

several

portant parts of the anatomy, such as

the structure of the
the

me

Si.

and length of

feel

the

'!'

leratopsia

others were small, bul

in

were large,
all

the skull

which

are preserved in position.

thi'\

In life this animal was aboul

to

.'iid

ill.'

bulk

eyes and nose,

beak like

a turtle's,

double-rooted teeth, the]

among

acters unique

present char-

rep!

les,

ing or

1\

extinct.

The Ameri an Museum expedition

19]

was fortunate

ton of one of
bers

of

family,

th(

complete

finding a skele-

in

four

all

the end

to

Monoclonius,

details

in all

from the

five

part

found mi Sand

Red

Deer

<

Ira

River,
in

The

hank.

the

rocks of the

Cretaceous age, and gives

time

omy

was

tributary of the

twelve

miles

below

Belly

River

member

view

in

the

scalloped

and

and

I".

feet

is,

in

of

femora and

being chiseled out

in

part

ih,.

in.

of the

relief

from

for

used

It-

was exc

I.

ram

of low

de-

small

and

lingly

ontained

'

which were doubtless

the

for

develop

adjustment

of

light,

nabling the animal to see

aighl as

io.nl,

not

was weakly
function

propelling
a

-.

The

as in the day

long,

as

organ.

no- of bony

rod-

pari

mothi

develhal-

Above
pre-

is
-

les.

specimen of Monoclonius

of the epidermis

preserved and

at

tail,

served, the contracted portions of

of the stronger hack must

in

clipping

which n

ring of plates like those of an

bon;

eye,

sheathed

turtle'-,

beak there are row- of dou-

the comparativi
a

owl,

the pelvis
the

teeth.

or

of

horn above the nose

doubtless

oped and did

dinosaur hall

extending over the neck,

beak like
.Mid

the e

i-

length, ith a

in

foliage on
Bai

hoof,

rudimentary born above each

for

American Museum, has been mounted

pel

frill

lour

feel

fifth too.

foot

a rhinoceros-like

practically as found, the vertebral col-

umn,

ntan

riking feature

-i

moii- skull, five

of the fan

This skeleton, recent!

r.n

nidi

mo-t

Fairly

knowledge of the compL

of any

velopmenl

skeleton

there were

foot

bearing

each

toes,

Ii-

with

had weathered

that

of the feet

of

..in

little

Ii

the three inner ours bearing

small hoofs, and on the hind

ble-rooted

dated excepting
a

height.

in

()n the front

tip of

of the tail,

and when stand-

il.-.'.

IVrt

with the front legs bowed

feel

too-,

mem-

knovi

arliesi

il

of

seven-

was
remarkably short-bodied and walked on
in.. it

the

and

ih.'

..f

than six

in

tip of the tail

ing erect would have measured a

and

equal

of

from the

teen feet long

with

dinosaurs

another specimen

assembled,

functional

other

Those part- of the

rock.

after

was disproportionately large compared

With gigantic head, horns above

front feel that were scattered have been

outward.

remained problematical.

tail,

the original

observer to speculate on scenes of prehistoric

KIND KNOWN

ITS

B R

impression

is

we now know that the

of

AMKlUCiX MUSEUM JOUHXAL

77/ A'

140
skin

homed

the

iii'

dinosaurs, like that

some modern lizards and of the duckdinosaurs, consisted of low po-

billed

lygonal

tubercles

surrounding widely

have been.

velopment,

however,

differenl

great variety of horn de-

displayed

is

in

genera of similar habits, and

the horns and skull excrescences were

separated, large, low, round tubercles.

doubtless to

Above the backbone, especially in the

tail region, there was probably a row of

as they are in

small plates, one above each

creatures and were probably sluggish of

The horned dinosaurs

(li>'

vertebra.

during

lived

and

close of the Cretaceous period

their remains are found

northward
eral

from Texas

southern Alberta.

to

genera

arc

Sev-

distinguished, chiefly

by characters of the skull which in

all

forms was disproportionately large.

In

some genera

Monoclo-

like the present

large extent ornamental,

many

but

habit,

the living animal

whereas

in

life

while

tissue

in

cavities are filled

These animals
table-feeding

the marshes of a

horns extremely long.

the orbital

In

due

to

count

Belly River rocks of Alberta, there was

horn,

nasal

long

longer

bristling

spikes

lizard
as the

offensive

the

ere land-living, vegeles

that

which

along

lived
at that

any great cataclysm nor on acany sudden change in tem-

of

that

radiated

over the general region long after the

frill

od

like a

the

writers have argued that the

were

stale

fossil

ith silicates,

for ma ny plants that were

contemporaneous with them persisted

"horned toad."

Some
horns

spikes

re]

the

addition

crown
modern
Phrynosoma, popularly known
the

for the

in

and

from the border of the

similar to

light,

time
washed the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains.
Their extinction was not

the genus Styracosaurus, also from the

was

it

hones are composed of highly cellular

horns above the eyes were short, while

and largest of the race, Triceratops, the nasal horn was short and

weighed

much less than a mammal of equal size.

The skeleton, petrified, is very heavy,

nius the nasal horn was long and the

in the last

living lizards.

The horned dinosaurs were huge bulky

and

defensive

weapons, as on occasion (hey may well

perature,

dinosaut

i.-ap

tains were ele

drained,

cutti

kind

food,

of

As the moun-

ared.

this sea gradually

their

off

and

migratory creatures,

as

they

the

particular

were not

final

disap-

pearance of the sea marked the end of

the dinosaurs in any given locality.

Man

Fossil

in

LETT

of the Museum will recall

with pleasure the visit of Dr. Robert
Broom, the well-known South \i Lean
i

palaeontologist, two years ago.

in

stay resulted

of

reptiles

an.

in

the

quisition

ai

splendid

hi-

I'i.

m's

Mu

the

bj

collect

fossil

from the Permian of South Africa,

a series .! valuable researches upon

The

rates.

waj

back

enlisted,

served

hi-

ned

armj

a-

capacity

sional

found him cm
promptly
he
home, but
tor a term in lii- profes

ami

surgeon,

lias

His con-

Museum ami

it"'

in

Africa.

South

f"

tinued interest

apprecia-

work an. ideals are shown in the

announcement of an important
I

following

new

disco

.M

mm.

the frontals 12

The cranium

quite unlike that of the Neanderthal type

is

having

in

supra

ness

"i'

The

re

ami very

ridges

"i bital

inmost

the

much larger than

not

skull,

brain

tored

I960

the

that

c.c.

unfortunately,

lust,

TOOtS Of the see.

the

teeth except

indii ates

cast

was about

The lower jaw has

the socket "f the canine

nt

re-

developed

feebly

Notwithstanding the thick

the brain is enormous.

Kaffirs.

cranial capacity

I.

not

well-marked, low, but

brow,

treating

war

great

the

of

outbreak

mm. and

BR

FRIENDS

seuni

South Africa

ill.

all

miliar,

fairly

is

well

Is t" my mind no doubt

was about as large as in the

preserved, and there

that the canine

jaw which

believe belongs

still

the Pilt

t..

The incisors must also have

been verj much larger than in anj model a
The transveise measurement a.ross
man.

down

skull.

twn canines cannol by any possibility

have been le than in mm. ami was probanun.
A l.-u ge Kaffir jau .hi m\ table

the

Port

\n;n

3outb

bly

man.

tive

IOR.N

'

Knowing how

thought you would

Piltdown

tin'

i-.

skull, tin'

ng early skull know n.

farmer digging
L913 a

In

itli

tin'

most

in

trench

Bos

at

kop near Potchefstroom, Transvaal, discos

err.
much of tin' skull ami son
I

tary remains

.it'

v.

,i

human

l>r.

I,.

his

s.
\

II.

those of an

em man

measurement

corresponding
papei

:i

have

Town

that

mini

man

a...

i,

an.

'

Igai

'I.'

ed from a similai
i

not

frontal

./,

eept

in

ican

Ij

man,

in

ami

supra-orbital
.lill'ers

lin

Inn ing the

\\

hom

hut
f

'
I

ami

pe

tj

.1

eai

hal

ap,

Hi, lh nsi.s

t'i

!r6

imitive but a highly spe-

p.

sinuses

non type ami perhaps ancestral

/....'>-

Magnon
The
negroid type.

by the

the ancestral

the earlj

presented

I-

..t'

the

only

thropus dax son

oi

re

most nearly allied tn the Cro-Mag-

of

the

made

Haughton,

to

Lond
have regarded the
of
Boskop skull a-- the tj pe Of a in "A -p.
man, Homo capensis. 1 regard it as inter
me. hat.
between the "dawn man," / an

Homo
I

sent

jusl

logical Society,

i.

Peringuey, of Cape
....

been

has

In

Mu

Elizabeth

note

mains by Mr.

'ape Town, ami

The

skeleton.

I'""

the

A preliminary

senm.

32 nun.

pleased to

1"-

v lint

exception of

has

interested you are in primi-

ridges.
lit! le

e\

.lent itiOn

idges ami sinn

developed.

The

skull

is

The

represented
v.

occipital,

'In-

<

I..-

man. ill. le. The

The calvarium

left

length.

it

the

i-

skull

cavity of

.'t

being

...
.:

say.

originally
Ij

In

..in

i.ut

exactlj

-in fai e

about

bj

laterite.

been known

how

deposits

..hi

we

we have

abundance of huge

the greatest

thick.

fossilizi

Slled

laterites Inn.- long

ramus
great

completely

i-

tin-

These surface

hoi izontal

skull

.if

.-.

mm. ami
probably

pa

nearly perfect right

i

of the

ith

210

The

length was

mm.

of the eminences measure

skinning knives

The
13-15

..I'

<

'In-Mean

"r

types, but hitherto ". have never

obtained any

pa

in

the

human remains.
Kiiuiierle\

In

district

bouchers
141

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

142

same type have been found associated

with mastodon teeth. Whether, however, the
maker of the boucher was contemporaneous
of

tin*

with the mastodon, as

am

inclined to be-

mastodon tooth washed into the

lieve, or the

gravel deposit from an earlier bed,

may be

known from

the Pleistocene, the age of man,

and survived to recent time, after the last
of the great ice sheets had disappeared.
Man contemporary with mastodon would not
here imply any great antiquity, geologically

speaking.

regarded as an open question.

The

In the Old World, however, the mastodons

probabilities seem to be that

the mastodon was

while

South Africa
we had large numbers of some pre-Bushman
rare whose only remains hitherto known have
been the thousands of touchers, sometimes
of huge size, scattered over most of the
country.
The Boskop man is probably a

member of

this

still

race,

alive in

and perhaps of the

same race as made the Acheulean implements

so well

known

Europe.
Ever yours sincerely,
[Signed]
R. Broom.
in

all disappeared much earlier, and the latest

of the Old World mastodons, unless these

Kimberley specimens be an exception, are

found in the Upper Pliocene epoch, older
than any fossil human remains yet discovered.

If therefore the Boskop skull was really

contemporaneous with mastodons

Africa,

in

South

means either that the mastodon

much later there than in Europe or
or that the skull, typically human
it

survived
Asia,

though it be, is of Pliocene age. In view of

important a possible conclusion, the
guarded terms in which Dr. Broom describes
the circumstances and character of the find
should be very carefully studied.
so

The

significance

ciation of the

may

don

of the

Boskop

(indirect)

skull with the masto-

not be apparent to American read-

In this country the mastodon

ers.

asso-

is

W. D. M.

best

The Great Jade Mass from

Jordansmiihl

The largest piece of jade ever found in situ ami the largest ever polished,
measuring seven feet long by tin, and one half wide, and
weighing 718 pounds (.2140 tilograms)

THE

great

mass of jade (nephrite),

whose polished green

surface

now

gives a note of color to the somber

Memorial Hall at the

American Museum of Natural History, is

circle of meteorites in

unique

among

the mineral collections of this

same was true of the collections of all European and American museums. When abroad
1S99 to obtain such a specimen, I visited
southwest of Breslau in Si-

in

Jordansmiihl,
lesia,

where small specimens of jade had

been found by Dr. Traube

in lsst.

Through

or other museums, intrinsically and because

the courtesy of Dr. C. P. Ilintze, professor

bearing on a disputed ethnological

question.
The mass, which weighs between

of mineralogy in the University of Breslau,

of

its

two and three tons, presents the most extensive surface of jade that has ever been
polished, and is the largest piece of jade
ever found in situ, though its weight is not
as great as that of a waterworn specimen

from

New

half tons,

Zealand, weighing three and one

on

exhibition

Islands hall of the

While

preparing

in

the South Sea

Museum.
the

catalogue

of

the

large collection of jade and jadeite of the

late
it

BCeber

EC.

contained

attached;

Bishop, the writer noted that

no specimen with the matrix

further inquiry revealed that the

was enabled

quarry of Jor-

to locate the

dansmiihl, get the permission of the owner

to visit

it,

and use

single day at

my

Although Dr.

to the best

advantage the

disposal for the search.

Ilintze

was skeptical about

the possibility of securing a large specimen

in so short

a time, an examination of the

quarry at once gave evidences of nephrite.

In a bowl-shaped hill of serpentine, about
seventy-five feet high and two thousand feet
long,

protuberances

several

Most of these were

ish

in

color,

be nephrite,

or

were

noted.

weisstein, but one, green-

proved upon
jade.

investigation

to

The dimensions of

III.

L899
AJthongb people familiar with Jordansmuh] were
specimens of note id
spol where qu
the discovery of a jade bl<

1.1,1,

,.

skr|iti<;il

:ts

t.

ning jade

11

rrh of

;i

l.-~s

,1

Memorial Hall

*>f

the

American Museum

of

Natural History.

To the left
made

now

ei

ing of this

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM J0U1LXAL

tliis

mass were seven

anil

one half

feet

in

length,

two

breadth, and one foot in

in

The strictness of the German regulations made dynamiting out of the question, but by means of a lever drill
a heavy
crowbar embedded in a log twelve feet long
ami six indies in diameter wielded by a
dozen men, the great mass was loosened
from its position. Dr. Hintze, who had the
right to claim one half of what was found,
kindly made arrangements to allow me to
transport to America the whole id' the giant
thickness.

There

race migration that all the jade objects

Europe had an Asiatic

in

A.

Meyer,

found

Professor

origin.

Royal Anthropological .Museum at Dresden, regarded

the presence of jade in Europe as a chemical
problem, not an ethnological one, although
his views were assailed by the leading
scientists of his day.
Dr. Meyer's opinions
have been reenforeed by the finding in Germany of this great mass of nephrite, suffiB.

director

of

the

cient in itself to furnish material for all the

jade objects and ornaments yet found in

Europe. There is now no reason to believe

ethnological significance in this

that prehistoric jades need, necessarily, to

great mass of jade, which had so curiously

have been brought to Europe in race migrations from the Orient.

is

remained unnoticed in a hill where quarrying

has been going on since the time of the
Romans. Dr. Heinrich Fischer, of the University of Freiburg in Baden, who devoted
his life to the study of jade

frage), concluded

(Die Vephrit-

Tiffany and Company, of

New York

did the polishing of this great mass

umph, owing

to

the

City,

tri-

extreme toughness of

jade.

George F. Kuxz.

from a consideration of

Report from the Asiatic Zoological Expedition

THE

Asiatic Zoological Expedition of

American

the

Museum

of

Natural

History was organized early in 1916,

and placed under the leadership of Mr. Roy

C. Andrews, assistant curator of mammals
in this institution, for the purpose of collecting zoological and ethnological material
southeastern China, particular attention

in

being given to the

mammals and

birds.

expedition has been financed in part

The
by a

fund made up of contributions from Mr.

and Mrs. Charles L. Bernheimer, Mr. George
T. Bowdoin, Mr. ami Mrs. Sidney

M.

was to secure, if possible, specimens of

so-called "blue tiger."
Mr. Andrews
was fortunate in making the acquaintance
of the Rev. Harry R. Caldwell, a missionary,
tion

the

who, having seen two of these animals during his residence in

first

of

that

was the

region,

to give authentic reports of the

this

speeies of tiger.

From

presence

latest

in-

formation received, the expedition has been

unable to secure any specimens of the animal.

They report that upon two occasions

they had the blue tiger almost within reach,

Col-

but that he could not be induced to come

gate, Mr. Lincoln Ellsworth, Mr. .lames B.

out into view from the grass, which would

Mr. Cliilds Frick, Mr. Henry Frick,

Ford,

Adrian

and

Mrs.

part

by the

Hoffman

and in
Jesup Fund of the American
Joline,

Museum.

lit

19

is

the official photographer of the expe-

sailed from San Francisco March 28,

and after spending about three weeks
Japan making colored and motion pic,

Hi,

in

tures,

proceeded

to

Peking, arriving there

May. From Peking they went by

Foochow, the port of Fukien Province, the region where the first real collecting was to begin.
early in
rail

to

One of

the special objects of the expedi-

Dur-

secured about three hundred and fifty birds

and one hundred and

Mr. Andrews, accompanied by his wife,

who

have given an opportunity for a shot.

ing their stay in this province, however, they

fifty

mammals, which

have already been received at the Museum.

In view of the

difficult

conditions under

which the expedition had to labor a temperature registering about 150 F. at midday ami 95 F. in the evening, with a humidity of approximately 95 the results are
Among the specimens
highly satisfactory.

secured were a number of interesting

mam-

mals, including two species of muntjac, two

remarkable raccoon dogs, several wild cats

(not yet identified), and six species of bats

REPORT FROM THE ASIATIC ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION

least

to al

The

suc-

mammals

obtaining this

fine

prove new to scieni

genera.

fh e

cess of the expedition

in

largi

is

Sue

!'.

miliar with the region, the Rev.

well

:i ii

to

men

of two

on

the

previously

fa-

in

B. Cald-

II.

(in J.iK

20,

was

1916, Mr. Andrews' party

Fu tsing bj Mr. Edmund Seller,

an American collector of wide experience in

mammals and
tropical countries.

in

few weeks

of a

Lftei

this

in

birds

furthei

region

belong to

P
:how and
Sanoi, Tongking, China, and thence by
i

Yumiani'ii.

i"

rail

Funnan

of

capita]

be

edil

the headquarters

party engaged

Cere the

and outfitted thirty-three mules, and started

After

riding.

few davs.

ili.

resting

ginal

nga ged

-.
i

nev

quentlj

ethnological work was

When

the expedition

plan was that

Through

contributions

in

Yunnan

a region notorious for bandits, they

the ninth daj out, however, while

they were riding along in

boy came running down the

trail

advance, had been attacked

.Mr.

Andrews and Mr.

Hellei

found the caravan which had

although

While

in

not

far

high,

an.

re< eii

ed

saj

"We

attacke

I,

the

on

the

mountain eighteen thousand

during that timi
Dials, which

feet

of

ks

secured
ith

five

Mi,,-

ii,

ml,, in trip

have over

>n.i

the

in

equal

to

bose of

Li

hiang,

win

in.li-

gorals

lot

we ,i.i.
-m.w ami

as

of things which will

tl,,,,,

drove us out.

cold

We

and

and Mr. Andn

one day's trip froi

bark to thi- place.
of the country an.

unci, and

The
iw
it-

ti

have a splendid
fauna along
for a

...
bt
el

and

for about

south

will then ! at

ge

pei

entage of the

trip

We

fifteen

tl

Burma. We shall work tl

swing around northward, ending our
work at Teng yue.
.

Yunnan

is

by

far

most

the

for

nut
it

get

is

not

large

its

rai

valuable."

We
pune,

its
,li.|

for

r ion of what

lai

idea

and

of

the

went

Y.

doubt the
\- a.

We

rows.

mammals abundant, ami we

-mail

found

secure,

We
large

sexes and of different

rare

to

thir-

It.

01

somewhat disappointed
game, fur we found no

were

ages, ai-

difficult

type,

L917,

ha

field

they

I".

"We an
Li-Chiang,

vicinity

into

put

from Mr. Andrews,

letter

:i

scouted ahead,

worke<
i

York

tober of the present year.

had

packs

the

there-

New

reach

going was

we bave

of jade, musk, and gold dust.

expedition

1'

an

grant

to

expedition,

was

been thoroughly
ransacked and the bandits, about forty in
the

deep pass, a

caravan, which

his

until about

not

7.

possible
'I'll.-

1 :> 1

somi

il

unino-

in

made

probably

York, the

in .Tune,

from

financed

first

of time.

\mII

fore;

lie

until

cember fir-t. going as far north as Atumtyu

and then returning to Talifu.
While on their .journey to Yunnant'n.

them that

extension

along the
about De-

stay

to

'

patrons who
it
has been

oi

New

left

should return

it

headed Talifu, Januarj

days' journey distant, where thej

through

ibes

ti

and Shaus), while two days' travel north of

Li-Chiang there are only Tibetai

.-it

Li-Chia

ribet

this

Chinese, and the people

was reached by fourteen

for Talifu, which

Mr. Andrews,

essentially Tibetan, that

is

to

no

region.

letters, writes that

few

tl

11.5

undoubtedly

will

sini e

e,

recent

bis

partii ulai

staj

the party

locality,

here

visited this

one of

there are verj

Professor C. R. Keller.

secured

i-

J.

A. At.i en.

JADE ORNAMENTS FROM OAXACA, SOUTHERN MEXICO

The

chief beauty of these stones, recently acquired by the

represent
the stone.

146

American Museum,

lies in their

which unfortunately cannot be reproduced in a photograph. The designs

figures with enlarged heads, the limbs being warped to fill the irregularities of
See note on page 147

exquisite coloring

human

Museum
S

I'ullinviiiy

>*- 1-<

Museum

the

hi-

'.'.

'

Messrs.
Wm. Reynolds Brown
L. DOHERTT, BrUCI
FORD, E. H. R.

;i

II

r.

Ki

roh, Edt<

W.

\nxa. Jr.,

M.

ii.

\V.

T-ii.-ni r,

Wm.

II.
Nichols, E. W.
bald T. Scofield, Edw.

P.

II

Henry

Pord,

Paul

s u hs, and
Davison and I'm
J.

P.

J.

i.

Sachs.

Messrs.

heimer and

Ari ai

Jr.,

Ji

>.

ssi:

B.

[sei in, Jr.

'

Mrs,

Henry

Mi ssrs.

Mr. A.
Ml

Jam:

..

r,

fartnrs.

ni
i

ai

uu>e

Marshall

II.

Ri< e,

An

Stettinius, and

I.'.

i,.

Patrons,

HENRY
Grej

B(

Bri

P.

Pru

WlCKHAM

<>

'
'

Fouvdi

Associati

AsSOCiatt
k

[<

,i

an.

Notes

Journal, the
have become members of

issue of the

the last

Pri

B.

interesting

usles

i,.

of slabs

^'h
po

Bi rn-

series

jade, together with other semiprecious stones

"i

Zehxder.
Members, Mrs. Frederick H.
Eaton,
Mrs.
Mb
Loui
Fitzgerald,
Geo. Lauder, Jr.,
\. V. Acker, Thora Ronalds, and
Annette SToi 8, General John Pitman,
Army. COLONEL DAVID L.
3tates
United States Army. Dr. E. H.
Arnold, Dr. Jami
Slyer, Dr. Prank
and Mi
Prank Alts
\v.
I.
Babcock, George V. \. Baldwin,
i/.

i6i

Mr.

'.

.mi

be state of

II.

has recently

ico,

laxai a

soul

in

by the Amer-

a acquired

Museum.

ican

The

slabs

oi

perforated for suspension and were probably

used as breast

They were

iii.-un.ji1v

persons of rank.

\,\

from stream-worn pebbles, by

an. water and
a
.i,
and were a El ei wa
ca rved bj
lie
same general method, the circle being made
by means of hollow canes, and the Lines bj
a

cut

|imri".s. living san.

tnliciiis

.1

Bo

HAHN,

II:

BERT

Btrk-

BL1 M.

ER

H.

Bi rr,

Clark, Wm. Edoy, H. C. Coi

Ci

x.

Headdresses

the slab.

Dorr,

Victor

Herbert,

Chas.

Edwin

can be

made

MlTIi
E.

ffARLES

William

J.

Pollak, David

Kn

Imt

in tin'

..in,

specimens come,
the

J.

8.

in the

'

'liinani.

is

Monte An

regioi

[ndians, and

semble those found

at

the

ies

sents one of the earliei

en

The

ruin

us

the great

Oaxaca

of

citj

ipied bj

he cai

fi

of
lull

ai

ilizations of the

fact

most of

that
:

some indication of the geological conditions

hi

A. Sperry,

beei

!.

it

W.

R iwle

Wad*li

has been a

Ethii ai

<

!i

m\ stery

discloses

the

the

fact

other precious Btones, called

HI,"

in

ma
tl

[I

lti re Si hool.

their generous gifts

to

imination of
doi iiments

that
bj

were demanded a>

work of the American Muei

tribute

and continued cofact

seems to localize

:cur-

tl
-

higher deg

design,

which the

from

SCB

[.

J(

Elmer

For

beai

ing of the stones.

i.n

Mexican highlands.

roSEPH RuNSHEIM,

VII.I.E.

the

eyes and teeth

The chief

out.

overlooking the

narh

human

and with

thi

carvings consists, however, Dot

II.

Linden-

GEL,

entire

Franklin Ford, W. W. Frazier, Abraham

ery,

oi

alized that onlj

The town of Tuxtepi

Dyer,

ii.

E.

represent

out the irregularities of

(ill

shnell, Edward T. Cald

Mi

Heller,

cases

figures with greatlj enlarged heads

a.

pointed stick and Band

signs in most

limbs warped to

Geori

Bi

J.
E.

C.

i,l

William

i
i

ship:

t..

the

THE AMEEICAX MUSEUM JOUHXAL

148
were used
style of art

however,
lasted

later times in Mexico,

in

Jade

different.

is

those

that

but the

so precious,

is

objects probably

out-

were passed down, so

later times stones representing

others and

all

that even in

earlier grades of civilization

In

existed.

still

view of the Museum's extensive exploration

in

Mexico

southern

of

acquisition

former years, this

in

series

of

the

objects from the same district

art

rarer

is

especially

both for subject matter and for their place

in

the annual meeting of the trustees of

Museum

the American

of Natural History,

held February 5 at the

home

Frick, the board of officers

the ensuing

year namely,

Osborn;

Fairfield

First

of

Henry

was reelected for

President,

Henry

Morgan; Treasurer, Henry

Secretary, Adrian Iselin, Jr.;

P. Davison

Trustees for

Anson W.

Hani, Frederick F. Brewster, and R. Fulton

Cutting.

The

budget

the history of the institution, and

in

trustees adopted the largest

discussed plans for the extension of the use-

Museum

fulness of the
civic life in

to industry, art,

view of the deprivations

and

in these

due to the European war.

Mineraux.

les

"Interessant
tainly

It has been found that the most interest-

back by the Congo Expedition are the

cat-

(Siluridae).
Messrs. John T. Nichols
and Ludlow Griscom have just completed the
classification of representatives of this group
and find sixty-three species, including eight
species and four genera new to science. The
new forms will later appear described and
figured in the Bulletin of the American Mu-

fishes

seum.

Two new

acquisitions in the hall of public

health are models showing methods of conof

Africa.
fever,

certain

The

ticks

insect-borne

diseases

which carry African

in

tick

or relapsing fever, are destroyed by

the very effective

means of burning down

the native huts which they have infested.

The

11

mil

ll.r.

!''

leS

iv

n.,

and while any one trained

are,

,1

(1775), 1773-1781.
curieux" the volumes cer-

Paris,

et

tsetse

fly,

earlier of sleeping sickness,

lives along the shaded banks of the rivers,

and one of the models shows men at work
clearing these areas. The models were made

from pictures taken by Mr. Herbert

the Belgian Congo.

Among

superiority

over

the

in

Lang

naive and comprehensive claims of the

The second

mtU8 di

acquisition,

title

Der Organis-

Infusionstiere, Leipzig, 1859-1883,

by Dr. Friedrich Stein, a pupil of Johannes Midler, founder of the modern school of
biology in Germany.
This monograph has
long

The

|,

eon

needed by the

in

Museum

library.

The Birds of CaliLeon Dawson, comes

through the courtesy of Professor Henry
Fairfield Osborn.
The prospectus of this
work promises that it will be a comprehensive bird book of great working value.
third

fornia,

acquisition,

by William

A monograph
Charles

on the Ehynchophora, or

America by Messrs.

W, Leng and W.

S. Blatchley,

has

Not only has a

comprehensive treatment of these important
insects been needed for some time, but this
recently been

work

is

published.

more than ordinarily useful because

the authors have succeeded, by means of

keys based on easily observed characters, in

making

it

available to those not already well

acquainted with the group.

The entomological department of the Museum receives every year a large number of
from insect collectors inspired by the
erroneous idea that the collection and sale
of butterflies and moths is a very profitable

letters

undertaking.

This idea generally owes

its

origin to the publication of fictitious stories

newspapers about persons

who have made money in this way. and the
writers ask for pamphlets or information on
the "business of butterflies" and the "but-

in periodicals or

terfly markets."

In order adequately to deal

with this considerable correspondence a

cir-

cular has been prepared by the department

to be sent to inquirers.

recent acquisitions the Library

glad to acknowledge three works of

a congrant the

"naturel,"

tinued perusal will cause him to

page.

weevils, of northeastern

ing specimens in the fish collections brought

trol

eiiniii.r /ninni leS

is

Vice-President,

the class of 1921, Charles Lanier,

lines

('.

Cleveland H. Dodge; Second Vice-President,

I'.

a two-volume folio set:

Premiere (Seconde) Centurie

first is

J.,

Planches

representani au naturel ce
qui se trouve de plus inUresscmt et de plus
ile

of

J.

The

Buc'hoz, P.

present day realism might smile with a bit

valuable.

At

history of their peculiar branch of

the

science.

is

moment

THERE has been published by

the

Museum

a four-page leaflet by Dr. Frank E. Lutz

MUSEUM NOTES
giving an outline of the plan of the hall of
insect

and designed not only to give

about insects and the biological

life,
a

problems which they

interest the

as possible

connected

tell

to

as

story.

are "The
is
an Inand Physiology," "Taxonomy," "Phylogeny," "The Pour

headings of the

be

and

A.;.'-

the

-'I ies

"What

sects,"

biatomy,

"Ontogeny,

sect,"

"1 asei

Seasons,"

Associa

'Evolution,"
-

Insects."

ial

purchased from Mr. E.

as

mastodon skeleton from

L. Troxell a massive

ie of Texas.

of

the

It

unfortunately

is

the hind limbs are missing, and

only

preserved

are

there

skull

the

lower jaws, one upper tusk, and a few frag

nients.

It

is

climax

in

however, and

finely preserved,

remarkable race of Tertiary

which seems to have reached its

North

America.

It

distil

is

immense length of

thi

the jaw. by the bulky body, and

ami fore
War-

of the great

mastodon, bul tin' fore limb 1'

s are
only about three quarters as long; the hind
and presumably the hind limbs are
feel
ren

bile

feet
in

length,

in

the

Wan.

i.

lower

the

.jaw

exc

six

Is

more than
mastodon,

gi ol

[ts

<
i

important

an

Alaskan Eskimo collection from

Ainer-

precision and accuracy of

his

the

li.dd

Dotes.

The

collection

mouth of the Kuskokwim

This

northward.

region

is

ill.'

coast.

The

and

River

is

..hole

Alaskan

oi

hitherto not

Museum's

but with this acquisition there

now

stretch

of

material
be repre

sented

in

collection,

but

is

particularly

Strong on hunting and industrial objects. Al-

hnndred and

fift-.

gnition of hi* services to the

ican

Museum

in srietitilic

Kuertes a Life
ing on

Member

February

ol

The exhibits have been arranged

ogy.

far

but also to

illustrate,

isitor in the subject

research ami

Amei
in tin-

L9

painting of South American birds, the trustees of the Museum elected Louis Agassiz

The

second aim

.J.

at the annual meel

the AvunicA.x Mrsni'M jourxal

150
department

anthropology has

re-

northeast of Coleman City on the waters of

cently received as a gift from Mrs. Win. Toil

Pecan Bayou known as Section 24, surveyed by the Houston, Texas, and Brazos
River Railroad, and patented by D. W.

Tin-:

nt'

Helmuth a sacred belt, apron, and headdress

from Darjeeling, Tibet. They are made of
shuttle-shaped

of

pieces

human

bone,

or-

The Holloway Peaks bear

Howe.

east about

with

three miles, and the town of Burkett bears

smaller bead-shaped bits of bone, against a

north about three and a half miles, latitude

The Tibetan

thirty-two degrees north and longitude one

hundred degrees west from Greenwich. The
mass was partially buried with the large end
down, dipping toward the east at an angle
of about twenty degrees. It was found on
level ground.
The soils of this area are
sandy loam and gravelly loam types, inter-

nately

carved

and

strung

background of green

together

cloth.

wearer believes that the garments have the

power of transmitting to him the virtues of
the saints of whose bones they are made.

In

recognition of this gift, Mrs. Helmuth has

been elected a Patron of the American Museum.

Mr. Alessandro Fabbri has been appointed research associate in physiology in

the department of anatomy and physiology
of the American

Museum.

Mr. Fabbri, who

has gained fame for his marvelous work in

the

production of motion picture films of

microscopic

forms,

is

at present

devoting

himself to making motion photographs of

isolated living cells in which it is intended
to show, in a graphic way, contractility
like

the

phenomena.

Museum

The
tures,

first

Mr. Fabbri

and

will present to

copies of the films he makes.

exhibition of prizma motion pic-

given at the American

Museum

of

Natural History on February 8, called forth

more than three thousand spectators, so
many that to accommodate an overflow of
fully a thousand people the films were run
through a second time.
The prizma pictures furnish a most remarkable reproduction of the colors of nature.

made up of two
ors,

Four

colors,

pairs of complementary col-

and covering photographically the whole

range of visible colors, are made use of to

give a roundness and depth to the pictures
which could never be attained in black and
white.
The pictures are taken on standard
panchromatic film, and, although in the
hand they have the appearance of the
black and white films in general use, they
possess color values which are reproduced
ial attachments applicable to standby S]
ard projecting machines.

The American Museum

purchase the complete
teorite

known

as

has acquired by

fall

Burkett.

of the
It

new meis

in

si\

weighs 8,018 grams. The specimen was found by Mr. W. A. Smith, October, 1913, on the premises of his father-inlaw, Mr. D. W. Howe, in Coleman County,
Texas, al
eighteen and a half miles
pieces an.

spersed with belts of black

soil.
These soils
seem to be of residual origin, the sands,
sandy loams, and gravelly loams being derived from the underlying Carboniferous

sandstones and conglomerates, all of which

are overspread with a dwarfish growth of
oak, Spanish oak,

post

hackberry.

mesquite, elm, and

portion of the fall was ana-

lyzed by Booth, Garrett,

and

Blair, of Phila-

Company,
The composition of the meteorite

delphia, for the Foote Mineral

1915.

in
is

as follows:

silicon,

0.004;

sulphur,

0.172;

phosphorus,

0.169;

nickel,

6.670;

cobalt,

copper,

0.560;

00.02s

carbon,

0.014;

and iron oxide,

gravity

One

is

2.230.

was used

piece

lite is

is

The

iron,

specific

for the determination

of troilite and schreibersite.

sulphur

0.163;

7.718.

The amount of

so small that the presence of troi-

doubted.

Material resembling schrei-

amount of 9.343 per cent, was

is, 1.1175 grams of material
was obtained from 11.96 grams of the original
iron.
This by analysis gave: iron, 68.594;
bersite to the

obtained, that

insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid

phosphorus,

2.350;

nickel,

4.920;

cobalt,

0.180;

and iron

sition

does not conform to that of schrei-

bersite,

oxide, 24.000.

This compo-

and must represent some other phos-

phide.

Mr. George K. Cherrie, who left New

York for South America in May, 1916, has
returned after ten months spent in the
swamps and forests of Paraguay and BraDuring these months he continued the
zil.
explorations begun by the Roosevelt-Rondon
which explored

Expedition,
in

1014,

remain

to

investigate

tories of the

closely

"River

the

life

of

his-

remarkable birds and mammals

The most serious work of

new expedition began at Puerto Pinaseo

of the region.
the

the

but which was unable td

Doubt"

MUSEUM NOTES
Paraguayan

the

in

Here about two

.7i.no.

months were spent in making collections.

Three months were spent in field work in
the Panateles, vast

alluvial plains, entirely

submerged during the rainy season, and the

home of many
result

.1

Mr.

Museum

can

'herrie brings to

collection of three

thousand bird skins and four hundred skins

of mammals, together with fifteen hundred
photographs and a wealth of valuable .lata.

hundred and

several years about one

FOB

fifty textile pupils and students of design

a month have been making use of the Mu-

seum

vessels.

doubled

of

Museum

For the benefit of

who have

collection.

arth

discovered

lias

state of preservation of

fine

workers

commercial
-

trade

since

late

the value and

the

Peruvian textiles
This number has been

collection of ancient

textiles,

in

design due to the rutting

in

idea-- from abroad by the European war, the department of anthropology

.

Museum

of the American

slides

objects

of

by

illustrated

lectures,

ol

tern

offered in Febru-

in

lan-

sign

New

the

in

The subjects discussed were: Febirative

ruary 5, "Indian Pottery and 1)
\'t." Februarj
19, "Costume and Costume
both by

den, and Pebruarj

Eerbert J. spin-

Dr.

26, "P]

by Mr. M. D. C. Crawford.

'

lit

primitive textile art

times, givi

ing
tly

main

silk

mi

the depai

bj
i

tober,

installed

Museum, through

floor of the

several

been

These

sei ies

and modern

ancient

Museum

the

al

earlier

an
in

Till Kl

on view

is

L916.

on

the

the cour

in-

ian.

and

Amur

local

give

flavor,

dians,

of

1861

to

and

detail

intimate glimpsi
of wolf packs

settlers,

and buffalo herds, the vanished fea

a wonderland of life and adven
-line swept away by the westward sprea
populal

Of

ion.

The

American Museum expedii

Nicaragua for collet ions oi reptiles and
fishes has returned
from the field.
The
expedition left New Sort on May 31, 1916,
for Bluefields on
ragua, going via

were
near

spent

its

astern coast of Nica

Orleans.
Two weeks

Maselina

at

On July

Bluefiehls.

the

tup

and

Grande

Rio

Sixicuas Creek.

tributaries,

the

tl

New

collecting

moved

expedition

to

Creek
was

one

of

August

In

coastal

the

belt

and collected n. -ai Pearl Lagoon, midway

between Bluefields and tin- mouth of the
In September the members of
Rio Grande.
the expedition parted.
Mr. L. Alfred Mann
har.lt to operate near the mining regions
of the north,

Mr. Clarence R. Haltei to go

to
the west
cast.
Mr.
mouth of the Prin
up which he pro.

southward

and

Mannhardl

sailed for the

zapolka

Rh

ei

hundred miles, exploi ing the JToyo and 'ia

fur as the dugout pitpaus could
I

creeks as

On

fe poled.

the

was

fraction

v\r-'

abundance of

an.

traders,

ii

of

tii-i

.-mi.

i.

Indian

In

tow

River collections.

The exhibit represents only

years

tin-

pictures, with their

nies.

II

the

in

the

exhibit

ing

manufacturii

an exhibit of silk fabrics and ribbons

with designs inspired by the Museum's M. \

'i

American Museum an interestof paintings by Willian

Montagne Cary, showing the West a- n ap

hall of

up

World.

!."

the

In-

fill
-haw like garmenl found
n
tm ic grave neai [ca,
been put on exhibition at the head of the
stairwaj mi the third floor of Die Museum.

As

species of water birds.

of the work

L51

One of

A. D. Juilliard.

November an over-

ni

the

at

ibana

rivers.

In

foj

favorable

field

the

to

the Tuiiky

:
I

collei

being

ml

equi]

pack carriers

Tunkj

order

find

t..

Ii

sign through the study of [ndian art.

only have the

Not

coming

interested,

and

fs

in

American

an textiles
..I

the

>

in the

Museum

increased

Amen

San

in

'

loSta

Ril a,

Sao

and
Tl

on

led

Miguelif...

and up the Sat

Carlos

OUrce;

overland excursion
in

the

El

La]

up the lake to

Collection- and

Mention

oi

La Hunter. Machuca,

followed an

by the donatio!

tie heart
in

to

'.dorado.

ragua.

me

went south

available for use

desig

largely

war.

\l

Mr. Halter,

River, collecting at
Castillo,

Eden

.-it

dn

ision,

San

and

Siuna

through

listrict

the other

over from Paris BhOH that the new note

produce
The nun

ling

Bill

cotton fabric and

taken

in

Chontales

then
north

Moun-

152

AMERICA X MUSECM JOURNAL

77/ A'

Steps were retraced

and work was carried on in

tains.

un the island of Boquete.

San Miguelito
vicinity and
A trip was made
to

tliis

to Managua, the capital, situated on the

lake of the same name, stops being maile
along the way at Morito on the eastern coast

of Lake Nicaragua, at Moyagalpa on Onietepe Island, at Rivas on the western coast,

The collectors brought

and at Granada.
back more than fifteen hundred fish taken
from many sections of the country, twentythree hundred herpetological specimens comprising more than a hundred species, and
two hundred and fifty photographs of the
species and their habitats.

The

spring schedule of popular lectures

American Museum of Natural History

follows: on Thursday evenings the
members' course of four lectures March 8,
"In the Jungles of British Guiana," by
C. William Beebe; March 15, "In the High
Sierras with John Muir," by Herbert W.
Gleason; March 22, "Our Debt to Ancient
American Civilizations," by Herbert J.
Spinden; and March 29, "With Camera and
Gun through Western Colombia," by Leo E.
Miller; on Saturday mornings a series of
at the
is

as

stories for the children of

members March

"Among the Penguins of South Georgia,"

by Robert Cushman Murphy; March 10, "In
the Land of Hiawatha," by Ann E. Thomas
March 17, "Wild Flowers of Spring," by G.
Clyde Fisher; and March 24, "At Home in
the Zoo," by E. R. Sanborn. There are also
3,

of

lectures

each,

offered four courses

open to school children: on Mondays March
six

"Our Waterways and their Protection,"

by George H. Sherwood; March 19, "A
Journey in Western Europe," by Charles H.
Rogers; March 26, "Through the African
Jungle," by James P. Chapin; April 9,
"Mexico and Central America," by Charles
H. Rogers; April 16, "Our Newest PossessionsThe Danish West Indies," by G.
Clyde Fisher; and April 23, "Travels in
South America," by Howarth S. Boyle; on
Wednesdays March 14, "The Explorers of
Eastern
North America," by Ann E.
Thomas; March 21, "Early History of New
York," by Roy W. Miner; March 28, "Lake
Champlain, Lake George and the Hudson,"
and April 11, "Colonial and Revolutionary
\.w England," by Ann E. Thomas; April
18, "The Growth of New York City." by
Roy VY. Miner; and April 25, "The Song of
Hiawatha," by Ann E. Thomas; on Fridays
12,

March

16, "The Conservation of Our Forby G. Clyde Fisher; March 23, "The

ests,"

History of Our Country's Transportation,"

by Ann E. Thomas
in the

March

30, "Agriculture

United States," by G. Clyde Fisher;

April 13, "The City's Fire Department," by

Fred H. Smyth; April 20, "Governing New

York City," by Ann E. Thomas; April 27,

"The Story of a Piece of Coal," by G. Clyde
Fisher; on Tuesdays and Fridays May 1,
"The Story of the Winds," by George H.

Sherwood; May 4, "Wild Birds of New

York City," by S. H. Chubb; May 8, "Wild
Animals near Home," by G. Clyde Fisher;
May 11. "The Three F's Fingers, Food, and
Flies," by T. G. Hull; May 15, "How Life
Begins," by G. Clyde Fisher; and May 18,
"The Wonderful Work of Water," by George
II. Sherwood.

From

a preliminary survey of the lizards

brought back by the

American Museum Congo Expedition, it ap-

in the reptile collections

that the 1435 specimens represent

about forty species, several of which are

pears

new

to science.

series

of

The

many

collection affords large

forms,

especially

of

the

skinks (Scineidse), which will be of value in

defining species hitherto

known from

rela-

few specimens. As would be expected

from the tropical forest habitat, the snakes,
with Mil specimens, greatly outnumber the

tively

lizards in species, about seventy (several of

these also new)

being represented.

In the

course of the study of the Congo species a

reexamination of Dr. Hallowell's West Afri-

can types at the Academy of Sciences of

Philadelphia is being made; also the Richard Douglas collection from Matabeleland,
belonging to the American Museum, will be
reported on in the same connection.

At

the time of his death, July

Dr. Seth E.

Meek

of the Field

6,

1914,

Museum

of

Natural History, Chicago, was engaged in

the preparation of an exhaustive catalogue
of the fishes of the fresh waters of Panama.
This work has recently been brought to a
successful conclusion by S. F. Hildebrand
of the United States Bureau of Fisheries
and published by the Field Museum. Such
an addition to the knowledge of the fauna
of Panama, the present connection between
North and South America, is of importance
to the science of

Meek was

zoogeography, in which Dr.

The present work

interested.

contains plates of

many

ical catfish, Characins,

new genus of goby-

interesting neotrop-

Gymnotids, and of a

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL

\ZTEC DISCOVERIES

RUINS OF TULOOM

AMERICA
A STORY FROM THE HIGH ANDES
THE EULACHON
A FOSSIL DEER

ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE IN

The American Museum

of Natural History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry Fairfield Osborn

Second Vice-President
J. P. Morcan

First Vice-President

Cleveland H. Dodge
Treasurer

Henry

Davison
Adrian Iselin. Jr.
John Purroy Mitchel, Mayor of the City of New York
William A. Prendergast, Comptroller of the City of New York
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
Henry C. Frick
Charles Lanier
George F. Baker
Madison Grant
Ogden Mills
Frederick F. Brewster
Anson W. Hard
Percy R. Pyne
Joseph H. Choate
Archer M. Huntington
John B. Trevor
E. Fulton Cutting
Arthur Curtiss James
Felix M. Warburg
Thomas DeWitt Cutler
Walter B. James
George W. Wickersham
James Douglas
P.

A. D. Juilliard

administrative officers
Assistant Treasurer

Phe United States Trust Company

or New York
scientific staff
Frederic

A.

Lucas, So.D., Director

Vertebrate Palaeontology
LL.D., D.Sc, Curator

Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontology

Henry Fairfield Osborn,

Emeritus

Mineralogy

YV. I). Matthew, Ph.D., Curator

Walter Granger. Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Baknum Brown. A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles)

William K. Gregory,

Ph.D., Assoc, in Paleon-

tology

Charles

Woods and Forestry

Invertebrate Zoology

Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator

Roy W. Miner. A.B., Assoc. Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D.. Assoc. Curator
L. P.

Gratacap, A.M., Curator Mollusca

Mutchler, Assistant
Willard G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant
Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant
W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Soci:
A. J.

Eastman, Ph.D.. Research

R.

Associate

Anthropology
CLARK Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
H.
Lowie,
Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Robert
Herbert J. Spinden, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
N.

C.

Nelson, M.L..

Asst.

Curator

CHARLES W. Mead, Asst. Curator

M. D. C. Crawford, Research Associate

in Textiles

Geo. Bird Grinnell, Ph.D., Research Associate

in Ethnology
J. Howard McGregor, Ph.D., Research Associate
in Anthropology

Louis R. Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical

Anthropology
Leslie Spier, B.S., Assistant Anthropology

Insects

Anatomy and Physiology

Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
CHARLES F. Herm. Assistant
Ichthyology and Herpctology

ALBSSANDBO Faburi. Research

Associate in

Physiology

Basitford Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus

John T. Nichols, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes

Mary Cynthia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator
Herpetology

Mammalogy and
J. A.

Ornithology

Allen. Ph.D.. Curator

P.

Charles-Edward

Chapin. A.B.. Assistant Ornithology

A.

Win slow,

M.S., M.A.,

Curator

Thomas

Frank M. Chapman. Sc.D., Curator Ornithology

Roy C. Andrews, A.M., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy
W. DeW. Miller, Asst. Curator Ornithology
H. E. Anthony, B.S., Assistant Mammalogy
Herbert La no. Assistant Mammalogy
James

Public Health

G.

Hull, Ph.D., Assistant

Public Education
George H. Sherwood, A.M., Curator
fi, Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
ANN E. Thomas. Ph.B., Assistant

Books and Publications

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAE
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY. EXPLORATION. AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSI UM

gfc
ta

533251

Match, km
VOl

ME XVII. NUMBI

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO

INCLUSIVE. BY THE

MAY

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF

NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:

ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 23, 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912

CONTENTS FOR MARCH

Cover, Entrance to the Harbor, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Mill, r

Among High Andean

Frontispiece, Drifting Clouds

Photographed by Leo

ii

156

Leo

for Scytalopus

journeying through man] hundreds of miles

i

;l

E.

Millee

15?

American Expedition
<!

s ,,,.-,,/,.,,,,

of the Ameraluahh- to srienee

Author

the

l.y

l.n

Eabl

Ruin

the Aztec

ai

the South

bj

discovery of the small, .Inn.

final

from photographs

Illustrations

Peaks

E. Miller

New Mexico from which can

description of ancient Pueblo relies from

life and customs of the past

II.

Morris

be constructed

169

mosaic of the
Illustrations

from speeimens

in

The Invention and Spread

Ameriean Museum

the

of Agriculture in

Herbeei

America

'-

Spinden

181

The wori

many

of our

common

food plants of today

Photographs from potter;

lenque show ing M:
ings by the Author

American Museum.

in the

Decorative motives from Copan and Pa;,

a note bj

illowed bj

I'r.

Spinden on

tie-

intuition and agrienlturr., from

greater u

draw

tion on the extension of our food supply

Syli lnus Griswold Mori

Yucatan

M.

ul

The visit of the Carnegie Institution Central American Expedition to an imi

long rendered inaccessible by hostile
Illustrations from phot., graph- and drawing,
detail in two colors
from moral paintn \
the god of rain and fertility,
from a temple at Tuloom
!

achon and

it-

David Stare Jordan

Kindred
hieh

i^

making

nick in the high cost of

Erom Argentina
porarj of the ground sloths from
ol

deer

in

tie

work

Ki;i.m
of Titian

Matth]

North and South America

S ituralisl
Brief mention of the

D.

205

I;

i.-n

A.

Li

\-

-.'l

'.'

M\bt Cynthia DlOKSBSON,

riptions

should

Central I'ark We-'.

The Jovr

New

tx

American

Mip

in all

Ramsai Peale

members

'

of

Editor

77tli

St.

and

DRIFTING CLOUDS

AMONG HIGH ANDEAN PEAKS

Each morning the bleak paramos, above timber Hue in the Andes, are covered with clouds, through which the lofty
mountain peaks stand forth like islands in an ocean of foam. The work of the expedition in tins region
and the lack of fuel, there was
was done under disadvantages, for in addition to the intense
always the possibility of being trapped far from .-amp by the unexpected rolling in
There is nothing to do, when thus "lost "in
of these banks of clouds.
the cold, dense mist, but wail the h.ng hours until it is lifted
i

M USEUM

The American

Search
By

for Scytalopus

EO

E.

.t

THE

wrenlike birds of

liuli'

tin'

nphs

"tapacolos," are per-

haps among the most

to collei

difficull

I.

bj

tin'

species in

poorly

represented

n ason they are invariably only

museum

in

Native

col-

hunting

collectors,

Author

has revealed the specimen lodg

deep stratum of matted

ih.'

plant?,

is

it

means sure

by no

museum

ing the

have heai

here birds, slipping from the

South America, and

of any

lections.

E R

I.

genus Scytalopus, known com.i-

JOURNAL
j

hand

hunter's
feet,

the riot

in

losl

his

at

ig

have been Eorever

of vegetation b hich cai

pi

mainly with blowguns, have

many thousands
number
ments

and

many

parts

only

of birds,

which

of

found their way

the world

hich could

have

small,

in

forests or

tropical

l'...!i\

little

collected.

The

blackish

tapa-

or

the densest of sub-

among

i.-i.

tin'

Argentine frontier,

it

was necessary

During the dry season

railroad

Tin-

not t"

i-

find ln>w

!><

wondered

seldom even the

at

when we

rainy

naturalist of today find

lure

th>'

tiny.

this point on,,

carriage

trail

linl.it-

ferns u> which

confine

season,

its

ami how rarely

it.

the

one
the

-tat ion a short

Tupiza, ami from

reach La Quiaca via

days.

however,

difficulty

which

mouselike
lie

I'

minal-, ami
ored
-hot.

may
two

in

in

connects

During
both

the

automo-

Ei

and
d

to

'li.--

motor cars

from Sucre to Potosi

are run

distance tin- side

o\

qui

traverse the high Boln ian platean a

have usually been

Sucre had

La Quiaca, on the

weeks, and to reach

the tangled

ramos,

months'

eight

expedition started

Argentine Republic.

headquarters for
usuallj

but

taken with

slate-colored

found only

colos,

Vic

completing

\fi.r

for ih.'

plumage, and

those of brilliant

difficulty,

greater

eventually

institul

scientific
"1'

tin'

have

to milliner}

bird

Even after

after

it

ha-

been

Ion-, patient Bearch

.-.

of
to

twice

cover

securing
the

two

road between railway terthe delays and

me

so

great

other inthat

we

decided to travel the entire distance by

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

158
pack train.

This also gave us an op-

portunity to see the country.

The expedition

left

stepping

Sucre December

22 (1915).
We had engaged an adequate caravan of mules and burros and
a

number

journey.

of Quichua drivers for the

All supplies

with us, as very

provisions

dians

who

may

had

to be taken

way

in the

little

of

be had from the In-

are virtually the sole inhabi-

tants of the cheerless highlands.

There

number of villages, it is true, but

the person who relies upon them for
maintenance must either live on coca
are a

ami chicha, the native beer, or meet

with disaster. The country is rolling,
dry,

and

there

is

In

unproductive.

places

a sparse growth of cacti and

thorny shrubbery, but vast anus arc

rocky

We

and

barren

of

vegetation.

all

crossed ridge after ridge, the eleva-

tion of the trail varying between eight

and

thousand

twelve

thousand

Travel in this type of country

trying.

wide separates the two republics, and

is

feet.

most

Water is so scarce that long

must be covered in order to
camping sites: in one inwe were compelled to ride

across

La

selves in

we found our-

this,

Quiaca, a village of Argen-

tina very similar to Villazon.

This section of the Argentine is rich

and multitudes of llamas and

in mines,

mules came down from the mountains

each day. laden with copper, bismuth,
silver

and gold

ore,

ore.

They

dis-

charged their burden at the railroad

station where

be taken

it

was loaded on cars

the

to

smelters

to

in Buenos

Aires.

Our
tine

object in

was

coming

Argen-

to the

to continue the biological sur-

vey we had carried on in Bolivia; and

also to secure specimens of a species of

Soytalopus which was thought to exist

in the province of Salta.

The

acqui-

was most important

would throw on certain

sition of this bird

for the light

it

problems of distribution.

We

there-

fore took the first available train

and

started southward.

From La Quiaca

the railroad winds

distances

upward through a narrow, rocky gorge

find suitable

to the station

stance

thirty-six miles in the course of a day,

between

The

streams.

temperature

hundred degrees each twenty-four hours.

At two in the afternoon the thermometer registered 132
F. in the sun
at night it dropped to
varies one

32.

of which

is

Tres Cruces, the altitude

12,400

scends at a steep
fact that

a rack

feet.
Then it
grade so steep

dein

and pinion are used

part of the distance.

Our

headquarters were

first

Kosario de Lerma,
Salta.

We

town was

made

at

city

of

near the

had been informed that the

in the center of a

heavily

suffering

from sunburn or mountain

upon our
was surrounded by cultivated fields, pastures, and a few
clumps of open, low woods. The at-

sickness,

we reached Villazon on the

tractiveness of the region, however, can-

After twelve days, two of which had

been spent in a Quichua village called

Puna, with every member of the party

Bolivian side of the border.

contains

about a

score

of

forested region, but found

arrival that

it

Villazon

not be exaggerated, and the courtesy

scattered,

of the inhabitants will always remain

We arrived on a
Sunday, when the custom house was

low, adobe buildings.

one of the bright spots of our

years' experience

in

South

closed, but the officials in charge very

Birds were most abundant also.

courteously permitted us to proceed on

were nesting, so that

our way.

brook three or four feet

it

secure not only a large

many

America.

They

was possible

amount

to

of un-

SEARCH FOR 3CYT

.1

usually

but

material,

interesting

deal of information aboul

great

VLOPX

159

were attending the

ho

Washington

their

gress

base,

seuni of

ii!

li.nl

Lerma

Rosario de

number

as

of exi urs o

hundreds of miles

dis-

nding the dense

tant, in

we thoughl would shelter

we were seeking. One of these

bach

the bird

was

i" the chaco,

tin-

place

still

fairly

Ear to the east,

found

w<

in

which

to

which are

rheas,

abundant

persecution

[n

the

of

spite

have been

they

These birds were nesting,

and the eggs were commonly sold in
the

villag

cents apii

thai

to

tli

prii

it

number

man

is

is

to

fifteen

found,

were

about as

rule

in

Oui

re

was

has

was

its .

game

been

In

successful,

in

manj
ommendable
was

but
it

hie

omparat

tin

el]

>

lo

Tucuman.

west

lull.

to

ilnn-,.

in

going

rail

and

to

of

forest,

then

\\

proceeded

with a

we

so

left

lost

the

southwest-

Minion

little

.i

San

called

of the sugar region, and

the heart

in

rea
;

Suffice

be covered

brick chimnej

and

[i

re

of a

and

water for irrigation.

laws so that

tlii-

but

<

proi ince,

separate

locality to another.

of

found

by

palace.

there

the

refin

next

permit every time we moved from one

far

A range

ward

Mi

havi

building

to secure

the

at

Tin- we

wi.ii

vated

-.in-,

tains rises directly

tall,

in

it

with this

pocket.

in\

can carry.

son had

sperate.

isit

the

left

in

and

a collect

ii

Was

this

di

man

Cucuman was our

it

when

ailed

inn

i-

ii

that

r-

as there are

ive,

\i\

to saj

city

A-

we heard of one instance

twenty-four
tli

full

Mm.

should not

the situal Lon was

no time

ot

eggs, and the quality

of such

Vni'L

again

Ordinarily

growth of

conteii

[ual

twenty

about

al

account

sons

received

rii

Natural History dui

\r

to

isit

con-

ific

bei d

\im

life histories as well.

we made

ii

we had

so

.u\ ide the culti-

areas

into

road

cart

sections

supply

Pablo, up the side of the mountains to

the

summit, four thousand

very

hundred

where

high,

feet

Tucuman

we faced an extraordinary situation,

emed impossible to secure the
permits. As a last resort
app
the British consul
(there being no

and

is

settlement

is

the

situated.

six

little

The

of the

<

consul

very kindly spent

m
all

in
a

Tucuman), who
great many hours

from

were

in vain.

seemed hopeless until one

one of th.' large dail

'lay a

the great

lengthy account

copy of

superb;

east

is

in

ho^ repre-

sentatives of Latin-American countries

chateaux, thereby
heat

The view from

the

of

the

symmetrical

it-

to

id

fields of

lower

the top of the

country

perfect!}

Buenos Air.- arrived, ami

found

<>ur quest

spend the

to

pleasant

in

country.

attempts to explain our mission, but

bis efforts

Tucuman

month-

the

out in

cane as far as the

small,

tnu.l.h

waj through the

green, divi

vanishes into the horizon in

river,

ions
a

and

haze of

The temperature in tiiis region, which

Expedition on the march over the highland of Bolivia.
feet high, varied one hundred degrees eaeh twent.v-fou
i

tween ten thousand and twelve thousand

Sucre and Potosi, a

Quichua Indian

wash
i.rr of

all

villas,,

thi

of

I'nu

bul

the\

La

Quiaca

i-

ar.-

l.uili

.nur.li

n.\ rrtli. !.--

..f

at. I.'

a.lnl...

in

\\

Ti

itlislan.l

yean

Tinnk.-fl

l.y

railroad

between

high, barr.-n

dill*,

over the tops nf which maj

entina,
bi

run

ras

a-

if

heavj

.innati.- ...n.lition-

rain
;..

would

THE AMERICAN MVSEVM JOURNAL

To

purple mist.
stern
itous,

the

west

rises

the

Ami. 'an chain, barren and precipits

top

hidden

in

banks

of

From

feet.

day we heard

shrill

which we thought belonged

the

very

little

call

to

Scytalo-

pus; but the elusive bird always

grayish clouds.

We made

four thousand
lii-sl

first

camp

below Villa Nbugues,

at

in the forest

an altitude of

mained

in

re-

among

concealment

the

we

ferns and mosses, and not once did

get

glimpse of

Then we moved
other

of

side

mountain

the

we

where,

had been

hunt-

told,

was not

ing

it.

to the

so

diffi-

cult.

were

Birds

abundant, the

not

mi-

fall

having

grations

left

the forest almost

de-

The few

spe-

serted.

which remained,

cies

however, such as wood

hewers, thrushes, tan-

agers and jays,

humming

of

species

birds

somber

the

green of
tion.

and

color

lent
to

life

wire

and several

plentiful,

the

vegeta-

After

many

we succeeded

days,

in

tracing the mysterious

chirp

to

and

found,

bird

we were

but

seeking,
little

of the shy-

possible

nature.

The minute,

secretive

creature

seemed

spend

entire time

its

among
roots

no

to

the buttressed

and moss-draped

undergrowth,

In spite of the hundreds of thousands of rheas killed for their feathwhich are used in making dusters, these great birds are still fairly
abundant in Argentina. Their eggs sell in the local markets for about
twenty cents ftpiece, not an exorbitant price for an egg which equals a
dozen hen's eggs in size and probably in food value

the

not

dainty

wood wren
est

ers,

source,

its

ray

where
sunlight

of

ever penetrated to dispel the chill

darkness,

and semi-

or

give

touch of cheer to the

A SEARCH FOR SCYTALOPUS

soggy mould.

glimpses of daylight

Its

must be brief indeed, and

at

infrequent

We
state

had come

to the mountains in a
enthusiasm and expectant 3

of

for here

dant than

it

seemed we should succeed in

As the days
passed, thrilling excitement gave way
and
finally,
exasperation;
disapto

ending our long quest.

las!
\

i-it

-<>rt

the

<

not forthcoming.
As
was therefore decided

it

>}

of

>

Nougues, but the

Villa

ai

was

tapacolo

intervals.

Birds were more abun-

appointment.

range, which

tin'

at

t"

tin-

point attains an altitude of over ten

thousand

This neeessita

feet.

securing of a pack train of nude-, but

tlie

was

matter

arranged,

and

aden with potatoes and other produce, and driven ah

liai
Qui
come down from the highlands into the Btreete of Sucre. The limit of the llama's load is about
If it 1..* given a heavier l.imlrn. it will lit- down and stubborn!] refuse to move

one

dred pounds.

pointmenl

remained

alone

void created by

the'

flight

t.>

of

till

tin

the

other

morning ai "tie o'clock

and started up the slope.
showered

We

returned to

collections

then

which had

struck

south.

the

IV.r

This time we
ion

called

hours

li

camped

Tucuman
o

to

pack the

left

ll

the

hut

of

the railroad

in the forest at the fo

doomed

die

t"

able

save
the

full

when an
leaf)

the

silver)

moon

upon

the

branches
trail.

radiance

occasional breeze stirred

arch,

thus

permitting

fitful

-haft- of light to pierce the darkness of

the

to

light

Over the

farther

Tucuman, and

we

overhanging

made, and

forest

Aguilares, two and

from

earth,

tunnel,

and

to

blotches en

fall

in

quavering,

the ground.

We

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

164
almost

could

blackness
Like

\\

water

bich closed in from

a deep,

in

touch

light

impenetrable

the

feel

of

dark

sides

all

The

pool.

dangling

streamer

from the moss-festooned brani hes overvelvety

the

swish

fern

of

bead,

or

leaves

protruding beyond the protect-

made

ing walls of tree-trunks,

as

seem

ii

the forest were peopled with hov-

if

ering, invisible forms.

turbed

brooding

the

No

forest, and, just as

reached a brush-covered strip of country, the elevation of

sand

as,

instinct,

Then

the

bloodthirsty

the

inhabitable.

muddy and

their

rock-

Hour

after hour

wake

we followed blindly
winding

of the hell-mule,

back and forth along the mountainside,

The
way seemed to lie
a small mountain

but mounting ever upward.

latter

part

of the

near the course of

torrent, for

within

filled

with

rank,

low

which render

flies

it

un-

After ascending another ridge, the

downward into a level

and from one
two miles wide.
Herds of cattle

trail led

gently

valley a dozen miles long

to

were grazing on the abundant grass;

strewn lane.

in the

extent,

vegetation and infested with swarms of

dis-

guided by some mysterious

way through

there was a depression of consid-

erable

of

they cautiously picked

thou-

is five

of the ridge, two thousand feet above.

night, except the dull hoof-beats of the

mules,

which

This continued to the top

feet.

sound

silence

we emerged from the

day was breaking,

Finally,

water.

we were almost constantly

hearing

distance

of

rushing

few small areas had been enclosed

within stone walls and planted in

maize; and at the far end, half-eoncealed by willows

and

fruit trees, lay

a village of whitewashed houses.

half

past

four

in

the

afternoon

At

we

reached the settlement, called Tafi del

Valle, and soon after were comfortably

On account of the abundance of moisture in the Cloud Forest of the Andean slopes, the trees are
covered with mosses, and their branches form aerial gardens of orchids, ferns, and parasitic plants. It
was through this deep, dark tangle, to which the rays of the sun never penetrate, that the expedition
made the ride at night on the search for ScytfUopUS

.-rril

in a

and

fifteen

tin;ilh

w.-i-

Tafl del Valle,

pro\ ided

a half hours' uninti

for a journey into a

and

excavated
shining

following morning when

returned

to the stern realities

though

thousand

peaks shul

from the
willows

have

been
-'.

birds

came

surrounding

There

to

:<

planted
large

it

no natu-

is

this region, bul

in

is

and proted

in the valley

icy winds.
I

altitude

the

the

feet,

delightful

in"-!

is

li

seven

near

numbers

Hawks
many

spend the night.

we

collected ri" fewer

during

"iir

lark-,

flycatchers,

thrushes,

and

cold

clear,

rats,

which

stream,

through one side of the

flows

valley, spreads

nut at the lower end over a largi

forming lagoons and marshes

pipers

made

these plat es

ami were

"ii.

to fly

with the hands.

of -nit-

when

flj

-"

sand-

favorite re-

>

were

sandpipers

Pectoral

were unable

area,

<

herons, ami

mvlit

ducks, coots,

tion,

en there were also burrowing

owls,

When
Is,

old nesting sites.

either

ti

in holes

mice, and pigmj opossums occupied the

the
of

barren

to their

banks of earth.

in

he birds had reared their br

sort.

were especially abundant and of

kinds

of this world.

Even

had become adapted

surroundings and were nesting

mon

tl

brightly the

Sum,, species which

maii\ other birds.

ordinarily live in brush-covered country

we

still

Argentii

<

After the

inhabitants.

ride over a difBcuH trail

region,

pa

the cold

in

hospitably

lnii

the

of

urt--

ti

\. .//.;/.,,<!/*

desolate spot thai

that

fat

ami could

There were

noi

the}

bi

also

are beautiful

'

floi

creatures,

>

with

outstreti

measured
hed nei ks and
motionless

in

legs,

the

or

when

shallow

THE AMERICA X MCSEIAI JOCIiXAL

water, their snowy underparts reflected

quivering

in

Lapwings

outlines.

screamed and cackled in resentment of

our

faced

become

to

they grew frantic, and grim-

little parties

began

to scour the

frightened

country in search of the person who

locks of waterfowl which we were

had "poisoned" them.

Fortunately,
none of the scouting parties came our

and

visit

;iua\

had had time

inoculations
effective,

frequently

stalking.

Apparently our Scytalopus was not

We

a bird of the open highlands.

began to wonder

if

because,

the

so

far,

it

even

existed at

all,

search had failed to

most thorough
reveal any trace of

way, for to them

much

very

possibility

strangers look

all

and there was the

that one of us might have
alike,

been mistaken for the doctor.

The paramo above Tafi

is

a bleak re-

There remained, however, the high

paramo above, and to this we next

gion, almost perpetually enveloped in

turned our attention.

possesses

Our sudden arrival at Tafi had

caused much comment among the inhabitants.
They found it impossible
to believe that we had come to that

dition to the intense cold

it.

reunite

region in

and after

dull-colored bird,
it

became an open

regarded

as

small,

search of a

spies

few days

secret that

though

we were
what

just

nature of information we sought, could

They even went

not be determined.
so

far as to refer to the matter occa-

sionally

in

good-natured manner;

and when we were away on hunting excursions, it was the custom to put our
cook,

him

through a

Bolivian,

of

confess the real object of our

to

Therefore, when

visit.

move

sort

degree" in an effort to compel

"third

to the

little valley,

we planned

to

high peaks bordering the

the natives considered their

evidence complete; we were going, they

said, to

prepare

diagram of the coun-

our new

try

from

The

only person

point of vantage.

who

really

the purpose of our mission

from

understood

was a

Tueuman who had been

i"

vaccinate the

or

three soldiers,

sach

Indians.

He

man

sent

up

started

morning accompanied by two

rounded up all the
a given locality, and vac-

Indian- of

cinated them.

The

natives did not

at.

the time realize the significance of this

ad

hut

when,

few weeks later, the

Work

mist.

in

disadvantages, for in ad-

its

of fuel, there

is

may

one

that

is so

from

trapped far

of clouds which roll in

The

penetrating

cold,

dense that

it is

impossible to

but a

objects

distinguish

and the lack

always the possibility

be

camp by banks
unexpectedly
mist

this type of country

few yards

away, and the most familiar landmarks

assume strange and fantastic

In the event that one
this

is

phenomenon, there

is

do but wait until the mist

may

outlines.

overtaken by

nothing to

which

lifts,

be in a few hours, or perhaps, not

until the next day.

Strange to say, the

paramo supports a varied

Herds of wary guanacos feed
on the tall, wiry grass growing in the
more sheltered places; when alarmed,
inhospitable
fauna.

they

flee

slopes.

the

to

The

or grass, harbors

tinamou, but the

also a species of large

bird

is

loath to leave

no sooner does
which

are

it

rocky

inaccessible

paja,

its

safe cover, for

take wing than hawks,

always

hovering

swoop down and carry

it

about,

away.

Numbers of deep ravines have been

worn in the mountain-sides by water
coming from the melting snows on the
higher peaks.

These are

filled

rank growth of shrubbery.

are so abrupt that

with a

The

we could

sides

find

no

spot where a descent was possible without

the aid of a thousand feet or

more

SEARCH FOB

.1

of rope.

Eter

leading

number

;i

narrow

ever,

one

to

of

tin-

calls thai

once recognized with a

On

certainty.

tiring

work

to

we

life

pen

through the matted brush and falling

into deep crevices

among

air.

m>tes

seemed as
avail

o
i

tation

if

for
it

our efforts might

among

was

move without causing

thai

there recurred to us the old saj

Mahomel and

and we

lv

there

was

crisp

sible to

bowlder,

snug

retreat.

then up went

of low, scolding

from

feathered

the

angi

in

found that the bird existed in

;

our

once we had discovered

its

make

difficult

hundreds

for

hopped about

it

of entering

stronghold,

it

the desired -indies.

came

(dose.

to a

waj

was pos-

search, covering so

of miles,

and successful

little

Drawn

succession

emanated

We

the mountain

its

inspection

its

and

numbers

resorted to quiet concealment.

i

min-

darkness,

citement.

to

disturb-

Erightening the birds away.

Then

invaded

had

mite as

chaos

impossible
great

the

of

moss-covered

mo

the

minute, shadowy

the short, barred tail, straight into the

loud from numerous points nearby, but

ii

on

complete

the rocks.

A- we struggled along slowly, highpitched whistling calls rang clear and

-nil

among

one, two, live

out

darted

lied

then a

The white throat gleamed cot

ously among the deep green surroundings as the bird paused a moment to

breaking

of

ards awaj

passed

which

follow along the bottom

possibility

LCi

and turned a pair of bright, inquisitive eyes upon the strange monsters

alti-

of the jailed gash: there u;i- also the

unpleasant

form

ai

was slow.

ii

Ei

utes

degree of

fair

account of the high

tude and tangled plan!

from

ravines

TALOPUS

chirp and a rustle

of day-, how-

was discovered

fissure

which came faint bird

>'<

Thus
many

pleasant

A
thing
.it

YUCCA SANDAL MANY CENTURIES OLD

which the ancient Pueblos wrung from barren nature

no better illustrated than by this yucca sandal. Leave
ml plaited to form the tough sole, and cords of fiber
from the sam.' plant served as lashit :s to hold the sole in place. When the soles became
ere patched and mended, and often
gazes upon the vast bulk of the
nd tries to imag
thousand pairs of these sandals
cic worn out by the feet of the work
mi as they plied to and from

he di'vrr

skill

;iinl

unfailing patience wit]

necessary or their existence can

the soap

weed were

Mi.'

split,

trimmed,

quarries, one's thought goes forth

barians
tions

who dreamed,

tribute to the sturdy bar-

achieved, and v
before Columbus first set foot

Discoveries at the Aztec Ruin'

E A

By

Ti

of

of

who

the

sys-

even hopeless,

seem

excavation

preliminary

Because

rnin.

metal and

of

limited

the

the

tec

abs

the

of

use

which

to

can be put,

basketry

served these people in

prehistoric

R R

multitude of

There are many shape

Deeds.

the vessels found, each suited to

par-

one

to

the crumbling mass

and

earth

of

of

Difficult,

task mighl

materia] achieve-

its

exploration

village or city.

such

the

the tasks confronting

who undertakes

student

tematic

from

people

MO

II.

reconstruct the life and cus-

>

ments
the

RL

stone

which

to

the elements have reduced the

community

ancienl Pueblo
lage

New

Aztec,

ai

vil-

Mexico.

slowly from the wreck of

Bui

dwi llings,

chambers,

brings

Eorth

are

examples of ab-

veritable

of

skill

maj

to 3 ield
:..u

rear-

picture

id

before the vicissi-

i]

dispersed

made

homes

the

and

dogs

\ i\

and

builders,

hearths

time

of

These
mosaic

hit-

which careful

tudes

spade

the

handiwork.

original

and

ceremonial

of

burial

Since

owls.

its

their
prairie

of

"the

picture" can do! be drawn unafter

til

years,

tempted

ai

scription

In ions

that

oi

will

time

this

be
is

at-

de-

some

of

specimens

summer

work

the

all

found

The

during

the

of 1916, and

under which they were

59

Is

the

mosl -striking

the

collei tion

are

perhaps

feature

gaihi d

from

This article follow

.loned

discarded

material

Tins

treasure lioiw for the ai

which covered the floor to a considerable depth,
was 611ed with sandals, cloth, matting, baskets, cords, and
gber, seeds, bones of animals, broken pi
o moisture
to

of
ctij

be

perishable articles
In fact, some of the dried corn

preserved.
as

a
:

for

,ea

red.

Potter]

Pui

dwellings

>'ni:.r> .Idi

if

taken from

kn

THE AMERICA X Ml'SKCM JOURNAL

170
hcular

type

various

foods

function.

of

pigment mixed
even

mortar

building

In

bowls

were served, or day or

for pottery

carried

to

making, or
the

masons

doubl as drinking vessels.

Water was

carried from the river in graceful jars,

some of them of a capacity of several

gallons.

The

jars are fitted with han-

Flat-bottomed

dles or lugs, the smaller ones for sus-

pitchers with globular

pension by means of a thong, the larger

bases and straight necks wore used no

for transportation by the hands, or to

mugs and

the

pueblo.

tall

The hollow bones

of

birds were fashioned

into needles,

made from the short heavy bones of deer and elk, the trochan
The longer bones were sawed and split longitudinally with Si
tions were then reduced by rubbing upon pieces of sandstoiM
awls, anil punches
(The numerals in ink represent the cata
iluseum)

Scrapes or paddles were

nient grip for the hand

der sections. These secnd koen pointed daggers,

a

them by the American

DISCOVERIES AT THE AZTEC RUIN

aid

the

their

women

heads,

in

placing them upon

which

in

were carried, either

position

lull or

they

empty.

to

animals

at-

mold the forms of men or

in clay,

dividual caprice

due perhaps
<>t'

desire t" represenl

rare,

i" the in-

the potter, it to

some

deity.

Exam-

however, only one having

long chisel-like blades,

commonly

been taken from the Aztec ruin.

i>

been

There were evidently occasional

tempts

called

human

seated

broken,

'['he

had
keen-

link

show

that

it

was

intentionally

decapitated.

The must

beautiful

tery

shows

\\ ii li

black mi

red

a
i

In

variety of pot-

ground ornamented
interior of the

skinning knivi

essel,

tone imple

Usuallj the]

fine-grained material varying in

and
Hopi Indian to
ipon their altars to symbolize the spirits of departed warriors.
the kind from which thej are made i~ know,, to occur within one hundred and li'i

stone form a pleasi

stone of

gray.

This

which

figure

mark.- of a

edged flake of stone upon the severed

hard
color from

171

.,/,,.

bj

nottlinj

the

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

and with yellow or cream color on the
This red pottery

outside.

Some specimens

Aztec.

rave at

is

are evidently

local products, while others so closely

resemble the pottery typical of other

parts of the Southwest, that from the

evidence they furnish,

the
tive

it

may

he pos-

determine that the people of

to

sible

Animas Valley carried on primicommerce with contemporaneous

hundreds of miles distant.

Most of the pottery is found with
the dead. It was a peculiar custom of
the Pueblos to bury certain individuals, probably the more important pervillages

sons,

rooms,

tuary

beneath
"i-

in

the

rooms

purposes.

were found

last

of

floors
set

living

aside for mor-

Only a few graves

summer, but it is to
them

be expected that many, some of

very rich, will be encountered before

the excavations are completed.

Cooking was clone in rough pots

whose soot-covered exteriors resemble

They were made by

coiled baskets.

the

coiling process of pottery manufacture,

and the resulting ridges were not

smoothed down upon the outside. The
cooking vessels never bear painted decorations, but the other types usually are

highly ornamented.

Upon

white groundwork,

attained

the gray or
in

most,

cases by the application of a light-col-

ored slip
vessel,

over the darker paste of the

were traced

designs

pigment, and fired

black

in

Most of the pat-

in.

terns are geometrical, with only

and then an attempt

now

at realistic repre-

sentation.

The

large cooking pots are found as

they were
The yucca plant furnished needles. A long
Blender strip was split from a leaf, and the basal
portion chewed or beaten until the fibers were
Those
separated, and all but a few broken off.
remaining were twisted around the cotton thread.
The sharp
thus attaching it firmly to the needle.
thorny point of the leaf was strong and keen
enough to pierce ordinary cloth, but if skins or
tough fabrics were to be joined, doubtless a bone
awl was used to open a way for the needle

left,

sometimes sitting in the

ashes of extinguished

common

practice,

cracked,

or

liquids, to

fires.

when

It

was a

they

were

no longer hold
them into the floors,

would

sink

where they were used as bins or storage

Flat stones were put over them

jars.

DISCOVEEIES AT THE AZTEC RUIN

ofteii the place of their

and

for covers;

coneealmenl was completely hidden by

layer

OhdeT such condi-

mud.

of

movemenl
phere

reek of pungenl

minute-

few

-o

i-

up

stirs

In

dust.

173

thick that

atmos-

the

man can not

The workmen

distant.

would be passed over by the

during our work of excavation, were it aol for the hollow rumble
they emit when the floor ahove them is

cough and choke behind masks of wel

cloths ami sponges, and every little

struck by the pick or shovel.

breath of clean

The

diffii

tached

be

at-

specimens

of

recovery

the

to

may

which

ulty

during the excavation, and the extreme

caution that musi be exercised to

make

none are overlooked, are well

sure thai

illustrated by the circumstances under

which was made one of the b<
that of

tson

large red bowl.

The bow] was broken ami

had become
a

A- slow decay of

second story room.

enabled

timbers

iporting
rain

the fragments

scattered over the floor of

wear boles through the

to

many

one by one

id'

the
floor,

the fragments

fell

an

by

ered

accumulation

A-

washed earth.

I.

this lower

upon

name

the

pottery

rain-

red

brighl

'The

red

rom

76 cubic

feel

of earth

mi

over them.

more than

-i\

through

the

of

Sifting

i-

when

doors,
ordeal.

it

it

slow and
ha-

acquires

In

to

hunters

these

for

drop of

can enter save

through an aperture only large enough

for

man

to

crawl

veritable

The

ruin

the

into

whose ceilings
of

protection

one of the most

diffi-

problems connected with the pres"!

lie

'

to

decided

\ stei

bar one

ami

ruin,

of them,

to

ascertain
ild

I...

to lai

lb,'

bi b

this

in

in

it

way the

kepj sufficiently dry to

Men were pm

cay.

remove

if

was

it

and

heavy coating of cement upon

thirty

ton-

t,i

work to

earth

of

and

bad fallen upon the ceiling

fnuu the wall- of the third and the

upper part of the second story.
The
lir-t

workman

Hon

set

to reach the floor raised

beam which bad

of a
e.

In

and beneath
a

lay a

it

few momenl

fallen

yucca

il

'Me depth

througl

with

refuse,

every

shovelful of which contained something

the qualitii

air

is

as

intact.

eilings

done within

room where not

and no current of

tunneled

and opened some

still

be

to

About thirty years ago

treasure bouse.
relic

accumulation

evident that the floor was covered to

|.

moisture ha- penetrated

proved

refuse,

but a

of the

side

ruin, containing such an

sandal.

but

nothing

is

interesting

or

room on the north

back

frag-

inches to

-i\

To P

suggestive

about a feu cartload- of rubbish

with

tered over an area eight

membranes

inflamed for

the uninitiated there

that over ninety per cent of

three feet in depth.

To

particularly

order

a half of sifting followed,

throat

several days.

of dirt.

1'ul

nose ami

of the

the

leaves

tilth,

acrid quality

dryness and the

it-

divided ashes, gyp-

finely

of

the

km

is

presi nee

sum, and

The

air.

of the dust, due to

cult

by whii

day and

of

workman caughl

sun

the

of

trlint

while have to come into the open for

are

I'eet

ive

tions they

of

and

importance.
for five

cloud

of

sie\e<

days two

du-t

were brought,

men worked

separating

materia] from the sweepings

When

the

task

in

tin

ai

was completed,

there

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

174
were eleven
filled

jects,

wooden dry goods boxes

with a surprising' variety of ob-

something over

six

hundred

speci-

The air space in the room

and the several feet of earth
above, had kept the rubbish as dry as if
mens

in all.

below,

hermetically sealed, so that even the

most perishable objects were perfectly

preserved.

Grains of corn, together with cobs,

and husks were

tassels,

fully intact

also

beans and bean-pods, pine cones and

pumpkin

and

branches,

seeds

and

These, together with bones of

shells.

turkey, rabbit, deer, and antelope,

show
upon what wild and cultivated
foods the aborigines depended for sus-

plainly

tenance.

Cotton

yucca

fiber,

and

leaves,

rushes represent the raw materials for

The

products.

textile

cotton

was

twisted into yarn and woven into cloth

and texture, some

of it ornamented in red and brown.
The needles with which this cloth was
of excellent strength

sewed were ingeniously devised.

was

strip

the

split

from a yucca

long

leaf,

and

so

that

portion macerated

basal

only a few strands of fiber remained.

The thorn
an

end of the leaf made

and

at the

effective point for the needle,

the frayed fiber at the opposite end

twisted

in

and

around

was

cotton

the

thread.

Yucca

whole or

leaves,

split,

were

plaited into sandals and mats, or the

separated fiber was twisted into cord.

Some

of the cord

sixty

linen,

is

as fine as

and some

is

number

as large as

A soft and heavy

was made from yucca cord and
feathers. The down was stripped from
the ribs of the feathers and wrapped
about the cords, which were then woven

quarter-inch rope.
cloth
Photograph

When

till

Earl E. Morris

cooking pots were cracked or worn out,

they were sunk into the adobe floors to serve as

storage or hiding places for grain and valued
articles.

floors

may

In the picture a portion of one of the

be seen in the corner above the mouth

There was no sign to indicate that

anything was concealed beneath until the curiosity
of a workman caused him to investigate the hollow rumble which a tap with his pick upon the
hardened earth brought forth from the drumlike
of the jar.

cavity within the pot

into jacket-like

garments such as have

been found upon the dead

in

various

parts of the Southwest.

Rushes were plaited into mats for

covering
(lead, a

si

floors,
i

or

for

wrapping the

into sandals, baskets, ami bags.

DISCOVERIES AT THE AZTEC RUIN

What appear

to

of

-:-i

lou laced across n itb

with

found
others

and

husks
in
<-\

pair-,

have

snow-

been

frame of n

oval

.-in

il-

ucca, and stuffed

They
them

grass.

some of

were
large,

Although these
and

and

ornaments

\ ami rous

perhaps

There are disc-shaped

and

variety

beads of black,
of

white,

gray,

ami red

them onlj one sixteenth

number
them bound

When

make

the

material

[to reward the

sighl

strung
a

upon

curd-,

and more than three hundred

sets

as an

as well

mi.

customs

and

backing of pitch:

itself

and

tin

the

ipre-

hensive reconstruction of the material

to

place by

ruin

should

quartz crystals, one of

cotton cord with sinew; beaver tusks

the

of

possible an accurate and

culture,

nil

indii

of

wealth

of

held in

they

richness

the work has been finished,

feature-

of an inch in diameter; a

desi ription

ragmentary,

gum

in

bject.

continued cm avation of the Aztec ruin.

eremonial objects were mingled with

me

surface of -mi

which ma

idently fashion

of children.

which had been inlaid

thoughts,

1I1.

of

the

andiwork
tive

ol

EloM

turquoise, shell, and coral-colored stone

nias

Spaniards
-

pas!

instructive

to

people,
1

aused

name

beliefs,
e\

idem

the imagina-

the river

vi

their village Rio de la-

Perditas

in-

and

lii.li

\ni-

the River of Losl Souls.

SNOWSHOES FROM AZTEC

Although winter Btori
vicinity of Aztec, sandals
of grass or husks.

w
When

stinging cold of the

snow

quence crude snowshoes

17G

RUIN

seldom leave more than a few inches of snow upon the ground in the
an inadequate protection against even so slight a fall. In consere made from an oval loop of willow beneath which was lashed a bundle
earing these the traveler might go dry-shod and well protected from the
s

-ere

The builders

of the Aztec ruin used fiber of cotton and yucca for cloth making.
The cotton gartended to be worn during ritualistic ceremonies and upon ilr.-^ occasions, were as soft and
heavy muslin. Ordinary apparel, sacks, and burden straps were woven from the coarser fiber

pliable as

of the yucca, or occasionally with warp of yucca and woof of cotton.

in Hi.- fields along the river, while the yucca grew and -till flourish.
wastes of the neighboring mesas

It

i-

clear to

what

uses matting mad.- of plaited

function baffles the imagination,

A pillow, a
among the possibilities, hut all arc equally probli

rushes

I.

cultivated

on the rock> slopes and sandy

as
the

The cotton plant was

back when carrying bin!

In pottery making Pueblo art founc

dignified simplicity of ornamentation to

search for beauty was as keenly alive

in

Due to the absence of metal,

merable purposes.
In them food

tin

nd

restricted use of basketry, pottery bowls

\ns served, clay

and pigment mixed

for pottery

away from excavations, and mortal carried to the masons. Refuse heaps are
them, and many exct.-ll.-nt -p.M/iiu.- is are found with tin- dead

were used for innumaking, earth borne

with fragments of

filled

This large bowl

ruin.

is

the fine8l pottery \.-ss.l found

The ground-color

of

drawn

in the

same shade

ol

may saf.h COnclud

peoples hundreds of miles di

dun

dark red, upon whii

iil.-

the dominant

This decoration is take

from Maya sculpture.

It

"maize god,"
who was imagined as a youth
concerns

tnl

the

and beautiful being under the

of the older and wiser

protection

gods of rain and of sunshine. The upper

detail is a stucco relict' from the Palace
The god comes down
at Palenque.
from above and at right and left are
seen leaves and bursting ears of maize.

The

side

details

are

from

Stele

at

where several maize gods clamber

among feathers and twining serpents.
The maize god always wears a headdress
(

lopan,

fashioned into
maize.
also

conventional

Elsewhere in the

ear

of

New World

agriculture reacted strongly upon

and art.
The world today is indebted to the work
of the American Indian for the following
religion

,,ii

Plants

The

Invention and Spread of Agriculture

America'

in

ne

By

0\

foreland

the

E K T
ancient

of

American history the invenagriculture

outstanding

the one

is

For withoui

fact.

and abundant

sure

supply, to be se-

food

domest icating plant?, the

cured onlj

b]

American

[ndians

have

oever

could

risen above the status of hunters, herd-

lowly

or

ers,

was

indeed

both

arts,

Agriculture

fishermen.

possible all the higher

the

in

inven-

indispensable

the

made

tion that

i;

Amazon basin and of the West Indies,

and the common potato that was cu]
tivated most extensively

the rather

in

Wild stocks

arid highlands of Peru.

some of the aboriginal food plants

for

America are often difficuli to obbut botanical knowledge is Ear

from complete for the more significant
of

tain,

regions.

The
ture

cradle of

appears

Now World

agricul-

have been the high-

to

World and the

>ld

PIND

-1

New.
agriculture began independently

5 el

in

the two

The

hemispheres.

plants

found under domestication among the

American Indian- are distim

as a
-roup from those known in Europe,
I

Asia, and

Africa.

the

Pacific

islands,

We

before the discovery of America.

New World

have, then, in the

families of ci\ Uiza-

unrelated

and the

upon agriculture,

tion, each doj.oiid.au

Inn with unrelated groups of plant- as

In each area, the

and

population
of

the

sible

in.

asi

accumulation

the

wraith that resulted from

this

in

of

vi

and

intellectual

ale.

ea

had several
ica, l.nt

of
poii

tlii-

in

.I..,.-

ii.

maize, beans, and

mon

may have

agriculture

products

seem

Amer-

likely, since

squashes were com-

wherever

agriculture
mi.-.

special environments, had a

ited

distribution,
i

the

more

for

lim-

examples being the

humid lowlands

of

tin.

Pottery reproduction- of
.

actual

in.-u/.',
>'.'ir-

sometimes used as details on

outhern Mexico

in

,-a-t
oi"

great

.1,

im.l.Is

ceremonial

THE AMERICAS MUSEUM JOURNAL

132

lands of Mexico and Central America.

The

wild relative of maize so

nearest

far discovered

a grass called in the

is

mains of sharply differing

styles

have

been found in layers one above the

and

other,

it

clear that the lowest

is

The

Aztec tongue teocentli (sacred maize).

layer

When we

pottery of this lowest layer shows pecu-

consider the geographical and

historically the earliest.

is

climatic range of maize, we must admit

liar features in

that the Mexican plateau

ment, and

mediate and very

likely

is

an inter-

home

for the

it

construction and orna-

has been possible to prove

features that ceramic

by these special

spread from Central America across

wild ancestor of this great food plant.

art

On

northern South America to the mouth

the north

cultivation had

its

been

extended in pre-Columbian times to the

mouth

of the St. Lawrence,

mouth

south to the
Plata.
ful

and on the

of the Rio de la

had been modified by

It

breeding to meet

and

tions of heat

care-

extreme condidrought and

cold,

moisture.

In

of Colombia

the

early

history

is

of

archaeological rather

There are manufac-

than botanical.

New World

the

from the general

seem

have

to

level of

risen

what has been

called the "archaic horizon."

The

trail

marks

pottery of the ancient type

the first distribution of agriculture.

When we examine

agriculture the most important source

of information

All the higher civilizations in

of Peru.

id'

restoring

Amazon, and over the mountains

and Ecuador to the coast

of the

the exact distri-

bution of this most ancient of

we

tery,

find that

it

is

all

pot-

abundant

in

tured objects, such as pottery vessels,

open, arid country, and rare or want-

associated with

ing in

agriculture or depen-

humid, forested country.

Theo-

would be more

in a general way upon it, and

some of these are practically indestructible; whereas plants and seeds survive

that were hard rather than under those

only under the most exceptional condi-

that were easy.

dent

Earthen howls are both heavy

tions.

and

fragile

and consequently of

use to wandering peoples.

Stationary

peoples are usually on the agricultural

In America we

life.

lliul

that

the boundaries of pottery distribution

parallel

closely

tin'

boundaries

agriculture distribution, extending

some

regions

Pottery
tion

in

is

slightly

made with an

beyond

Like agriculture,

Irrigation

agriculture

of

Necessity, they say,

often looked
to

into

upon

is

as a

the introduction

an arid country.

But from the best historical evidence

command, we should rather re-

at our

gard

it

as

an invention which accounts

earliest records of cultivated plants

are

found in Mesopotamia, Egypt,

and Peru, where irrigation

Mexico,

was practised, and in each region are

likewise found the earliest develop-

in
-

nis of the characteristic arts of sed-

entary

peoples namely,

religious

spread outward from a single point of

origin.

amount
re-

pottery

and

weaving, ami the elaborate social and

ing and other high arts, and probably

In the valley of Mexico pottery

is

remarkable sequel

pottery

he \e\v World, along with loom ea

conditions

The

bas

making was independently invented

under

in

almost the historical value of a written

document.

originate

for the very origin of agriculture itself.

them.

and

agriculture

of

infinite varia-

form and ornament

to

the mother of invention.

little

peoples alone develop pottery, and such

plane of

retically,

likely

sure

structures

food

that

result

supply and a

from

reasonable

of leisure.

Quite aside from these

known

facts

CO

1J
I r

1 5.1

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

184
in the

ease,

there are several

why we should

reasons

expect to find the

first

appearance of agriculture in an arid

The

environment.

on food supply

is

press of population

greater there than in

free-and-easy lands where nature

the

man

there

culture,

usually

is

such

supply of wild game, of berries, and of

edible roots, that the advantage of

ing the

soil

does not at

Even when agriculture

till-

appear.

first

known

is

in

such favorable country, the indigenous

The "maize god" of the Peruvians (see figure at the left) was buried in th
and in some sections the ceremony is still kepi up. The body is formed
The cemetery of Ghimbote on the arid coast of Peru has furnished us this
(water jar at right). The realism of these ancient casts made from molds is

crops,

field
!

as a prayer for good

molded ears

of maize,

jr decorated with

peanuts

vith the rather

conventional treatment of modeled representations

is

bountiful

but where

an

insidious

competition works behind the screen of

and cuts down

plenty
desert

life.

the clearing of the field

In the
is

less

laborious than in the jungle, and the

control of the life-giving water

man

makes

the master of the entire situation.

plants are seldom found

It

is

perhaps

ir

ble

for

the

intermediate type

of cn-

n
where agriculture is possiwithout irrigation, and where it
<

normally spreads with the rise of Im-

an

open

culti-

question

whether the extreme tendency

serve

energy,

plants,

seen

in

most

to con-

desert

has not increased their com-

l The abundant harvests of wild acorns in Caliwokas in southern Oregon, of wappato

along the Columbia, of camas and kous in the
pleasant uplands of Idaho, and of wild rice in the
lake regions of Minnesota and southern Canada,
were effectual harriers against the invention or
spread of agriculture among the tribes inhabiting

fornia, of

As

under

vation. 1

these regions.

INVENTION AND SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE IN AMERICA

of

plants

over

value

Eood

parative

At any rate,
s.
more propitious cli
seeds thai grow with avidity or the
slightest encouragement form a large
part of the dietary of deseri

seeds

crops

spi

at

would

and

nists

tion,

would result in

-low

arefullj

question that bota-

Certainly

answer.

redui ed

to

after

cultiva-

new environ-

to

Only the plants

maturitj

give

seeds

for

Mexico and Peru.

v.

the

in

Sweel

<

Maize, beans,

common

are

ith

both

to

onsiderable local vari-

potatoes, the camote of

both

in

Peru, bul arc probably of

rid

humid lowland
varieties

by the

In

origin
of

peppers,

red

word

Aztec

Mexico

sev-

often

ch\

the Mexicans, although

if

commonly grown throughout

Andean region, and a wild form oe-

was

it

the

curs as

north as Colorado.

far

nuts also appeal- to he

cialty.

Pea-

Peruvian spe-

The weight
ence

of

anthropological

sci-

strongly againsi over-sea trans-

i-

mission as an easy explanation of enig-

human

same language. The latwas used mostly in softening the

hile sauce, and several varied in early books. Cacao

totnatl in the

lounced

in

name from

culture, and

common

plant was

comi ng of
been

lolumbus,

tint

Huh example

which appearthe

Pacific,

Eor

the fact has

cosmopoli-

i>

the con

gourd,
one and the -a

to be

World, in the islands of the

(Id

and

in

plant,

America.
was

bul

is

It

mui

economic

appear

not

as

plant,

ground,

ies,

nto

was grown

ailed

hocolatl and

delicious

in

the lower

drink.

this

was
ai

ao

Thi re

itled

have been roasted

modi rn

word

Mexican

fur

"mother of cacao," and

produ<
arracacba

tl"-

"'

bian

in

'

of

and

Mexi.-o

-mall

bj the
said to

may

sr-ds

since

the

pi

Peruvian word
Several wild species of peanut* ar.
merica

is

fruit

and more hu-

mid parts
Mi
co
and Central
America, under the shade of another
tree, called the

hut

Many

cotton.

is

it,

.1-

docs

world-encircling family of

closely related spei

When

An

uses.

that

-pedes

single

the

Aztec word cacawtl, which referred to

nibs.

nol

cultivated

household and ceremonial

important

rather as

!"-

doubt.
in

1500 are rare, and possibly

tan use in

in

both the

to

il

beyond

established

mestic species of plants

the

ves

be!

it

World ami the New before the

old

Eood

cultivated, as well as the tomato called

ter

i-

to

tivated

also cultivated

called

this plant

It

was known

us not to assume lightly that any cul-

squashes

eral

doubtful

espei tally

mas

areas, bui
ation.

Peru the potato was

preserved and planted

Agriculture received special empha-

and

in the

Indies.

planting, and these seeds are

most favorable situations.

sis in

parts of the

developed.

tremendously hastened

I"'

selection.
to

increasing

greatly
a

adaptation

artificial

that

is

has been

the nexl
i

one of continuous

life to

irrigation

ments musl
by

many

in

In

should

the

was grown also

drink

Cacao

Wot

their food value

the plant

watering.

artificial

changes

physical

and made

it

chorate from the seed-.

release of these wild plants

harsh

western Vene-

tribes of

cultivated

zuela
Called

lowlands of South America and

in

result

suggesl

ease under

mountain

the

pies.

streams

beside

have been known to Peru, although

to

volunteer

naturally

Whether the
from

and

rigs

of

This plant does not seem

land tribes.

these

The screening and washing

IS5

was an objeel of trade with the high-

of

the

""">>' is

used.

ind Oolom
c and the
in IVni of
pigweed family,

similar

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

ISO

species have never been

wild

brought
under cultivation or turned to human
Cotton also occurs on oceanic islands, such as the Galapagos, which

duction of the banana and sugar-cane

into America.

The map given herewith shows

use.

were entirely uninhabited until

i

But

imes.

it is

important

modern cotton

the

of

that of the

sentially

modem

to note that

commerce
American

is

es-

Indi-

ans.

limits

of

pottery

distribution

within these limits, the areas

the

and,

known

to

have been given over to agriculture.

A rough distinction is made between

The

three general types of agriculture.

Both the gourd and the cotton are

and apparently oldest, type occurs in open and rather arid territory

enabled by nature to take the widest

of considerable elevation, where irriga-

first,

advantage

of distribution by wind
and water, and we may lie perm it led to
assume that they passed in such fash-

Erom the Old World

ion

New.

the

to

tion

type

is

usually necessary.

The second

found in the humid, tropical

is

lowlands where the land must ordinarhe cleared of the forest before plant-

ily

The coconut, which was doubtless

known in the Old World before the
discovery of America, may have been

partly open and partly forested coun-

distributed by ocean currents.

try

all

Nearly

the related palms are indigenous to

tropical America, but

tain

there

is

do cer-

evidence that the coconut

actually existed

even in

itself

under cultivation, or

wild state, in pre-Columbian

America. No remains of the fruit and

no pictures of the tree are found in
archaeological

names

for

ously absent

and native

collections,

coconut are conspicu-

the

among Indian

tribes.

under

drawn

An

outlying area

is

also

is

seen, agriculture

seems to have spread

over most of this open country on the

wave.

The second type

of

agriculture

is

that developed to meet the conditions

of

we must remember that the

in

across

this

tropics.

China,

conditions

the Guiana highlands,

somewhat doubtful and
proof of its existence must await future exploration.
As we have already

but

and while the evidence points to Tibet

from which maize entered

third type oc-

southern Colorado and Utah to southern Chile.

the discovery and conquest of America,

as the region

temperate

where irrigation is not required.

The arid highland area extends from

first

The earliest references to maize in

China are considerably subsequent to

The

ing can be done.

curs

the

humid and
The Maya

heavily

forested

civilization, prob-

most brilliant of the New

World, was made possible by the agriably

the

caravan trade between the Near and

cultural conquest of the rich lowlands

the Far East was

of Central America.

at

its

height in 1500.

On

Moreover, the world empire of Spain

the preparation of the

embraced

tively easy,

sections

large

of

the

East

Indies as well as of the West Indies

and the mainland of America. It was
.11:

age that throbbed with energy,

new ideas were

The exchange of
tal

plants

is

owing

the highlands

soil

is

compara-

to scanty vegetation

and a control vested

in irrigation.

On

the lowlands, however, great trees have

when

to

upon.

kept

occidental and orien-

be felled and fast-growing bushes

down by untiring energy. But
when nature is truly tamed, she re-

seen not only in the

turns recompense manifold to the dar-

eagerly

seized

introduction of maize anil sweet pota-

ing farmers.

toes into China, but also in the intro-

to believe that the

Moreover, there

is

reason

removal of the for-

1SS

77/

est -cover

AMEL'/CAX

/i

over large areas affects fa-

vorably the conditions of

human

life.

which under a canopy of leaves are

hard indeed.

But while extremely high civilization might result when the material
wealth of the humid tropics is garnered

MCSECM

JOl'/iXAL

eastern half of the United States, but

seems also to have been developed, although to a much less extent, in parts
of the Argentine

and Uruguayan pam-

Maize is again the staple, with

beans and squashes as associated crops.
pas.

Among

the

Mandan

Indians of North

by a closely organized people, the general run of more or less haphazard

conditions of a very short

agriculture in the tropics leads to no

to

such state of

Amazon

In the great

affairs.

and in the flanking

and the Plata,

Valley,

valleys of the Orinoco

we

find agriculture

high

unaccompanied by

developments,

social

although

weaving and pottery-making are everywhere practised.

Maize, beans, and

known throughout

squashes

are

area, but

maize

is

this

displaced from the

Dakota maize was modified

after planting.

plane, especially

there

grow wild

is little

doubt that domestication

took place in this area.

first

and

in Brazil,

single

when we consider that

If

we glance

at the crop report of

the United States,

we find that the annual value for this country alone of

under cultivation by
amounts to three thousand
millions of dollars
and the debt of
plants

brought

the world

other species of the same family.

Maize
in its

is

is

only partly acknowledged.

our principal farm crop, and

production we lead the world, but

in certain other products of the

toes,

production

the

States

sonous juice of the favorite manioc is

found wherever the plant is cultivated,

world's production.
that in the four

and similar types of clay griddles are

white

used in making the cassava cakes.

The

third type of agriculture was

adapted to temperate conditions. It is

most completely exemplified in the
i

we should extend our study

If

to semi-cultivated

ucts

made
name

trees,

the

of agriculture

list

of valuable prod-

would be greatly increased.

Mention may be
whose current

of the favorite alligator pear,

a gross mispronunciation of aguacate, of

members of the anona or custard-apple
including the soursop or guanabena, the
or sweetaop, and theeustard apple, of the
granadilla which is the fruit of the passion flower,
of Hi.' lucuma and its relative the marmalade plum,
Of Hi.- -tar apple, of the sapote or nispero, of the
is

several
family,

'""""'

mamey

apple, of the nance or

Barbados cherry,

of

Amer-

ican Indians, such as beans and pota-

technical process of extracting the poi-

the Iroquois

indigenous to the tropics.

Two species of this plant are used, one

having a poisonous juice, the other beBoth plants, along with

are said to

Among

the plants under cultivation were

all

the Indians

many

meet the

agriculture was also brought to a high

position of first importance by manioc.

ing harmless.

to

summer and

ripen within sixty or seventy days

is

of

the

United

but a very small part of the

man

has

If

we remember

hundred years that the

dominated the New

World he has not reduced to cultivafrom wild stock a single important

wonder of the American In-

tion

staple, the

dian agriculture becomes

still

greater.

the guava, of t lie cirucla or jocote, and e

these names the list is far from complete.
Nor can we take time to more t:
of the other important economic plants cultivated
by the Indians.
Of these the first in value is the
modern cotton of commerce. The cultivated cotton
of the American Indians has virtually displaced
the Old-World types. Many other fiber plants were
also brought under cultivation such as henequen.
Tobacco was widely domesticated from several species both in temperate and tropical America.
Important medicines derived from the Indians are

On the
TIIK war

Greater Use of Indian Foods

thai

upon us

is

will

sooner or later compel us to conserve i" the last degree our eco-

rength h\ the eliminal

waste

fcual

more

in

of

tori

Eood ami bj the higher

ai

aotor

fixed,

shj

hut greal events sweep awaj prejudices.

inherited mosl of our foodhab-

from the Old World and we

its

iread

though

lie

red
s

of

staff

li

Now

other food-.

maize

much

imper-

This grain

favorite staple

among

SOUtl

in

\-m

more

ica are

whom
ami

Certain dishes of

nists

in

culinary

A greater use is
them of maize flour in ontra

l,\

New England ami

bread" of the Pueblo Indian-

stove

and

The

stoves.

pumpkin

with

oiled

seeds.

This

al

color-.

ever,

kinds

different

of

has excellent keeping qual-

it

Ik-

employed

thi

ion

the

to

maize, and

sprue!

is

top of

smoothed by an addrl

is

"paper bread" m;

same method is
totopoztli, which i-. how-

for

the

ico

baked until brou n and

Hulled corn or hominy, ground intoa

elsewhere.

appreciated

ni ly

The "paper

distinction to rough meal.

In-

from

more

are

efEorts

worthy of imitation.

American

tin'

Amer-

civilized than those

these food- have been adopted,

their

western Europe.

dians were adopted by the early colo-

their long

when each

feed.

Bui the Indian tribes of our South-

ig
''i'"

own

west and of Mexico and Central

our neighbors in Central Amei

or wheal

carry his

In

in

other tribes,

againsl

baked on stone

have

fectly realized by ourselves.

ju-t a-

raid-

man had

made

aboriginal

possibilities

i-

call

&

nourisbmenl can easily

-.iine
in

al

"'the

by the Iroquois warrior-

and

scientific use of the materials at

hand.

with sligW weight. This was much used

paste, furnishes

tortillas

by the hungry English ami described by

or unleavened cake- that take the place

Roger William-

of bread in Mexii

"Indian corn

16 13 a-

in

beaten ami boiled ami eaten hoi or cold

nary tortilla

with milk or butter."

thin

tions

hominy,

At

a still

earlier

kali.

The

Min John Smith men-

which

ordinarily applied

ion

inner portion -"it ami palatable.

is

i-

v.

that has been misapplied to a

it

..

taken over from the southern

favorite

it

This

i-

crisp

properly -peak-

IS,

made from

id chili peppers.

made

and

In

'
,

Pinolatl

to a

besl

know

fashions.

It

i-

are refreshing drinks

dough

The tama

u dish

'
I

he M.

Indian-, at leasl a- far astheword

cerned.

pinolt

stirring maize paste or

into sweetened water.

Indians

ami trappers was parched corn meal.

which combines greal nourishing power

until

fire

variety of dishes, SUCh a- steWS of mai

water

food of the early explorers

surprise in the center.

larched meal

meant

cake was

up cigar-fash-

and other seeds. The word is applied

mixture

originally

simply an ear of maize,

made

meat, cheese, or chili

and crackling. Pinole

Narragansel word
of corn and Lean-:

little

toasted before the

This

method of preparing maize

-[.read over North and Central Amer-

tortilla rolled

is

ith a

lime, potash, snails'

causes the outer -kin of the

grain to peel away, leaving the white

rather soggy, hen

name

alkali
i

i>

dish nothing can surpass the

boiled with al-

shells, etc.

it

Although the ordi-

o.

i-

eon-

made m manj different

Kebbebt .1. Spindex.

ONLY HIEROGLYPHIC
NSCRIPTION FOUND AT TULOOM
Monumeut tliree feet wide, eight inches thick, found by Stephens in 1842. Both faces are sculphuman figures, the one shown above carrying the two-headed ceremonial bar, the most
common emblem of authority in Maya sculpture. The inscriptions on both surfaces are presented in
tured with

two
8

vertical panels

Ahau 13 Pax

190

of

and

in a horizontal panel across the top.

Mnya

chronology, approximately 290 A.D.

The date recorded

See page 201

(at the left) is 9.6.10.0.0

The Ruins

Tuloom, Yucatan

of

THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION CENTRA]

THE RECORD
AMERICAN EXPEDITION, L916, TO AN IMPORTANT BUT LITTLE
KNOWN ANCIENT MAYA CITY. TULOOM HAS BEEN
INACCESSIBLE SINCE 1848 BECAUSE OF
OF A VISIT OP

INDIAN HOSTILITY

TJ

E ruins of Tuloom

Yucatan have long held a

of

noi

interest,

ment,

on the

'

of the peninsula

eastern coasi

Perhaps

do

say

to

Maya

for the studenl of

other

allurearchaeolthis

of

city

G-RIS

y L V A N V

lix

the

'.

same

time

been

thrice since

and

parties,

namely,

las!

in

isited

establishing

by

the

there

to be thai

in

the itinera]
.

Yucatan,

of

1518,

in

crowd of Indians, who

commander

the

'he

modern

firsl

that

is

I".'.

notice of the site

American

the

of
in

which, as

English an

by the

is!

<

idus

latherw

rora the island of

results of In-

world

I.

all

in-

hati

isited

together h

the

ith

lozumel.

<

wen

isil

highly

his

in

entertaining

fat

ag thither in a small open

Iva to the coasi

written

to

not

knowledge was concerned, had

Hue of ai tual discovery. This

The
the

as

did

it." 2

Tuloom,

seems

was -ecu there, and on the

two standards win,

and lowered to signal

Stephens

more than twenty-four hours

European notice of Tuloom

for

ill..

trepid explorer with hi-

once

expedition
itself

hut

was
oral

only

year has an

the

Only
-

in

been

jpol

scientific

raised

The
at

known.

discover}

its

carried

been

less

very large tower [probably

hank there was

wish

has

America,

<

teen centuries of the Christian era in

Middle

more considerable or

appeared

have
better.

land,

with greater mystery, and has

oli L E Y

.M

or town so large that Seville would not

American civilization.
which flourished during the firsl fifnative

greal

<>

atan, 3 w Inch

companion volume

chaplain of the expedition, Pat

1

refers to the "Island of

which naively

pas

Yucatan," men-

and Yucatan
of more

mnn
coast,

yel remains.

.tin

thai
,

laSSil

"ii

tin-

which can hardly have been other

Tuloom

"Wl ran along the

day and a night, and the next
day toward ranset, we perceived a citj
than

lapse

l|e

coasi a

r.

f.-rr-<t

1,.

gether

with

of the

Catherwood's

drawings of the

prim

ipal

site, to

splendid
buildings.

on

noire*

origi

'

lil-tmrr

"land" or

'v.nrtli

of

may moan "In liiname for a coaM

or

the third

it-

city.

with the

person.

Tnluum

Vol

X.

11

It

,].

hi

dl

Ternau

land.*' n not inn

\\I and XXIt.

1'Jl

THE AMEUWAX MUSEUM JOURNAL

L92

His description
it

is

and, as far as

close,

conveys an adequate impres-

goes,

he saw, and

sion of what

it

admitted he missed but very

was the

first to

monumenl

must be

He

little.

describe the hieroglyphic

found broken into

(Stele It

fragments on the Boor of Temple

7,

to

photographs and drawings of

which was the especial object of the
Carnegie institution Expedition to
secure

Till

In 1848,

few years after Stephens'

the so-called

visit,

"War

dians, goaded

of the Castes"

The Maya

Yucatan.

devastated

to desperation

In-

by three

centuries of

abuse and misrule, rose

against

hacendados,

the

or

planters,

and drove them from the plantations

and villages throughoul the country
into Merida, the capital of the state.

ft

it the planters

had succeeded

Maya

tied

in

many

quelling this sanguinary revolt,

of the

eastward into the un-

inhabited parts of the peninsula along

and settled in the region

Tuloom, whither the whites

the easl coast,

around
dared

Here they have

follow them.

not

maintained themselves in virtual inde-

pendence ever

since.

Even under the

maintained

Santa

capital.

Bravo, was
siege.

gqvernmeht, and the

garrison

territorial

the local Mexican authorities at Santa

Cruz de Bravo prevented members of

Museum Central American

the Peabody

giving as their reason the hos-

the

site,

tile

character of the Indians.

The

expedition to

first scientific

visit

Tuloom since Stephens' time was that

under Dr. George Howe, of the Peabody Museum, in 1911.
Dr. Howe
and his companion, Mr. William I>.
Parmelee. made the journey from Progreso, the port of northern Yucatan, to
the island of Cozumel, on a Mexican
gunboat, and thence by a sailing vessel
of small tonnage to Tuloom.
He was
at tin.' ruins only parts of two days, and
then, having seen supposed Indian sig-

nals

on shore

a fire

at night,

ing the day a white flag

and dur-

waved inland in

the direction where the Indian village

was supposed

to lie

his party

became

practically

in

mercy.

being

For

I'm

this
tli,>

the

past

of a few rather inadequate photographs

safety,

without

seventy years,
also

is

Howe from

tended study, and with the exception

of

closed to investiga-

same reason

Dr.

de

state

this reason the ruins of

Tuloom have been

demonstrations largely prevented

Cruz
a

slaughtered

tile

the

>nly large bodies of troops could

stragglers

These hos-

preparations for departure.

at

move through the bush with

due

close to shore for this

Indeed, as recently as 1914,

was imminent, and made immediate

federal

Mexican

to

purpose. 1

the territory of Quintana Roo, was

the

tion

from the yacht "Ituna."

convinced that an attack by the Indians

never brought under effectual control

by

secured several drawings of the prin-

which was put in

Mex-

iron rule of Diaz, this section of

ico,

site,

cipal temple,

Expedition for that year from visiting

winter.

last

Columbian Expedition of
was deterred from visiting the
although Mr. William II. Holmes

Thi' Field
is'.t:,

atmosphere of mystery and

as he

was

in the limited time he

was

and such hasty observations

able to

make

there, little

was accomplished

in fur-

thering the general knowledge of the

site.

and

doubtless

carrying out an ex-

Dr. Howe's most valuable contribution

roi

was the reading of the date on the

William Henry Holmes, Archaeological Studies

the Ancient Cities of Mexico. Field Colum-

mance which has grown up around the

Among

site.

Series. Vol.

ln;m

Museum.
I.

Publication

pp. 75-78,

figs.

8.

Anthropological

23 and 24.

THE EUINS OF TULOOM, YUCATAN

monumenl

hieroglyphic

This

'..

ciphered
Atari

Stephens

by

Temple

he

in

de-

"9.6.10.0.0

as

Pax," of the Maya

i::

chronological era. which in

the v riter's correlation of

Maya and

Christian chro-

nology corresponds

290

to

Unfortunately

a. p.

his

phs of this impori

monumeni were

and

of his visit to

ts

Tuloom

published

re

sri

lean
gist

in

nthropolo-

.1

December,

Eor

L911.'

1913 the writer and

In
.Air.

remained

reason

this

for

verj

In- reading

.1.

Nusbaum

L.

paid a

the ruins in behalf of

to

was made
as

The journey
same way
Dr. Howe two

in the

of

thai

American

of

ool

Archaeology

years earlier, and

its

results

were even more unsatisfacthe

sikii

which

in

party landed

writer's
zed

in

the heavy

surf whii
beach, and

hi

Eve

bul

of

all

graphic plates were ruined.

ese

resulted

in

brilliant, clear negative.

more serious matter

failure

monu-

reported

rsl

and

Howe,
i

which

The Ruin3.,

>50.

of

Vi

bj

later

had

arter of a mile out,

>

ruin

by
n

Tuloom.

Mil

<UT the -oust at

extends for a long distance north and

In rough
looms the sea, making itself heard for some
Within the r. !" the water i- comparatively ralm, and
inland.
here the "Corozal" lay at anchor with her firea out while the

locate

to

roglyphic

the

primary

months

later, after he

,t

until

many

had returned to

So

ed

States,

did

he

learn

that

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Howe had removed

Dr.

beach

the

to

north

monument

this

of

principal

the

past field season (1916) seemed

especially

favorable

little-known

but

visiting

for

highly

this

interesting

center of aboriginal population, a com-

Tht rugged outline

Castillo,

visible for

attempt.

time in

rly

making

the

To begin with, for the

many years, the Mexican

first

gov-

ernment had reached a friendly understanding with the Santa Cruz Indians;
the capital of Quintana

Eoo had been

was written a

letter from
Honduras, states
tli.it
tlf Tuloom stele has probably been lost.
A
small sailing vessel from Cozumel, commissioned to
[>ring out the monument, has apparently gone down
in a great storm that swept the coast of Yucatan.
i

the foregoing
at

writer

was

sixteenth

Again, the

much

Belize,

at

the best

Above

rises the

century description, pricked out in

tower as a prominent land-

itical charts give this

peculiarly opportune for the

Mr. Lothrop.

been turned over to the Indians, thus

settling an old controversy.

ninny miles

bination of unusual factors

moment

capital with all

d the surging surf at the base.

of the bluff

the "very great tower" of F

striking silhouette against the sky.

mark,

Payo Obispo on the

and the old
its improvements had

the interior to

in

shores of Chetumal Bay,

temple.'

The

transferred from Santa Cruz de Bravo

Keli/.e.

British

point of departure for visiting Tuloom,

with an unusually complete

ment

and

field

equip-

finally, the staff of the ex-

pedition was sufficiently large, includ-

ing

five investigators

insure

fairly

study of the

site in a

the

latter

factor

in

height

not

spite

negotiations."
its

in

and

assistants, to

adequate preliminary

minimum

an

of the

of time

inconsiderable
recent

"peace

The dry season was

short,

all

factors

at

com-

THE RUINS OF TV LOOM, YUCATAN

make

bined to

the

momen1

ripe for the

al...

small steamboat, the "Corozal/' of

forty

in

with

tin'

nh

was

tons,

crew

;i

chartered

Iffii

S.

British

er of

I\.

G.
col-

Gann, Chief Medical

Eonduras, and Mr.

Lothrop, of Harvard University.

The expedition -ailed from Belize on

March L9 and two days later anchored

a.

Iht usefulness,

Ea\

ates.

tugboat in

ing

outlived

perhaps better her

<>r

"safefulness," in this country

nnderstood

in

the

pilot

"Thirty

coastwise

assured

Mar-

ago

gold h'eagle h'up

boat!*'

The

ii

was

hen com

8he had

i:

good

laborators, Dr. T.

and two

;i

decades earlier, had been

Her

board.
several

LTnderhill, the physician;

The beach slopes gently so that our dorj WBS brought

boys took the baggage of the expedition on their Bhoulc

The breaki r r
hundred feet of the

use

in

ami these

ten,

"l'

expedition staff anil servants

made a total of seventeen <>n

The "Corozal," in palmier days,

wjid.'d

W.

Carpenter, the photographer; Dr.

attempt.

195

tion consisted of the writer; Mr. A.

i"

the

writer

"hen

for'ards

she

plete

and

her

"\\

i..

trade.

that.

had

The

trip

scientific

demonstration that

the "Corozal" could noi under any cirknots an hour

.up!

redited
that

her

The
safety

n a\

to

opl imisl

truth

limp

her favor,

shi

1-

was

by crowding her boilers beyond

sfo

staff of the

Tuloom.

cumstano

Belize for

shipping

inside the reef off

had been uneventful excepl for the com-

and with
n


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

I'iiiiunn.xi <>i lul, ,,,,,!, lovkin; ra.sttcird toward In .s-'".--T]u' city as it uii^M him' al'l'rured some live
hundred years ago, if viewed from an aeroplane. Such a view today, however, would show only the
unbroken top of the dense tropical forest in which the crumbling buildings now lie buried. The enclosure
comprises about twenty-two acres, wherein are scattered a score of temples. The chief sanctuary, at once
the religious and architectural center of the city, dominates the entire space, other buildings being grouped
I

to

accentuate further

The

its

importance

ruins of Tiiloom are located on a

overlooking the Caribbean Sea.

bluff

The

principal buildings

probably

the

The

are surrounded by a wall.

wall

is

of varying thickness

The

the ground.

and

civic Mild religious center of the city

ami

stones,

and

height owing to the rolling nature of

top

is

generally level,

sufficiently wide, in places, for four

men

The average
The

walk abreast.

to

from ten

forms three sides of the enclosure, the

height

fourth side being the precipitous and

three sides are pierced by narrow pas-

in

many

places unscalable bluff front-

ing on the
walls

is

(north

and
It

The

sea.

fifteen

area within the

hundred

and south), and

fifty

feet

feet

long

hundred
and west).

six

wide (east

comprises about twenty-two acres,

and

is

now completely overgrown with

which hides one

building from another.
The wall is an interesting ami almost
unique feature, there being but one or

a dense tropical bush,

two others
It

is

known

in all

Maya

cities.

rudely constructed of unsquared

is

to fifteen feet.

one toward the eastern end

sages, the

of the north wall having an offset in

it.

which must greatly have facilitated

its

defense.

The two

corners are surmounted by

small towers twelve feet square, each

containing a single room entered by

three doorways.

each

is

Against the back in

This wall, the

a small altar.

most extensive construction at Tuloom,

has given

What was

rise
its

to

much

function?

speculation.

Was

it

built

for defense or to enclose a sacred pre-

Roth explanations have something in their favor, but a combination

cinct?

n northern Yucatan was a walled

Tenampua, Honduras, and Santa
Cruz Quiche, Guatemala, may have had defensive
walls,

although

of the two probably

more nearly

ex-

nothing so extensive as those at

Tuloom and JIayapan.

plains

its

function.

While built proba-

THE RUINS OF TULOOM, YUCATAN

At the height of the glory of

197

Tuloom

l.aintings,

standing out clearly against Hie dark green forest* oi

thronging the shore, and the brilliant blue of the Ci
ii

stlj

primarily

to

enclose

*sed natives

<lr.

>

appear

to

have

Bed by the use of narrow

lintels,

li-ii

stucco

figures,

faces,

animals, and mural paintings.

The architecture of Tuloom

bei d

passage-

offsei

such as columns,

of Lnteresl

hardly have been overlooked.

'Seville

Lothrop

b mpli

he

admirable defensive

old

would not have appeared more consideral

lily

o impressed Padre

chronicler of the GrijaKa expeditioi

tinctly of a

dis-

is

and debased period.

late

ways and watchtowers.

Within
score or

walls

the

scattered

are

more of buildings, and there

half a~ many, although

lily

dates

thi

M;i'

hidden

cunning.

laps

smaller,

The ground

in

the

bush

outside.

principal

of the bluff along

the

mounts

so-called

three

"Castillo,"

this crest facing

is

<ni

levels,

top,

the

probably

the

sea.
"ii

bul

broad steep stairway.

While the

latter

other greal

Maya

New

faced.

other

The Bank-

is

when

blocks
as

hard

the walls

plasto

doubtless

true

cities both of the

Empires, thai

is,

of
I

lid

of the south

and north respectively, elsewhere the

building blocks are both squared ami

two-room
chief

\.i>.

their ancieni

losi

The building

were finished with

the

iproached

sancruaT
by

all

and

an elaborate construction

differed

building

sur-

towan

away from

s,

This

1200

from after
had

from the south-

rises gently

west corner of the enclosure to the top

temple,

.i

The Tuloom masons, on

the

and

de-

hand,

were

slovenly

pended upon the plaster

up the more glaring

finish

faults

of

their

on either side
metrically arranged with reference to
.

and present

number

possible exception in the

Temple 80, where the blocks appear to
both squared and dressed.

Mr. Lothrop noted

walls

of

Ilii

I e

"5

<

='

(-

co

-.

i -,

- ~

:-

"

I T
i
t,-^:

i 7
.

"=

"

-.

r
t

;.

:;

3. .=

.-

H
-

-i

~
=

"
1- ~r -

This near view of the Castillo shows the feather..] serpent columns, a late development of Maya art,
portraying the rattlesnake, and probably introduced from the Mexican plateau sometime after 1200 A. p.
The big block at the base is the head, the column itself is the plumed body, and the capital with its
upward extension, the rattles. This type of column reached its highest development at Chichenitza,
some sixty miles to the west of Tuloom

200

THE RUINS OF TV LOOM, YUCATAN

stonecutting,

which was done

of

all

u nil the

n iih stone tools.

and

All wall-, both exterior

201

the feet are elevated above the head,

interior.

arms together under the '-Inn.

buildings
show different
construction, and careful

were originally treated with painted

In some places, particudecorations.

study would doubtless develop differed

on interior walls, these paintings

periods of building activity throughout

larly

partially

leen

The

preserved.
the

are

depicted

subjects

of

periods

the city.

The

different

monument was
found where Dr.

hieroglyphic

of the -Maya

pantheon

Eowe had

acts

in

red

it >

found by Stephens

many

so

;!

in

unit

1
1

number
of

of

iii"'

the

date.

"9.6.10.0.0 s Aliau

Gann

l>r.

and photo-

11

graphed. Sisread-

fre-

occurs

inscription was

drat*

places

Yucatan

li

on the beach, and

The
hand

I.e.

13

Pax," approxi-

mately

of

-."."I

\.n..

was rerifiedjthere

these

wall paintings, al-

by developing an

though

exceedingly

ted

in the Uni-

was possible

it

undertake

t"

'.".hi

.in

employed

loom

osettes,and

medial
pent

the
the

cornices

and sometimes
or

doorways

Some
Ser-

They

of the principal

temples at Tuloom.
a .Inn

are erect, others .ir.- in

probably represent the

worshiped

figures

in

principal

principal

deities

"in

mi

in a
l

In

(tie

background

i-

the large

About half of

diving position, that

accompanying

is,

it

These stand three

deities.

early date, there

ami probably represent the

Maya

ically,

architectur-

ally,

stylistically,

and

historically

Tu-

considered,

at the place

the niches over the

exterior doorways.
_-.

difficult to

i-

loom

is

sand

years

thoulater

than the date on

The

velopment of stucco work

human

late

Tu-

city as

heads are used in

the upper zones.

such

-n

explain. Geograph-

in

facade decoration.

rlorn

\.n.

obviously

Maya

was exten-

St ucro

sively

work.

The

rence of such

an early date as

little

more than a beginning npon this

it

com-

plex problem.

ime available

ndi
is

'

d, barring this

nothing

at

with ibo Old Empire; on

.n-

location, art,

rongly indicate thai

referred to the close of the
pire,

one

Tuloom

probablj

after

L200

and archiit

New Em\.n.-

Tin-

color reprod
rpliah

red,

ha*

'

"

.'is.
In the
originals the black outlines and the more delicate
pale blue decorations are almost lost
solid darker color of the background.

ho has published Ir:,.

paintings at Santa Rita Conv
N'aluia inflnem . probably fel
A.l... declares that the Tuiooui and .Santa Rita fres
rj similar in treatment.
o,

v.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

question

is

an important one, and fur-

writer copied the inscription on the

ther work will be necessary here before

monument, drew the

the apparent anachronism can be satis-

the general archaeological notes on the

factorily explained.

site.

By specialization of work,
sible to

it

was pos-

gather in four days sufficient

figure,

and made

Dr. Underbill remained on the

"Corozal"' to watch the crew.

These
cowardly fellows, with but one excep-

data for a preliminary report on the

tion, flatly refused to leave the boat,

Mr. Carpenter devoted himself

and spent the days and nights in discussing the "Indian peril," which was
never acute. Dr. Gann and the writer
slept on shore four nights without any
untoward interruptions. Evidence of
recent Indian visits to the ruins, however, was not wanting meat-slings,
broken turtle-eggs, and candle-drippings being found in sev-

site.

exclusively to the photographic record,

which involved considerable clearing.

Dr.

Gann

spent

all his

time copying the

mural paintings, while Mr. Lothrop

made the observations for the map,
ground plans, and elevations, and drew
an excellent panorama of the site. The

eral of the buildings.

But at last work was

and the moment for
the
ruins
had
come. With profound reover,

leaving

gret
this

all

bade good-by to

romantic spot, so

re-

memories of anand people.

incursion was but

plete with

other

Our

time

transitory,

our

occupation,

fleeting

n<>ise
;

of

and

again the crumbling temples

were

left to the soli-

tude of the bush, and

its

all-engulfing vegetation.

The "Corozal" weighed

anchor, and put out past
the reef to open sea.

was raging outside,

and for the next
twelve hours it was doubtful whether or not the annorther

would weather
Huge waves
crashed over her bows, and
cient craft

storm.

the
"Temple 16" contains the best preserved wall paintings at TuThese are on tlie inner walls of the outer corridor of the
;ui.| in.it rn
the deities of the Ma\ a pantheon in acts of
Niches over the doorways are tilled with eprr.-rni ;m
m stucco of tie' human Htturc. This temple shows several different
Before a good photograph could be
periods of construction.
obtained, the roof of the first story had to be cleared of it* screen
looui.

first story,

sacrifice.

of riotous vegetation

all

but beat her to the bot-

tom.

She

lost her

copper

sheathing and when within

some ten miles of

Belize,

her coal gave out.

Fortu-

'

-"J

;;

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

204
nately the sea

had

fallen sufficiently to

cut,

and with scarcely enough

fires to

enable the crew to put off in the dory to

keep steam up, she crept into Belize one

key nearby where mangrove wood was

morning, after an absence of eight days.

small temple, standing a few

in

Maya

architecture

namel

side the walls to the north, presents a feature

wall purely decorative in purpose

and usually

embellished with an elaborate design

On

and

the coast of Yucatan.i

As untenanted of man
castle under ban
By a doom.
For the deeds of bloody hours,
Overgrown with tropic bowers,
Stand the teocallis towers
Of Tuloom.

Here are

One of these is fair to sight.

Where it pinnacles a height
And the breakers blossom wh
As they boom

We

And split beneath the walls,

And an ocean murmur falls

Their primeval forest hum,

And the future pilgrim come

Through the melancholy

Of Tuloom.

Unto monuments
As Tuloom?

As a

halls

corridors,

there.

From the terrace, goes a stair

And the way is broad and fair
To the room
Where the inner altar stands
And the mortar's tempered sands
Bear the print of human hands,
In Tuloom.
are tenants on the strand
Of the same mysterious land.

Must

the shores, that

we command,

Reassume

as

dumb

These stanzas are from the poem "Tuloom," by Erastus W. Ellsworth, 1855

The Eulachon

and

its

Kindred

ITS

ABUNDANCE

FOOD FISB WHICH, BY

A DELICIOUS

CONSEQUENT LOW MARKET PRICE, IS MAKING

NICK IN THE HIGH COST OF LIVING
IN THE NORTHWEST"

DAVID

T.v

THE

tender,

kim

i.

fragrant,

digestible,

eulachon

the

T A R

food Bsh in the world,

finesl

Thaleichthys

the trade as the

in

is

olumbia River smelt."

belongs to

Ii

the smell family (Argentinidae), but

widely

differs

from the two

in

and

substance

smell

found on

habit

spei

ii

the two shores o

and

Atlantic,

nearesi n

its

it

apelin of

and subarctic waters.

arctic

The

eulachon

much

has

smaller
Ii-

flesh

this

extremelj

besl

it-

at

is

of

full

unlike thai

oil,

and the salmon,

of

and

delicate,

of digesl

The
olive

hon

eulai

color,

in

i-

Ii

<

'oasj

in

to

mouths

the

slem

midwinter,

on

of

males have

wart;

white,

bi

mouths

rivers

en
to

spawning

hi

edgings on the
velvety

Pacific.

to

the

thi

ousand be-

ichthys), and

February,

mth of the

Columbia arc lined with these fishes.

They can
up and shipped
boxes

the;

sell

a<

three to

For

when

at

is

comes into the marvi nh

scant} oil.

makes

it

and

nick

at

the

in

the

of Im ing in the Northwest.

n hen

said thai

i-

impulse.

eulachon

fish is better,

prices
I

Ii

Salang-

(Mallotus),
sex

firs!

the

it

Even then, no

its

mealy, and

soft,

ruling

the

reason,

this

worst

it-

the

in

fattest,

eulai
a

fall,

hon

is

ai

wick can be

drawn through the body and it will

burn Like a candle. Hence it lias been
called in books

ii" here else

The Indians

fish."

carve vat- in the

"candle-

Uaska
them with

of southern

roi ks,

till

eulachon, and with hoi stones try out

the

oil,

huh

extracted from rotting

"il

hardened

greath appreciate.

ih.;\

has an odor of

its o\i a

[ndian

to

\\

huh

fish

n takes

should spell "oulchn."

plorers

able

and

has

name should

is

Bui one of the

n rote

"eulachon," which

appreciate.

The Indian name of the fish, as

have heard
among the fhinooks,
this

san

quite pronounce-

Greet

look,

be kept,

not

and

losi

in

this

the

expressionless "< Columbia Rivi

The

in

sis

icefish

the capelin

after

perish

all

nd of the
'

1917, the bea

specii

"

.i-

named by Sir

firsi

These arc spenl

fish.

The

it

tween tide ma
river

in

common attribute

fishes in the

salmon, the Japanese

Bui the

making them
The eggs
deposited

Pacific

Bai

re;

the

in

at

time

touch.

dusky

inches

the

Monti

out to sea ai urn

little

ish,

eighl

found

from Sitka

tering

spawn

is

aboul

protoplasm

cornstalk, is a

but

oil,

mackerel

the

verj

To

act is uncertain.

the cells being exhausted as in a dead

more tender, more substantial, and

A X

I)

die after spav ning, the

ket,

than the true smelt.

scales

spawning

rive the

Probably they would

31

a.

\\

di<

hethei

.1

mi ricana,

in

1836.

book nf William

Bui in the note-

dark

of

the

Lewis205

TEE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOU

206

7,'

Clark Expedition aboul

this
fair

we

1805,

fish

fish I

my

which have heretofore formed

among

hope

much

ex-

pardoned

shall he

stand-

the fishes.

have heard the fresh anchovy

tolled but I

The

for believing this quite as good.

bones are so soft and fine that they form

no obstruction in eating this

The
very

{Mallotus

capelin

much

largeT

fish."
is

a little

and in the males some

of the scales in rows, are produced,

mak-

ing the whole surface of the fish woolly

This

to the touch.

a northern fish,

is

native to Greenland, Siberia, and Alaska

and

and the

the surf,

Indians and the Eskimos,

to the

both in Greenland and Alaska,

the greatest food value.

It

it

Alaska.

summer

It

i>

of

spawns in

falling tide leaves

it

the beaches in

lines

as the eulaehon farther south

But the eulaehon

does in the winter.

chooses the river mouths while the capelin is satisfied with

The

little

any sandy beach.

of

the

rivers

of

Of the true smelt (Osmerus), with

and sharp teeth, Eu-

rope has one species

(Osmerus eper
hums), and eastern America another
(Osmerus mordax). The North Pacific

pond

salmon

young
fall,

the

its

fish

It

spawn

albatrossis)

the open

in

slip dov,

in the

to the

streams of Korea.

None

die.

iio\t

it

is

so

remarkable as

(Therobromus callorhini), in the open sea about the

Aleutian Islands. Of this dainty little
fish
fect

no naturalist has ever seen a perspecimen, lint the tender bones

the

it

has

delicate

summer
The

Frederic

Dr.

sea.

A.

Lucas has

a restoration of this animal as

were a

if

fossil.

Other fish of the smelt kind, Microstoma ami Nansenia, are found in the
deep seas of the Arctic, and still others,
called

Artji'ii

inn,

in

deep waters far-

The whole group seems

to the sea

be an offshoot of the trout and salmon

summer

this be true,

of these

the fur seal smelt

ther south.

tail-foremost, "in the old

tbo

Another, with feebler

(Spirinchus verecundus), clings

the brooks.

fashion," ami. as we believe,

turn

near the surface in

lives

sea.

teeth

the stomachs of fur seals feeding out in

suppose this to

runs

The rainbow smelt (Os-

have been taken by the thousand from

history, although the details

are no! proved.

and oasts

We

Alaska (Hypomesus
spawns in brackish ponds

of
)

(Sa-

in the streams.

and

habits,

species

merus dentex) is common in the north,

and a species large and rare (Osmerus

it

its lite

smelt

inghaghitsch

northward.

ture not three inches long, hut

Bavor of the -molt.

One

supplied.

better

is

(Osmerus thaleichthys) is common in

lalifornia.
A larger and finer one, the
surf
smell
(Hypomesus pretiosus),
spawns in the surf northward, ami the

made

be

largely

the preserved flesh being excellent.

It is a small, tender, translucent crea-

the

now

Japan

or whitebait

icefish

langichthys)

runs in the summer time

is

large loose scales

by the million on the islands of southern

''smelt-

Zealand whitebait

This

<

villosus)

like the eulaehon,

size,

in

New
.

a food product, the flavor of

canned as

of the Lakes

fish

transparent

little

the

is

(Betropinna)

ever tasted, even more delicate and lus-

ard of excellence

ling"

"I think them superior to any

cious than the white

Another

find

memorandum, accompanied by
pen sketch of the

.Y.I/.

is

to

in the

salmon
they re-

spawn ami

an annual

fish,

race,

carrying

badge of

all

the

adipose

tin,

to

the

that race, as well as of the

wholly unrelated race of the catfishes.

This

fin

is

probably a remnant of a

each generation renewed each year from

once continuous fin-fold which existed

the eggs of the

before

.hi.'

befon

if

was

stiffened

up with

fin-rays.

'

,,

,!.,,

IFr.im

[.

Deer from Argentina

Fossil

DISCUSSION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS TYPES

OF DEEB l\ NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
American Museum

Skeleton in tin

from

W.

Bv

AMOX'
pean

Cope

Collection

skeleton

pa

i^

tin'

lit'

It

M A T T

I).

Argentina

II

Pampean
minor

'!

"a* found

ctinct species oj deer

oj

in

all

Pam-

complete

nearrj

fossil

us.

an

"i

Pampean formation

tin

in the

memoirs and
remarkable

the published

articles dealing with this

Various

fauna.

scribed and

dei

but

of ft

all

jaws, and the

and was among tin- man;

found among Professor Cope's
This hands*

collections.

<au

vard,

the varioui

rial,

pean fauna of PI
ground sloths, toxodonts

pamand in

I'l'imi

it.

photograph of

neither

the

in
'
'

brow

full-grown
'

tine

'

nor

buck,

and

have

he skull

'

Bub basal snag.

the Exposition

Cn

of

had

1915 by Mr.

modern pampas

in

rather crudely

probably at the Paris

'

had

in

deer published by Lydekker

Like the pampas deer, the antlers are three

tined

was originally named by Brafrom frs

ton ha
ed unknown

skeli

ann, using, as a

living

tin-

liki

apparently
but this

The specimen was mounted

ai

been de-

iv<

figured,

Museum for
but many
-

probably uniq

ate parts

the

skull

been

left

unn

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

among
ful

the fragments of the skeleton.

to recon-

They are not found in the Tertiary

make their appearance first
and in the Pleistocene (Pampean formation).
They were in-

missing

vaders from North America, accompanied by

Care-

and thorough piecing has enabled us

make a much more complete and more

rate reconstruction of the skull,
struct the skeleton

sloths,

with but

and
little

to

accu-

formations, and

ago in the Pamii.an formation near Buenos Aires,

nima] was a contemporary of the great ground
that inhabited South America in Pleistocene times

toxodo

and practically nothing of any importance

doubtful, save as to the vestiges of the side

which no remains could be found although they were presumably present in the
toes, of

skeleton.

Geologically speaking, deer are rather recent arrivals

nent.

at the end of the Pliocene

in

the South

American

conti-

camels, peccaries, horses, and

and by saber-toothed tigers and other
This invasion seems to
have been made possible by the union of the
two Americas at Panama and the raising of
the isthmus to a height considerably above

mastodons,
tapirs,

northern Caruivora.

its

present level, aided by a lowering of tern-

FOSSIL DEER

peratures even

coming

the tropii

in

due

-.

.(in

nearly than to most of the Old World

not only

It resulted

glacial period.

FROM ARGENTINA

to thi

The relationship

not

is

however, as

close,

s..

'leer.

a nol

Lncon

at first seems to be, anil il lias been found

necessary to separate them as distind gen

siderable invasion of the native South

Vino.

era, the

into

fauna

invasion of the northern

great

in

South America, but also

in

and North America.

from the
maintain their footing

ican fauna into Central

outi "ii"'

a]

the invaders

south were unable to

an. mostly became extinct, while the north-

it

pampas ami marsh

under the name of

These two genera might very
but we will follow
customary usage. Their affinities to the

colonists

ern

South America eventually

in

iih-

mamma] fauna

mon

iv

edentates (sloths,

and armadillos), a large minority

of the rodents, and perhaps some or

mammals

nf the

rest

are animals whose Tertiary

lived in

North America but not

in

South America.

Among

these last must certainlj

Vet the
nants

i-

the

lie

ul'

Overlapping

their

stretching to the southward as far

the

"I'

ami

caribou,

species

to

World.

Old

progressive

wapiti,

relate. 1

losely

northern
as

and most
the

America

North

of

half

largest
tribe,

of

highlands

Central

I'm In

with

i,.s.

applied by naturalists to these small

forms which never get beyond the spike-

LSal

-nag: but

different

that in the far south they evolved into gue-

mals ami pampas deer, while in temperate

North America they evolved into tic line
Virginia deer.
.lees

oi-.l

earliest

ets, little

already

and with simple

Pampean

as large and

broi b

Pleisto-

mi aders of South

iginal
is

it

lent

the

thai

degenerate descendants of
invaders with complex antli

but

Plio-

the

are

t-

oi

diffii "it

"ration.

to

jner

see anj

Probably

bi

"g of the affinities of the later Terafford

ould

some

in

fullj

'

America ami

spik<

bile

found

late

moderately

lers,

they were

The

iew.

jjgentine

formation

the antlers fully as complex a- anj

America the only deer are the brockfellows much smaller than the Vir-

ginia .leer

anl

those

South

upporl this
of (he

i'i"-o

1.'-

paleeontologi

tin-

i,,

.leer

Pleistocene)

ica

tropica]

lit

Bui

'vii,

ii, .1

fossil

Monte

i,c

cene

i1

from

tine.

very easy to ac-

not

is

might suppose that the brockint.. South Ami

penetrated

of

from most
Of their Old World relatives by the absence
of a brow tine. The place of the
is partly supplied l.y another tine known as

brow

We

count for.

i,

antlers

kets

belonging

the red 'leer,

is

An,,

forked

by the

brocket,

young animal of

horned stage.)
This distribution

ire
sj

..i'

name

(The

originally to a

lolombia

group

are thought to be due to com-

.leer

descent from some smaller simpler type,

a curious one. not easily explained.

northern

the

In

rang.-

be listed

of these rumi-

'listril.utii.il

Virginia

pretty .losely represented

of

all

The

the monkeys, bats and opossums.

.leer

well be united into one,

Supplanted the native fauna in gr<

To day the only remains of the southern
are

guemals uu.ler the very unsuitable

H ippocanu liis for they have noth

ing to do with either horse or camel), tin'

clues,

but

must be admitti

it

hat

as

Par to "
inhabiting

ci

southern Brazil and Bolivia, Chile,

of Magellan.

These

.le.-r

lack the

brow

tine,

but un-

lack the -ub basal

the
-

pampas

'her

vided, and

the

th

hinder

fork

it

irginia deer
in

ip arose in North
from the Old Worhl;

has

it

Until better evidence

is

obtained from the

-

to the derivation

\meriean deer an

.li-

little

thi

earlier than the Pleist

the

again
is

not been

bether

to be

found

in

Dr.

Frank M. Chapman's

re-

searches upon the geographic and zonal dis]""k

and they are

is

.lis

in

:.

'

'.

mountain

forked;

the marsh deer

in

further complii
Ali

simply

or immigrate. 1

rtain

fact

deal

group of the north,

to them more

relate.

tribution of the fauna, especially

I

lolombia.
iphic

"i-

The

climatic

the

e
c,

unlit

bird

TITIAN

RAMSAY PEALE, NATURALIST AND ARTIST

inting in the possession of the

designates
American Museum. The descrij
little help from his brother Rembrandt"

Peale by himself with a

this

FORGOTTEN NATURALIST

.1

the

Pliocene

late

abled animals adapted to temperate climate

extensive region.

the isthmus and penetrate into

smith America, an.l to their subsequent isolation in the mountain zones, separate.! fr.uu

ical

northern relatives by a wide

their

lowlands which thej

do

not

through

id

bringing

within

it

limate along

than

level

her

ature

in

igh

tl

as

of

lintli

lie

down near

limate

t..

sea

li

may

fa.tors.

Obviously

mammal fauna!
the

late

effect

its

Naturally

way along

their

find

to

HOW

many
Bamsay

naturalist

of

the high-

ture collecting

tem
would

him only
of

think

Peale

as

How

of

E R

('

A.

loss

Mastodon,"

one

of

the

first

complete skeletons to be n
elephant burying gro
i

of tin-

si

of our

specimens

of the Wilkes

Exploring

mem

Academy of Natural
company with Thomas Saj

.in'!
George Ord, visited the Sea Islands
and eastern Florida, which al thai timi
till

Spain.

In

after this

liatelj

naturalist

nt

to

expedition to the

known

to

the naturalists

K\p.ditinn to the

which extendi
and 12
in company with James
and lb
was at
I

."
i

Philadelphia
nd. in

well

sufficiently

have been appointed

Dana

the "\ im

'

was

'i.

Rocky Mountains, which added

new specii

known fauna,
Finally,

founders

in

of

Washington.
That Peale
.

mt

of

is

-..

and

work

as oi

Philosophical

the

so

obtaining large and

plants and insects.

1870, he figured

of

besides

lections

k." an.l after the

"Pi

igate,

when onf

to

some of Peale's paintings, together with

the drawings and manuscript of his prok on North Ami
he would have
a still further overlooked.

D.

A S
ii-

ai

Museum acquired

smith Seas

Newburgh, whence

bach of

lies

they

our

of

connection with the exhumation

in

<'

;<>

ancient

the

L D

Titian

many

solve:

to

ti

pothesis here outlined.

F R E

"Peale's

fairly

ii

By

have even heard of him.' The

writer pleads guilty to having thought of

younger

tin

the late

in

and research

provide the

will

Forgotten Naturalist
1)

of

These are matters for fu-

A
us

Tertiary of northwestern
bly of Alaska.

they

historj

real

deer group should be discovered

North

bed

reai

be the

this

if

brockets, while the ancestors of th

be upon the
would enable

temperate

it

was

il

tempei

oJ

an older Tertiary stage we ought

count for the distribution of the Colombian

What would

we ought to find in the late

Tertiary of the Western States the ancestors of the guemals and pampas deer: in

such explanation seems to be needed to ac-

birds.

the

the dispersal,

vel

Some

be left unsettled.

of

ate South America.

isthmian region, or to a combination

beginning

the climatic isolal ion

.lining the glacial stage, bringing the zone

in

the

reaching as far as Colombia before

opical regions

ti

the trop-

already been replaced by OdocoUeus, working Us way down from the north a^ early

present,

zone of temperate

the

whole length, or

its

al

this oe-

at

At the same time

deer of Central America and the Gulf

would spread into tropica] South

America. Through the subsequent isolation
the northward range of the southern types
was limited, and in North America they had

of the isthmian ridge

ise

...

genial and

in

Coast

of

belt

cannol

Whether

cross.

21

spread out and flourish

which en-

Pleistocene

or

little

known

the

very

accomplished
thai

Society

the

of

considerable
bj
li-

him,

is

published

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

very
tlio

His report on the zoologj

little.

of

Wilkes Expedition was practically sup-

some unknown reason he

and for
was not allowed to consult the collections he
had made, nor to use any of the large
number of colored plates prepared by him,
although later John Cassin was permitted
Of a projected work entitled
to do both.
Lepidoptera Americana, only a single part
was issued, in 1833; while his Lepidoptera
of North America was never completed.
This manuscript, with its accompanying
pressed,'

volumes of plates,

is

among

material

the

seemed by the American Museum, through

the

interest,

of

its

Dr.

librarian,

K.

W.

Tower.

An

excellent

portrait of Peale

is

one of

the most important of the paintings secured

by the Museum, the others being sketches

made during the course of the Wilkes Expedition.

The paintings intended

for plates in

the Lepidoptera of North America are admirably done, and in many cases portray the
various stages in the metamorphosis of the
insect.

hensive
habits

lected.

The text was to be very compreand to pay especial attention to

branch of zoology

still

sadly neg-

Too many of our younger natural-

An abridged copy of this, in Peale's handwriting,

among the material obtained by the Museum.
'

is

ists seem to look upon the making of species

and subspecies as the principal object of
soology, whereas these are merely bricks
from which master hands may construct
many an edifice of fact or theory.
As evidenced by this manuscript, Peale's
Style was interesting and had the literary

flavor that

is

too often lacking in

zoological papers

another

modern

common

too

mis-

take being to think that, because a paper

full

little-known

of

necessarily

terms,

technical

it

is
is

scientific.

Those who look in encyclopedias for information in regard to Titian Ramsay Peale
will find little more than that he was the
fifth and youngest sou of Charles Willsou
Peale, a man a century in advance of his
Rembrandt Peale, another son, is
deemed worthy a place in encyclopedias, but
the records omit mention of other members

time.

of the Eamily.

Dr. Witmer
Academy of Si

of

Stone,
iences,

Philadelphia

the

who has rescued many

interesting facts from

undeserved oblivion,

has written a biography of Titian Peale;

also

brief sketch of his life

and works,

written by his relative, A. C. Peale, will be

found

in

the Bulletin

of

the Philosophical

Society of Washington, Vol.

XIV,

pp. 317-

326.

M useum Notes
Journal, the
following persons have become members of
Since the

the

last issue of the

Museum:

Fellow, Louis T. Haggin.

Life Members, Mrs. William H. Crocker,

Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, and Messrs. R.
Clifford Black, George A. Crocker, Jr.,
William Louis Garrels, Irving B. Kingsford, Alfred P. Lichtenstein, Malcolm
S. Mackay, Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr.,
George D. Rosengarten, Valentine P.
Snyder, and Benjamin L. Webster.

Annual Members, Mrs. J. C Bernheim,

Mrs. Ransom S. Hooker, Mrs. Roger W.
Steads, Miss Meta Eilees, and Messrs.
Charles
Bakry, Morton G. Bogue, W.
Ashley DeWolf, John H. Flagler,
Stephen B. Fleming, Edgar E. Frank,
Albert Greenberger, Harry F. Guggen1

heim, Charles J. Hardy, J. B. Hayward,

George C. Heck, Peter Cooper Hewitt, M
C. Kingsbury, William T. Koch, Arthur
Lipper, Stephen C. Millett, C. E. Mitch
ell,

Philip

A.

Mosman,

J.

R.

Ogden,

Stuart H. Patterson, O. B. Perry, Carroll

Post, Jr., Forrest Raynor, Francis J
Rebman, Allen Merrill Rogers, Saul E,
Rogers, Walter E. Sachs, Archibald G.
Thacher, Theo. F. Whitmarsh, and EdJ.

ward W. Woolman.
Sir Ernest Shackleton was elected an
Honorary Fellow of the American Museum
of Natural History at the regular meeting
of the executive committee of the board of
trustees on

work

March

21, in appreciation of his

in geographical research

and in recogand

nition of his splendid service to science

to

humanity.

MUSEUM NOTES
The

of

celebration

New fork A-cademj

the

was

have

t>

Museum

of

of

of Sciences, which

been held at the American

Natural History during May.

has been gh

on

ip

The

plan

original

men

included a week's program, with

of

sci-

ence from this country and abroad as guests,

and special exhibits

seum.

In

needed

the

American Mu-

the

at

they were willing to

if

across the water.

representatives from different

one

that

.lay's

celebration will be held, however, sometime

subject

the

M!aj

l.-i-t

for

parts of the

mm mt mis

id journey.
ting

museum

order to allow

in

country to attend both

dniini;

he

as

was

At

at urn

the

at

next meeting should be the "Preservation and

Museum Specimens." and papers on

may now be registered with the

Care of

that subject

are

ntists

pi'

home, even

at

213

Federation of Arts

ount of the critical

situation.

international

centennial

the

ol
the association, Mr. Paul M.
The American Museum of Natural

Rea.
II

istorj

-ii

to

i-

ers for the

meeting.

during May.

At this meeting the emphasis

will be laid on working for an endowment
fund, which was to have been a feature of
I

Samuel

De.

vertebrate

Wiuuston,

\V.

palaeontology

professoi

of

University

the

ill

of the world's foremost

le

Natural

il

study particular

them

skeleton

th,-

Lower

the

back

i>.

Eocene

giant

the

Bashpord Dean

mi

business

made by

of

reconstruction

History and the Metro], ol itan Museum of

He went by way of Vancouver, stop
ping along the route at several points to
Art.

deliver lectures.
visits

from

York about dune

making

Pabbri,

I,,, tl,

,,i

he depai

an Mu-

Mr.

Charles

mtenl

Museum,

phi

ol

hibiti

Nil

ii..:

spending

is

southern

coast

of

feu

:
I

the

Florida.

department

Tf war

of

parent,

whirl,,

ted
an

anthropo-

departmi
ning extensive work
logical

'

im

in

tl

er

potterj

extend

will

begun

Mr.

occurs;

his

at

in

and

proc

ill

lenl

iii,

tl

New

1916,

to

at

Mr.

north-

the

New York

City,
'

of

"

May

th,'

I,

l'1

to take

23, closely

!:,,_

out-

mi thod
Particular

apillarii

and

tet ies

Mr.

-.

crystals

by

slov,

Of

thl

place

in

ol

1.

circulation in

Fabbri also showed a

on the formation

evaporation.

1917 of the American

i^

adjacent

he demonstration of rapid circula-

the ai

Beries ol

iseums

the

from an eight-

case one of the regular supply

in

Ear]

he excavations
iLZtec in

nature's

vessels

Off.

of

into

heart

the fine anastoi

bl

the tissues

Columbia

Ml

Thf. meeting for

isolated

side the bo
issue
mture
and a mini
growing in normal plasma. One
the circulation in the body of th
embryo, and again in the large vessels which
bring oxygen and nutrition from the yolk

it
was transrhythmic contrac-

rhythmically

archaeological

Zufii

-in the Little Colorado ami

Mon:-.

The

New Mexico in order to com

survey of 'he ancient Pueblo re-

ssance,

on

film

that
its

i,|

plan-

is

south central

which glazed

by

the

,i

the

coming summer. Mr. Nelson expects

aissance work ovi

western

',

new

'lowed a heart at so early a stage

lit

for

collections

in

Herm,

i'.

iolo

the embryonic circulation of the chick.

T.

New

first.

with

collaboration

the de]
i,

.J.

bul
to

to

last

tl

ichthyology of the American Museum.

in

this

rel

brought

Museum

p:

the

If-

ith

of the institution

Mr.

gion

Australia,

curtailed

lias

Japan, h

ii

seum.

the

His original plan Included

Japan, China, and

to

war situation

the

among

bird

Wyoming,

of

the field party of the

\

tebrate

of

History

specimens,

1'osmI

left New York March

trip to the Far Knst in
American Museum of Natural

De.

the

authorities on fossil reptiles, recently visited

to

ration a~ originally planned.

Thi
itesl

rational

value

in

followdetails

of

biological

edn

In, -ally

science.

to

.M

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Frame M. Chapman was elected an

honorary member of the British OrnitholDr.

papers and the technical and

pub-

scientific

lications of the country.

Union, at the annual meeting of the

ogists'

March 14, in London. The

membership of the Union, according to its
rules,
includes "ordinary members,"
printed
elected by ballot of the society; not more
society, held on

than ten "honorary members," to be recruited

from eminent ornithologists residing abroad

AMONG
library

the

additions

notable

to

the

American Museum are

six

recent

of

volumes on costume, Le Costume Bistorique,

published at Paris in 1888 under the direction of A. Racinet.

fusely illustrated,

The volumes are pro-

many

plates being in color.

"colonial

The books take up the noteworthy types

and

dress, but also

members" from the British Colonies

India, also not to exceed ten; and

"eminent foreign ornithologists," not to exceed twenty. Before his election as an honorarj

THE bay

Chapman had been one

Dr.

tnber,

of the twenty

in

ile

Janeiro, Brazil, shown

ocean, and tower above the waves, like giant

1
.

in the

or

One of them, the famous Pao

Sugar Loaf Rock (at the right

picture), attains a height of twelve

and from

by
means of an aerial cable car, one has a
splendid view of the surrounding country.
All ships entering the harbor must sail
through the narrow passage in the center.
A number of forts, some of which are
hundred

feet,

its

top, reached

shown in the picture, protect the

Ou the
entrance and the approach to it.
opposite side of the bay rise the Organ
clearly

Mountains, one
South America.

of

the

oldest

ranges

in

The peaks have weathered

into splendid spires and pinnacles of fan-

and the eutire range is much

lower than in bygone ages.
Dr. Frank
M. Chapman and Mr. Leo E. Miller, of the
South American Expedition of the American
Museum, spent a short time in this region
in the fall of 191f>, and secured a collection
which throws much light on the changing
fauna of the Organ Mountains.
tastic shapes,

Professor

Henry

Fairfield

president of the American

.1

Monograph

Iconrs Ornithop-

of the P.apilionme

Troides of Hubner, Volumes I and

II, London, 1898, by Robert II. P. Eippon,

on the cover of the present Journal, is

one of the most beautiful in the world. Tall,
barren rocks rise from the bottom of the
monoliths.

interest iny acquisitions are

terorum:

of

Tribe

the last-mentioned group.

of Rio

ing, utensils,

add details on interior furnishconveyances, and the like. Other

Osborn,

Museum, has ap-

pointed an American Museum "public information committee," consisting of Dr.

Frederic A. Lucas and Messrs. George E.
Sherwood, George N. Pindar, and John W.

and British Coleoptera, Volumes I to VI,

London, 1887 to 1913, by the Reverend W.
W. Fowler. The library has also acquired the
Lepidoptera Britannica by A. II. Haworth,
London, 1803, which is rarely found complete, and Volume II of The Iconography of
Manhattan Island, 1498-1909, by I. N.
I'h. dps

New

Stokes,

York,

191ti,

a beautiful

volume compiled from original sources and

illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions
of maps, plans, views, and documents in pub-

and private

lic

collections.

The department
quired
fine

of anthropology has acby purchase from P. N. Breton a

wampum

belt

from

the

Oka

reser-

This belt had long been

Semi-

vation in Canada.

in the possession of the fathers of the

naire de Saint Sulpiee, of Oka, Quebec, missionaries

to

Indians, and

the
is

Iroquois

and

Algonquin

probably the record of some

land cession or treaty between the Indians

and the missionaries. The belt is made of

regular and beautiful shell beads, which may
be of Dutch manufacture, and is ornamented
with crosses and other geometric designs in
white beads.

It is in a state of preserva-

tion unusual for specimens of this kind.

In exchange for American reptile material

American Museum has
from the Albany Museum,
Grahamstowu, South Africa, a collection of

for exhibition, the

recently received

nineteen frogs and toads, twenty-seven

liz-

This committee will cooperate

and six snakes. Most of the species

new to the collections of the American
Museum, and some are rare and little known,

with the heads of the various departments

for instance, the gecko Lygodactylus occl-

for the purpose of supplying suitable matter

lolns,

regarding science and the

activities of the American Museum, to news-

frog

Harrington.

for

publication,

ards,

are

genus.

ami Natalobatrachus bonebergi, a

belonging to a recently described

The

Grahamstown

collection

sup-

XOTES

.1//SA7M/
plements

exchange

similar

the

ft

Durban Museum, Natal, in giving an insight

ml" lii' e\tr:
linai'ily interesting :nnl ill
lii-'l

In

t-

l;

The

one

including

objects,

hundred baskets, the work of the Alibi

Attacapa, Chitimacha, and Choctaw IndianThe baskets
are made of a peculiar type of split reed, and
i,

of the lime Mississippi region.

fauna of South Africa.

-ill

valuable

of

series

twenty-first animal entertainment of

,i

Qovi

as

scai ce

so

be

to

diflicull

to

New York was held

American Museum of Natural llisthe morning of Washington's Birthday.
Dr. George P. Kurtz, firs! rici presi
dent of the club, presided.
The program
selections by the orchestra of the
Di
Witt Clinton High School, songs, historical playlets, and dances by the Catherine
Al.be. Joan of Arc, Elsie Rutgers, and
Colonial names clubs, addresses by the officers of the City History Club and by the
Honorable Robert Adamson, commissioner
of the lire department, a letter from President Wilson, and motion pictures of the fire
nf New Fork and of scenes from
American history from Columbus to Lincoln.

tribes, purchased from I>r. Frank G. Speek;

and a Blackfoot beaver bundle,
from Arthur J. Walters.
The departmenl
has also purchased an unusually
line piece of Hawaiian tapa. a fabric which

The audience joined

the City History Club of

nt

the

patriotic songs.

The Chinese and Silurian hall of the

American Museum has recently been reor-

Phi

ted.

isolated an.

been

cases,

rathoi

w hick before stood in

onfusiny positions, have

together so thai

sel

open space

thej

wall

the center of the hall.

in

may oow view

the whole exhibit

the

in

Visitors
easily

bj

following the course of the circle of cases.

The present arrangement

windows in the

makes better
hall. The exhibits
themselves have been rearranged, and much
new material has been added, particularly

also

number of specimens from

On both the Chinese and

Tibet.
sides

of the hall, attention

the display of textiles

in

consideration of the nei

from

now turning

search of new

The Jesup
over

rendered rare by the rapidity with

which the people of the Hawaiian Islands
have givi o up their native ways.
spei

illustrated

\;

members and

Museum

lecture

Museum

for

invited guests, which attracted

was given

large audience,

Natural

of

American
Wednesday

the

at

History,

evening, March 28, under the joinl auspices

of the American

M useum and

Imei

he

Scenic and Historic Preservation s <"

Beautj of Oregon," illustrating his descrip-

from photographs taken

by himself and two other enthusiastic moun
tain climbei s, and views made d
nature by the Paget process. Mr.
was consulting engineer in thi
I

ian

of

remarkable

the

Multnomah

In

lountj

<

has been given

and embroideries,
d

Museum

nds

for

distance

in

highway

I]

highway,

This

1916.

of

bia Eiver, through

lun

tl

wonder-

..
I

id

North America, consist

thousand specin
the

Museum, which was

is

in

(ire-

pared under the direction of the officers of

census of the United States, and
Philadelphia

in

the Centennial

by General

who passed over

without equal in
The

est."

Exhibition

1876.

..i

pose

"i

Bushnell

Goi thai

ge

1915, as "al

Vmerica

fo

Mr.

si

Lam

enic

inter-

great po

some of the extraordinary landscape

beauties Of the Cascade Range.
screen

Mb.
there

I.

in

it

of scenic highways in America, when irodei

taken in enlightened and appreciative publie authorities. as w. II as to depict u]
the

II.

E.

Anthony

lition

THE

department of
purchased from Mr. David

Unit

to illustrate the

the tenth

at

the

in

which

two miles

fortj

from Portland along the gorge of

part a duplicate of the very extensive series

Kational

ai

Mr.

tion with pictures

collection of building

one

ii

iety.

Samuel Christopher Lancaster, highway en

gineer and author, and a forceful and fluent
speaker, delivered an address on "The Si enii

construction
i

tn

at

Ki

the Sibi

kinds of stones, instead of bj Btai

tin- old classification.
This collection

was exhibited

o!

ideas.

of

of

and

built

to the

helm

,,i

has

''.

ing

M icmac

imens of the

spei

exti

are

from the Plains Ojibway, purchased

Mr. .7. Alden Loring; eth

ably

in

to

ac<juisii

material are a painted buffalo rube, prob-

.!

in

Other recent

obtain.

ut

short

tn
his

ha

Cuba.
search

The
for

revolut

fossil

mammal

material, and small guerrilla bands "f rebels

THE AMEIUCW MUSEUM JOUh'XAL

rendered the cistern end of the island unsafe

broke

when the
Anthony was

revo-

Fortunately,

collecting.

i'm-

lution

Mr.

out,

in

locality rich in possibilities, so that in spite

of

n-i

moving about
making the best of

from

prevented

ii

he was able, by

freely,

one spot, to secure a Dumber of desirable fossils, as well as specimens of the

this

Cuban
of

Capromys, and a small collection

rat,

The work was considerably

Imts.

thered

II"'

bj

"operation of the

of

Spanish-American Iron Company, who

gave the party free transportation on their
expedition

were

members of

made welcome
where

Daiquiri,

mines,

the

Also, the

at

one

quarters

horses were furnished free of charge.

Museum
will

collections,

probably

Mrs.

from

tablet

ancestor

as

personal

of the two volumes

publication

forthcoming subject index

the

of

and
Most

use-

and of a

to them.

through the Carnegie Institution at

Washington, the first volume of an extensive and important work entitled Studies on
the Variation, Distribution, and Evolution
The volume just
of the Genus Partula.
issued, which deals with the species inhabityears' study.

to science.

of anthropology has

re-

Tod Helniuth an
The Chinese

from China.

a shelf in

since.

lished,

ing the island of Tahiti,

keep ancestor tablets on

ever

Professor Henry E. Crampton has pub-

to the

Win.

matter,

fulness of the work, has provided for the

fossils

is

as are the

The Museum, out of recognition of the

new

prow new

The department
ceived

largely

and some of the

of the material brought back

way

in this undertaking, which was begun by Dr. Dean twenty-five years ago,
and has been steadily carried on by him,
fishes

fur-

officials

the

tug and railroad.

treated in a bibliographical

the living

is

the result of ten

It will be followed by other

volumes dealing with the species inhabiting
other Pacific islands. Professor Crampton's
work is based on personal explorations and
observations in Tahiti and the neighboring
islands of the Society group, conducted un-

der the auspices of the American

Museum

room, ami frequently put before them offerings of food and incense. These tablets are

of Natural History and the Carnegie In-

with high reverence, because in

supposed In reside one of the three

1906, 1907, 1908 and 1909, in the course of

which extensive collections embracing eighty
thousand specimens were obtained from
over two hundred valleys in the Society
The work was extended in
Islands alone.
1909 to include the Cook, Tonga, Samoan,

regarded

them

is

souls which the Chinese believe each person

while of the other two, one re-

possesses,

mains at the grave and the other goes to

the unknown world of departed spirits. On
account of their sacred character and family
significance such relics are hard to obtain.
This tablet, which is about a foot in height,
is made of wood decorated with gilded carv-

The

ing.

central

panel

of

the

tablet

bears an inscription in Chinese characters:

"This

is the dwelling of the soul of our

maternal ancestor named Aunt Khek Ugo
whose maiden name was .lap. Her dutiful

son Se-choan worships."

An

important recent publication of the

Museum is A Bibliography of
Fishes, Vol. I, by Bashford Dean, edited
and enlarged by C. R. Eastman. It comprises 714 pages, and consists of references
to the entire scientific literature of fishes,

arranged under the names of authors from

to

inclusive.

Vol. II,

now

preparing,

complete the references, the total num-

ber of which

is

forty thousand
the animal

estimated to be upwards of
titles.

New

of Washington, during the years

Zealand, Fiji and Hawaiian islands.

snails of the genus Partula are

The land

confined to the islands of the Paeific Ocean,

and are especially abundant in the Society

group, which is their geographical center of
distribution.
The various species of the
genus exhibit a wide range of variation
is broadly correlated with their degree of isolation from the original center of

which

distribution.

American

will

stitution

No

kingdom has been

other group of
so exhaustively

Professor Crampton has studied this

genus not only with reference to individual
characters, but also in connection with general biological conditions, geographical and
topographical locations, and the meteorological

and other external influences having

a real or apparent effect on the species of

the genus. Professor Crampton's volume will
take

place as an important contribution

study of problems of variation, geo-

its

to the

graphical

distribution,

and

evolution,

as

seen under natural conditions rather than

in

the laboratory.

THB^

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL

The American Museum

of Natural

History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry Fairfield Osborn

First Vice-President

Cleveland

II.

Second Vice-President
J. P. Morgan

Dodge

Treasurer

Henry

P.

Secretary

Davison

Adrian Iselin,

Jr.

John Purroy Mitchel, Mayor of the City of New York

William A. Prendergast, Comptroller of the City of New York
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
George F. Baker
Henry C Frick
Charles Lanier
Frederick F. Brewster
Madison Grant
Ogden Mills
Joseph H. Choate
Anson W. Hard
Percy R. Pyne
R. Fulton Cutting
Archer M. Huntington
John B. Trevor
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
Arthur Curtiss James
Felix M. Warburg
James Douglas
Walter B. James
George W. Wickersham
A. D. Juilliard

administrative officers

scientific staff
Frederic A. Lucas, Sc.D.,

Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontology

Dii

Vertebrate Palaeontology
Fairfield Osborn, LL.D., D.Sc

Eme
W. D. Matthew, Ph.D., Curator
Walter Granger, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barn cm Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles)
William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Assoc, in PaUeon-

'logy

Ciiarles R. Eastman, Ph.D., Research Associate

Anthropology
Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Robert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Herbert J. Spinden, Ph.D., Asst. Curator

Woods and Forestry

Invertebrate Zoology

N. C.

E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator

Rot W. MlNEB, A.B.. Assoc. Curator
Frank E. Lutz. Ph.D., Assoc. Curator

Gratacap, A.M., Curator Molluscs

A. J. MUTCIILER, Assistant
Willahd G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant
L. P.

PRANK B. Watson, B.S.. Assistant

W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D., Hon. Curator

Nelson, M.L.,

Asst. Curator

Charles W. Mead, Asst. Curator

M. D. C Crawford, Research Associate

Henry

Social

in Textiles

Geo. Bird Grinnell, Ph.D., Research Associate

in Ethnology
J. Howard McGregor, Ph.D., Research Associate
in Anthropology
Loins R. Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical
Anthropology
Leslie Spier, B.S., Assistant Anthropology

Anatomy and Physiology

Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Charles P. Herm. Assistant
Ichthyology and Herpetology

BASHFORD Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus

John T. Nichols, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes
Mai-.v Cynthia Dickerson, B S Assoc. Curator

Ornithology

Ph.D.. Curator

Frank M. Chapman, Sc.D,, Curator Ornithology

Roy C. Andrews, A.M., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy
W. DeW. Miller, Assoc. Curator Ornithology
IT. E. ANTHONY, B.S Assistant Mammalogy
Herbert Lash, Assistant Mammalogy
James

P.

PuMic Health
Charles-Edward

Thomas

Mammalogy and

Chapin, A.B.. Assistant Ornithology

in

Physiology
A.

Winslow,

M.S., M.A.,

Curator

Herpetology

:.

Ai.essanhro Pabbri, Research Associate

G.

Hull, Ph.D., Assistant

Public Education
George H. Sherwood, A.M., Curator
G. Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Ann E. Thomas, Ph.B., Assistant

Books and Publications

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, EXPLORATION. AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

April.

Volume

XVII,

1917

Number

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO MAY

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:
ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 23, 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912
INCLUSIVE, BY THE

CONTENTS FOR APRIL

Cover, Willows

April

in

Photograpln-d by Mary Cynthia Diekerson

Thrush

Frontispiece, Benni,

Mini

Young

220

Copyrighted photograph by Norman McClintock

Kentucky and Ber Cave Men

An

inquiry into the history of

tin-

X. C. Nelson
aboriginal inhabitants of

tin'

22]

Hands and caverns made

famous by Daniel Boone

Illustrations from photographs by the

Individuality,

Genius

in

Author and by courtesy

of

John P. Morton & Company,

Kentucky

Publishers. Louisville.

Temperament,
Animals

anil

Robert M. Yerkes and Ada W. Yekkes

235

Interesting b\ products of experimental -tuile'- in animal behavior

from photographs

Illustrations

New

Tli<'

In

the Authors

John W.

Jersey Pine Barrens

II

irshbergeb

its influence on early culture,

Description of an inviting region lying close to our doors.
for conservation of its pine and cedar forests and its wild flowers
and the n
lustrations from photographs by the Author

vegetation,

245

its

Museum

Creative Textile Art ami the American

^-igns
scum specimens

American

developt-d in

from photographs made

llln-trations

Plate in four

en].

us.

showing

textiles

in the

silks

through

Museum

fr

M. D. C.

tin'

n->

nmin.-

i.t

-dk- lea

bj

Ci; \\\

ford

253

n-u.-t.d by Mil

tie-

Manufacturers

with designs inspired by

primitive basketry ami pottery

lea to the Journal through the generous

courtesy of H. R. Mallinson

&

opposite

25

opposite

255

Co.

Plate in four colors, showing ribbons with designs taken Erom

various collections in Hi.' Museum
to the Journal through the generositj

Presented

Johnson, Cowdin & Co

"f

The War

for America's Wild Life

The vigorous campaign carried on bj means

William
of

the

T.

Born

ldai

-.'til

Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund

against -laughter of wild gam.' in America

\\

Garden

in

Emphasi- on

Tuns

Every Yard"

tie-

t.

,,f

it x

.,,

dination of forces

Fim.ia

II.

the y
Alii.-

'I'u

and

t..

feed

America

Smith A mi 'i-ica

George K.

Studj

fur Bird

linarj

Military
til.-

.Xlliblt

Iherrie
Roosei

and care

of

wounded during warfare, with

.-p.'.Kil

reference

Il,i-

NotCS.

Mart Ctnthia Pickerson,

Subscriptions should
Central Park Wist,

The Journal

is

t,e

addressed tn the American

Now York

ell

C-E. A. Winslow

Bygiene ExhibH
Ition

to

Mll-rllln

<

Oherri

ri

Editor

MUSEUM Journal,

City.

sent free to all

members of

the

American Museum.

77th

261

HERMIT THRUSH AND YOUNG

The hermit thrush

is

rare and shy forest bird, living in remote

swamp]

places in the eastern United

States,

"A strain has reached

m\ ears

the Bong of the hermit thrush.

front .ml tin

...

It

is

depths of

tlte

forest thiit to

me

is

the finest

sound

in nature,

not a proud, gorgeous strain, like the tanager's or the gros-

beaks; suggests no passion or emotion, nothing personal,

hut seems to he the voice of that calm, sweet
solemnity one attains to in his best moments. ... A few nights ago I ascended a mountain to see the
uorhl b\ in
ilight
and when near the .summit the hermit eommeneed his evening hymn a few rods from
me.
Listening to this strain on the lone mountain, with the full moon just rounded from the horizon, the
pomp of your cities and the pride of your civilization seemed trivial and cheap." John Burroughs in Wake
:

i:..i>,

you grey-brown bird,

Sing from the swamps, the recesses, pour your chant from
Limitless out of the dusk, out of the cedars and pines.
Loud human song, with voice of uttermost woe."
Walt Whitman in Memo

".Sing on, sing on.

t>)

ie

President Lincoln

photograph, page 2

The American Museum Journal

Volume XVII

Men

Kentucky and Her Cave

THE WILDERNESS MADE FAMOUS BY THE

EXPLOITS OF DANIEL BOONE. TOGETHER WITH A GLIMPSE
INT< THAT MYSTERIOUS UNDERGROUND WORLD
EXPLORED AND OCCUPIED BY EARLY
ABORIGINES OF AMERICA

FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF

By N.

('.

EL SO

Spurred cm partly by the success of cave archaeology

failure of cave archaeology

Europe ami partly by the supposed

country, the American

this

in

in

Museum

last

summer made

preliminary investigation of a series of caverns and rock shelters in the state of Kentucky.
ia locality was chosen deliberately as heini; well south of the limits of y lac iat inn ami
I

similar to the regions in which flourished the cave peoples of Europe.

-|ir.-;~
i

:.t

precisely to find America's Palaeolithic

man

although

such a possibility

The
could

was rathet to ascertain whether in the eaves of the Middle Mississippi

country then- was any trace of a relatively primitivi
aboriginal development that
given
rise
have
to the mound-builder culture ;i we know it ai its best.
In this the
might
n..t

be ignored.

It

who conducted

the invest i-nt inn.

morally certain that he succeeded.

Iii the spring of the year, after consulting with Professor Arthur M. Miller of the geological department of the State Oniversitj at Lexington, two series of caves and rock shelters
Jong the Kentucky Biver, south of Lexington, and the other along

writer,

the

i-

tit

least

reen River in the vicinity of the famous Mammoth Cave.

This hist nai
1
and the
in- caverns were esj
tail
tuse thej had yielded valuable archaeolog
data for more than a century; and only four years ago the Honorable Albert C. Janin,

i.

ical

a trustee of the Mammoth Cave estate, generously presented to the

of Washington, D.
American Museum, among other things, several choice textile speci
ns found in a
on
his
a as the Salts Cave. The same gentleman, when lasl
ned
cave
o
p
fall it became apparent that the Mammoth Cave entrance had served the aborigines as a
permission for excavation. Only
camping place, was immediately interested
about five weeks' time was given to the work, bul the results, though limited in themselves,
'.,

amply

THE

estigations.

ancient cave dwellers of Eu-

rope, silenced by untold millen-

ninths, have

into

their nun.

now almost come

After barely

century of labor we see

outline
face

our

and

existence,
their

rude

form,

and

feeling

ai

progenitors

And

timis for things as

to

mankind, but

1 1

also

-\

are

in

we are learning

half

to look

dim

their

The recent book on I

of the Old Stone Age, b] Eenrj Fairfield Osborn, marks a long step toward

glimmering
as

only are we beginning to find

for the conditions

surrounded them.

Ai thor.

in

lasl

their simple everydaj

just

'I'm

of

which

result

not

with absolute confidence

to the

future.

the viewpoint

from which we,

[ike thi

gods, shall be able to see the be

from the end.

e is

only

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

:.".".'

Asia and Africa have not yet

step.

have laid hold on the popular imagina-

some

many

secrets;

and

tion, for

as for the troglodytes of America,

who

never could have used as rendezvous-

up any profound

yielded

Many European
we

it'

archaeologists hold

will but apply ourselves

we

shall find proof of aboriginal existence

and primitive as anything so

discovered in the Old World. For

as ancient
Ear

that

lie

have been named after him; and as for

can tell?

that

caverns

Hugo

Professor

instance.

Obermaier,

de Palontologie

lately of the Institut

his beloved wilderness,

The

little

there.

occasion

but from all accounts it is,

and always was, far less impenetrable

than the half despoiled timberlands of

To one accustomed

today.

to the vast-

American prairies
the grandeur of the mountains

ness of the Xorth

whom some

and
and

a few weeks in the famous

Cave in Spain, once wagered

it is still

had

to enter,

four years ago I had the privilege of

llumaine, of Paris, with

virgin forest I

to

mesas beyond them, there

the

is

working for

something

Castillo

about a merely undulating forest coun-

his

At another

head on the outcome.

time he offered to come over to America

find for us the

to

necessary evi-

dence "inside of three years."

had no

try.

seems

It

had reason for being incredulous; but there was something of a

challenge in his attitude, and I was

topography.

made

to feel in

thing about

honor bound to do someThe war has played

it.

havoc with his own plans, but he has

not

me

let

His

forget mine.

letters

usually end with the repeated query,

"Have

found

you

Palaeolithic

man

yet ?"

the

the

and

of Switzer-

the

secret

provincializing

lies

nature of the

Referring to Switzerland,

was always conscious of a longing

to

could look away

although her scrupu-

lously kept valleys with their matchless

lakes

and

And

be sure.

to

evoked a response,

all that,

you cannot

so

with Kentucky:

see the forest for the trees,

as the saying

and you cannot find

In the Southwest

is,

your way anywhere.

The

state of

peculiar claims

Kentucky has many and

upon our interest geo-

graphic, topographic, geologic,

historic,

no one

this

we

shall

seems a risky

few para-

have to be content

place with suggestions rather

than delineations.
have

all

read of

merely watching some familiar mountain peak on the horizon, but here

do justice to this

section of our country in

graphs, and

path

as the

without

guide.

The novice

underworld.
if

the aspect of grandeur seems

wanting in Kentucky,

"urn rodden wilderness" in which Daniel

that scenic

Boone played the hero.

This sturdy
pathfinder ma\ have suffered somewhat
at the hands of modern historians, but

contrary,

there can be no doubt that his exploits

it

thine' to leave the beaten

would soon exhaust himself fighting

through the brambly undergrowth, and
he might slip into a "sink hole"' and he
lost forever in a great and fascinating

But
Kentucky

keep his course for days by

scenic,

Under the circumstances

will pretend to

may

and romantic, as well as ar-

chaeologic.

We

that

be on top of the mountains where I

one

in

perhaps

unless

in

paradoxical

in the valleys of Greece

land,

repressing

freedom should have flourished

spirit of

such sanguine expectations: in fact, I

thought

and

confining

charm
it

have to view

is
it

is

it

does not

not there.

mean

On

the

everywhere; but you

one detail at a time.

The field, the forest, the hill, and the

stream each and all make their spe-

is

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

rial

appeal, partly by virtue of intrinsic

If

Thus, for ex-

varied general settings.

ample,
about

the

"pen

with

mansions,

pikes,

great

dairies,

grass

bine

Lexington,
its

it-

its fine

seems

bit

it

on the south, however,

is

the approximate geographical center of

country

maBounding

River.

is

ing gorge of the Kentucky River, pre-

it

lies

another equally

arc told that

was named

it

green
flows

in fact as well as in

on

and

calmly

without giving a hint of

sentingcliffsthatareworthy of compari-

and beyond

to

stream known as the Green

We

alter General KTathanael Greene; but

the wild-look-

son with the Palisades of the

come

the state, we

and

enticing

of the

tured Old World transferred.

in a southwesterly direc-

tion over the semiforested tableland to

splendid

horses,

we transport ourselves about one

hundred miles

merit iind partly by contrast with their

Hudson;

origin.

Its

bordering

cliffs

majestically
its

peculiar

may

be less

abrupt, as a general thing, than those of

the wilderness, perhaps

the Kentucky, but the winding gorge is

the primeval forest I do not know.

-iii,.

all*

The slope down which the -t

The floor in the foreground has

over the mouth of the cave

photog

.ing

ground.

to ceiling.

graded

is

id

aboul thirty-five feet high and

ivent filling A small

ge 227), and as daylight reaches
placi
hoi Bummer's day and
n raised

l.y

because

at

that

se tin*

it

name, and

Conditions were not bo tavora

entrance was nearly closed with dbri

-ever,

erj

when

little

the Indian lived here,

daylight entered

Museum

M
twiL-

up

one hall

;i

Expedition dug for

r.mi..ti, Cave.
Tl
belonging to :i relaf

Ohio Vallej

number
fet

The

ot Btone Blabs aroui

box-like coffin
el

largei Blabs

r.'uicm. and i> rea- made l>y Bel

wide by

tlir

ind

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

.,.,,;

just

a>

Dense

deep.

oak,

of

foliage

beech, sycamore, hickory, walnut, chest-

and

dogwood,

out,

screens

iiv.s.

other

deciduous

the

most pro-

but

all

nounced scars <>ii the sharper curves,

and whether yon arc mi the river or at
the top of the gorge, yon are seldom
permitted

more of the landscape

to see

than you can appreciate at

In

and

Is

\\

was

glance.

morning hours

early

the

these

Ma\

of

were alive with song birds

told, confidentially, that fish-

ing was excellent in the stream: hut

my own

especial

interest

me

took

to

hundred

feet

deep and several hundred

In a few instances

yards across.

may

small pool of water

sky

reflect the

and surrounding landscape, hut

ordi-

dry, and

there

narily the big bowl

may
The

he a

is

hole in the bottom.

visible

may

really inquisitive explorer

cover

out of this hole; and

relied

enon,
will

dis-

strong air current going in or

at

he

if

down

sit

to

on the strange phenom-

all

long series of observed facts

soon

fall

into

definite

relations,

and the mystery of the Green River

In

sources will be solved.

brief, the

quite another world, the region whence

whole

come the waters

formation between the top of the pla-

of the

Green River.

If one goes prowling over the for-

ested tableland, he soon becomes aware

In the

of several unusual things.

place,

he cannot

sional

eminences, sometimes of

ramidal

character

hundred

feet high.

known

as

of

which
n

and

amount

this section of the

subjected since
sea.

tin'

knobs

these

to

interesi

many

often

first

occaa

py-

several

These heights are

"knobs," and they appear to

register for us the

to

notice

to

fail

of erosion

country has

was

it

lifted out

Excellent as "lookouts,"
of

(special

archaeologist,

because

arc.

the

besides,

them arc also natural strongholds and as such were once occupied
of

In the second place,

Indian.

by the

and

teau

the

roofs;

dis-

them large enough

to

swallow up an

appreciable slice of Manhattan Island

hut whether or not they have an outlet

to the river gorge, there

water to he seen
he

ill

them.

is

some

oval,

perhaps

less

some
than

below, that finally conducts

fifty

in

souk-'

depth

and diameter, and others possibly three

it

to the

low the water got started on its underground course we cannot stop to
I

explain; but
ably

it

has been at work prob-

millions

for

literally

of

out

eaten

years

several

and has
successive

systems of passages, the topmost vaults

being of course exceedingly old and

in

of

process

refilling.

In the

Cave, for example, there are

no fewer than

five

superposed

sets

of

upper one being close to

the surface of the plateau and the lower
the

galleries,

one' so far

down

hack up into

Mammoth

feet

fun-

river.

feature.

bowl-shaped

many

nels for the lahyrinthian cave system

Passing on.

encounter again and again sud-

will

as

cave

caught up in these thousands of

is

sink holes, which act as so

seldom any

den depressions of smaller dimensions,

known

and the rainfall on the plateau

Mammoth

cross.

actually

is

sink holes, are merely collapsed

now

cover valley-like depressions soi

level

sions in the plateau surface,

singular fact that he finds no streams

Here and there he may

river

honeycombed with caverns: the depres-

the adventurer will he struck by the

t<>

limestone

three-hundred-foot

it

that the river floods

every spring.

Cave

is

not

There are said

And

the

mere local
more than

to he

eight thousand square miles of limestone

formation in Kentucky suitably

disposed

mense

for

caves.

the

development of im-

This means that the state

possesses thousands of miles of subter-

^2 -*'

DOOR TO THE UNDERWORLD OF KENTUCKY

This yawning black month

_

Hutchiru
covering for the world

i-

wa-

the only
still

knov

aiiuo-t

choked with fallen trees and rock; debris,

after a bear, followed th<

this

famous cavern

tn 181]
a limit.

"Violet City" is reached at the end of a long walk throuich 'lark corridors and mysteriov,
When tlie guide throws his lighted brands into the dark corners, a thousand fairy heams are
reflected from the many colored stalactites which drop from the ceiling: to meet the up springing stalagOn one side of the chamber a veritable pipe organ is formed, called the "Chimes,"
mites of the floor.
Ctnirtrxii uf Jului I'. Morton J- Compono,
the stalactites giving forth musical sounds when struck.

chambers.

rill,

A distni, tl- new experience is the short ride on the Kcho River, deep down in the Mammoth Cave
We sang "My Old Kentucky Home" and "Way Down upon the Suwanee River" and were answered
hundreds of musical murmurs as the great resonance chamber above us reverberated the sounds agai
and again. Courtesy o) John P. Morton
Company, Louisville
I,

,<-

e
;

KENTUCKY AND HER CAVE MEN

ranean vaults, constituting

world

themselves.

issible t"

mere

Hi iv the

chemist,

tourist as well as th

the geologist,

palaeontol

the

the botanist, and the naturalis

ogist,

229

mention- are dropped and

shall

not

laugh

d such place

the

name-

Avenue,

itliii

even

at

relate

it

per-

poor joke.

guide's

as StaT

stories;
liamtier.

Hercules,

of

Pillars

is

could gel enough ma-

each for

terial

Consequently

book.
is

great

it

almost useless for us

one

in enter even

purposes

for

scription.

hands

We

have

c-ai

of

Many

de-

other

tried

it.

more
hundred

are told that

than

four

books, pamphlets, scientific

and

treatises,

magazine

articles have

n printed about the

Mammoth Cave

alone

and among the grcal

variety of taleni

soem-

ployed have been such

"wordpickers"

as

Na-

thaniel Willis

Bayard

sibh

two

this

wondi

Vu

World

But

ii"

isitors to

of

the

are

im-

pressed equally by the

same phenomena.

For

myself, the cave as

scited

usual

interest

un-

ii"

while
ie

e as a

century-

can imagine something of the feelings of the explorer who, after

through
small hole some five hundred feel within thi
moth Care, unex]
tedlj found himseli within thi*
luHiity-six to forty feet wide and three hundred
nli walls rising abruptlj to a height of seventj eight feel

ling

old repository of slowly

accumulated
historic
and biographic facts,

itive insignificance

as

enter

the portal- of

humor and

of wit and

imaginative

remarks flowing from the

jovial guide, -truck

of his

lips

of our

forcibly.

Many

remark- were naive, even

fetched, but
tains

or

'

i- borne
Court ey

in
o/

upon us
John P

interpre-

handed down in the form of

name- and in the mor

tation,

place

"Vaughn's Dome

far-

when people climb moun-

explore

caves,

the

usual

Bunker
Statue,

Bush,

Dog

Martha

Hill.

Hole,

all

Pineapple

Scotchman's

Giant's

Lover's

Niche, are

Washington's

Room,

Snowball
Corkscrew,

Coffin,

Leap,

mure or

splanatory,

at

Pal

and
less

Trap,
Man's

Muromj
3VJ

least <>n

paper.


THE

230

Of

less

character to sonic of us are

nificant

such

MUSEUM JOU11SAL

AMEI.'ICAX

imaginative but more sig-

features

as

Audubon

Avenue,

There are other natural wonders

Kentucky.

We

rivers only: but probably

overland routes

Booth's Amphitheater the

spondingly

Hall,

lists

might

by navigable waterways.

came

be extended indefinitely.

no equivalent

territory in the world is better served

Putnam's Cabinet,
Hover's Cathedral, Jenny Lind's ArmHall, and
chair, Ole Bull's Concerj
Rafinesque

in

mentioned two

have

Perhaps the

may have been

wanting;

but

corre-

the

bison

into the country in late prehis-

and many of his

toric times

trails connecting' river fords,

and open

saltlicks, springs,

grasslands, have since served

man

white

and the

Indian

the

both

as

avenues

The

communication.

of

salt-

licks are of especial interest.

They

are

where

salt

places

and thousands of

ground,
animals,

tinct,

swampy

exudes from the

representative

of

mi

ex-

coming here

to lick the

earth, have been mired

their

bones

and

secure for

left

the future palaeontologist.

Into

wonderland

this

came the Indian long ago

we cannot yet say when or

how
in

He

or wherefrom.

lived

the caverns and on the

hilltops, he erected

and
the

villages,
soil,

mounds

he cultivated

and he burnt thou-

sands of square miles of the

natural

turning

forest,

it

into grassland to entice the

buffalo; and

time

be

then

seems

after a

to

have

gone away again. The reason for his departure is

;

of

Indian

relics in the

Kentucky caverns were a number of neatly braided sandals

Some are made of the fiber of the
in Salts Cave in 1H93.
cat tail, others are woven of the inner hark of trees, and still
others of wild hemp.
They display several distinct forms of
I

braiding as well as occasional ornamental tassels. Other interesting finds in the caves are half-burned torches made of bundles
of cane,

.tone pestles ami axes, bone awls, implements of shell.

and parts

of

gourd

ressels.

Courtesy

oi

John

/'.

Morton

,r-

Corn-

something

of

mystery:

judging from the accounts of Spanish, French,

but.

and English explorers durcentury

preceding

ing

the

the

American Revolution,
Kentucky was

the heart of

KENTUCKY AND HER CAVE MEN

uninhabited during
along the Ohio, the

home
east,

The

this time.

all

Shawnee were found

living

force

in

herokee were

al

and south-

directly on the smith

and the Chickasaw held the coun-

try to the west

Mississippi.

and southwest, near the

These and other tribes

are understood to

have made hunting

for the early settlers

to

time-,

ground."

speak

traditions

for

as

territory

In other words,

the

of

and

"dark

the

bloody

was border

it

and

1812

in

The

tain.

to be

mentioned

tribes

have claimed

because

it.

believed they

the white

man

seem

to

history

is

all

if

sold their rights to

no fewer than

five differ-

ent times, receiving considerable

money

of
;k

in at

least

sums

three of the trans-

scale.

This singular
ited

condition

fact

of

of

the

uninhab-

Kentucky,

together

with her geographical position directlj

Eront tng the
nies

mam

gateway through the

Gap-

Cumberland

the

peter

or

New

of

said

is

1797,

as

was

niter

on

here

large

the

that

it

won
However

Orleans

was

this cave.

l.\

this

may

lie,

and

consequently caverns were

being

This soon resulted

in the

was

saltpeter

searched

lor.

discovery of

data

chambers.

Among

the

in

"mummies,"

subterranean

other

Mammoth

human
said, in

i-

it

These were

lave itself.

accompanied by

-n-

thin--

or desiccated

bodies, were found, some,

the

demand

in great

considerable body of ar-

chaeological

eral

ions.

soon

as the land of

Some would have

powder from

uncer-

-alt

being manufactured

whmn

is

in a

Kentucky

that

The Mammoth Cave

battle

originally belonged

came about

have been known as early

country or "no man's land." and to

it

occur in the

to

it

became world-renowned
caverns.

at

way

very natural

and war parties

met here

was known

fioor-earth of caves,

the

compound,

principal ingredient of this

saltpeter,

life

far-away

the

in

wilderness was gunpowder; and

excursions into the abandoned country,

also probably

prime necessities of

>ne of the

231

great varietj of well-

preserved article-, such a- garments of

and of woven

skin

feathered

fabric,

gives the state verj great historical im-

mantle-, feather headdresses, hats, and

portance

for

n inning of

the

American Union.

the

herself

in

has

called

been

the

West

Kentucky

"the child of

Virginia" and as such was colonized

b}

Lively

asins.

People for the

precipitated.

seem

to

who

tin

have begun
original

were and when they came.

to

erally

t-

were not

Daniel

the

liieli

are

mountain

still

distri

Boone was one of the

first

to

they

concluded

that

some

represented

World stock

the outpost

discussion

sor

the caves

versity,

was not

tme
ask

really

was gen-

mummies

Indian, and the theory that

bring his family into the country, and

Boonesborough, which he
founded and commanded, was loi ated
on the Kentucky River directly above

It

the-.'

to

inhabitants

the pure -train- of H

in

first

seriously

people of English and Scotch ancestry,

be found

were

discussions

i-

not

dead

extinct
vet.

subsided after

old
the

while and

renewed until the

But

late

Profes-

W. Putnam, of Harvard Ohi-

P.

American Museum Expedition. This happem

the war 1775, ami a short time later.

a- a

near the end of the American Revolu-

on the State Geological Survej of that

tion,

isited

by the

the immigration of landless sol-

and young women, as

united families, became general.

diers

opened

Professor

it

again

Putnam went

young man

in

1870 75

to

Kentuckj

to serve a-

uaturalist

day. and while gathering Eaunistii

terial

in the

foivihh

rreen

attracted

ma-

River caves, he was

by

the

evidi

= Z s

KENTUCKY AND HER CAVE MEN

aboriginal

visitation

lie did not himself carry ar-

world,

investigation

chaeological

caves;

the

work.

life

It

Erom the truth

Ear

made him

verj

the contact,

birl

changed his
not

under-

this

to

in

Ear

seems,

it

probably

is

thai

to say,

ii

the "father of American ar-

Whoever

wanders

depths

the

Mack

Green

River

into

the

of

caves, will see evidence in plenty of the

former presence.

[ndian's

is

It

still

somewhat doubtful just how Europe's

men of lie 'I. Stone age managed to
scramble about in their underground
<

here are heaps of ashes

but

retreats,

where

were built

fires

to light the way,

and torches of cane lie around in many

It is no easy matter to move
places.
about

commonly

is

nui

liked to explore,

did

The answer
Perhaps he

entirely clear.

yet

"Why

asked.

the Indian attempt it?"

i-

and the

the ordinary cave,

in

question

perhaps he held secret

councils anl ceremonies in the Ear interior,

ing

awaj Erom feminine

.1

reature

of

ami. besides, not

permanently

in

places

darkness,

although he

them

i-

in

inlq

of

may have

times.

we

All

re-

kno\<

commonly bury

his

the interior of caves, ami

1"

thai he did quite

dead

habits.

n found to have

treated i"

at

\"i

eyes.

uocturnal

lacking in practical

has never
lived

we owe much of our knowledge

concerning him.

There

reason

For
fait

thi

showed evidence of chipping, but the

greater

number were simply

flakes.

Finally, just before our expedi-

tion

Mammoth

tin-

left

ascertained

had quarried

some of the small

in

flint

was

ii

Indian

the

that

positivelj

rejected

Cave,

of

time

it

led

IVoin

TllC

been struck off in most instances, and

among
the

which

fragments

the

two

found

were

floor

Littered

specimens

unmistakable evidence of hav-

showing

human

ing been shaped by

hands. This

seems the most illuminating

discovered, because

came

why

into the caverns

was

Flint

yet

Eaci

explains without

it

the possibility of doubt one reason

the Indian
explore.

a- necessary to

to

him

man.

as saltpeter was to the white

Another new discovery in the Mam

moth Cave was the fact that the Indian
had lived probably for
time

long period of

inside

directly

entrance,

the

The camp

within reach of daylight.

found

refuse

had

there

depth of more than four

am!

made up

was

bones, and

attained

of

The

chief

people

animal

ashes,

fresh-water shells, as Well

feature

these remains
to a

in places

feel

a- of articles of hone, stone,

of

and

interest

seem

that they

is

who

much

more

historic time-

the

Indian's ex-

were,

underworld.

The Museum's

for

seemed merelj

immense quantities
rewn for a hundred
tli-

pro-

the ll|l|e>|o|le Walls.

projecting portions of the nodules had

Kentucky's

that

at

joi

of this substance

quality

cellent

shell

about

to point

lived entirely b]

Irani

ing, whereas the aborigines of laic pre

however,

is

ploration

of

far-away passages where nodules of ex-

chaeology."

odorless

233

Some

the great eaves.

entrances

at

curious

finished.

Hint

and that

of

to several

least

We
it

over the Ohio Basin

all

in

part,

agriculturists.

investigation

hope

will

muiii

it

may

is

not yet

continue,

lead to a clearer

understanding of the Mississippi Valof

ley

Indian and hi- histor]

''-

Temperament, and
in Animals

Individuality,

Genius

PROW SUCH RESEARCH WE LEARN TO APPRECIATE HUMAN INIMV

UALITY, AND TO REALIZE THAT ANY FUTURE CONSCIOUS CONTROL OF HUMAN LIFE MUST COME THROUGH A STUDY OF
THE CONDITIONS ONDER WHICH VARIED TYPES OF
TEMPERAMENT WILL DEVELOP THE HIGHEST
CHARACTER AND THE GREATEST GENIUS

ROBERT

By

M.

EXPERIMENTAL
mal

YERKES

studies of ani-

pursued

behavior,

Eor

the

solution of definite problems of

yield

frequently

and

interesting

by-products

as

information concerning in-

important

observat ions

recorded

i" gel

and race

spei ies,

se

ences.
fail

habit,

or

instinct,

sense,

mary importance

bi

cause of the priobserver of the

to the

on which bis attention

ln

preparing

publication

his

would

he

differ

commonly

is

results

gladly

everything of significance, were

is

thai

by-products of our investigations are

n biib

we are attempting

to

an

is

il

sources

of

ers

easy

task

differences with those which are truly

The

casual observer readthai

naries, kittens, or
eral

weeks

in

'!"::-.

In-

<lillVr

pel

ca-

by sev-

age "r are otherwise nol

suitable for comparison, for as a natu-

I;

important

exisl

individual

manj

in

species

ol

>

generally aware of tin- fact, Eor their

tends to

attention

i"

problems of species
e

<

monopolized by

barai teristics

and

functions or reactive

capacity.

Even

in

individuality

invertebrates

spicuous with

familiarity.

observed

\iu..]rj

tial

en

in all e

points and exisl ing under the

same

ondil ion

the ri-k of confusing age, sex, or race

Eait

animals know by intimate ac-

modes of

prisingly different

individual.

obtain

to

thai specimens, comparable

In this field of naturalistii

such

eliminate

to

and

of error

organism, but experimentalist

thai

comparable data concerning indh idual

Field ua1 uralists and the born lovity.

in

of individuality in various organisms.

strii

know-

to those who are trained in

and well-controlled observation,

more important than

we have published,

that

Bui

sight.
critical

certain of the unrecorded

with

ledge which will lead to sympathetic- in-

largely because of

respects

than

differences

nol

concerned with

less

quaintance that

either impracticable or impos-

viction

is

fo-

gencies of time and space ren-

sible.

he

ralist

comparability

YERKES

W.

Eor

reporl
il

ADA

and

Thus, one individual adapts

the

demands

of

il

another,

itself

situation,

smoothly,
ingly;

slowly

were

and

to

works
will-

haltingly

meets the experimenter's requirements.

Ii-

tendency to do the wrong thing

seemingly

amounts

to

pervi

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

::;<

And

stubbornness.

the

so

observer

particular

The

order.

conventional

isms are quite as different in reactive

and ancient classification of temperaments according to strength and dura-

tendency as are two men.

tion

gains the feeling that the two organ-

has often been remarked that the

It

human

individuals of a

one

unfamiliar look

is

race with which

This we

alike.

always discover to be due to our failure

marked individual

to notice

As our

differences.

familiarity with the type in-

creases, these individual traits

increasingly

what

become

precisely

true in our experience with our

is

men

fellow

Now

obvious.

is

more true

still

We

types of organism.

of other

note at

first

only the species or racial differences, or

perhaps

if

response

of

cholic, sanguine,

unduly simple

as choleric, melanand phlegmatic seems

in the light of

our ob-

servations, for there are at least several

important ingredients or constituents

temperament which apparently vary

of

independently or in groups with respect

and duration of response,

and possibly also in other important
to strength

ways.

We may

upon

definitions,

not here further dwell

but we shall hope to

render these suggestions more significant

by the facts which we have to record.

Some

they be equally conspicuous,

years ago

we undertook

com-

certain age and sex differences, but as

parative study of two strains of albino

we continue

rat,

with the organisms

to live

and

to observe

day,

we come

them carefully day by

the one closely inbred for

generations, the other outbred.

many
Save

to appreciate those quali-

for this difference, the individuals of

and quantitative peculiarities

which constitute individuality. As far

the strains were entirely comparable.

tative

as

we can

there

see,

is

no significant

dif-

We

attempted by various experimental

means

to discover peculiarities of be-

tween earthworm and man, ant and

Soon
came apparent that the inbred

monkey.

viduals adapted themselves less readily

ference in degree of individuality be-

Intimacy

relation

of

with

wide

range

of

among

other things, to convince us that

organic

types

has

served,

temperament, character, and genius are

terms, which, like individuality,

may

havior in these animals.

to

new environmental demands.

proved

it

be-

indi-

They

less apt pupils in tests of habit

We

formation.

were struck, as our ob-

servations progressed, by certain peculiarities of

behavior which appeared to

be used quite as appropriately in con-

be characteristic of the strains rather

nection with one type of organism as

than

with another.

We

wish especially, in

this paper, to report certain of

our ob-

servations concerning these aspects of

life.

Temperament we have come to

sum of fundamental,

think of as the

inborn reactive tendencies,

sometimes

called

character, as these

primary

they

are

instincts;

same tendencies

or-

ganized through environmental contact

of

Among

individuals.

them,

fear, timidity, savageness, curiosity, so-

ciability

the

were conspicuous.

inbred

fearful,
selves

rats

more

by biting

to try

new

seemed

likely
if

things,

to

In general,

more timid,
defend them-

disturbed, less ready

more suspicious of

the experimenter, slower to acquire obviously

profitable

modes of response

than were the outbred animals.

These

complex and more

differences in behavior seemed to us to

or less highly adaptive system of beha-

account for an apparent difference in

vior; genius, as exceptionally strong or

intelligence,

well-marked temperamental traits of a

that

or experience into a

it

is

and we

finally

concluded

really quite beside the

mark

INDIVIDUALITY, TEMPERAMENT, AND GENIUS IN ANIMALS

contrast the two .-trains by saving

to

the one

that

more or the

the

is

less

extremely fearful
unusual,

increasingly

quently,

definite

through

which were recorded observations

concerning the preferred position of an

When

in

individual in

its

cage or nest box; the

relative positions at different hours of

and female,

the two individuals, male

can only with

It

culty he induced to try to find

and well-controlled studies were made,

experimental

the

cornered,

it

defends

indicate.]

i-

and markedly

of activity

savageness, or the tendency

and the quickness and amount

These

way

apparatus
by

bit-

It- w ild-

by persistent efforts to

hide or to escape.

It

responds quickly

any sudden and

to

given cage; the degree or amount

in a

diffi-

its

itself

band.
uess

shrinks timidly from the

it

experimenter.

intelligent.

S3

anything new or

id'

tin-

uliarly startling

stimuli

times cause

at

it

tremble.

to

cated thai savageness designates certain

Another individual of the sami

sex, horn in the same litter, is by con-jrosive and exhibits marked
initiative in new situations.
It- fear or

tendencies to reaction, as does also fear,

timidity

to bite;

of response to various stimuli.

and similar observations shortly indi-

and that our only

timidity, or wildness,

way

intelligible
i.-

of defining these terms

by enumerating the several types of

Wildness,

activity.

indicated

cage or

and

example,

for

by attempts to hide in the

server's

hand, random

running about

excited

ttempts to escape,

and various

oilier

with

re-

sq

form- of response.

Timidity, which seemingly

with wildness or

tical

is

i-

fear, involves

osity.
tii

readily overcome by

is

quickly becomes

It

the experimenter,

touch
out

or take

it

it

attempting

up

to

curi-

it-

a<

and allows him to

in his hand withand shortly

bite,

without
.-lowly

and onlj -lightly

and

disturbed only by strong

is

to

mosl stimuli

Iation.
In a word, the two
temperamentally as different
two human beings one is likely

the

rats

are

as

any

to

observations as these,

t.

made

of chattering or gnashing of the teeth,

on many different individual.-, that

have wholly convinced us of the desira-

cowering, or even trembling.

bility of a careful analysis of

avoidance of the experimenter, a kind

Although most of our studies have

heen concerned with relations of beha-

ment and the reduction to terms

measured description of its

vior to inbreeding or to the cr

stituents.

differ markedly in
we have incidentally obtained abundant evidence of important

Borne

trait,

individual differences of the temperane rat. for

example,

ness

and Wildness

and

Rat.

in

Xenozo.

Journal

of

They wen-

for several

hour- each day,

the whole of one summer.

tlj

Journal

well

\\

acquainted with their

charactei
thi

varying

Temperamental
-

Albino [{at
2: 111-129.

this

female.

The

to stud

Ideational

behavior of
purpose two yon
mals were chosen, the one a male, the
oilier

undertook

the

daily,

Verkee, Ada w.
Comparison of
Block and tnbred Albino rial

Dtaurikawa,

is

Robert

on,

mentally

Hrtit Formation in a Strain of

Lhsn Normal Brain Weight

We

which

individuals

oJ

tint

their
Differof the

degrees

not

the

in

peculiarities.

published

.in

on

of

temperamental

we have

behavioi

in

What

oiu

reatures

1
Nip and Turk being ed us a reward for faithful service
observed for several hour- each day throughout one summer.
>
and also less greedy, but both worked remarkably well on the
hunger, and their success justified the impression that the pig is

JtjJ

an experiment.

These two pigs were

was less active than his sister Tuck,

deational problems under the spur of
of the

more

intelligent

mammals

INDIVIDUALITY, TEMPERAMENT, AND GENIUS IN ANIMALS

would

certainly

gem

the

interesi

much more than our

reader

printed

contribution toward the solution

We

problem. 1

n.iin

therefore venture to prefascinating

the

of

we are about to

the differences which

emphasize are
not

individ-

necessarily

noi

by-

we readily admit; that they arc

ferences, we are
age

certain.

\\

suspecl thai some,

ai least,

cided

to

made

us

for thus

designate
feel

imens of

spei

mammalian

under domestication

life

intelligence slight opportunity

the ease

in

ignores

or temperament

we

early de-

our subjei

oon

-.

Both,

their individuality.

runs

<

ons

anthropomorphic, but

that, the alert reader will

appn

Aur

worked remarkably well toward the solution of ideational problems, and their

natural terminology.

We

ing to describe in an

intelligible

work

fully justified the

popular impression that the pig

of

more

the

intelligeni

is

one

among mam-

our avoidance of

to

and

terms, would

jective

more limited range

Tuck it was who usually

than the crow.

of reactions.
led

\mong

quickly

bei

ame accustomed
timidity,

wariness,

than

to

th.'

Nip showed more

periment, hut
sistent

Both

followed.

tics

per-

and

was much quicker

to

was much more easily

dis-

search for the

i

and profitable

which

of varied

fields of

Pennwooded hills of
age, and individiscihating.

i<

summer we removed a brood of

young crow (,
theii n
-

before thej were able to

not

idee;

tin-

differences

either

op

sex

our

we

may

bui

imens wen

as

We

aboui

sei

perimental

and again by

reason of the imitative tendency.

tiie

of the

once

at

difficult

to

feed.

to,-

ex-

few

four began to exhibit

charai teristic

id

birds by

Within

purposes.

Moltiple-Cl
5

he

any

children of anj household.

hand, the while taming them

tho

at

sometime- spontai

t.v

could

the time, so

observed

individual,
spi

We

fly.

at

sooner or later appeared in Nip also,

usly

study

characteris-

ri

onstanth acquit
tricks,

probably
of

resuli

com

the

sex,

diffi

'no

couraged and tended earlier than Tuck

ip hi-

a-

us,

in

New Hampshire,

four

curious, and quick to

new opportunities for pig satisfaction.
When at work on experimental prob-

pi

i-

It- species

the

ual

alert,

we

statement
object

and on

in

waj

if

are notably alluring to the psychol-

observations

ex-

Tuck

did

require

ioristic

interesting

Nip

while

which,

the birds, there

more

no

thl

if

petition,

eion

arc attempt-

should restrict ourselves to wholly ob-

unusual heha\

and

and un-

stilted

behavior

briefly,

mals.
Nip, the male, was less active
and energetic than his sister. Tuck. He
also was
ind showed rather
less initiative

id'
risk
misunderstanding or
wrongly evaluating his results.
lur de-

under the spur of the hunger motive,

success in this

ex-

individuality

his subjects

in

we

The

mentally arranged situation.

perimenter who

a-

reactive

responses to an

in

its

rat- also, by the

.if

importance of temperamental
tendencies

for dis

we were strongly impressed,

play,

se

type

givi

grave

ices.

Nip and Tuck,

two

whose

That

products of our summer's work.

ual,

our

"i

239

As day after da] we observed th

ral

(uit

reaction

of

its

became extremely

For

feu

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

2-10

and then as

persisted in our attempts,

may have

he or she, as the case

was no

been,

we decided

persistent,

less

to

our time and energies to his

devote

Thus,

three companions.
outset,

temperamental

at the very

peculiarities, per-

haps amounting to nothing more than

exceptionally
fear

and

strong

persistenl

reactions, served to eliminate

from our

of the individuals

Our

one

collection.

space will not permit us to re-

word,

in a

It is sim-

to felt kinship.

ply because we are more like monkeys

and apes that we more readily notice
and more highly value their individual
characteristics.

Not

so very long ago,

we had

acquainted with two adult male mon-

one,

we

shall

Jimmie.

It

Skirrl

call

the

would be easier

to

tell

We

amazed

these individuals had in

other,

what

common than

to enumerate their differences.

must content ourselves with the

The

keys of the species Pithecus irus.

we are tempted to do,

the peculiarities which these birds exhibited during a memorable summer.

cite in detail, as

a splen-

did opportunity to become intimately

Their

temperamental divergences constantly

But here we must content

us.

reactions

ourselves with an account of a few of

which may be designated as those of

the most remarkable differences in be-

statement

simple

that

in

wildness, fear, timidity, curiosity, sus-

havior.

picion, initiative, sociability, the indi-

Skirrl's attitude

most obviously and

importantly.
We hope sometime, in
justice to the problem of crow temper-

experimenter was

viduals

differed

ament, to devote
tensive

study

of

summer

to the in-

and individual

sex

toward the friendly

frankly

aggressive,

but not vicious. Jimmie was extremely

vicious;
Skirrl's

he

never

could

in

interest

be

trusted.

which he

objects

could play with or in any wise manipu-

proved inexhaustible, whereas Jim-

differences in these extremely intelli-

late

gent birds. 1

mie exhibited slight interest in other

Concerning temperament, character.

and genius in the Primates, our materials are at once abundant and to us
absorbing. Every one who knows anything about Primates, high or low, real-

in

that

members

prior to

of his species,

By

a competent

who had studied him carefully

our acquaintance, we were told
was feeble-minded.

that Skirrl

And

it

certainly seemed so, when, as frequently

human

observer

happened, he sat before an experiment

mosl other organisms.

But our

box,

do

the

for

conspicuous

results

observer

more

them individuality

izes that in

than

objects than the

his enemies, or foods.

not

the

justify

temperamental

is

conclusion

differences

are

more important in
monkeys, anthropoid apes, or man, than
We have come
in crows, pigs, or rats.
more obvious

or

to suspect that the

popular opinion con-

cerning the matter

similarity

of

is

structure

due chiefly to

and behavior

yawning

and

from

sions of ennui by half-hearted attempts

to solve his problem.

Whereas Skirrl

rather quickly became accustomed to

unusual experimental situations. Jim-

mie was
finally

so

wary and distrustful that we

gave up our attempts to observe

under rigidly controlled

and treated him merely as

his behavior

conditions,
The Behavior of the
Coburn. Cliarles A.
Crow. Corvus Americanus, Aud. Journal of Animal Behavior, 1914: 4: 185-201.
Coburn, Charles A., and Yerkes, Robert M. A
Study of the Behavior of the Crow, Corvvs Ameriby the Multiple-Choice Method.
canus, Aud.,
,/rol of Animal Behavior, 1915: S: 75-114.

repeatedly,

time to time interrupting these expres-

a visitor in the laboratory.

One day we noticed

Skirrl

pounding

with a stick a nail which he had found

in his cage.

We

were quick to follow

to do
At t!:. right, he i- -ho
Skirrl -it- piTi<iv-lj wailing for -<in,. .11.
ft
d
Skirrl wat studied
nparisoc witl Jimmie anot ei
early attempts at sawing.
Jimmi
ricioue and never to bt trusted, showi
key of the same Bpeci
ither monkeys, in his enemies, or food, whereat Skirrl was delighted with am
He used a saw in a- many way- a- mmlit a boy
be might put to some mechanical use.
imitate the experimenter and learn to use it in the conventional man
ork out his own methods. In the use of tools this monkey's behavior was so
individual thai it amounted to genius
_

his

,,

._.

ri

with hammer, nails, and a hoard and Boon In- -kill, without
in driving the nail into tl
more than equaled that of the unpracticed human being.
on the other hand, would throw the
hammer into one corner of hi- tage, scatter the nail- about, and h
board to pieces with his
an- a spur to a more
[duality among an:
profound
end that there
he formulated for the futn
1

THE AMEMCAX MUSEUM JOURS AL

242

The monkey was provided

suitable hammer, nails, and a

cue.

this

with

He

board.

went to work immediately,

and although he exhibited no constructive ability,

handling

in

driving

the

his

without tuition,

skill,

hammer and
into

latter

nails

and

in

board or

the

elsewhere, according to his taste,

more

vidual or temperamental.

Never have
we observed anything comparable with
it in any untaught Primate other than
the human.
We have agreed to call
S kind's behavior an expression of genius,

the

for

more we consider the

matter the more certain we

feel that

this particular individual possesses re-

than equaled that of the unpracticed

markably strong tendencies

human.

certain objects as tools or mechanical

out

mer

In the presence of the same

of tools.

lit

Jimmie threw

ham-

into one corner of his cage, scat-

tered the nails about the floor,

led

the

to tear the

and pro-

hoard to pieces with

From our

devices.

to react to

point of view, he

possesses an unusual type of interest or

the same to an unusual degree.

minded though he may be

Feeble-

as far as

his teeth.

most intellectual requirements are con-

least

cerned, he

Never did he exhibit the

inclination to use hammer and

a genius in mechanical

is

nails independently or together as tools

manipulation, and to him we

or implements.

debted for a

When

given

structible

saw,

rendered inde-

by metallic guards for the

handle, and a heavy wooden block on

new point

feel

in-

of view and for

new insight into the meaning of genius.

The anthropoid apes are so manlike
in appearance and behavior that we

which the saw might be used, Skirrl

should

was manifestly pleased. He used the

saw in quite as many and varied ways

highly individualized and possessed of

as

might a boy of four or five years.

before him at various times,
the observer tried to teach him to use
it in the conventional human way.
But

of

By sawing

own.

to this he paid scant attention, prefer-

young orang-utan whom we knew as

Julius,
we came into delightfully

ring,

it

seemed, to work out his

own

modes of amusement. Finally, he hit

upon a way of using the saw which we
have been told

is

in

vogue among cer-

tain peoples of the East.

the

floor,

In- feet

he held

it,

Sitting on

teeth uppermost.

grasping the handle tightly and

holding the saw firmly in position.

then grasped

rubbed

it

nail

He

by both ends and

rapidly over the teeth of the

surprised

be

temperamental
genius

were

they

traits as well as

strikingly

similar

Our opportunities

not

forms
our

to

for intimate

acquaintance with the higher apes have

been disappointingly few, but with one

friendly relations.

Julius was not born

in captivity few anthropoid apes have

that

advantage, or disadvantage but

when we

he was captured young, and

knew him

in California, he

ably not far

from

five

ready we have recorded

was probAl-

years old.
in print

many

interesting features of his behavior, as

well

as

our strong conviction of the

saw. thus producing a noise which evi-

supreme importance to science and

dently delighted his soul.

other

enough from the responses

of other monkeys of the same and opposite se\ (the same and other species
to saw, hammer, and nails, as well as to

thorough study of the anthropoid apes. 1

It is clear

other
vior

implements, that SkirrTs behamust be described as highly indi-

aspects

of

civilization

of

to

the

Julius one day was resting placidly

1
Yerkes. Roliert M. Provision for the Study of
Science, 1916 N. S., 43:
Monkeys and Apes.
231-234.
The Mental Life of Monrerkes, Robert M.
keys and Apes: a Study of Ideational Behavior.

l:,l,,i,,,,r

.V,,iiira,Ju,

1(116:

.?:

Serial

No.

12.

INDIVIDUALITY, TEMPERAMENT, AND GENIUS IN ANIMALS

the

proffered

Ee

banana.

and

his

reached oui

it

off.

to

jusl

but

gi

he

as

hand for it. the man

away and started to
disap-

evidently

Julius,

resentful,

and

pointed

reflect

hurried over
I,

unkindly drew

walk

A workman

cage.

cage stopped

the

him

turned, and bj

somersaults

series of

rapidly rolled the whole length of his

same

Later, the

rved

When,

tions.

situa-

for instance, after

1 1 1

<

beha\ ior

sori of

quite different

in

an

solve

to

mental problem, he failed

to

work-

head

his

the

to

thump and turn

obtain the

with

floor

few somersaults.

In

similar

afterward

work, sometimes
fair

he

ith en-

show of cheerfulness.

of

response

recall

an instance

which

in

boy who for some time had been

a little

problem bumped

his

head several times,

earefull

gains!

len

way

then remarked, by
of explanation, thai

he wished to

stir

sly,

sei

good-natured

kindly,

When

threatened

or actually punished,

the

ill.

like

years thai

with

punishmenl

and when

young

child of two or three

he caused

his

we may

oul of

sour

perhaps by educational in-

into equally valuable types of

fluences

But never by any chance

come to possess similar tem-

character.
,-an

ihe\

peramental characteristics.
Surely we shall do well to observe
diligently

ing carefully

nol

new

Man]

stop to describe,

comparing him with human

sub-

which, as experience, operate

traits

the responses of genius

For

r.

in

these aspi

and

to

life

to con! rol

knowledge of

of individuality

ts

develop

to elaborate

our efforts

and direct human

is

of fun-

damental importance, and there are

daj

human
.!-

to-

unmistakable indications that the

require of us

ill

We

science of

the

individual

the

and we look forward

to

cedented developmenl of the

action, and espe-

sciences

of those "Inch,

psychology, and

i>eha\ ior.

become

as

live in the era of the bio-

logical sciences,

cially

behavior which shall

carefully

behavior, which unhap-

-emu-, and especially the

of
i-

upon temperamental

the obs

reminded us of our observations of children, and we found ourselves involuntarily

The one

other

and resentful.
As thes child.]
velnp. their temperamental traits may

orang-utan he-

uncomfortably sympathetic.
oi

pily

the other

the

cold,

The one

and unreliable.

retive,

future

up.

feel

be

to

naturally hones!

frank,

is

working unsuccessfully on an ideational

sorts or

tend-

ther

unresponsive, or even cruel.

children of two to sis years

in

We

of age.

pathetic;

variel ies

to
a

observed

same household, as children

same parents, we find individuals
who seem to be opposites in the most
The one child is symvaried respects.

of the

modes

would go

may

on this matter of temperament,

be remarked, by the way, that

or

relievi

ergy and
It

343

and develop means of studyand measuring the various constituents of temperament, and
the factors which enter into character.
We should study the constitution and

pointmenl and resentment, he seemed

to

is,

it

that in the

disap-

of

surprising

be molded

reward of food, Julius would

desired

bring

llnu

1'Im

of

civilization.

like

ph

attempl

to

teeming phenomena

of

romise

to

sociology,

supreme

importance

to

A CEDAR

SWAMP AT SHAMONG, NEW JERSEY

The cedar swamp forms a picturesque part of the vegetation of South Jersey. The trees {Ohamoeeyparis thijoidea) are evergreen and their dense growth forms a shelter, cool in summer and warm in
winter, for many wild birds and animals.
Growing in the sphagnum moss beneath the cedars are shadeloving plants, such as the sumac, red maple, pepper bush, bayberry, blueberry, the cinnamon fern, and
leticate stai flower

244

Photograph taken

in

late

June)

alluvial river bottoms to the more barren pine lands, a new industry sprang
Sawmills, driven by water power, were in operation as early as 1700

numbers from the

existence.

into

The New
JOB

By

Jersey Pine Barrens

X W.

II

R S

II

1'.

< E R

I.'

Professor of Botany, Universitj of Pennsylvania

Editorial Note.

would be well if New Jei

Although tin- question of reservation has bee

least, of

It

jy

ornithologists, at various times, the state has - yel taken no defii

The

I'm.'

Barrens h.i-,
where rare wild flowers
.

a place

>

miL'ht he

found

3c

.it

01

the Pine Barrens

interested botanists

and

the direction of protection,

hai e long had a reputation

owever, and in many parts
: ibon to Baird, and even to
m., ,-i both by fire and by

imeva] wilderness knowi a

And what pine woodbeing rut for lumber, exposing also the delieate plants of the forest swamp to
s ari
killed by tli.' artilieial
ranberrj marshes.
Tie- Pine Barrens have suffered besides from proximity to New York and
Philadelphia; mistleto
iletely killed out and little holly remains; the land has
n robbed
infortunatel; has a large markel value; trailing
raked from the
arbutus and pyxie at

today

tin

r.

L903 and later.

'lit'

All the Cedars are

axe.

:.

i.

packing
into the parts

still

bj

citj

In the

florists

untouched; while
of

meantime auton

rai

Is

like this she

Cannol Bee

WIM'A
Bey

an.]

..I

as

Barrens" was

and

before

made

in

roads

and

the primeval

the

notabl]

"Pine
settled,

iir-i

clearing

The

illustrations are

forest,

the pio-

from photographs by

cultivation

that in a ease

along the

>ela

ware River where the alluvial -"H

;i-

riih

the

Mini

available

bad

been

neers inhabited the country along the

'

and farther

,,f

her natural treasure

thai pari of N

known

farther

towns and their surrounding areas

urelj putting bi
I
America still s,, young and so prodigal

land

along the

patented,

the

ed in utilize
i;

After

productive.

Troth and

.1.

tin-

all

banks

river

early

settlers

wildei

W. Harshberger

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

246

As the population bethe eastward.

came denser, it encroached more and
more upon the land covered with the
pitch pine, and as the soil of this region was

many

productive, and in

less

poor,

cases

began

settlers

the

to

look

upon it as barren, hence the epithet

'Tine Barrens."

The

influence that this barren pine

demand has developed

United

the

in

States.

There

are

types

several

barren

vegetation:

proper,

the

the

swamp

cedar

of

pine

pine

forest

vegetation,

the deciduous swamps, the savannahs,

and the plains.

The
which makes up the hulk of the
the

bogs,

Jersey nine forest

is

tree

New

the pitch pine.

In

land had on the inhabitants of the re-

old stands of pine the average height

gion was soon seen

of trees from ten to fourteen inches in

indus-

the local

in

Throughout the "pines,"

tries.

the

sawmills, driven by water power, her-

alded the advent

permanent

id'

These mills were erected

ment.

The

the period 1700-25.

settle-

in

first

pitch pine

is

the tree which gives character to the

New

Pine Barrens of southern

and with

it is

yellow pine.

Jersey,

diameter

fire

pine trees are stunted and reach only a

feet.

The un-

dwarf oaks, the

several species of

sassa-

sweet ferns, blueberries, huckle-

fras,

berries,
tall

the needs of the settlers for the

Where

fifty feet.

dergrowth in the pine forest consists of

The

sills

about

height of about twenty

sometimes associated the

pitch pine satisfied

is

destroyed the original forest, the

has

sand myrtles, and laurels. The

herbs are goat's-rue, lupine, wild

The

indigo, and various grasses.

plants

and beams of buildings. As compared

with modern logging, the methods of

of the forest floor are bearberry, trailing

cutting and handling the logs in the

the plants of the heath family, such as

were

forest

teams

and

Horse and ox-

simple.

sufficed to transport the logs to

As the country was

(he sawmill.
flat,

no insuperable

difficulties

resin,

forest

used

as

Fat pine

tree.

substitute

into

of the

for

days by

in the early

the knots

The while cedar

thin splints.

swamps

grade of lumber for vats, tanks,

chums, buckets, and firkins. Shingles
were made from white cedar, and these
shingles covered

Xew

many

of

the houses

Jersey in the

last

cen-

Aside from the forests, an im-

portant

New

this

comparison of American with Eu-

ropean

vegetation

is

heightened in a

industry

arose

in

southern

Jersey through the cultivation of

'he native cranberry, for

which

with

forests

"pigmy"

dwarf

of

pitch

"elfin,"

pines and oaks,

or

with

and other shrubs. These plants

owe their dwarfed condition to a hard-

laurel,

yielded

a fine

tury.

largest part

forms what the European plant

geographies call a "pine heath," and

of the state, for here are hills covered

were

in

and blueber-

undergrowth, the pine barren

and charcoal were obtained

with

lamps ami candles

built

As

study of the plains of the central part

tar,

splitting

pyxie.

Also turpentine,

snow.

from the pitch pine

knots

form numerically the

the

were

done when the ground was frozen or

covered

ries,

of

lumbering was

the

if

the laurels, huckleberries,

level

presented in getting the lugs out of the

woods, especially

arbutus, wintergreen, and

a laru'c

,' The
history of the New Jersey pine barren
region begins with the formation of the marginal
plain known as the "pre-Pensauken peneplain.'
With
covered with a fairly uniform vegetation.
the beginning of the Pleistocene, part of the Atlantic
coastal plain was depressed, but an island,
representing the Beacon Hill formation, remained
covered by the remnant of the ancient coastal plain
Pcnsaiiken Island was separated from
vegetation.
the mainland by Pensauken Sound, and when the
land emerged again, the pine barren vegetation
occupied an area coincident with the outline of
Pensauken Island, retaining these boundaries up
to the present, as a new vegetation surrounded

that of the Pine Barrens.

THE NEW JERSEY PINE BARRENS

pan

German
i

This

several feet below the surf ace.

corresponds

shade in which only the

impervious

penetrate this

layer

reach a certain

of

The

soil.

arc

stronglj

In the

trees

then die back, to

size,

ment,

pan

is

dwarf pitch pines assume

Jersey, the

crowberry (Corema Conradii),

found nowhere else

cedar grove

Secondly,

plant

est,

such

flowers,

wood anemones,

deciduous

flower

forests

the trees appear.

Barrens, the 'lark green

prevailing

pines

swamp

before

the

In the

Pine

in

hold

summer

is

for-

which holds the

pine

dur-

off

it

Thirdly,

cedar

warmer than

i-

the

which

through

foresl

the wintry winds can blow, and thus.

during the inclemeni

period-

of

the

year, the cedar grove forms a covert for

many

the

in

winter

in

adjoining

color of the

enlivened

is

may

sponge and gives

ing the hot weather.

and hepaticas, which in

violets,

so that

still,

on account of the dense shade and

water as

spring beauties, bloodroots, rue anemones,

swamp

cellar

moss, or sphagnum,

spring

familiar

the

as

calm and

is

the evaporation of water from the bog

In the seasonal aspects of the Tine

Barrens we miss the

all

cooler than the surrounding pine

the state.'

in

movements
The wind may

their leaves until the adveni of spring.

broom

basket-like form and so does the

place, a white cedar foresl

firsi

the few deciduous trees there

New

<>n the plains of

Eacts

be blowing hard outside, hut within the

where the hard-

not continuous, a few taller pine

trees are found.

Three

cedar swamp.

of air arc concerned.

same course of develop-

the

Occasionally,

aboul

shade-

protective, as far as the

i-

be replaced later by seedlings which go

through

noteworthy

so

dense

si

loving plants will grow.

because the tap roots

rees are <lw arfed

together thai they form

closel]

heathland, where similarly the

are unahle to

grow

are evergreen, and

thyoides)

found in

Ortstein

the

to

2-49

birds and

wild animals.

Asso-

spring only by the lighl greens of the

ciated with the white cedar ami capable

developing oaks and deciduous shrubs.

of

Autumn, however,
of color- -as

sometimes

is

was

it

last

azalea,

The cedar swamps form an

tant

pari

of the vegetation

and also

and

high-bush

found along

tree-..

(Ckama

trees

swamps on
ts,

A stud;
the white cedar n

of interest.

nat.-d

l.y

"

Apple

Brook

and

names

Pie

Mill.

Bread

and

hav.-

and

are

cedar

the

h.

shade

held in subjection beneath

of

the

cedar

tic-,

bave

Sh:i

One

Hundred Dollar Bridgi

persona] flavor, .-,- Comical Corner,
Double Trouble, friendship H.. L-. Good Luck, Hos

ery,

which

white

succeeded

sprung

to

maturity

with the stimulus

..

bed

omi>

i.

slow-moving streams

trees for lumber, and the

and shrubs of -nch swamps are

those whii
[ndian

Manumnskin

some
grass

evergreen

Ci

fanahawkin,

In

blueberries.

the removal of the valuable

pre

ot the

ti'''''-

Cedar Brook and

pepper bush,

we Snd the curl]

the

swamp

laurel,

The deciduous swamps

by the spire-shaped tops of the

The white cedar

gum,

fern (Schizaa pusilla

feature,

evervv

is

the shade are red maple.

in

sour

leatherleaf, sweel

cedar groves

oi

noticeable

because the sky line

growing

magnolia,

rioi

October.

:,

nch, Marj Ann

the lik.Among

Furnace, Mount Mia

however, the deciduous

in

undisturbed

valley

tl

inch as Chatsworth
Chesilhursl

of the increased sunlight.

1-

with

Man\ tune-.

swamp

has
i

from time immemorial.

I"

the

swampj

white water

bei

stream

Open

areas an

lilies,

-olden clubs,

Where

the pine forest reaches a projecting

the salt

marsh

at

Souu-rs

Point

fronted

by

strip of switch grass

heart
inahs,

was made
grasses

late

ot

w,i

the

Pine Barrens, on the south hank of the Wading River, are the typical New
The photograph
dotteil with groups of pine and of white cedar trees.
the tall umbrella like Bowers of the pitcher plant rising above the swamp

massy lands

May and shows

and Bpatter-docks, while

grow cinnamon and

plants, sundews,

and bladderworts.

True savannahs similar

barren

region,

terraced,

Grasses and sedges with

the

a
a

'In
few

herbs

characteristic

cover

these

savannahs, which are distinguished

grow

Mi

lit

pitch

of scattered

white cedar

trees.

b]

pine or

These are open, -un-

breaks in the monotonous

Eo

pine and white cedar.

These are

presenting

nately a wel terrace and

in

and
the

those of

alon

as

branches of Wading River.

nsualrj

to

found

ire

pine

the edges

al

royal ferns, pitcher

The grow

peculiai

ing season in the Pine Bar-

between the

alter-

and the

terrace.

autumn.

At

last

firsl

killing

Erosl

killing Erosl

Vineland,

according

of
to
251

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUENAL

States
the United
Weather Bureau, the average date of
is April 19, and

water from the subsoil. These consider-

the latest recorded date in the spring

ing drought, or of evading or escaping

records

the

of

the last killing frost

May

is

The average date of the first

autumn is October 19,

13.

killing frost in

the earliest recorded date October

If

we take

of growth

is

exactly six months, or 183

days, in length.

the

is

The culmination

season

flowering

plants

2.

the average dates, the season

in August,

centage of plants

is

of

of

pine barren

when a

larger per-

in bloom than at

any other season of the year.

An

ations indicate that most of the pine

barren plants have methods of endur-

it.

No more

inviting region in

primeval conditions

its

of population, such as

Philadelphia.

The

New York and

region,

having a

salubrious climate, should attract the

health and pleasure seekers, and the

state of

New

Jersey should preserve in-

tact large stretches of the forest so that

examination of the underground

the healthy and the sick, the wealthy

systems of pine barren plants brings

and the poor, can derive

out some important principles of plant

the life-giving air of the pines.

growth.

The

rainfall

is

when no

rain

falls,

and

then certain marvelous leaf structures,

which control
ficient.
is

loss of water, become efWith the deep-rooted trees it

otherwise,

for

benefit

from

sufficient dur-

ing the year for the superficially rooted

annuals and perennials, but there are

critical periods

almost

lies so accessible to

the busy dwellers in our large centers

during the

critical

period of dry weather their deep root

systems enable them to get a supply of

1
The soils of the pirn- l.anvn r. 1:1011 are sandy
with a gravelly subsoil, and the rate of percolation
of water through the layers of soil from different
localities shows that water passes through beach or
dune sand more quickly than through pine barren
sand, and through pine barren sands more rapidly
than through soils covered with a deciduous forest.
Experiments on the water-holding capacity of these
types of soils show that dune sand retains 33 per
cent of water which falls as rain, the pine barren
soils 45 per cent, and the deciduous forest soils 56
per cent.
These matters are considered at some
length in The Vegetation of the New Jersey Pine
Barrens, by John W. Harshberger, published by
Christopher Sower Company, Philadelphia, 1916.


Creative Textile Art and the

American Museum
K A W PORD
C.
By
1

.M.

('

I).

nted to the Joubnal bj II. B. Mallinson

With two color plates pi
Johnson, Cowdin & Co., respectively

T
A

BE

silk

Ninety-seven

worn

silks

woven

industry

bj

America

in

,000 yearly

amounts to $500,1

of

cent

per

women

American

the United States.

in

Thirtj years ago the proportion

ttf

imports

and

Europe core

of

exports was just reversed,

to

within

so

.-ill

the

business

are

active,this industry bas

in. 'ii -rill

oJ

grown

runs close

and this industry also

our industrial development, however,

been

almost

We

origin.

most even

looked to

foreign

il

Europi

buy

fc

The

was very much neglected

men

tex-

in this

unjust to the

of original ideas,

who
America

pre. ious to the war, yet the statement

this

yet

qualification

to

and

South

Sea

r.

has

;i t

may

use

ollections.

are

example, and before

that

decorative

of

of

to

reit

design

times emphasize different

different

in

the

Museum.

wealth

the

I'.ut

art

American

schemes.

In

following

many weeks

Museum for
New York

nn enormous investment of capital

garment business.

aboriginal

of

the

The

City, besides the textile interests, there

i-

seems

change, and

the

American design

We

value.

shall

will be of

permanent

turn to

again and

The number

it

again, each time with added skill and

are past, this industry also will be in-

in the

Philippine, and

constant

be

well

inspirational

made extensive

the

).

industry during the pasl

manufacturers

to

ap-

have also been

addition to our decorative

America)
cotton

e of the tardj

wonderful material

Fashion

interest.

is

year

one can be indiffer-

am

Island,

quire almost

at

ii"

Koryak,

Chinese,

the

be

accurate.
j

Amer-

thf other great collections, such as

great

the -pur of necessity, to saj

for

new and beau-

induce people to

unquestionably true that

is

it

prei ia1 ion of this

is

to

it.

While

ent to the signifii

it

men came

ican art have largely affected the pres-

that there was do creation in

this

order

ent stj les

tile arl

silk

be great collections of primitive

to the

luxury and requires

conl inual su cession of

tiful ideas in

garments, until the neces-

country and, while

turning

is

collections for artis-

But the

is a

suggestion of style in fab-

our own originality.

wail

in

yearly

mark

the reason for this far to

is

since silk

I-,

of the last two years compelled us

in
sity

always

Nor

first.

5&

musl be said thai the decorative ideas

have

Museum

tic inspiration.

[nspiring as these statements are for

New York

the half billion

to

imerii an

The volume

ready-to-wear garments

in

leaves Greater

that

enormous proportions.

to its presenl

hundred

easily the best

is

paid labor in the world.

bined.

than

thousands, and this

of business

added thai the United States uses

and

of employees runs into the

are

also be

silk

Co.

the

may

It

&

ords are so

timately,

unquestionably

-t>

that they n

ill

distinctive

decorative

lend a

irile

serve as

nun.

and

will

basi

arts,

character to

in-

<>uv

all

our future

creative work.

Mr Crawford Amebicas
Peruvian and other orisrin.nl

Museum
*our<'<~. of

Jouenai., Vol XVI, page i

design in the American Mujbi

which

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

It is by the simple,

everyday objects

and materials which touch our lives

that we receive, for good or ill, the message of

art.

It

has been so in every

nation that has created a truly great

and

school,

it

was eminently true of

the aboriginal Americans.

Their art

tiles are

is

it

tume

richest in its textile

and

cos-

It will therefore be

expression.

That other

follow

will

the tendency in our cos-

To

tumes,

is

and

wear beautiful fabrics and

to

a natural corollary.

tumes cannot
tic

fail to

see
cos-

develop our artis-

appreciation in other lines.

This movement will have a great

touched every phase of their existence,

and

almost limitless.

arts today, such as interior decoration,

fect

on our export business, for

it

ef-

goes

without saying that the wonderful war

evident

to

that

the

energies awakened in America during

aesthetic

possibilities of beautiful

tex-

the last two years must find vent in the

the

This design
collections in the

The sample

thoughtful

i-ll

won second

American Museu

of silk incorporating

the recent

the

design contest,
design ever

first textile

lished hy Belding Brothers

was
made

mffimmmm

^A
mmms^^mmm*

li.

m^ftired by various

collectio,

Missis
,,.,r.

.l
.,

the

,,

American Museum.
fafcMsn.

Qmrfin

The \mur R,
Co.

CREATIVE TEXTILE ART AND THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

The

exports of peace, once the shipment of

munitions

eases.

<

Ii

essential to the

is

part of this business

Buci ess of a greal

that the product be typical of our aras well

tistic,

velopment,

our industrial de-

as of

we are onlj cop]

[f

we

ists

Bringing

the

industry,

artist,

Cowdin

Johnson,

tli.it

and Company's organization made to

the Museum was typical of the proper
way of approach: Mr. MacLaren, busiager, Mr. Jacobs, mill expert,

ness

and Mr.

Speck, designer, came

Emil

Mr. MacLaren wished to de-

together.

ever be serious competitors.

i!"

\isit

255

termine whether the claims

had made

and the American Museum into closer

1
relation bas been a personal campaign,

among

vided

which were

of

details

actual

the

di-

personal

lecture courses,

the artists and the responsible

men

mitted

Er

design

This

which designs sub-

material

design
10

how

learned

work.-

their

developed

and through

use

to

museum

During

months, Saturday

the

who

ol

way become familiar

this

iii

ruction

insi

group

of an ever-increasing

only with the problems of the

not

it

in

aftei

given over to the technical

ers,

inspira-

Eor

contesl

have since b

cessful in the industry,

firs!

condui ted b]

over the country had

all

museum

have

tion.

ontesl

r), in

ll

to

Museum,

industry to the

the

in

and by

in-

dustry, bul also with the collections in

pired

'

the

mi- exhibition halls.

The

man

firsl

to

visit

th<

he

In.

M'

Dg

I-

i:

linson &

<

campaign,
Peruvian

some

II.

\i

o,

Mr.

!u-try
R.

II

was
Mal-

him

to

see whethi

in

visit
ordi

an immediate con-

and many of the

were

inspired

by

the

research

Mr
the
-

movement

Piece

industry

li-t

of

n.iw-

Mr. Speck was and

ribbons

in

the

is

ii

shown

the

in

Museum and

it

American woman

possible Eor the

portray

in

his skill as

These concerns have made

designer.

have been greatly aided by

Blum, treasurer of the

nited
and t.y the publicity circnl
thronch the columns <>'

could be devel-

isitor to the collei

iiil'ul

a
In this
Albert

as

color illustrations are the result of his

things he saw.
1

thesi

Mr. Jai ob

M r. Speefc
to
documents he saw into mod-

ern designs.

eonstanl

idi

loom

converi the

on his famous EOiaki-Kool fab-

such

tie

idi

vert t" the suggestion,

ric

concerning

ueiv based on fad

Sanson

He was

the Pcruvi

Mothers

the beginnin

collection

beautiful.

b}

American Museui
ing
otj
hem w
i

her costume the gTeal

to

arts

of the \'ew World.

of these artists

i-

kept open to

scarcely

less

onstanl

isitorto the

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

enumerate each
who has come to
American Museum
and found it a great comous

to

person
the

mercial asset as well as

delightful

recreation.

John Wanamaker's
recently had a very

store
inter-

"Mayan

esting exhibit of

Fabrics," the motives for

which

were

Museum.

rics

were exhibited
other

eral

from

taken

the

These' fabin sev-

even as

cities,

far west as Portland, Ore*

gun.
It

would be impossible,

within

reasonable

space

show a tithe of
the designs which have
been created from this inlimits, to

Indeed,

spiration.

are

coming out
is

it

they

so fast that

impossible

even

keep trace of them.

designers, working

under

the guidance of the

seum,

to

The

Mu-

spreading this

tire

art so rapidly

industry that

among the
many peo-

are buying designs

and do not realize that the
ple

ideas have been suggested

by

Museum

tives

of

representa-

tlie

cotton

garment concerns

third prize in the contest

and

also are

ii

in

As

material.

before stated,
Mr. Nishimura was a prize wii
utist.
Samples of silk bearing this design
re furnished b.v Belding Brothers
n shows
graceful motive suggested
'leury, by the Museum's Amur River
irt,

beginning

to visit the

seum with

serious

Mu-

inten-

Burton Bros. & Co.,

Wm. II. Brown Son & Co.. Clarence
Whitman & Co., Inc., Renfrew M Eg. !o.,
and Ivldystone Mfg. Co., are among the
Cotton concerns that have come up to
tions.

collections has
"I'

Mr.

<>.

(i.

Belding Brothers, and he

very

much

influenced

by the material be

in

litis

Fisher,

litis

been

his designing

seen here.

The

<

same may be said of Cheney Brothers,

who are making use of ideas developed

&

from

Co.. tire

In-

material.

It

would he

tedi-

this dtite.

and the firms of J. Eapopprt

& Co., and E. J. Wile &

Co., A. Beller

among

the eostumers

who have

CREATIVE TEXTILE ART AND THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

come.

put-of-to^

to

I"'

the habit of

retailers to include a

11

American Museum

to the

their

grown

has

Ii

New York

as a

isil

part of

In this way

activities.

cently had an exhibition of

art.

It

was extensively advertised and

had unquestioned educational

Thus

351

Peru\ tan

it

value.

can be seen that at least the

the edui ational value of the institution

foundations for a national textile art

widely disseminated, and this ten-

n laid, and that the part the

American Museum has played in this
movement is of importance.
Educational work cannot be limited by the

is

be

II

Lazarus & Co.,

oes on.
retail

store

in

three de

displayed

in

much strengthened
Columbus,

u !<

:itl

silk*

poncho, thai in the

via n .->linder roller

Ohio,

t:ik.-n

as

large
re-

have

.In.

\m.-r

John Wanamaker. The figure

Mexican terra cotta stamp, and
i

le

from

i,

al

the

i.

:n

left

THE AMEliH'AS MI/SEEM JOUEXAL

358

commercial
certain

to

which

advantages

the value to the country at

a

great

vious.

accrue

concerns,

enterprising

for

large of

and distinctive art must be obNothing, unless

it

be music, so

holds us together will be strengthened

and

vivified

may
To make life
make beauti-

by an art which we

truthfully call our own.

a little

more gracious; to
more charming;

ful things a little

to

unites a people as a similarity or a sym-

bring into the lives of millions of peo-

pathy in their decorative associations.

ple simple things

We

are

a nation composed

strains of blood,

drawn
sources,

traditions

and the

of

many

people which has

from

innumerable

political unity

which

Of the designs

Amur

River collections.

is

the

American
have been incor-

collections of the

All three

and pottery motives from the Southwest inspired the two upperAmerican Museum's collections. The third design was suggested by

at the right, basketry

moat, taken from specimens in the

a mes-

meaning
and this is
me phase of the educational work that
the American Museum is doing.
This

The two upper designs at the left were taken from Aztec shields in the
Museum. The third is Mexican, the design signifying "sand and water."
porated in silks manufactured by the Joseph Berlinger Company

the

which carry

sage of loveliness: this

of creative art in America,

Levinson ami

Iiessels are the

manufacturers

CREATIVE TEXTILE ART AND THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

transcends in significance the commerThe loom
cial phases of the subject.

such association musl eventual

and the printing frame, the embroidery

art.

machine and the garment factory are

but the fluid mediums through which

the work.

in every

branch of American decorative

This

the true

is

This movemen!

is

is
it

is

matter of satisfaction to realize

new

the diffusion of the

iii.ii

And

ideas has

resentatives of

given their time

is

human

interesl

through this movement and

it.

an

bei

number

increasing

of

thai

ause

ol

young

American artists arc receiving recognition and profitable employment, and

il

Ls

much

too

no!

developing

fine

they arc

say that

feeling of loyalty to-

urn for the cordial

11-

have

they

ception

to

re-

and

received

the

of the

etl'orts

of a

of men.

able undertaking.

perhaps of

resull

ive

To give a list hen'

The
would oci upy too much space.
members of the Museum staff and repnumber

been and will continue to be a profit-

It

significance of

the

the creative ability of American artists

reaching the American nation.

259

tin'

who have

industry

unsparingly

lec-

in

and individual instruction have

contributed largely to it- success. But
tures

must

it

many

be borne in

also

other

men

mind

that

for a generation have

movement

that some day such a

must come, and have built up these
wonderful collections so that the Amerfelt

i,

an

M useum would lie readj

when the time was

the sen ice

to

give

ripe,

these equally share the credit.

tended

to

them.

earnesi

group

original

material,

The

sources
i-

habits

To have taught so
make use of the
of design m Museum
to

itself

thus

.-m

ai

acquired,

individual successes,

ill

\;iliie

immi

usi

obvious as to require no com-

ment, hut this article ami the illustra-

t"

t.

artfol-

bird

tions

are

intended to mark the

Amur

firsl

campaign for creative

design from New World inspiration.
success

the

in

and conventi
design

Hi

brought out

ol

will he so

the Peruvian,

are

leading

low such examples, and the effects of

was taken from

Museum

the ai'tists and to the industr}

|,,

hievement.

encourage

beginning their career

Thr two outer

In the future, the fact that the col-tions of tin-

ic,

River and Koryak

collections
i

ompany

of

the

of

conventionalized

Museum.

Lire]*

They have been

THE OHIO SENATOR RECEIVES A DELEGATION OPPOSED TO THE QUAIL

)

and

BILL

W. A. Ireland, were published in the Columbus Dispatch during the fight for the proand proved largely instrumental in rousing the state legislature to action. The Ohio
quail bill saved this "game bird" by placing it on the "song bird" list
a classification none will question
who lias pleasant memories of the quail's musical "bobwhite" notes, and especially who knows its scatter song heard from the woods in the fall
six other cartoons,

by

motion of the quail in Ohio,

The War
New York

OX

account

A M

many and

extends,

bred and coddled, while our native

surveillance of their entire field

new danEven during

the past three years, so

many changes

occurred

that

new

view of the national

field

bird's-eye

both de-

is

wild

two great

have

life

been

brought under good protection, and

two more remain exposed to the danaination according to law.

They -land

halfway prott
sin^inj;

ami the songless

fortunately
demand

of extermir,

anscs.
of the West, outside the
sanctuaries, has
n going out at a
frightful rate: and to this rule there are
only a limited number of local
i

and

scale,
,

Finally, far too

t,,

much

in

state-wide

for a five-year close

and pinnated grouse.

quail

made

eleven

fall

1915 when

of

states,

condition of the upland

parent.

the

ritei

game

alarming
birds of

region became painfully ap-

vast

that

the w

long tour of inspection through

western

Throughout that whole area

move had been made to give
seasons

lose

t,,

the sage grouse or

fine

were fast going down to

The big game was vanishing

spei ies

oblivion.
at

tremendously

shooting; and

in

rapid
several

rate,

by over-

states female

deer were being killed for sport.

The advent of the automobile and its

roads" was like the
concomitant "g
sudden rising of a hundred thousand
neu dragons to destroy the remnant of
I

Some of the stories told were

alarming, and the game-slaughter pic-

have been sadlj

The movement to breed

"ii game farm-, at

Some

at

of Texas

of the open seasons on

magnificent

sage

grouse began
August 15, with chicks hardly able to
fly, and the bag "1111111-" were a ghastly

in-

birds while

the protection and rehabilitatioi

ies

palling.

the

attention bas

gaum

tures thai can

the

supervene.

focused on the breeding and

troduction of foreign

ants

bitterly fought

the

Local extii
"ear fat,

been

vain

in

the pinnated grouse, and both of those

nmigratory upland game birds are,

as a rule, feebly and inadequately prnteete.l
by their state laws; and in most localities
rapidly ranishii
Bhooting, legal and illegal, and through other

game

game warden has

insec-

tivorous birds arc iinvv appreciated, and

protected by Btate and federal laws; and
they at
The iin_
birds are 7."i per
cent protected bj the federal law, and they
also arc increasing.
r

where the pheasant-devoted

l.iu.i.

in

state

long
tin'

spi

case of this kind has been on exhibition

not one

as follows:

Alien species are

The most aggravated

shot.

In the

past five years

our

of

are

lies

and interesting.

During the

]n dangi

few barren intervals,

ditions affecting wild life, the

new measures.

Until

with a

across the continent.

of activity, in order to meet

sirable

A V

I)

frequent changes in the con-

gers with

have

X A

Permanent Wild

defenders of our fauna must maintain

a close

HO

T.

Zoiilogk

the

of

America's Wild Life

for

W ILL!

By

exotic pheasstate expense,

For the saving of the remnants of

deer, elk, mountain sheep, am
and the restocking of lifeless anas, a
workable plan for the making of game
sanctuaries

in

national

forests

was
261

THE AMEUK'AX MCShTM JOIUXAL

2G-?

wrought out and launched

Congress,

in

Two and

December, 1915.

in

one half

years of hard labor have been devoted

$3,255

money

in

lias

We

of Congress.

The American Educators Conservation

to this dale it

in either house

bill,

believe that the votes

arc there to pass the

bill,

whenever

can be brought to a

vote.

When

acted into law,

it

one hundred to one hundred and

big-game sanctuaries
ture

and

signed,

In

and again

when

men"

On

it.

two

were fought out in Con-

of Missouri

and adjacent

to

kill

$50,000

for

its

terri-

Federal

the

off

The

principle of "no spring shooting"

still

stands like

Rock

of Gibraltar for

and

the defense of our one hundred

species

migratory

id'

game

birds.

the states west of the Missis-

all

sippi, except Louisiana, Missouri,

Arkansas,

for

new

game laws

began to

nineteen

hammer

state

at

the doors of

legislatures

that

con-

vened early in January. 1917, hurried

through

their

sixty-day

then stampeded for home.

sessions,

We

and

spent six

months of hard labor on that widespread campaign. $2,350 in money, and

aboui

were as follows,
space

by

15.0DO

pieces

of

hut

limitations

name

in

seven of the

who

winnings

real
is

too bad that

prevent

mentioning

it

each of the gallant

seven states

men

in

the

did the work:

Important improvements were made

Sage
the wild life laws of Idaho.
grouse were given a close season until
August 15, 1922; quail shooting was
closed until 1920; the limit on deer was
reduced from two to one; all big game
killed must be tagged; and the regulations of the federal migratory bird lawwere made Idaho state law.

Idaho
in

Montana

mountain
Tin'
protection
of
sheep and goats was extended tn 1922.
The bag limit on deer was reduced from
two to one, and the hunting season was
All upland
shortened to two weeks.
game birds throughout the state are
protected, except for an open season of
two weeks. Killing elk merely for their
teeth or heads is made a felony!

"literature."

In Nevada all grouse and mounquail are protected until 1922.

goats, and antelope are
protected until 1930. The sale of game
is prohibited, and the state bird laws
are made to conform to the migratory
bird law.
tain

Mountain sheep,

and
that

would save the sage grouse and all

other grouse and quail from extinction,
ami place them on a continuing basis.

We

won sweeping reforms

nineteen states.
The

Nevada

But what of the upland game birds

West ? Tn the autumn of last
year we started a great "drive." coverof the

ing

and 1,500 to lawmakers.

It was one of the most interesting
campaigns we ever entered, and it

the

enforcement.

both occasions they were routed.

fifty-four

Society sent out 2,500 special appeals

to educators,

and

1916,

in

migratory bird law, by cutting

annual

for-

the spring-shooting "sports-

undertook

tory

national

grazing or agricul-

supporters will strive for

greal contests
gress,

in

fifty

until the bill is passed

its

1915,

it

en-

means anywhere from

ests not suitable for

went

nineteen

the

in

to thousands of picked leading citizens.

bill,

has been a physical impossibility to secure a vote on the

5 (8,000 copies)

legislator

hundreds of newspapers, and

and

Up

campaign expenses.

every

states, to

been paid out in

Chamberlain-Hayden

to that

Our Bulletin No.

to

I'M)

Utah achieved a sweeping victory.

grouse, ptarmiAll upland game birds
gan, and quail were given long close
seasons. All shore birds, gulls, pelicans,
and doves were permanently protected.

New

Mexico New Mexico has experienced

great awakening, and is fairly seething with the reform spirit. Nine game
protective associations have been formed.
Sage grouse, bobwhite quail, sheep, and
antelope are protected for long periods'.
a

The state
excellently
pathy

is

game and

fish department is
managed, and public sym-

now

fully mobilized.

In Arizona a "buck law" has

been enacted, the bag reduced to one

Arizona

THE

MM/.'

FOR AMERICA'

deer pel year, and the deer season baa

boon reduced to thirty days. The wildfowl season has been made to conform
to tin' federal bird law, and the limit on
quail has been redui ed to twei
in a day.

Iowa

The

Cowa

legislature

ji

quail and pinnated

the state.

grouse through-

put

greai victory

bow and spear.

and we had very
aside

it

in

little

revilement of Ohio for

hopeless condition.

to

its

start

it.

do with

it,

not

promulgating

from

Ohio, bul

belongs to our

did

widespread

gameless and

The one thingthat

<

by

es of

by cart

list

published

at

nated

in

of

America.

all

the

Text

game

as

if

W. A.
the

Two

a cyclone,

[reland, thai were

times

righl

Dispatch,

up and rote

hio "sports-

seven thrilling drawings

thai

for quail

of the states

mummies

protection

anj region

very vigorous campaigns,

Wyoming and

Texas, were sullenly obstinate and unyielding.

Wyoming made

sions whatever to wild

I'nion in

HM5. and

life,

no

and Texas,

Btul
ih.

Mountain
1

sit

which

in

Men, dogs, pun

o(

the

in

really

it

though they would make

tlie

extinction to

class

men." off their

Columbus

was won

We

the

birds," and swepl certain

feet

legis-

proposition to

the

"in

quail

all

.';::

Ohio

lature i" action on

< id

hardly any portion of

D LIFE

mem

roused the

two

enacted

laws, in spiti- lit' ticiii' ii]i|nisition liy the

state game warden and many "sportsmen," according five-year close
to

1 1.

ih

to pa a

tp
;nv

and antelope are alreadj

providing fnr long

-.1

nearlj

bring

THE WAR FOR AMERICA'S WILD LIFE

"the .lark and bloody ground," yielded
>

giving

law

her pitiful

and

sheep

good

made

November

her

at

Oregon.

tion.

protection to

Arizona

antelope.

year

lasl

long

remnants of mountain

last

California,

elec-

active anion-

fatally

i-

it

New

roos

.'C,5

and

York

and
in hunting
must do the same

automobile
states

Colorado,

aversion

Public

to

Eemale deer has taken

Kansas, and Oklahoma yielded nothing

laws" in twenty states.

came near

Minnesota

mand

reform.

to effecting a

de-

for a three-year close season for

Dakota
other

all

of

killing

the

Nebraska, the two Dakotas, Minnesota,

of any real importance, but

kanga

the

North

have forbidden, by law. the use of the

form

"buck

in

Quail

now

are

protected by long close seasons in fourteen states.

Prong-horned antelope are

protected ID

all

the states they inhabit,

pinnated grouse was backed by the best

and mountain sheep arc immune from

sportsmen of the

slaughter in

The

more aroused

for the perpetua-

tion of wild life than

with

enthusiasm

game

that once

state.

<

lolorado

results of

is

game

so

back

the

abundant in that

sad example of the

The

laws that have looked

which have

good on the outside, but

number

total

The

an enabling

ever,

carry

its

^.'iio.ooo

meet

to

ment

its

game

big

is

fearfully

was calmly stricken out.

it

has been

.if

treaty

kill

game

game

is

away

swept

being

i-

dead,
at

destruction,

ami
work

to

i-

It

the

game

has come 'slaying

surely

slay."

among

factor in

doing

its

deadly

game

upland

birds

through the whole width of the American

with

continent.
tell

i;

In

India

of the we. tern Ghauts, and

the big
in

game

Australia

I),

about

for

and ask

bill w,i- re

Senate on April

Smith,

of

minus the $170,000 abso

lutely required for enforcement in the

forty-eight states

of

it.

drive

took

hardest

light ing,

and the most

that occurred in the great western

for

the

place

in

protection

Iowa

seven institutions,
goodlj

of

wild
the

over

Eight college professors,

it

time

to say so,

new-

ti

The
a- a

Is

it

tor

frightful rate.

The automobile,

the

If the people

fund necessary! The

pump guns com-

until the last head of

the

enforced,

for the

savage determination to

in

the United States desire to see that

one million of them

with

the

was referred, and

it

Texas is in a deplorable condition.

With no paid game wardens, with lack
of enforcement of ineffectual laws, and
bined

in

Congress, was

proposed appropriation i*l 70,000)

stopped.

with automobiles and

States.

introduced

so

hunting of

as

eviscerated

which

to

to

well

as

of enforce

United

the

bill,

completely

almost

committees

Congress

effect,

session of the 64th

last

bison, DO

all

of

lied

how

link-,

the cost

throughout

anything save rabbits and upland game

The

is

bird

tan

full}
It

act

terms into

The Hitchcock

scarce thai

1916.

ti.

hunter

birds!

law

migratory

Canada was

treaty with

on December

Out of

mountain sheep, antelope, and

hunting now is permitted of

bird

the federal

bj

international

really been far too liberal to the

-peci,-.

Wyoming

save

migrator,

of

1,022.

and too hard upon the game.

her once great stock of elk. deer of two

states

all

species protected

bubbling over

is

bring

to

was

the West or the

is

New Mexico

South.

of Pittsburgh

lies east

East that

far

is

state.

life,

quail.

representing

dozen low

editor-,

array of farmer-, and strong

bodies in the two houses of

hire, fought the state

thi

game warden and


THE AMh'HK'AX MCSKCM J0UI1NAL
"sportsmen" following,

his

ous finish.

The

final

light

ate lasted four hours,

victory

the

for

to a gloriin the

and ended

quail,

Senin

thirty-four

to

and regardless

alive,

of

prospect

the

of the extinction of species.

The word "sportsman" has reached

it must either disap-

the point where

fourteen. 1

pear altogether or be split into frag-

By their own ads and ethics, the

men who shoot game are now dividing

ments, each one bearing either

themselves

Heretofore
tire

into
all

two distinct groups.

the

members

body have been known

men,"

chiefly

because

of the enas "sports-

the

line

of

name

necessarily
by.

meant a game protector is

The men who lack the sense

of fairness, and the spirit of self-sacri-

which is found in every true sportsman, must now and henceforth be

fice

Now, however, the time has arrived

when it is not only possible, but also

reckoned with separately.

men who hunt and kill game.

One class consists of real sportsmen,
who may be defined as men with logical

the

new
The

time when the old and favorite term

gone

cleavage has not been clearly defined.

necessary, to separate into two classes

or a qualifying adjective.

The
hands

sportsmen

true

with

have

mass

great

the

friends and protectors of wild

do not shoot and who never

incumbent upon

joined
of

the

life,

who

kill

game.

meet

minds, high moral principles, ethical

It is

standards either developed

the gunners whenever necessary, and

and

a willingness to

sacrifice

or latent,

make any personal

and

for the preservation

in-

crease of wild life that circumstances

may render
consists

of

The
men whom we

necessary.

other class
shall

call

"gunners," whose minds are impervious

to logic,

who

recognize nothing resem-

bling broad policies in the protection

life, who are devoted to the gun
and shooting, and who believe in killing game by every means that the law
permits, as long as any game remains

of wild

this class to

vanishing wild

fight the battles of the

Today the gunners are still keeping up the senseless slaughter that disgraces Texas; but surely some day the
life.

people of that state will arouse from

Whether they

their lethargy.
so before the

game

is

do

will

entirely gone

remains to be seen.

The American

people are big enough,

and rich enough, and

sufficiently

nu-

merous, to continue to defend and in-

American
war with Germany. War or no war, we must pay
our taxes, educate our children, and
protect our wild life and forests from

crease the wild life of the

continent, even during a

1

The

factor that enabled the educational leaders of that Hu'lit to engage in it as they did. was

nothing more nor less than two hundred and fifty

money that were thrown into the
Permanent Wild Life Protection
Fund, when none of the fighters had time to stop
to raise campaign expense funds.
It was very
much like buying a victory for $250 and when
the whole western campaign was over, there re*
mained in the treasury of the Permanent Wild
Life Protection
Fund onlv one hundred and
twenty very lonesome dollars.
paltry dollars in
contest from the

destruction.

We

are strong to do all

these things, at the

join the

World War

the rights of man.

same time that we

for democracy and

"A

Garden

in

SLOGAN FOB

JOHN

Bj

Til

New York and

shortage and

consequent increase

have emphasized
steps i"
(

immediate
in iduet ion.

n^riinr-

Jonservati'ui

Commi
i

and permanent

the Ameri-

for

adei

a rd

State

of education io insure the pro:

in Eoi

to

can people the necessitj

AMERICA

I'IM.KV

II

sident of the University of the State of

E presenl

Every Yard"

L917 IN

In the larger school systems teai

ready in service, who have had some

experience and training in garden work,

niton

supervisors under the guidance of the

farming and those more generally concerned with the whole financial condition of tin' countrj agree that no other
factor in our present national situation i- of greater importance than careful and systematic preparation to secure

impracticable or impos
already in service might be retained dur-

the largesl possible production of

ing the

crops during the present year.

data collected
ports

the government

for

show thai

All the
re-

quantities of grain

ilic

and other products remaining upon the

farms arc less than one half the supply
.-n
tin- time last year.
There seems to
be ii" very great promise of an unusual
and therefore
it behooves every American citizen to do
what lie ran in the way of producing, so
far as possible, some of the food w !n< h
he and Ins family will necessarily consume during the coming year. If proii

duction

not

is

possible,

any one ran do

the

lea

conserve carefully

to

is

others.

There

throughout the land,

is.

uteres!

in

the

started h ith
for

more and

better

most

In

stems, ben

possiblj

sj

In- bole

rops

time
(

until

the

in

direi

to

work

be

harvesting

the

is

of

the

he might give pan

garden work.

fall,

toe of the first necessities

interest

of the

to

is

arouse

the work anion-- the young

in

peopleof the community, but

pan

ats

squiti

ft

Eull) as

im-

necessary for

ill,, entire success of this movement, that

the older people not only realize the im-

portance of increased production during

they also lake
'li year, hut that

an active part

in the

production.

that only
is especially important
It
-e.d- and good plants ho used
g
who
an
Therefore, those
1

tin-

woi

ampaign which
the young people

liable firm

gardi qs

of capital
all

of the

desiring

take

!>ro\
:

ai

order that lack

he no handicap

may
to

onal, social, business, and

oi garden work

to the direction of

interested in the promotion

cause their efforts to be

ime

while, from the spring

summer,

planting

community should coordinate

religiout

trained director.

up

the

work,

there

ided and admiiH

who need

for those

assistant e

manure, hiring vacant lot- or

ad in paying for

and harrowing
posed of
zation

representative

ter'-

inti

to direct

lie

with next H

national

ness for either peace or

education might
mittee.
a

trainee

w<

mands

II

When

in-

di-i

The superintendent

work.

that

imn

war de-

every individual to do hi- shan

it

of thi-

board

irden
.rd" should

in

GEORGE
Editorial Note

ment to
at San

collect

work

CHERRIE, FIELD NATURALIST

eran of the tropics.
He has m;
isited every state in South Amt

peditions into tropical

his tropical held

K.

in 1889,

when

natural history specinit

ua

ent to Costa Rica under eontrac

id to do taxidermy

work

for the

exi.-e.pt

Chile

He

begar

with the Costa Rica govern

natural history museum
with his work

little

birds mid mammals there, and

.lose.
He soon became curat!
headed many expeditions into the high mountainous interior of the country, as well as along both the
and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. During the three years that he remained in
Costa Rica he brought together a collection of twelve thousand bird skins, many of which found their

Atlantic

way into American and European museums.

Returning to the United States in 1892. Mr. Cherrie became assistant curator in charge of the department of birds of the Field Museum of Chicago and immediately entered upon exploration work for that
institution.
He went into the West Indies, particularly into Santo Domingo and Haiti, and also made
expedition into Florida, southern Texas and along the Gulf Coast. After three years' service with the Field
Museum, he took up field work in northern South America as a personal venture, and for some years
the results of his collecting and study went chiefly tq the British Museum and the Rothschild Museum in
Most of this time was spent in Venezuela on the Orinoco and its tributaries. Some of his
England.
most thrilling experiences with wild animals occurred during this stay in Venezuela, where also he
passed through

He made

many

personal dangers in connection with native revolutions.

later expeditions into the island of Trinidad. British

Guiana, and French Guiana.

Although

birds, he has studied and collected mammals and other forms in the field
gains an intimate knowledge of Mi. Cherrie through the pages of Colonel Roosevelt's
Through the Brazilian Wilderness, the story of an expedition on which Mr. Cherrie acted as naturalist.
With the permission of Charles Scribner's Sons, we m;Lke tin- following qu
his greatest

as

well.

work has been on

One

"Cherrie was

born in Iowa, bu

children.
Mrs. Cherrie had accompanied
in his collecting trips along the Orinoco,
couple of hundred miles from any whitt
fearless man; and willy n illy he had been

farmer in Vermont.
He has a wife and six
two or three years of their early married life
child was born when they were in camp a
nan. ... He was an unusually efficient and
id

les to

vary his career by taking part in insur?

on opposite paii?)

To

South America for Bird Study

DORY OF TRAVEL AND OF STRANGE HABITS OF BIRDS.

PRELIMINARY REPORT BY THE CHERRIE ROOSEVELT
EXPEDITION OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

BEFOKi:
pediti

Kx-

Roosevelt

we were
South America,

1913-14, while

in the heart of

still

RGE

G E

By

the end of the

Colonel Roosevelt realized that the observa-

and habits of the animals

of the region through which we were rapidly journeying
st of necessity be fragmentary. The work of that expedition, on
which the famous "Eiver of Doubt" was
was of necessity mainly geoexplored,
tions mi th.

life

Colonel

graphical.

accordingly

Roosevelt

determined that there should be one or two

in.Tit
y expeditions for field study
i

:i

particularly of birds. Mr.

Miller has already

Expedition
the

in

the

been sent into the

be termed

_'.:

of

on

American Museum, and

1915 it was decided that

the

of

fall

Leo E.
field

the Miller-Roosevelt

'herrie Roosevelt

Kxpedition should be

Inasmuch as
Dr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American
sent out the following spring.

K. C

expedition into the Andes of Ecuador, Peru,

and Bolivia,
he

the interests of

thai

11

ed

bj

rpedil ions.

the writer, in

b ith
1916,
thai

us through the Panama Canal and

down the west coast of south America. We
made our first stop ;it Guayaquil, Ecuador.
From that point we went into tt
terior,
stopping about half way to Quito at the
town of Riobamba, which we made the base

took

our

for

work

collecting

that

iii

region.

From Riobamba, we proceeded to the volcano of Chimborazo, where we eamped, and

did

collecting

thousand

altitude

an

at

We aN"

feet.

fourteen

of

more or

did

less

collecting in the environs of Quito.

Returning

we

Guayaquil,

to

laki n out
1

man

[ov

ai

by

r.,1

"f

en

ei

..

shot

him

ibli d

l.e

i:.l

|t0

talking about

and

This was partly

rat ge.
_,

all

the w idesl

to

he

mei

pi

the light

weapons

opei

ill

it

through the Civil War. entering

:.

f<

two

he

company
Dr. Chapman, left New York in May,
for Colon, where we secured a steamer

:i

for

of

ces

i'"i

Accordingly

produces on the
elicited the fact that he was Bpeaking from lively p
(.'herrie. in addition to being out after hints in
He was a veteran in the work of thi
mail's dutj
and of
effect

Kr

was

it

the work would be adi

in ;i prison of ;i certain South Ann

"Of all the party Chi rrie ex]
the fact that the latter-da; natura
of the orl<l must Bee and do mi
man himself. The things he had
Of hi- own past experienre oil line
for cavalry, and some one mention i-il the the

his

of Natural History, was making an

Twice he had been behin

rations

moral

E R R

II

Museum

ralrj

onal

recoUecl

moment, helped a
talked together often, and of many
wife and children, to other men
i!.e
ntials
same
His father had served all
i

his

regiment us

:i

blow

and cominf
hand to hand fichtin{r

iriv at.-

in

achievement

In

veil

is

Shiloh."

nt

quoti

Oherrie was
ing thai thi
River of Doubt" when the
day during the exploration of thi
tool shot.
It was on this "River
Mr. Cherrie emu. mi,, camp with two
ted with Mr. Ch.rries power as s field naturalist that
expedition
in.- region for intensive study.
What he S;,
quoted in the .i.n-RNAi. previously, hut it is worth repeating:
i

-mil' benefit, and could do work of

"I think thai :i museum could ni
manenl good, by sending out into the immense wildernesses, where wild nature i- :,t her bi
observers with
n en should l- colli
d indeed primari]
collecting is Btill
I

..1

wasti

"'

others,

the

full

life-histories

in

the

209

?:i!

2|*
I

-g

till

n*:-

ag

03

Sgf J

TO SOUTH AMERICA FOR BIRD STUDY

down

coast

the

remaining, howorder to visit Lima.

Callao,

to

ever, only one day,

in

While at Lima, we visited the zoological

garden and oilier points of interest in and

From

about that old city.

down

the

coast

Callao

to Mollendo,

port of entry to the high

we

which

interior

sailed

the

is

Pern

of

Prom Mollendo there

and Bolivia.
road communication with Arequipa, Lake
Titicaca, and Cuzeo. Dr. Chapman remained
while I went on to Cuzco in
\ n >|iii|i.i.
at
for transportation for a

order to arrange
contemplated trip down the Qrubamba Val
While waiting for Dr. Chapman to
ley.
join me, I spent much time visiting the Inca
ruins in

and about the

city of Cuzco.

few

we started on the expedition

through the Urubamba Canon, past Ollantaytambo, and on to Machu Picchu, the old
later

.lays

tnca

of "Refuge.

litj

We made

our

camp

at

the foot of the

mountain spur on which Machu Picchu

is

situated, devoting our time for a couple of

days tu securing a collection of birds typiAlso we spent one day
cal oi that region.
climbing to the top of the mountain spur in

photographs of the ruins

again are being buried under
that
e
tropical foliage.
I shall long remember
Both
what a tremendous climb it was.
hands and feet were employed as we worked
order

obtain

to

way along narrow ledges or scrambled

up the nearly vertical cliffs, catching here
and there on projecting bits of rock, or putour

ting our faith in the strength of some aerial

root

stalk

that

lung

close

to

face of

the

Up, up. for almost three thousand

feet, to the very topmost point
of tiemountain spur, from where we were able to
Here we found
look down on the ruins.
the

cliff.

we were on what had once

paved highway leading directly
ruins.
Sometimes we descended

that

stairways cut

into

living

the

well

the

to

lay

conduct ing

watt

was spent among

made

to

ling

Lifficult

down,

it

re-tit,;;

found

than the climb had

was necessarj
feel

to hold

carefully for a

place for the feet, and as

we

were continually bringing into u

at

walking.

There
where a
foi

ttg

hundreds of feet down on the rocks below.

We then continued through the valley as
fat
as Trinidad, which is located just at

Here we had

of the tropic /one.

Ige

tl

opportunity to do some splendid bird

The journey down the

lecting.

through

ride

Urubamba Canon

Bides of the

the

On both

are eontinu

made

every foot of

cultivation

for

col-

was

valley

wonderland.

ens series of terraces that had

able

avail
soil

in

The wonderful aqueducts

valley.

supplying water

these

to

t.

for

Traces are

still

intact in places.

We

toward
Titicaca.

outlit and moved

plateau in which rests
At Tirapata, near which is

packed our

then

hack

Lake

the

small lake that Dr.

my

on

Chapman

to

desired

the expedition divided, and

visit,

started

journey across the continent for the

interior of

Matto Grosso

Brazil,

in

in

or-

der to complete the observations that were

begun during the Roosevelt Expedition

1913

in

It.

My way

Lake Titicaca.
tin a previous expedition I had crossed this
now I was pleased that I had
lake at night
an opportunity to go around the lake by
day and stop at the various small ports and
lay

across

lirst

\illaeo-, .in opportunity of which I availed

was
I'.ut
myself with great satisfaction.
I

The

to he disappointed in the result.

sea

son was midwinter, and neither saloons no,

state

rooms

the little steamers plying on

,,i,

Even on deck

Titicaca were heated.

in

the

sun it was cold, for the wind that came

down from the hills around the lake was
icy.
The passengers st
.-ihout and shh
|

I,

although wearing all the wraps they

Also the hills, instead of being
I

ii.

were

dull,

gray, and

The two days' journey was

terest.

the return journey, which was

to be even

were many places in the descent

misstep would have meant plung

are not ordinarily employed in

then went on to

from which point one can

through

portation
Atic-ha,
frontier.

on

the

the

line

I. a

lifeless.
f

,,t

discomfort and the scenery was of

tl

the ruins

on with the hands and

solid

felt

members of

the

all

possess,,!.

for

indeed that

fortunate

271

We

ground.

solid

our party escaped without accident.

ere,

rock,

and tortuous, pierced here and there by nara

row channels that undoubtedly had
used

we reached

Iiet'ore

great

little

in-

'a

get railroad trans

Andes

as

as

far

toward the Argentine

This journey also was not one

would wish to repeat for pleasure.

Buffered

Were

temperature was

not
ti

greatly
heated,

All

from the

the

cold.

although

the

sere.

At

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Atocha we had beard we could get good
hotel accommodations.

We

finally

found that

accommodations were a mud-floored

shack with a room about twelve by twentythe

four feet, containing ten cot

Atocha

coach road leads to

From
beds.
La Quiaca ou

We

the northern frontier of the Argentine.

one freezing morning, but suf-

early

left

much

fered

distress on the journey because

making a careful study of bird

was successful in obtaining
a number of species which

birds and
habits.

pictures

of

have
I

previously been photographed.

found many nests and eggs of rare
At Puerto Pinasco I was much inter-

never

also

forms.

ested to find docks of a species of parrakeet

associating with flocks of cow birds

ing ou the ground.

all

feed-

They wandered about,

of the volumes of choking, blinding dust,

following grazing cattle, walking, not hop-

which enveloped the coach from the start

until we finally halted for the night at one

vegetable or animal substances they could

of the

little

Bolivian towns.

Prom La Quiaca

and apparently feeding on whatever

ping,

secure.

railroad transportation

was to
this city that the American Museum had
forwarded a new outfit for me.
Having
reached Buenos Aires, and the mouth of the
Parana River, I felt that I was finally embarked on the more important work of my
expedition. As soon as I could make arrangecan be secured to Buenos Aires.

It

later I

These were the same parrakeets that

found constructing great colony nests,

occupied by from two or three pairs to one

hundred pairs of birds.

These nests had

separate entrance ways into nursery cham-

from one to four or five families

were reared. I found that these parrakeets
began the construction of the nest at the
bers where

roof instead of at the foundation, contrary

ments, I secured a steamer going up the

Paraguay River, my first stop being at

infrequently used one of the large platform

Asuncion, where I had to remain a few days

nests of the giant jabiru storks as a roof

waiting for a boat that would carry me

farther up the river. Collecting on this part
of the journey began at Puerto Pinasco, in

for their apartment dwelling.

the Paraguayan

At

a region in which
zoological work has been done.
Dur-

little

chaco,

first Roosevelt trip Mr. Miller and I

had made a short excursion from Asuncion
up the Pilcomayo River, the result of which
proved so interesting that I was anxious to
know more of the region. Probably one of

ing the

the principal reasons that

the chaco,

little is

known

of

that the Indians throughout

is

that region have been more successful than

the

natives

America

Many
the

in

in

any other part of South

retarding inroads by Europeans.

expeditions which have started into

chaco

region

have

been

annihilated.

Even today, although

cattle ranches have

been founded at one point or another, and
companies formed for the exploitation of

quebracho, for tanning leather, there

danger from Indian attacks

distance back from the

if

is

real

one goes any

Paraguay River.

From Puerto Pinasco

(the

property of

an American syndicate), there is a service

railway running inland for a distance of

most nest-building operations, and not

to

I succeeded

iu

getting

many

interesting

pictures of rheas while iu the chaco region.

time of the Roosevelt Expedition,

the

during our stop at Buenos Aires, we visited

some of the large fur houses and saw thousands upon thousands of bales of rhea
plumes, and learned that for years the Indians and other native hunters had been

hunting these birds ruthlessly. It did not

seem possible that such enormous quantities
of plumes could have been secured without

we found
them very abundant indeed, scarcely a morning passing without our seeing nests and single eggs scattered here and there across the
open campo.
Day after day the Indians
brought to camp loads of eggs that they had
taken from nests. As is well known, several
females lay eggs in the same nest, but incubation is attended to by the male bird
depleting the rhea population, but

only.

He

also takes care of the young.

found one nest containing thirty-seven eggs,

and many others with a less number.

In October I embarked on a

small

large cattle ranch at a point

me farther up the
Corumba, Brazil. At Agua
Blanca, three or four hours above Corumba,
did my next collecting. Later I ascended
tin' liver for a distance of about five hun-

Wheeler.

dred miles to one of the large cattle fazen-

about twenty-five miles, and from there on,

a

good cattle

trail

for another twenty-live

miles into the interior, where

Wheeler

is

located a

known as Fort
Between Puerto Pinasco and Fort
spent about two months collecting

steamer

that

Paraguay River

carried
to

das,

property of the

Farquhar syndicate.

TO SOUTH AMERICA FOR BIRD STUDY

One

on

day,

up the river

trip

the

from

Corumba, members of our crew pointed ex

i" something ahead of us in the
citedlj
What was our astonmiddle of the river.
ishment to find as we drew nearer, that
there were a couple of white-lipped pei
They had
caries swimming in midstream!

egrets

various species of

,,i

ibis.

had the

number of these col

The Indian guides that I had witli

pleasure of visiting a
oiues.

Panateles proved to he i<

They were also relatively
worthy zoological observers.
Prom

me

in the

trust

efficient.

them

learned

that son

first

of

mi,-

the rook-

which are occupied from the

of

undoubtedly taken to the water voluntarily

in order to cross the river, which at that
point must be at least live hundred yards

eries,

wide.

It
was only a few moments before a
was manned and the peccaries over
That
night we had vast pork for
taken.

colonies of

boat

occupj Lng

supper.

without
ing the same nests as the egrets,
even so much as a thorough housecleanin^.

During

my

stay

superintendent

of

Descalvados

the

ranch
that

point

my

made

and

fazenda,

the

of

headquarters

base of

the

was the guest of the

the

From

operations.

made excursions along both

sides "f the

Paraguay River, and learned

know what

the

really

1'anateles

are,

to

vasl

during the rain\ season

entirelj submerged, the water varying
depth from a few inches to man\ feet.

alluvia! plains that

are
in

During the dry season much of this vast

land, but everywhere so crossed
i

ected

with

irregular channels

of

August

until

colonies

of

end

the

are

egrets,

wood

ibis,

September

of

by
by
the latter not only
occupied

later

same region

In

first

hut also employ-

In one of these rookeries, where there was

colon; of wood iliis. I found a single jabii

which had established himself

of

and

olony,

tl

built hi-

a
i

the center

in

on the es

nesl

treme top of one of the trees, from which

in- nol only overlooked the nests of the ibis,
hut also had an unobstructed view of the
Panateles

directions.

all

in

There were deer

the open

in

and storks

well as rheas,

abundant.

sometimes

in

In

country, a-

fact, they

one

day's

were
ride

counted forty bucks

of the black tailed swamp deer and numberacross the Panateles

teu

without having to struggle

through the mud and water ..I' the ponds 01

In addition to these, we sa\i a

specimens of the beautiful white tailed
o
puma, peci ai ies, and tun spe

cic-

of anteater,

streams.

of birds of

sh

atei

une ride mo
a

straight

The Panateles
(locks

id'

many

arc-

the

rarely can

hal

ies

of

species

duck-, herons, grebes, and

greater

hundred

ards

in

of immense

While the
i

These are rookei

it

does.

work
plains

wato

rails.

less,

there

nsely fur
ested.

less

line

in

many

tin-

hi

last
i.

besides

hi

countless

numbers

Three months'
marshes ami open

varieties.

region

this

of

collecting

with

poinl

collections

supplied

which

will

prove of great interest to the public, as well

;,tu tin- scienl die work of the A mei
an
ii

An
HOW

Exhibit of Military Hygiene

SCIENCE SUPPLIES THE NEEDS OP THE MODERN SOLDIER

Bv C-E. A.

THE

department of public health of

the American Museum has recently
installed an exhibit on military hygiene, designed to deal with a problem at
present of supreme interest to all of us the
needs and requirements of the modern sol-

dier,

and the part that

science plays in sup-

plying these needs.

In the matter of clothing for the soldier,
two things are primarily considered: the texture and material, according to the climate

which the troops are to serve; and the

Although various distinctive colors give an esprit de corps to
bodies of troops, modern warfare demands

WIN SLOW
bered that under the weight of the body and
the added weight of the equipment which the
soldier carries, the foot

and

size,

and of

flexible

that

it

fatigues him.

much, he

insufficient protection

subordinated to "low visibility."

must

The

relative values of colors in the field are illus-

material.

inch.

As a

buffer between skin and leather, a thick

woolen sock is used.
The equipment of the soldier should be as
complete as possible without being so heavy

in

be

lengthen half

This necessitates shoes of the right shape

color of the uniform.

that in the field all other considerations

may

an inch and broaden a quarter of an

if it is

If

it

is liable to suffer in

is

reduced too

camp through

from the weather and

:

very elaborate, his efficiency will be-

come impaired from carrying too heavy a

load.
The weight carried on the march by
a United States soldier varies from thirtynine to sixty pounds.

This should be so dis-

trated in the exhibit by a series of samples

tributed that posture and the free

of cloth for uniforms arranged according to

of the chest and arms are not interfered with.

Among

movement

from a distance, and accompanied by a color sketch showing soldiers in

ment featured

uniforms of various shades, seen at close

daily field ration of the United States, an

range, at eight hundred and eighty yards,

amount of food supplying 4,199 calories of

energy and shown realistically in terms of
bread and bacon and potatoes and other in-

their visibility

and at a distance of one

mile.

In the test

of distance white has the highest visibility,

red comes next

khaki and the olive drab

at present in use in the

United States

Army

the items of the soldier's equipin the exhibit is the typical

There are also the mess

gredients.

sisting of fork, spoon, knife,

kit,

con-

and meat

can,

fade away into the ordinary background at

the last to be used ordinarily as a plate, but

relatively close range.

in time of need also as

The head covering of the

must
and the

soldier

protect the head and shield the eyes

canteen, which

swallows of water so much better for the

nape of the neck from the sun. While its

nature depends on the locality in which the
men are to serve, for temperate zones the
campaign hat with the "Montana peak"
proves very satisfactory. This kind of hat
provides sufficient air space above the head,
good circulation being insured by four eyelets.
For trench warfare a more efficient
protection is required, and this is obtained
by the use of the steel helmet, a sample of
which from the French trenches is exhibited
through the courtesy of Dr. Louis Livingston Seaman and the American Museum of

dier on the

Safety.

phoid fever.

Among

newly recruited troops ten per cent

of the

men

due to

ill-fitting shoes.

suffices

a cooking dish; the

to supply the few
sol-

march than a longer draught;

the gas mask essential in the horrors of
modern warfare and the little sealed first
aid packet of sterile dressings for the prompt
bandaging of wounds, now supplied to our
;

soldiers with instructions as to their proper

application.

In the realm of camp sanitation there are

models showing methods for the disposal of

waste and the purification of water, factors
which have played a large part in reducing
the havoc wrought in

by diseases
sanitary

war time

in the past

like cholera, dysentery,

and

ty-

In the Crimean War, in pretimes, armies of the contending

used to be disabled by injuries

nations lost more than one third of their num-

should be remem-

bers from disease, and only one tenth from

It

AN EXHIBIT OF MILITARY HYGIENE

Typhoid fever

\m. unils.

the past was the

in

worst scourge of the military camp.

Cross held work, particularly

infected

It killed

14 per 1,000 of the British soldiers in the

Boer War, and 15 per 1,000 of our own soldiers during the Spanish

iii

of

War.

War

ican soldiers in the Spanish

1898,

only

from under him

battle

wai-far.-

Tin- rxiL'criri.s of tr.-lnli

appliances tor

Bsfetj

ted

from

tin'

tin-

'-

mask from

worn

tin-

-n

tin-

typhoid was

disease.

complete

against

American
army in 1909, and mad. compulsory in li'l-'.
Tin- result "a- a reduction in tin- typhoid
tat.- from 3.2 per 1,000 in
1908 to .03 in
1913.
at

When

in th.-

10,759 troop

Jacksonville

in

typhoid

ISHS.

and

region during

there
l'is

were

deaths,
in

ets:

del

tin-

|.r

J.arat inn

\t

thi

..!'

primitive

tin-

way back

at tin- right

Verdun and died on

apparatus to dispose

tion

models showing Red

"i'

of blood and minus during

of

in

eases of

t.-r.

illustrating

a-

ess

field

sin-

amounts

operations.

i- tin- group of obknown as

malady
gangrenous ..edition .-on

foot,"

tin-

by soldiers standing for daythey frequentlj have t" do

trenches.

It

has

recently

Fram-e that

this disease

simple

but of invasion

a-

.-\.

particular interest

tia.-t.-.l

--tint, d

restore respiration

to

gas poisoning or drowning: and a machine,

run by a small electric motor, used a-

"trench

deaths.

wound,

and used

1,729

th.-

tin-

in

of the past

French Republic;

while
similar

Texas maneuvers ..i L912,

there were only two cases of typhoid ami no
Tin- .-an- of

war trappings

jects

oops encamped

Company,

volunteer corps

protection

Vaccination

introduced

tirst

in\ .-ntiv.-ln-ss

iiin.l.-m

th.

wtio was wound. -d at

'

almost

iijmn

from

soldiers of the
i

lungmotor,

at each side; the

loaned by the Life Saving Device-

oil nut mil)

bj

front in an

offer

against

tin-

bu< also borrow

Boldier,

helmet, Bach as are being

American

tin'

is so constructed that it can be separated into halves along the middle line, allowing the attendant to transfer the wounded
man to a cot by slipping the stretcher out

14 in 1,000 were wounded in

and 2 died. Today improved camp
sanitation and above all antityphoid vac

while

from

supplies

of

which

I-

died.

the typhus

in

Serbia;

in

Bed Cross: the improved "trench stretcher,"

Amer-

the

in

1,000 were siik with typhoid and

districts

Manhattan Chapter

the

'lull,

Pencttlium

damp and

glaueum,

filthy

socks,

i-

in

wa

in

the

di

not

tin-

l.v

which
penetrati

result

of

molds, such
niter

from

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

skin,

the

:unl

block

the

blood and

lymph

excluded,

may

reach the blood stream, where

produces gas bubbles that clog the blood

and cause death.

This stoppage of circulation robs

the tissues of the foot of their natural defenses, and leads to gangrene, which fire-

it

quentlj necessitates amputation. There are on

exhibition a broken shoe and a moldy sock

several of the

such as those that have caused the prevalence

of "trench foot" in the French army, and a

edge of combating disease, even in some

There

Which infects the wounds of men living in

the trenches in regions like Flanders, where
the soil has been cultivated abundantly with
This bacillus, growing in the
manure.

We never can be too familiar with the faces

and achievements of Walter Reed, Aristides
Agramonte, James Carroll, Jesse W. Lazear,
and Surgeon General Gorgas, heroes of the
war against disease who conquered yellow
fever in Havana and male possible the con-

depths of the wound from which the air

struction of the

vessels.

culture of one of the molds at fault.

are shown also cultures of the gas bacillus,

is

vessels

The exhibit properly includes pictures of

ble service in

cases laying

Museum
Since the

last

Journal, the

issue of the

members of

following persons have become

the

Museum

M< mbers, Mrs. James B. Haggin,

Horace Russell, and Messrs. Edward IMiii.ky Kenna and Edmund J.
Lif(

Mrs.

SCHEIDER.

Annual Members, Mrs. W. H. Aldridge,

Mrs. Agnes C. L. Donohugh, Mrs. Warner
M. Leeds, Mrs. Bufus L. Patterson, Mrs.
William A. Read, Mrs. M. M. Riglander,
Mrs. Samuel Sloan, Mrs. Jacques Weinberger, Mabel Choate, the Misses Anna
E. Chaires, Alice S. Coffin, Margaret H.
Garrard, and Mart O. Stevens, and
Messrs. P. 11. Brownell, T. B. Bryshn,
H. B. Uominick, F. H. Ecker, John S.
PlSKE, Matthew C. Fleming, Herman L.
Heide, A. R. Horr, Seymour Worrall

Hyde, Henry Necarsulmer, Geo. M. SidenBERG,

Frank

W.

K. Vanston, and G.

J.

V.

Thomson,

Storks, A. T.
II.

W.\

In the work of general preparedness

being

carried

on

throughout

States the American

Museum

is

the

now

United

taking part

along the following lines:

A meeting id' the faculty was held on

at which a Preparedness Committee
March
was appointed by President Osborn, composed of Messrs. Frederic A. Lucas, George
II.
Sherwood, Henry E. Crampton, W. B.
ii,

Matthew, Clark Wissler, C.-E. A. Winslow,

Barnum Brown, Chester A. Reeds, George

men who have rendered notaadding to the scientific knowl-

down

their lives for the cause.

Panama

Canal.

Notes

Pindar, Fred H. Smyth, Charles Lang,

and George B. Dill. A subcommittee was
appointed with Mr. George N. Pindar as
chairman to make arrangements for a mili-

N.

tary drill

among

Museum men.

the

Drills

now being held in the Philippine Hall

on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from

are

eleven to twelve and from four to

five.

second subcommittee was appointed to con-

Red Cross and first aid

instruction in the building.
Of this committee Mr. George H. Sherwood is chairman,
assisted by Dr. R. W. Tower and Miss Marguerite Engler. The work of this committee
is further assisted by a special committee
sider the matter of

of which Miss Engler

is chairman, that has

been actively engaged in an inquiry into all
forms of work which the women of the Museum may undertake.
Blanks have been
distributed for the registration of all employees in the lines of work they would be
willing to undertake in case of need, these
blanks to be eventually turned over to the

National Council of Defense.

Believing that

of the Museum can do more effecwork along the lines in which they are
daily employed than by organizing a Red
the

women

tive

Cross Auxiliary for the making of hospital

Red Cross
was decided to undertake to secure
for the Red Cross Society both in
the Museum and among friends outside. For
this purpose another special committee was
supplies, yet wishing to assist in

work,

it

members

formed with Mrs. N.

C.

Nelson as chairman.

MUSEUM NOTES
Permission has been granted bj the trustees
of the Museum for the establishment of an
enrollment center in the Museum building
for the purpose of helping

in

the work of

allotted
taking the state Census. The ti
for such service will be so arranged that the

work of each department will not be seriously

To promote an interest in
Interfered with.
gardening there
the

is

under consideration

se

of lectures on agriculture to be held

building in the near future

ries

in

committee

the meeting of the executive

American Museum on April L8, Mr.

Waldron DeWitt Miller, assistant curator of

of the

was advanced to the rank of associate

birds,

curator.

from Mr. Miller reports liis safe

March 10.

letter

arrival at Corinto, Nicaragua, on

mi.

schedule time

behind

daj

an

are limited

uncertain.

anil

Corinto Mr. Miller was joined

\t

un-

for a country in which transpor-

ird

facilities

tation

by Mr.

William B. Richardson, the veteran collector

tropical birds, whose long residence in

.ii

has
tii.

Mi.

.iHMin-h.il

titled

all]

es]

Miller's

reconnaissance

nithological

for

lain

carrying to a success-

pel at ion in

lent

ful

for an or-

plan

man was given

our expedition.

personal

i.

in

museum

tin-

to

letters

in
the
the autho
which the expedition proposes to

also -tatc- that

Also Mr. I.eo

E.

Miller was given the opportunity to describe

on the Roosevelt Roiulon ExAddresses were made by the resi-

his experiences

pedition.

dent scientists, Dr. Angel Gallardo, director

museum

at

Buenos

Aires, Dr. Roberto

Dabbene, president of the Ornithological Soiety, and Dr. J. M. de la Rua, president of

of Nation Si lollco-.
ll.
the S
'hap
't\
I

man was made an honorary

ruber of the

Ornithological Society, and a corresponding

member of the Society

The friendly relations
time

Buenos Aires

in

tion

of Natural Sciences.

established

added

this

at

made

to those

points along the route of the expedi

..tin.

at

have

already given

rise

exchanges

to

In connection with
exchanges the American Museum ac
knowledges the receipt just at the momenl
of collections of birds from the Museu Pan
Sao Paulo, Brazil, the Mu eo V
lista at
valuable material.

of

these

Buenos Aires, and the Natural His

at Mendoza, Argentina.

cional at

tory

Mi. Miller writes that, with Mr. Richardson,

from him

of the

tell

and purposes of the work under

b]

Museum

in

he called upon the President of Nicaragua,

red

the opportunity to

itinera!]

taken

of the

Museum

meeting of the Argentine Societj of

Natural Sciences and the Ornithological Society of the Plata was held, and Dr. ('hap
cial

localities

He

visit.

Managua,

at

he found five species of birds not

heretofon recorded from Nicaragua; while,

on the afternoon of his

Henry

Pbofessoe
of

P resident

given to
of Ins

iews on the "interning" of the liquoi

..in.

i.

am supporting war

"I

traffic:
\

was

value.

Osborn,

Fairfield

Muse
has
following expression

American

the

press the

th.

experiment

prohibition.

as

regarded

long

lias

It

now been proved

medical

of
bj

to be a poison both to

Bcientifii

and

imp

only one

at

thi

in

The American Museum

i

America,
in

of

desire

foi

Natural

His

more

defi

affiliation

ami

with

hails

the direction

of

seam's
Dr.

the

and

the

South

satisfaction

an]

there-

know that on the Mu

South American Expedition

pleasure to
recent

by the naturalists com

Museo Nacional

in

genei

at ion.
it

ot bet

like

gives at best

to the system, followed b]

afeebles the 9ystem

in

nor

to disease."

hi

M'Hct iOn With the exhibit Of

....

giene

History

at

Steri opt icon

..in

I'lam

,-.

llillltni

>

imei an Museum of Natural

being shown b] automatii
a series of more than
ig h\

the

then-

friendl]
is

It

Prank M. Chapman was most

weleoi

with

increased

acquaintance ami cooperation.

fore

mnl reaction and resistance and predisposes

museums of central

scientific

step

prof.. me

more cordial

ami

collei

American Museum.

it

[lite

heart and brain stimulants,

is

temporary impulse
ented

tions of the

to

ii'

of H hich there

pi

ii

i^

the

western

battle

These illustrate trench

front

life,

of

demol

ished buildings, scenes from Rheums and th

cordial]]

battlegrounds of Champagne and the Sonne.

and show views from town and count r\ char

ted with

acteristic

Buenos Aires,

spe-

slides

of

trench-scarred

I'rance.

The

were obtained by the department of

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Museum from Dr. WalJames, a trustee of the institution,

public health of the

ter B.

and

limits

still

the

demand exceeds the

toes recently received

mittee.

is

distributed for planting.

With

impetuosity and

characteristic

en

order that energy

in

may

not be wasted, courses

gardening are being given by various

agricultural schools, and pamphlets contain-

information

ing

gardening

on

being

are

spread abroad for the instruction and guidance of all who will undertake the work.

summer

Extensive

be given at

will

courses

many

in

agriculture

institutions, including

New York

Columbia University, the

School

But the movement

not confined to one city or locality.

It
Congress plans to help the
regular farmer and thus stimulate further

is

thusiasm all America has thrown itself heart

and soul into the movement of gardening
for the good of the country and for the support of the Allies. Men, women, and children are arming with spade and hoe; golf
links, school grounds, vacant lots, and even
lawns and back yards are being plowed. In

sup-

Ninety thousand bushels of seed potafrom Maine are being

ply.

and Mr. Marcel Knecht, a representative in

this country of the French National Com-

nation wide.

the production of food in the present emer-

Organization and cooperation will

gency.

assist both the individual

and the community

by bringing better methods and better machinery within the reach of all.

Professor Stewart A. Smith, of the

University of Sydney, Australia, read a paper before the American Ethnological So-

American Museum on April 30,

"The Talgai Skull, a Fossil Human

ciety at the

entitled

Found

Skull

at

Queensland,

Australia."

This remarkable

relic, which is destined to

become almost as famous as the Piltdown
skull, was found buried in a deposit of apparently Pleistocene age.
Although it was

discovered

about

thirty

years

ago,

re-

it

of Agriculture, Cornell University, Syracuse

mained unknown

and St. Lawrence University.

At the New York Botanical Garden simple
courses in home gardeniug are being given.
Federal, state, and city governments are
coming to the aid of the individual with
advice on proper methods of farming, as

chanced to be brought to the notice of

Professor J. T. Wilson, a well-known zoologist.
Fortunately the original discoverer is

University

well as with offers of seed at moderate cost

or

free as the ease

men

estate

may demand.

ment at
acres

New York

to the Govern-

it

Seventy-five thousand

low figure.

in

Real

are placing land at the disposal

of gardeners or offering

City alone,

it

is

esti-

mated, have thus been added to the acreage

available

which

for

will be

vegetable

gardens,

planted to potatoes.

much of
The Na-

Emergency Food Garden Commission

of Washington, D. C, has issued a Food

tional

(UiriU n

Primer, giving detailed information

condensed form on "How to Have a Good

Garden," and Mayor Mitchel's Food Supply
in

Committee of

this city has put forth a simi-

to scientists until recently

it

and was able to identify the

where the skull was found.
The
is
thoroughly fossilized and has
been badly distorted by the pressure of the
still

living,

locality

specimen

surrounding matrix.

It

is

of

commanding

importance, since it is a proto-Australian

type with an almost apelike form of the
upper dental arch, and with very large

and premolars.
Professor Smith
has presented a cast of the skull to the
canines

Museum.

On

Sunday, April 29, Sir Ernest Shackle-

ton, the noted antarctic explorer, lately elected

an Honorary Fellow of the American Museum of. Natural History, gave an address
before the Explorers' Club of this city at a
luncheon given in his honor at the Hotel Ma-

New York, as befits the first

and
methods of procedure. The Mayor's Committee on Food Gardens is tabulating all the

jestic.

and supplying seeds

at reasonable prices to those who wish to
raise vegetables.
The land is first examined

capable" could be a power in finishing the

lar

pamphlet.

city of the land, leads in organization

available vacant land,

by

soil

experts to determine

for farming,

its

suitability

and is then apportioned in plots

Already twelve hundred such

to applicants.

plots

have

heen

assigned

within

the

city

In the course of his short talk Sir

Ernest said that the United States had entered the war at the psychological

and by "rising

to the height of

moment

which she

is

an early day. He himself is sailing immediately to rejoin the English navy.

Twelve of the men who accompanied him on
conflict at

his trip to antarctic regions are already at

the front, and eleven more will be there soon.

One of

the twelve

was

killed

on his

first

day

MUSEUM NOTES
The explorer further

in the trenches.

"This country

and Bhipa
than that

i-

said:

In

taken its stand. Money

needed from you but more

night

necessary;

it

is

necessary for

the manhood of the nation to stand up and

meet the sacrifices that may be entailed."
Theodore D. Rousseau, the Mayor's secretary, on behalf of Mayor Mitehel, who could
11. .1

death

recent

the

William

of

Hayes,

watchman since 1P10 in the Uni rican

Museum of Natural History, the institution
loses a trustworthy and efficient member of

lias

will be

it-

wishes to express to his friends

It

and to those associated with him on the Museum staff appreciation of these years of
faithful service.

be present, presented the key of the city

to Sir Ernest Shackleton.

On

same day,

the evening of the

meeting

held

and

History

American Museum of

joint auspices of the

Natural

at

American

the

Mr. X. t'. Nelson was recently sent by the

American Museum to make a fuel recon

under the

Carnegie Hall

in

Indian

uaissance

of

vicinity of

Oak

mounds

shell

in

the

and New Smyrna, Florit was learned not long

Hill

These mounds,

ida.

'

graphical Society, an audience of twenty-five

ago, had been largely cut into in the course

hundred

with

of a campaign of road construction, and at

long

least one of

people

greeted

Ernest

Sir

ing hardships almost beyond comprehension,

them had been very nearly demolished by the steam shovels. Others are,
however, intact, and still offer an attractive

was

given simply and intermingled with

Hashes df true Irish humor which delighted

field

Nights spent on floating icebergs which were momenta! ih expected to

break up, followed by days in small boats
which might at any instant lie cru bed like

even implements,

were regulai feature: oJ

he ai
tempt to Cross the south polar sea. an at
tempt which had finally to be abandon S.

gist of Florida.

great

enthusiasm.

months spent

his

in

His

account

of

an ice-locked region, endur-

hearers.

ggshells,

'I'd

many

graphic description were added

lending reality to

tures

pic-

credit

belongs to the leadership

which
brought hack from such a hazardous undertaking the same number of men that went
forth.

In

(losing

his

lecture

that the Allies stand together

to the

war

The proceeds of

in

Ins

1.

the "great

go

sir Ernest Shackleton

American Museum as thi

President Henry Fairfield Osborn.

visited the

Dr. Herbert J. Spinden, of the

.Museum, and Mr. Sylvanii- .. Morley, of the
Washington, are
Institution of
spending a few weeks in an archaeological
survey in Central America. This work, which

undertaken with the consent of th<

ntral
American governments, will prol.ahh take
I

to

camp

training

May

Plattsburg,

at

ei

to

s.

has recently received a-

a gift

from Mr. Henrj Hornbostel a lai ge sei ies !

valuable photographs from Central bnerica.
re taken by Mr. Teolierto Maler of
in
Peabody Museum of Harvard
iti.
They deal almost exclusively with fine
examples of Maya temple architecture.
i

The teeth
1

"I

of the devilfish recently killed by

I"*'
Roosevelt, while the guest

of Mr. Russell

.1.

Coles on a

fishin".

the coast of Florida, are being examined by

Dr.

Louis Hussakof.

tinuation
devilfish

ology

.!'

.if

This work

is
, COD
Btndy of the anatomy of the

begun by Dr. Hussakof during his

ih '! department of ichthythe American Museum.

and collection

Of BUCh designs, dyestuffs, native foods, and

samples Of weaving and costumes

;,s

.,,,,.

have significance for our country

in

view of

wai conditions.

During

rallahas

H. Sellards, state geolo

Tin examining board of the United states

has qualified Mr. Barrington Moore,
curator of woods and forestrj in
tic
Vim ican Museum, as a captain of engineers, and instructed him tu report at the

Guatemala, western Honduras, Sal

vador. and Nicaragua, and thej "ill pay particular attention to the study

E.

Army

Carnegie

them

with Dr.

The Museum

this lecture

is

Mr. Nelson visited

sta\

inii'ei

Ernest

Sir

relief fund.

On Tuesday, .May

of which are of value in

all

reconstructing the life of the past.

spoke of the war situation and the

adventure."

Such mound

for excavation.

quently found to contain bones, refuse, ami

tl

prints an

illustrated

article

Miller, -I'], the

Orinoco

Ma.piiritares."

It

is

by

to the

\|.nl.

Mr.

Land

description

1917,
E.

>!'

of

the

the

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

As

reconnaissance undertaken in the

zoological

often the case, the rarest

is

ob-

fish

fall of 1912 by Mr. Miller and Mr. Francis

X. Iglseder under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History. The pur-

tained on the cruise was a very small one,

pose of the expedition was to explore the

wilds of Rio Cuuucunuma ami Mount Duida,
a region incorrectly mapped, of whose people

three nights at one anchorage, held up by

was known. Mr. Miller

article, "The Quest of the Coekof-the Rock," with an introduction by Colo-

inch

and animal
also has an

life little

nel Roosevelt, in the

May

issue of Seribner's

The

latest addition to the series of guide

leaflets

on the collections of the American

Museum

sion the fifty-foot cruising

When

high winds.

was

the

big storm anchor

a cliugfish (Gobiesox) about an

lifted,

long came aboard attached to

was promptly placed

it

and

in a vial of preserva-

has so far been impossible to iden-

It

tive.

tify this fish as

The

Magazine.

On one occaketch "Yuma" lay

captured entirely by accident.

any species known

t<>

science.

cliugfishes have a peculiar sucking disk

on the lower surface of the body by means

of which they can hold firmly to any sub-

merged

object.

the sixteen-page Syllabus Guide

is

K.rhibits by Mr. Laurence

l>, Puhlir Ilnilth
V. Coleman. This publication gives valuable
information in concise form regarding the

The department of anthropology of the

American Museum was visited recently by
Professor Robert G. Aitken, of the Lick Ob-

models, charts, and photographs in the hall

servatory of the University of California,

problems

and also by Br. L. J. Fraehtenberg, linguist

of the Bureau of Ethnology in Washington.
Dr. Fraehtenberg gave particular study to
the anthropological collections from the
Northwest Coast and the states of Washington and Oregon.

of

the

illustrating

health,

public

connected with procuring a clean water supdisposing

ply,

municipal

of

ami

wastes,

doing away with insect-borne diseases.

Mr. John

T. Nichols, of the

partment of

fishes,

weeks' cruise

Museum's

de-

has returned from a three

the Florida keys where

among

The

hermit thrush

is so

rare and nests in

he went in late March, as the guest of Mr.

such impenetrable and dark places in the

Herman Armour

forest

Nichols

of

Chicago,

to

that

few photographs of any kind

study especially the habits of ground sharks

have been secured of

These are everywhere the most abundant sharks in inshore

females
resort
in numbers
waters, where the

this

thrush in

their

valuable.

of the genus Carcharhinus.

certain

at

seasons

Two

young.

to

give

species were

birth

met with which

common

are doubtless of regular and

March and

rence there in

to

April,

occur-

although

one of them (the green shark) had not previously been recorded

the edged shark

from Florida; they are

and the green

r. liwibatus)

(C. acronotus), the former between

ami five and one half, the latter between
time and one half and four feet long. As is
the ease with the brown shark (C. milberti)

it.
The frontispiece of
number of the Journal, Mr. Norman

McClintock's
its

photograph

home

life, is

of

hermit

the

therefore unusually

It is interesting along three lines

especially since it shows

plumage of the young, so strong
a mark of the family to which the thrushes
belong; second, humanly, for this is the bird
immortalized by naturalist, philosopher, ami
first,

zoologically

the spotted

poet for

its

song; and third, technically, as

triumph of bird photography.

shark

five

however, that the photograph was not taken

with a telephoto, nor under any unusual cir-

of

New

ork waters

in

summer, females only

Probably the big bulls have a

more offshore habitat, certainly they are
great wanderers, those of C. limbatus occawere present.

straggling

sionally

York

as

far

north

as

New

It chances,

cumstances, but was a study at close range

made from a blind with an ordinary 8" lens.
It

would seem that the hermit thrush and its

song are far removed from war and

spiritual

the tragedy of Europe today, but this

bird whose serene notes will always be

is

the

known

The edged

as a "carol of death," for at the close of the

shark was found to be very good eating, its

meat resembling swordfish in flavor and not
being at all tough.
The fact that several

War, our American poet, Walt Whitman, linked the song unforgetubly with war
and heroic death "the song of the bleeding
in his
throat, Death's outlet song of life"
Memories of President Lincoln.

in

tin-

species

of

market

is

warmer months:

shark are not

regularly

due entirely to prejudice.

in

the

Civil

THE

AMERICAN M,
JOURN

FOOD SUPPLY IN

DISEASES OF AFRICA

WAR TIME
WILD FLOWERS

THE OLD WEST

MUSHROOMS AS FOOD
THE CROCKER LAND PARTY SAFE
ROOSEVELT IN FLORIDA

The American Museum

of Natural

History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Second Vice-President

First Vi.-c President

(

Ileveland

ii.

Dodge

.).

Treasurer

Henri

P.

MOBQAN

Secretary

Adrian Iselin, Jr.

Davison

I'.

John Purroy Mitchel, Mayor of the City of New York

William A. Prendergast, Comptroller of the City of New York
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
Henry C. Frick
George F. Baker
Charles Lanier
Madison Grant
Frederick F. Bi.i- \\ - R
Ogden Mills
Archer M. Huntington
R. Pulton Cutting
Percy R. Pyne
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
Arthur Curtiss James
John B. Trevor
Walter B. James
Felix M. W irburq
James Douglas
1

A. P. Juilliard

administrative officers
Assistant Treasurer

The United States

OP

'I

..-

New York

SCIENTIFIC STAFF
Sc.D.. Director

i,

Vertebrate Palaeontology

Geology and Invertebrate Pdkeontology

DMUND Otis HOVET, Ph.D.. Curator

HESTER A. Reehs. Ph.D.. Asst. Curator

,D.,

Honorary Curator Gems

Inri rtebrate Zoology

L.

Crami-ton, Ph.D., Curator

A.B.. Assoc. Curator
Ph.D., Assoc-. Curator
P. Gbataoaf, A.M., Curator Mollusca

A.

.1.

E.

Roy W. Miner,
Frank E. Litz,

MUTCHLER.

Matthew, Ph.D., Curator

Walter Granger. Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barnum Brown, A.B.. Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]
William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Assoc, in Palaeontology

Eastman, Ph.D., Research

R.

Associate

N. C. Nelson, M.L., Asst. Curator

Charles W. Mead, Asst. Curator
M. D. C. Crawford. Research Associate in Textiles
Geo. Bird Grinnell,, Ph.D.. Research Associate
in Ethnology
I

Watson, U.S.. Assistant

W. M. Wheeler. Ph.D., Hon. Curator

1).

Charles

Assislanl

Willari. G. Van Name. Ph.D.. Assistant

Frank

LL.D., D.Sc, Curator

Emeritus

W.

Anthropology
Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard. Ph.D.. Curator Ethnology
ROBERT H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Herrert .7. Si-inden. Ph.D., Asst. Curator

Woods ami Forestry

Henry

Henry Furfield OsBORN,

Soci

HOWARD MoGBEGOB,

Ph.D., Research Associate

Anthropology

in

Louis R. Sullivan. A.M.. Assistant Physical

E.

Anthropology

Leslie Spier,

B.S., Assistant Anthropologj

Anatomy ami Physiology

Ichthyology and Berpetology

BASHFORD Deis PI. I). Curator Emeritus

John T. NICHOLS, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes
Mu:\ Cynthia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator

Ralph W. Tower,
Charles F. Herm.

Ph.D., Curator
Assistant
l.V-.-urch Associate in

ILESSANDBO FABBBI,
Physiology

Public Health

Charles-Edward

A.

Winslow,

M.S.. M.A.,

Herpetology

Tin .mas G. Hull, Ph.D.,

Mammalogy mot
A.

.7.

Ornithology

Allen. Ph.D., Curator

i:

Cll.M-lN. A.B.. Assistant Ornithology

..

II

10)

Frank M Chapw
Curator Ornithology
3c.D
linv c Andrews, A.M., Asst. Cur Man
W. DeW, Miller. Assoc Curator Ornithology
HE. A-.!
aut Mammalogy
in
Iam. Assistant Mammalogy

Ann

Public Educati
Sherwood, a m Curator

m Fisher.
E.

ant

Ph.D.. Assoc Ourato

Assistant

Thomas, Ph.B.,

Books

anil Piililicnlioiis

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
DENOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY. EXPLORATION. AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

Maw
Volume

1017

XVII,

Numbi

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO

INCLUSIVE, BY THE

MAY

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF

NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:

ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 23, 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912

CONTENTS FOR MAY

(

World Calls

over,

for an Increased

Supply

Frontispiece, Portrail of the Late Joseph II. Choate

Mr Choate :is trust,,- ami advisor of the American Museum of Natural
i

-i,v

d.-ath oi

Hi.'

Pin pout Morgan,

.1

in 1913,

was

facing

285

History for almost fifty

the sole survivor of it- bods of

founders

Reminiscences of

Founder of the American Museum. .Josei*b

Recollections embodied

Notes

letter written shortly before his

in

a trip

near Punta Gorda, Florida,

company with

in

385

Journal

Theodore Roose^ elt

Observations made on turtles during

.1

Choati

If.

death io the Editor of the

Florida Turtles

"ii

289

Russell

oles

With

Q. Clyde Fisher of the unique Florida sporl

description bj

ation of Our Food Supplies in

Demands from Europe have depleted our food

ol

gopher pulling"

'

War Time

T.

(i.

Hull

295

rve until America faces necessity in t\w.

immediate additional planting, and (2) to use
economy with regard to food on hand through the ffbrl of \ erj individual in the land
Many suggestions for economy in purchase and preparation of foods
nergy and protein values of common table foods
Illustrated witli tahl.-s of tl
rections:

to increase the

n.irm.i

crops

The Dawn

bj

T. D. A. Co< kerell

of History

299

Scenes among the Cro-Magnon people, Borne twenty-five thousand years ago. in the caves of
France, introducing hunters of the mammoth, and artist*: suggestions of the wars. tl.
still remote
must slowly ri~e to a future
in u
of wealth, of cities, of science, by wliieh priiiutM
in tliis year 1917 where he will realize his true mission on earth
1

Maih Cynthia Du kersok

Season of Wild Flowers

Reproductions

With

in

MiLrtr-'-tiun-

1 1

-ir<i,..

lini; prot.-rtion

S.'.-

;iNo artii

mosquito,

-tr;uiu'''

on pagf

].

:;,*>n)

Walter

Weird Diseases of Africa

Th.' story of

303

duotone
a- to

para-it. - wliiili trav.-l

from man

man through

to

James

319

Murrtll

323

B.

the ftgencj

oi

etc.

Wild Mushrooms
How to distinguish
Illustration!

William

Food

as

edible from poisonous mushrooms

in our held- and woods

and thus

avail

A.

manj

ourselves of

de

common

licious varictit's

from photograph*.

In

th..

Author

Recollections of the Old West

An npprt'i-iatioT] of tin- hi-lorieal pictures
lllu-i'

of a

,._!.i|.li--

-..-ri.-

George Bird Grinneli

of Indian

ami

piom-.-r

Ahhthvui

th.-

I>\

\\

333

il'i

Barrixgton M

and the Paper Supply

TIih import ann> of

lit'.-

of th.- paintings

prarti.f of forestry in r()iiMT\ ing ami adding to

th.'

Mipph

of w

ee

SUil

Is

p iper

o
p

BullfigW

Land Party
to

See phi

Ed.
Safe, with

cablegrams via Copenhagen from Donald iv Ma.-MiH

m page 284)

Bird Studj

"

It.

Crabb

Much Work Accomplished

.

Mrs. N'atm

\pedition

Otto Widmann

347

win. Lord Brixton

350

A Review

Conservation of Wild Flowers

343

346

of what is being done to check their rapid disappearance

Illustrations from photographs l,v Mary Cynthia Dickerson of twelve wild flowers greatly

Account

ing out

v.

Gherardi Davis

i'ork Baj

Museum Notes

:;.".:;

Mary Cynthia Up
ptiona

should

Central Park West.

77.-

Jott

352

be addressed

Now Fork

to

the

hi rsok

American

t'itv.
Inji

Must um.

77th

St.

and

o :

W
O

"5 .5

a a s3 o

<y^JHk<uz

The American Museum Journal

MAY.

Volume XVII

Number

1917

Reminiscences of a Founder of the

American Museum
NEW YORK is THE ABSOLUTE OWNEB OF THE BUILDINGS,
THE MUSEUM OWNS THE COLLECTIONS AN ARRANGEMENT WHICE
CITY OF

Till'.

MAS STEADILY FOSTERED MORE AND MORE CLOSE AND CORDIAL

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MUSEUM AND THE PEOPLE

JOSEPH

By

car

me

ask

Yiil'

to

the

Journai

the

beginnings of the

d]

fifty

Ameri-

as the only sur-

had something

ever dreamed

nearly

for

something aboul

Museum, in which,

viving founder,

lime.

contribute

al

to

'1".

thai remote

years ago,

thai

the

American Museum of Natural Bistorj

rer reach

its

proem

vasl

pro-

H.

HO ATE

portions and splendid utility.

New York

was far behind other American

tins development of knowledg
ence.

made

Sporadic efforts had Ind

museum where the

to establish

collections of
uralists

;i

New York's learned

nat-

mighl be gathered, bul thus far

Philadelphia and

lowed

cities in

to lead.

Boston had been

remember

that,

al-

when

l\ Memobiam- We have the voice of Mr. Choate with us today, in

loyal and proud
word for the institution he helped to found. With other trustees he has for nearly fifty
a feeling of fatherly ownership and responsibility as year after year hi
:i

years had

its infancy to
ommanding stature In scienci and
\ml for the Mime iii't>, v,-.,r* the Americas Museui
education.
its side has looked upon
f
him with affectionate admiration, ami. feeling
contented muni under the protecti
tins representative ..t' t lie law, the foremosl advocate of the imericai Bar, lias been able
r.i devote it- It' innen \e,lh
to the work for which it was founded.
iIt
remember how greatly Mr. Choate enjoyed the Mnseim
visitor up to the hist days of his life.
helped to found.
He was
recall
It waSaturday t'ui'eiioon in the
rj
evident.
on "hen his 'Hi
early spring of 1917, and about time for the "Children's Lecture" to bi
torium of the Museum, Outside, the weather :e gray, with a eold wind; insidi
many hundred children had come gaily trooping, there was a greal sunshi
if adventure
make into the innelolaml of Vfi
of the journeyii
our wild Bowers or birds
foi get,
&
bject of that particular children's lecture.
Then he came in smiling, among the children, and many people both young and old
whispered "Mr. Choate," with ao
for his great name and
they were in an amlienee of which he was to be a member.
He was in one of his gayesl
I.
moods, it seei
He was holding a grandchild bj each hand, and
veritably believe he
fori of the pleasure ahead as were the children.
After the lecture and .after thej had viewed some of the M iseum exhibits, accompanying
Mr. Sherwood, head of the department of edm-ation of the Museum, one of he inhlren said
eiultingly, "Are we not lucky to have grandpa foi a grandpa!"
She had quite the righl
Ami the American Museum could have said with equal sincerity and em
point of view.
phasis, "We tire immeasurably glad thai Mr. Choate
r founder, trustee, and friend."
regret thai the following article, written by Mr. Choate very
I.
together With till e\|n
MllSelllll'W Ise
[lis
it years while he could yet see them.
gh the
The portrait,
sent
,- his favorite ami
he
It conveys the magnetism of his
res oi himself.
personality in large degrei
with it- intellectuality and benignity in the upper face and
it- pathos and humor about >lm month.
It is true thai
from his standpoint at least it could
scarcely have mattered that they were not published in time.
His last days wei
i

:i

-i

'


THE AMERICAS
it

had

American Museum, the first thing

was to gel a charter from the state and
went in company with the late William E. Dodge to Albany to consult
the

with members of the Legislature about

granting
thai the

To our

it.

surprise

we found

matter of granting us a charter

depended 11]
the decision of William
M. Tweed, who was then practically in

supreme control
no obstacles

in

hi'

and

that

he entirely ap-

measure and that he would do whatever

we wanted. Consequently, we obtained
without any delay, or expense, or trou-

much desired charter.

A few men of large wealth were

in-

being amateur

lovers of natural history in one or an-

other

department,

hut

there

was no

such splendid scientific supervision as

he M useum now enjoys in

and

its

its

day had

me

that they wanted

to

the founders so

suppo.-e

to

back upon, in case

legal advisor to fall

of need,

spend for
I

become one of
that they might have a

who should

be one of their

own

number, and I very gladly joined, although having nothing to contribute in

the

way of

money.

collection or of

tion of the
of

pupil

He had been
and was besides

Museum.

Agassi/.,

a
a

young man id' energy and persistence.

It was he who instigated the various
gentlemen of large wealth, of

whom

have spoken, to unite for the Museum's

formation and

of the

season,

first

organization.

He

ican
as

and in any history of the Amer-

Museum

ils

No
great

he

is

to be

remembered

mosl effective early promoter.

one thought at that time that a

democratic city like

would

ever

contribute

thousand dollars

Museum

in

seemed

little collections

of

Natural Historv or

gentlemen interested in the

that early

president

Some

various curators.

money

such benign purposes; and

labored incessantly in season and out of

ble the

in the project,

they were very glad to

also

Professor A. S. Bickmore fortunately

proved of the project as an educational

terested

and

contribute,

was the great promoter of the organiza-

our way, hut wonderful

said

own which

We

to tell, he received us really with enthu-

siasm,

their

would put

of the Legislature.

hardly anticipated that

JOURNAL

MI'SKI'M

been resolved to establish

finally

s Ur h

New York

two

hundred

year for wdiat then

Museum of
Museum of Art.

luxury as a
a

vivid personal enjoyment because of his opportunity to use his eloquence and argument to
give all that was in his power to the two causes nearest his heart: the new desire of his
vigorous patriotism for the entrance of America into the war on the side of the Allies, and
his ever-abiding desire as a diplomat for a closer union of France and England with his
home country. Also during his last days, it is good to remember, there were reached out to
him from ail sides the homage and love of friends and of the public, since as the chief
citizen of New York City he had been chosen despite his eighty-five years to represent the
government in greeting the English and French Commissions.
The patriotism and loyalty of Mr. Choate, which made him give himself on this occasion,
even though he knew it to be at the risk of his life, recall his many patriotic utterances
f tin' past, so eloquent of the situation today.
Some of them stand as prophecy and command: "Our frigates may rot in the harbor our ironclads may rust at the dock, but if ever
again the flag is in peril, invincible armies will swarm upon the land, and steel-clad squadrons leap forth upon the sea to maintain it. If we only teach our children patriotism as the
first duty and loyalty as the first virtue, America will be safe in the future as she has been
in the past.
We can always be sure of fleets and armies enough. But shall we always
have a Grant to lead the one, and a Farragut to inspire the other.' Yes, on this one condition, that every American child learns from his cradle that his first and last duty is to his
country, that t" live for her is honor, and to die for her is glory."
In the death of the Honorable Joseph Hodges Choate the American Museum has suffered
None too frequently so far in the history of
a loss of almost irreparable proportions.
human evolution ha\c there
n combined in one man so many rare qualities of mind and
character,
high mentality, great industry, sincerity, high purpose and unselfishness with
energy, simplicity, and a gay humor even to the end of five and four score years. The institution he founded sincerely mourns his death.
The Kuitok.

REMINISCENCES OF
and
\in.

had

n a

know

do not

any

city

New York
mouth

to

whom

gentlemen of

we

effort
at

in

In

from

lived

was not, however, until the

ing

first

of land.

1//

SEl

1/

vs;

acres,

was

at

that

A"

remote and almost inaccessible

This land was granted

The

building.

first

laid,

well n

the presence of the President of the

in

tainly contributed very liberally to the

support of the infant institution.

tract

corner stone was

have spoken cer-

nine

as the site for the

although the

first,

sisting of eighteen

time ever contrib-

at that

dollar for any such purpose.

uted
the

hand

FOUNDER OF THE AMERIC

.1

that

Ohited

accompanied by mem-

State-,

the. Governor of the

and the Mayor of the city. On

bers of his cabinet,

It

build-

state,

was erected by the city under the

the twenty-second of

authority given by the Legislature that

December,

L877,

the building was formallj opened.

we began to realize what an important

proji ct we had in hand.
n the meantime we lived as best we
might in quarters hired for the purpose,

change for

the old Arsenal Building near the south

the city with other great

institutions

Museum

such as the Metropolitan

Mu-eiim of

The

end of Central Park, and the

contract

entered

nine between the

of

Museum

the

\n and

into

that

at

and the trustees

city

has subsisted

fort}

Contracts of

years.

\-u

first was certainly a very small affair.

Only the enthusiasm and unfailing genv wealthy among the
resit} of the

ciety

have

The

policy

trustees, n ho year after year put

secures equal advantage to the institu-

at

hands inf. their pockets

the

tion

ere, ted

miscellaneous collections of every de-

came crowding

in

they could he taken care

of.

scription

.MM'

b}

in. .-i

.iti i.i.

to

tive objei

await

and confi-

Forty-four

ments.

were raised the

first

isited

thousand

five

Museum

thouto re-

ward their efforts.

Every day it
became mere and mere obvious that it
was quite impossible to build up bj prians

worth}
Europe.

to

alone

hi

we

museum
museums of

great

compete with the

full}

realized this,

hi-,

length}

all

buildings

ManiiaM. in

in

exhibition within

our collections,

on-

the

is

titt-

city

oak

ner of the collections

and

has

relations.

beneficial

growing more

close

Museum ami

and cordial.

thi

Xow the American Museum has

grown with incredible speed to wholly
ted

magnitude,

and
that

have

it

is

mid in the future will he

more highly valued, a- one of tl
.

educational

worth}

..I'

institutions

the support of

of

the

now
still

city,

it- ei1

quite a- important a- the publii

as

is

arrangement win.

between the

-hall

bi

Manhattan Square,

ork, therefon

delightful

zens, asking that a building

city.

"i

Museum

.in

petition, signed by forty thousand citi-

by the

the

all

owner of the buildings, ami the \m.n-

steadil}

year by the trustees

the

of

a free

The

an

future develop-

and their friend-, and only

sand people

>f

sb

ts,

it.

contract

provides for

It

er to he ereeted

the buildings of

of Ne\i

V.

well-ordered exhibiti

mher- away

this

in

faster than

ain public attention

dence

modeled upon

to the public.

Square, and for

collectors,

as

Zoolog

ori

embodied

Museum

ican

n here either individuals or

museums become known

and

he.ni closel}

alive

years of struggle.

iese earl}

A- usual

make up

to

the tottering infant

kept

deficit,

their

the

an

institution

he pro\ ided

fund-.

whose maintenance
for .ml of the public

OFF THE COAST OF FLORIDA

'I'll. <.d. .re
I.'.mi-.v.-Ii, ex President of 111.- United States and man of vital personality in contact with
men, is also a humble field naturalist. The two gopher tortoises {Ti-almlti iitiliiiilirmu*) were caught on
sandy islands near Punta Gorda. They are thought to live to he very old. They tame easily and show
They are close relatives of the almost extinct species of the Galapagos Islands
Lble intelligence.
in the l'aeitie, the 'giant tortoises," survivors of an age when many reptiles grew to astounding propor
tious.
It is thought possihle that the "giant tortoises" live several hundred years

Notes on Florida Turtles

T

Bv
ll

DHRING

tlf

1917,

Russell

de\ ilfish

EO

<>

on

Florida,

being the guest

Audubon

area

ot

reserve 2 on the initiative of

bird

i\

II,

-One

Mi

-1

JfOl

BK

U.,

the

in

through

veil

iter
in

v.'-niiL'Hi

I.

us. at

the

tin'

nited

States
authority

his

law

I'r.'-i.l.-nt

was

me
hi'

bird

made by

in

Dr.

to

Eon ed our waj

belt

figs,

of

mangroves

i" the smaller

on which
pawpaws, ami one or
inside,

but Captain .lark

\l

Florida fishermari win. was n ith

mice said

My

it

book

was the burrow of

knowledge enabl

in realize that he
i'h

was speaking,
burrowing pouched ral

Florida

rather

i-

absurdly

not

called

"salamander" but of a big land tor

toise.
The burrow was shallow am! we
speedily dug out the OCCUpant.
\\.iIt

fn.m Florida

was passed
power to set aside govern
\ ).-. r

mil- a- bird reserves.

chances that

it,

gopher.

XVI,

Vol

deral

.1,.

of several small islands in Charlotte Harli.-ii

a- L'overninent r
r\ atiolls during

reservation

jr.

higher land

of

made
Mi ive

an island which,

visited

was President, was made into

iel

two other kinds of tropica] trees. II ire

to our surprise we cami
row. I had no idea what creature had

written.

One day we

Soi

grew Florida

'

best thing of its kind that ha-

while

I.

which fringed the island

Co es, bose piece on

magazine was the verj

this

through the thick

da

Eev.

Gorda,

ROOSEV

i;

camp near Punta

week of .March.

last

devilfish,

II

in

i,

spent

Puma
Mr.

lit,

fairly large

specimen, weighing

,,;,.
taff of the American
Museum
the gopher tortoise {Testudo polyp)
valuable r.-.-ord of observations a brief article
covering some of Dr. Fisher's personal experiences with this s|-.i.s._ Til K Kihtor.

Ii

History,

c.

'

gopher

being shaped

bj

tie- flat

tj

ill-

hnrrr

our--

plastron and

in tli- retreat

if

an enemj appear

j,,s,

tit-

One

of the first

feet in length.

the turtle whic

hi just the Curve

out the burrows, no doubl
also on friend]; terms, -iti

il

of the halo

go

Tl
I

Oi.- floor

the earn;

friendly terml with

ii

tlie

own

dusk and hide.

n s. from

THE AMERICAS MUSEUM JOURNAL

390
pounds, with

shell

13%

inches long,

and 514 inches deep. 1

Later we secured a small specimen on
Captiva Island, which weighed 4%
pounds, was SU inches long, G inches
ide, and :!U inches deep.)
How this
inches wide,

9
<

big tortoise go! to the island

is

some-

mangrove swamp on
we got three small diamond-

In the fringe of

the island

back terrapin of the Gulf variety.

Cut

the bay

in

we once

loggerhead turtles.
professional

us

related

iuan\

saw

or twice

Coles and the

.Mr.

who were with

fishermen

instances

of attacks

thing of a mys-

they

tery, as the spe-

nessed by sharks

cies

entirely

is

terrestrial;

by

out

flesh

and

they

good

i>

but

mo

had

not

We

realized that they

de-

attacked the big

Unlike

common

comhow-

panions,

ever, assured

hinged,

i-imiI

My

ones.

bos

tortoise the plas1

tur-

whenever
met them,

meat

licious.

our

tles

that

gulped
small

found

eating.

the

down

vege-

feeder

table
its

is

knew

sharks

gopher

tortoise

and

the green turtle.

lined or storm.

The

sea

both the

turtles,

Loggerhead

accident of

wit-

on full-grown

it

must have been

drifted

had

me

that nearly half

but

when alarm-

of the full-gro^

ed,

the creature

turtles

the
draws
in
head completely
out of sight, and

hack

tucks

they hail caught

showed signs of

so that only

the

rough,

flat,

tle

is

told

The

then

attack.

J. Coles,

tMtiitttr bini.stris)

as well as the great-

hunter of the species

tur-

by Captain

by sharks.

practically

immune from

McCann

to

lie

that he had

diatnond-liack rattlesnake

small specimen of this species of

tortoise inside of him.

is

devdrish

was much interested

once found
with

having been

est

scaly surfaces are

exposed.

whose observations on
turtles are quoted in the article, and whom
Colonel Roosevelt accompanied as guest on his
recent devilfish hunt off the west const of FlorMr. Coles is scientific authority on the
ida.
Mr. Bussell

the

feet

Captain Mc(

'.inn

an accurate and trustworthy observer.

had supposed

which

that

rattlesnakes fed

exclusively on birds and

mammals.

ado polyphemtu)

UP'

lost

two

at

at-

one
Usu-

ally

this

meant

that

one

flipper

ise

the turtle had

iously at different
flippers, obvio

On one occasii
times.
mm Captain Jack
was attracted by a greai commotion in
the water and sailed toward the scene.

He

found

very large shark

withahuge

loggerhead turtle in his mouth, the turtle

frantically

the shark
lias

tacked

time or another

si

get its teeth

waving all four legs while

k its head in the effort to

through the

shell.

The

final

attain a length of eighteen inches,

although the average size is probably in the neigh-

outcome be was not able to observe. Mr.

borhood

Coles said thai on several occasions he

to

of

one

foot.

NOTES ON FLORIDA TURTLES

had seen sharks attack these big tunics.

The

would

turtle

raise itself out of the

water and splash with

frightening

four flippers,

all

the shark for

off

moment

Inn sooner or later the turtle would at-

tempt

and then the

to escape by diving,

shark, ordinarily, would seize

shearing

behind,

off

sometimes leaving
on the

shell

On

from
one flipper, and

mark

semicircular

it.

damaged

turtle mi

He

Mr.

saw

Coles

provisionally

he

white shark, attack and

identified as a

found

PULLING
GOPHKR
may
Although

down

looked

be

it

a unique sport.

upoD by those sportsmen who enjoy

ting wild fowl on the wing, it is recog.

si

the legislators, for in Florida there

regulating

laws

are

and

seasons,

In

inches across and

Iv

a-

but

name
ild

'

bi

"gopher,"

is

strictly

the

in

Geomyt

inappro

this

section

really

hi

-Lie.

graduallj

lower end

nni

is

itself,

the

known

is

as

the

and

fox,

in

burrows

the forelegs

being

__

always

into a gopher burrow.

ridei

Is

oi

the

The gopher's burrow

frequently resorted to by raid. its. skunks,

foxes when hard pressed, and even by
diamond back rattlesnakess
just as a rabbit
is

adopts the burrow

northern si n
feeds

of

grass and

u]

plants.

the

An examination

Living

huck

in

the

and

leaves of rarious

of

the burrows with

fminil two mtrr.Miii.' ;ii, in,. ,1

in

dug

in

well-drained,

and

gopher-tick
latter

o,-,

(AmMv

the
the

digestive
go

This

is

pa led

in

1909,

it

during the
.,f

:<

olorless

cave crickets
Had we beei
should probably hav, ,,
insect guests in the goplu r burrow
DBrd, Henrj i;.. Thi
I

rohibited

oi

r,

western counties of Florida,

unlawful to take or gi
months <.f May, Juni
law "to Ink.- ,,r -.11 Hi. in

ul

wag the goph.

Scudder).
three most
the proi

fitt

jrions,

bj

to the

turpentine orchard.
Many a running horse
ha- fallen and thrown its rider by stepping

,1

are

feet

of danger to hunters on horse

follow the hounds in pursuit of
e

hack who
the graj

or sis

five

Gopher burrows

entrance.

herbivorous,

estudo polyphi mus

lives

central

don nward so that the

usually about

is

tortoisi

and

and

western

graj

"salamander,"

this

terrestrial

well

spite of

neighboring

da

as

digs for

especially

name

know.

ing to

in

greater number being from fifteen to twenty.

bed to the gopher,

tai

-i

in

is

al'iiiiilant

Thej are usual!} quite straight, although

sometimes stumps, roots, or other obstructions have made crooks ot turns necessary.

in

lie

it.

close

to all the inhabitants

tortoise

it

trui

known

animal, which
a

and

How

cai

be inten

While the
versally

which

known

is

it

is

true pocket gophi

"salamander."

the

pi iate

This
Florida

in

i- a

stood on

Florida that several burrows can often be

found on a single acre of the higher parts
Of the "piney" woods.
The burrows are
from twelve to thirty feet in length, the

states.

so

that

facl

thi

states there

with me, no1

FLORIDA

IX

are

upper Mississippi Valley and

in tlie

is

it

If
nil'

seeming to he bothered by the weight.

lower than

to a

bite.

of the gopher tortoise

we captured was great.

it would stait to walk

ratlike rodent,

nut applied

i-

good idea of

the width and depth of the -hark-

there

the

states,

in he deep,

twelve

which gives

the turtle,

as

ami black bass

southeastern

the

it.

md
i

just

states.

"gopher"
as

0]

minii

be taken,'

trout

ik

01 thei n

the

the

fixing

may

thai

the

twenty-four

torn out of the two shells on one side of

'GOPHER PULLING"
is

the surface of

semicircle

The strength

which

shark,

Next day he found the

ing with

water unable to dive, and harpooned

itself.

one occasion

great

it

39]

loggerhead turtle, disappi ar-

seize a big

Land Tortoi

and

blind

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

the gopher

With

found

is

sharp man-

its

dibles

crops

it

this

tough grass with as

great

ease,

ently,

as

animal

appar-

might an

with

sharp,

chisel-like teeth.

swallows

It

grass

the

two

in pieces nearly

inches long, and the

wire grass
that

is

so stiff

must be

it

swallowing

like

tooth-

picks.

The female gopher

lays her eggs at the

mouth
row,

ft.-sli

of the

them
same

ing," a grapevine with an iron

bur-

the

have

been

reliable

ami

servers,

gopher tortoise is very good eating

hook at the end is t
row, and the unfortunate occupant is pulled from its- petreaf
Tin'

of
I

by

told

way

ob-

eovers

much

in

as

the

does

the green sea turtle.

number captured in western

a
showed the chief food to be the
common wire grass {Aristida sp.). I have
the additional proof of having seen the
tracts

of

Florida

wire

gopher

eating

wav,

the most easily

is

by the
available food where

grass

(which,

The [lumber of eggs is surprisingly small,

being ouly from three to six at a laying.
In the daytime, the gopher is frequently
seen traveling across the country, but I think
it

inclined to be nocturnal in its habits.

is

The fame of the gopher, however, rests not

upon its habits which are interesting from
the

standpoint of the naturalist, but just

pompano, or canfamous because the flesh has

as with the blue point, or

vas-back,

it

is

been found to be a delicacy. Whoever has

visited the Southland, and has not yet eaten

"gopher gumbo," has not yet been initiated

This farinto the art of good eating.
famed dish consists of a soup thickened with
the mucilaginous pods of okra, and consii
much meat of the gopher that it
perhaps would be more appropriate to call it
When we are walking along the
"stew."
a

tains

ts

of the towns and cities of Florida,

it is a common thing
to

see

walk

on the

side-

in front of gro-

cery stores crates of

live chickens, for the

South

is

surely

the

land of fried chicken;

but

what

im-

presses a Northerner

much more are

the

crates containing go-

phers

for

sale.

NOTES ON FLORIDA TURTLES

rhese are

gumbo.

the gopher

foi

however, that when

am

sure.

accepted an invitation

accompany two friends on a gopher-pulling expedition, it was my instinct as a natuTo get tackle for
ralist that prompted me.
tin- sport w< went out to a bayhead and cut
to

three bullace grapevines

fcw

sections of

and

possible

such

more than one hundred feet

our purpose, we selected

For

height.

sevi ral

in

along streams, often growing to

the tops of trees

in

Vitis rotun-

common

lianas being

esi

places and

With

diameter.

each as straight as

ine,

less

little

eai

long,

we

of grapevine,

fixed a

blunt

in

The end of the

burrow.

of the

semicircular in

\u-is

sand

was found,

til.-

of the grapevine upon

.'ud

was fastened "a- pushed into

the burrow until the hook reached

end.

The

elasticity

til-'

ratus,

did

it

of

parts

I...

Florida

lung

ati

was made.

grapevine perany turns which might

If

turn, and

is

of the vine were

k th.'

then

sharp

there was a gopher

row, not Ulan',

pulls

gopher either

i-i-

in

and subsequent

usually

bj

i-

it

required

to

deep,

inches

eighteen

gopher

be

not

will

able

self

from

pull
.if

,-i

tin'

while
hook,

it

climb

:i

in

tophi

This method

re-

the covered pits used by certain

i'

African tribes

capturing elephant-.

in

are occasionally

taken,

ti

is

it

ae,

This is mad. easiei

outside their burrows.
by the fact that tic animal moves -lowly as
do

turtles.

terrestrial

all

turtle

plod

similai

itj

along, one

which

sparse,

tin-

method

and

movement

walking.

in

are found, the vegetation

that

so

possible to

i-

it

and hence

a
in

it

is

the most

who participate
torn

and

in

soiled

red bugs

fey

itement

exi

nui h

fu

those

:i

vi

f<

in fact, but

them by their tracks in the sand. In

way some specimens are taken. But no

-|, uiiii g,"

.,,n

the striking

hind

its

elephant, a similarity

xtends not only to shape,

Where gophers
trail

watching the

In

realizes

shape between

in

hose of an

'

bj

the

oi

it

I.

as

popular,

do return

.thing

and

of the hunt.

Fisher.

being

probably

largest

up

and finding

prize in one of his traps.

minds

was

much

as

is

the

even
to

a gopher in one
of these bos pits probably affords as much
excitement a- a trapper feels "pun finding
-id.'-:

straight

gopher

burrow,

covered

lightly

law.

devices

certain

If the box

on leaving the den.

it

as

Then by a steady pull it was brought to the surface and placed in a bag.
The hook did not penetrate tic skin of the
If one re
gopher and made no wound.
'in'

by

forbidden
thai

or for killing waterfowl are

tish

Another method of capturing gopher toris by means of a box sunk at the en

plastron.

laxed

all

so efficient, that in

toises

burrow. When the hunk came up

.'lid of the burrow, the vine was

[.nil

appa-

this

prohibited.

against tic

twisted a part of

is

same reasons

the

for

tile

With

In fart, this method

gophers

of capturing

Then it
burrow and

feet.

lung to capture

take

not

ould carry.

innei

the

of

end of

i.'.ni

had to be hooked again.

describing

shape,

an inch in diameter.
curve
Armed with such tackle, uc sallied forth
gopher
burrows, and whei
looking foi
e
.-11111111

ii

tin-

its

with twigs and pine "straw" which will give

way when the animal attempts to walk over

feet

igainst the sharp grains of

retreated to

.".i3

o,

thirty

a section

hook made of iron about a quarter of an

This was fastened to the
inch in diameter.
grapevine with eopper wire, as any kind of
twine is mild have been worn out by the
the walls

with

off

tranre of the burrow, and

uniform diameter throughout its

length, one could reach to the bottom of
Upon one end
the longest gopher burrow.
oi

than an inch in

of almost

ii

the

pushing

The photographs
-

bj

Dr.

c;

illustrating

"gopher pulling"

Clyde Fisher.

ill

The Conservation
Supplies in
By

SPECIAL

T.

illustrating

exhibit

United States and the world

front the

was opened

American Museum

the

at

HULL

(I.

some of the principal problems

onservation which con-

ami potatoes.
with

allow

of

yield

from various sources as

Reports

to

the condition of the world's crops have

The

and confusing.

licting

percentage

deficiency

of

year's

last

of

potabeans,

of

and

tide ns over another winter

to

ii-

do our duty by our

allies.

up

chiefly mail.'

i>

four elements, carbon, hydrogen,

th,-

oxygen, and nitrogen, but

crisis.

ng

planl

has been estimated

It

tenfold

The human body

lefense Council, the preparation of our

part in th

the

that a double yield of corn ami

toes,

would

its

for

other foodstuffs, especially beans, corn,

institution to the task of the National

I

country

the

out

on Ma] 23, as one contribution of this

country to play

Our Food

of

War Time

also con-

it

tains the following:

Calcium
3.751bs.
Phosphorus 1.7 "
"
.IS
Potassium

Sodium

"

.15

Magnesium

.10

ll.s.

Sulphur

.10

"

Silica

.10

"

Iron

.01

"

crops was small, the world's wheal crop

oinety-three

being

normal

rent

per

while other crops were also slightly be-

The

low normal.

total deficiency,

ever, was enough

Tho

condition.
ii.it

with

of the

a large family.

dinner

wages

lay

reserve bank

drained so

"docking" of even
tself

lo\i

part of a

the

at

fell

cause of

the United
in

States

picture

ann

short-

well illus-

is

painted

shibition, of a

and

the

for

young man

for the city

it-

leav-

higher

Lack of farm labor, added t"

demand

the

depleted

so

ami

in

cold

fron

not

body what
energy

fuel

val

tho

quart

lir-t

oi

oi

litet

of water 1 Centigrade

Protein ami carbo-

i.

pi

of ealories required by

different occupations

the exhibit
oz.

in

being tho amount

these heat unit-, while fat gives

The number
id'

Tho

measured

i-

i-

three piles

bj

9.

men

illusi

coal,

ol

12.3

ontaining 2500 calories for persons

sedentary habits,

im: 35

2 oz

lb.

talories lor those of

ior,

and

ealories

lbs.

.'i

for

more

ac-

containing

oz.

six-da;

rider.

tin'

coming year

n inter

i>

in

being but sixty-five per

To

ii

to the

i-

required to raise
i

Fahrenheii

:alorie

of heat energy

(aboul

for food

to the engine.

is

calories, o

L0,000

us.

too bright,

normal.

however, tho food

all.

the In ing machine,

our farms

stori

utlook for the

on April
cent

food, has

reserve on

tin-

now confronts
Tl

Above

must furnish the energy needed to run

hydrate materials each give

table.

Tho underlying
trate!

man
The

w,

serious

exactly analo-

is

continually

is

that the

week's

create

to

case

how-

All these elements must be supplied in

the food.

offset

tin-

Graham

l.n-k. on,- greatesl

bj

I'

in

se-

curing an adequate dietary allowance

for tin-

campaign ha- been carried on

A- has been pointed out

ledge

a-

poor
to

i-

tho diffusion o

costs

and calorie value-.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

896

mand upon the Food Resources of the United States as indicated

by exports for fiscal years ending June SO, 1!)14, and Jane 30, v.) 16

Pi

Millions oJJ>usnels

Wheat

* }"..

1%

Oats
|

Potatoes!

Pork
|

Salmon

'it
|

Millions

Beef

oj

pounds

JZ_
$L
*$3t

Butter

Rice

.i

tH-

Depletion of the Food Reserve of the United States

hand March J, 1916, and March /, 1917
Millions o} Bushels

Wheat

on

On the jarms

ff f-r,

oats

Stocks

Barley
|

^
jt

Millions
I

o)

Pounds

In cold

storage

i3U!i

'

Lard
|

popk
|

Eogs.casesj

We

st

must learn

to

buy food by the 100

pound if we

of 100-calorie portions of certain com-

ealories rather than by the

mon

are to meet the problem of the dinner

unit of measure

table wisely.

each one

is

shown the composition

exhibit therefore contains

the food

in

question in percentage of

principal features

protein

<lm
as

'

one of

'

its

series

Is

bo that the

(the

may

meaning
be dear.

of this

Beside

nitrogen-containing

of

and

'

CONSERVATION OF FOOD SUPPLIES

Eood-

tissue-building

preeminently
mineral

and

matter,

Native

given in Table A.

terial, as

It

will

be

calorie

the 100-calorie portion, cor-

seen thai

responding to one large egg, two thirds

nt

.'..,,'
milk, two

bread, two apples,

hi

0111

pat

,.

an ordinary
.

prunes, or

'

of

butter,

,.t

very

is

'

shows

common

on

certain

of

portions

the

the

studies

Childs Restaurants in lido

in

lVofrs-

x ap

78
84
93

18
18
20

tin
116

17
is

135

196
196

'.

18
12
10

230
247
249

......

ieon

52

.102

Haked'a^ple ainl cream

Baked beans and macaroni

cents

made

chops

l.y

tit

...

Live

16
10

13

Crackers and milk

cocoa
Chipped beef on toast

from each tor

of

basis

'""''^"

lT

!'"

'.

foods with the calorific value

to be obtained

Lamb

second series of models (Table B)

restaurant

,.

cup custard
Eg salad

estimating dietary values.

\

lettuce

Strawberry ice cream

ordinary use in roughly

for

....

Tomatoes and
,,

servi n<r

cantaloupe

Creameil asparagus on toast

st ,. wi
orn
rim-ken sandwich
Bean soup
Creamed chieken on toast

thin -In-.-

glass "i

oi

'

energy ,!
n& protein content o]
worth o) restaurant portions as
served at Childs, New Tori

nts

ma-

refuse

295

table b

stuffs), of carbohydrate, Eat, water, ash

or

WAR TIME

IN

16
4

454

TABLE A

While

various uncooked foods which will yield 100

0/
calories, with pei cent of various constituents

Portions

%****> *&* ** un

";:;;;!::

lOoystera

1"
lbs. lettuce
lib. tomatoes
ih. carrots
t; II.. Leans -trine

fclb.cod

2apples

large potato

%glassmilk
1

....
....

% lb. chicken
l

llargeegg

...
.

lb. sirloin

dish prune sauce

ans (dried)
fi

dry oatmeal

small lumps sugar.

1S "'. peanuts
&olb.eheese

piece butter

.9
.9

2.1

.3

12.8

.".96

11.9
16.5

1224
1564
1811
1S14
1858

16.1

1.3

80.5
94.3
70.6
83.0
58.5
63.3
43.7
62.6
87.0
70.0
65.5
54.0
33.2

1.0

1.8

12.6

3.5

7.2

7.::

1.9

.4
.2

.3

.2

10.8

.3

1.4

1.8

14.7

.1

3.3

5.0

4.o

.5

22.3

.1

9.3
16.1

53.6
22.5
59.6
10.1
67.5
100.0
19.5
18.5
l.o
25.0
10.9

2080
3450

.2

.2

.7

2.5
3.9
7.4
0.9

n.i

289
302
314
417
960

beef

read
Via lb.

72
104
159
170
210
214

1.2
1.0

4?.

-.;

1.3

States

81.4
15.0

.8

foodstuffs,

.9

20.0

.7

7.0

world

.3
.7
.8

waii.

,,

29.1
34.0
84.0

(lnn

from Siam.

1.5

Lusk and Mr. F. C. Gephart. It is

somewhal interesting to note thai desas apple pie and the cake
;

att n

napoleon, which

as a

merely

'

among

the

most concentrated sources of food energy,

The sources of our fundamental

food

supplies and their relative importance

arc indicated
Tltat

table"

"all
is

by

roads

true in

map- and diagrams,

lend

war

as

to

the

dinner

well as peace,

P e PP er

""'

All these

.,

appear

contributions

on our tables so autothai

,,.,

(<>,]

of

their

realize

scarcely

mankind

we

maticallj

24.5

he

funda-

however

is

wheat, which, with rye and barley, supplies

from thirty-one per cent of the

orific

to tickle the palate after a

hearty meal, are themselves

mental

rice fr
.

11.2

12.8

5.0
2.0

Brazil, tea

.9

6.9

12.7

Italv.
.,

.,

.9

35.0

11a-

from

..

from

from Japan,

.5

,,

from

ol i\es

...

coffee

.7

the

"'

accessories,

.,

sor

known

'

res<

for

pineapples

29.9
25.0
41.6
2o.o

.8

fur-

depends

it

the

"l'"

.5

sources.

able to

is

nish most of the staple

Refuse

.4

United

the

value in the American dietary

to sixty-three per cenl in thai of Ft

and

this

as determined
by
and instincts is an irreduminimum which cannot safel) be

fraction

racial habits
eible

replaced from

am

other sourct

li

possible and eminently desirable,

ever, to spare the wheat

admixture

of

the

is

how-

supply by the

alternative

cereals

THE

298

AMI-:iUC.\S Ml

and rye) as in the preparation

the various kinds of war bread shown

barle]

of

Our

are fully

end

task as a nation

first

that these

minimum

to see

is

Along the shores

rice goes unutilized

The Indians

except by the wild ducks.

needs of the allied

about the Great Lakes gather wild rice

and trade it with the ammunition companies from whom it is purchased by

to increase production

what of
diminish

and

almost equal importance

is

to

The wild

hotels.

estimated by Dr. C. F. Lang-

New York

Astoria,

easily cultivated in the

the

form of

in

ment

dressings.

all

the food that comes into the

is

wasted

in

tals for the

the

home

This

kitchen.

to-

nation an annual loss of

$700,000,000.

In the exhibit are shown

methods of economy that should be

The Chinese

City.

extensive use of the soy bean,

worthy, of the United States Departof Agriculture, that one tenth of

exhibited was

rice

cooked in the kitchen of the Waldorf

make

needless waste
It is

Hudson wild

and particularly of France,

and promptly met. To this

behooves us to strain every nerve

it

deserves a wider use.

of the

in the exhibit.

countries,

SETM JOURNAL
present principally for "scallops," but

United States,

cheeses, and
There are likewise shown,

sauces,

through the courtesy of Dr.

Yamei Kin,

duck eggs that are

claimed to keep for one hundred years.
All of these unutilized foods are shown
in the exhibit in Memorial Hall, the
some

preserved

practised in the use of left-over meat,

specimens of sea foods being contrib-

and vegetables for hash or soup,

sour milk for puddings, and the utiliza-

uted by the departments of ichthyology

fish,

tion of dry bread in various ways.

smaller portions should

the table

At

may

saving

material

be

In cooking,
obtained

in

zoology of the

invertebrate

Mu-

seum.

We may

be

served, so as to prevent food being left

on the plates and wasted.

and

learn

some things pertinent

from our

to the present food crisis even

predecessors, the native Indian inhabitants of the

American continent.

The

tireless

department of anthropology has con-

cooker, of which an inexpensive form,

tributed to the exhibit, a series of speci-

time and labor by the use of a

easily

shown.

constructed

in

the

The purchasing
factor

as are the

in

is

of goods in

bulk rather than in package

portant

home,

is

an im-

household economy,

buying of the cheaper cuts of

mens and models

of

the

illustrating the skill

Indians of the Southwest in

utilizing

the

cactus

and

plants as sources of food

making bread out

other

local

supply even

of acorns after ex-

by pro-

moat and the substitution for meat as a

tracting their acrid elements

protein-supplying element in the diet, of

longed boiling.

such foodsasmilk, beans, fish, and cheese.

and pestilence
In
have always followed in the wake of
war.
The danger of epidemic disease
n almost eliminated during the
bas

Our

diet

is

largely based on habit.

All around

is

an abundance of poten-

which are ours

Along our coasts acres
mussels, tons of seaweed, and bushels

tial

unutilized

foods,

the past, famine

for the using.

present conflict through the advances

of

in

of periwinkles go to waste every year.

(

'eitain kinds of

shark have been found

lie delicious, and the United States

Bureau of Fisheries is promoting the
canning of grayfish. Skate is used at

to

the science of public health.

menace of famine,
yield

to

too,

is

The

certain

to

the application of scientific

knowledge as
tively diffused

as it can be effecthrough the medium of

fast

public educal ion,

the

hamlel

little

France

Eyiies,
tety

Charle,

o)

Sorw

The Dawn
'KAMA
By

T.

I).

of

IX

(<)( K E R E

A.

Zoology,

I
W e comIntrodm '<' to A
mniih ili\ ide the human period into the
t

historic
is

and prehistori*

considered

which tradition

main

records

:ii

The

day.

historic

which

thai

presenl

to the

thai

be

to

corded in the books,

is

of History
THREE ACTS

I,

oul

worthy deeds.

>t"i'

man

by for
as they

a> they did

The

years rolled

for the beasts;

man

of the

Lmazon.

The

do for the wild

still

remoter forests

re-

I.

University of Colorado

concerning

the

oJ

utionary

progres

roken in the

historj

proper, the

marking

Discoveries

salienl

events, did

ool

and writings thus

intervals inventions

to

dispe]

ories,

the}

were

no -

nsi

the mi-is which hide remote antiquitj

from

There

is,

however, another waj of

tlii-

matter, and

thi

rapid

re-

riistoi

dition

the recor

There was
-

withoul

.'

o history

man

effe<

thai

they

on the

length more
it

historic events.

to sensi

The

below, describing the killing of the

mammol

hhI with-

Ming
Fairfield

ribe

birth of tin-

Osborn

was

lifetime to realize thai the

and future were nol alike

lived in primitive ways,

bul

produced

advance was made, and

a

long

human mind.

\i

the flow oi

of

their existence.

'I

rare

possible in

ii

pasl

withoul

so
t(

as.

garding

Ai

and discoveries did

ever tend to press back the date of the

beginning of known history,

<>i

exist.

!!'

lines
firsl

the

age and the Dew way

human

affi

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Act

J cam

I.

rn

Fran

south* rn

is

Ah me! I fear the worst,

Ela. Ah 1110
For half the night is spent, and we're alone
Ami they, ami he, all gone to hunt the hairy
!

They can but

slain.

fail,

And

Duk

[leader of hand].

failing, leave us here alone, to starve

What matters Akak,

We have slain
The hairy mammoth, and
Will keep us

beast

Which no man yet has

cro-magnon people

with group of

e,

Ela.

What

When

all

his

meat

the winter days.

all

matters meat when he is gonef

I loved is gone, and you I hate

Come, hate us not, we did but follow

your advice.
The beast, not we, did step on Akak as he

Duk.

and weep,
While in some forest glade

naked bones

their

Lie bleaching in the sun.

fell,

[her father]. You sent them forth,

'twas your desire, you said to them,

Zun

The foremost

"Go kill the hairy mammoth, and bring home

Good meat for all the winter days."

little

Panck
life

And

ELA.

if I did,

'twas theirs to

Has

know

[wise

from

man

of tribe].
day to day

flowed unheeding on

The stream of

way.
mattered not,

Who

its

died, who lived, it

The winter cold, the summer hot,
Were parts of an appointed plan,
Which never ended, nor began.
Yet now, in midst of ebb and flow
Of human tide, a date is set

was but jesting; need they show

Such zeal to take a woman's word
As a command; as if they heard

The

We think the price

in the fight.

one for such a victory.

voices of the gods!

Zun. It was no jest but hist! I hear

A sound upon the breeze. It louder grows,
and seems to bring a message of good

This noble deed, this mighty blow,

Which killed the beast, that we might get

Our meat for winter this has met
The challenge of the cycles, and today
;

[Sound of shouting and lav (thing ; and

presently a dozen men rush into the cave
bearing the tusks, ears and tail of a
ha! Ah ha! Ah ha! Ah ha!
The mammoth's dead, and we're alive
save only one!

The Men. Ah

Save only one! Come, tell me where

is Akak, did he fall
prey to this mad beast, and you rejoice,

Historic progress lights our future way.

Zuk

Bring chisel,
[artist of the tribe].
paints, and on the cavern wall
We'll paint the scene, that in the days to be,

As bright fire rays upon the picture fall,

Our sons and their sons' sons may know that
we
The mammoth slew, and thus began

Ela.

Treading this path, he can but upward go,

His life no longer simple ebb and flow,
While Akak, slain, of all shall longest live,

while

For he was

must weep
mine own!

path of progress for the feet of

On

all

Introduction io Act //.The animals live the lives for which they are
it can scarcely he said that their
Man,
K iw lis exceed their performance.

lips of

men who eager

purporting to

among

represent

plore man's low estate,

cide to bring

man,

especially primitive

a creature

is

He

of unfulfilled promises.

is

capable

knows not what; hidden within

his mind are powers which may, under
other circumstances and in the ripe-

of he

One

ness of lime, transform the world.

ni

to

the greatesl obstacles to progress

human happiness

failure to appreciate

man's inability
ers.

Through

in general

what

is

to realize his

long

ages

is

and
the

possible;

own powthe

Cro-

Magnon man. though endowed with

splendid brain, lived
tively

and with

little

condition of things

in

progress.

is set

caves, primi-

This

forth in verses

praises give.

discussion

They

the angels in heaven.

fitted;

him

man

and

de-

finally de-

Thus, perhaps, religion comes into the world;

but, as we shall see, it is not altogether
The angels do not
intelligent or wise.
know that man must slowly and with
labor tread the upward path, that he
cannot be made over all at once. They
do not know that progress may not be
altogether beneficial, that the changes
ahead are full of woe as well as weal;
that man, did he know what was coming, might well refuse to leave his Eden
and enter upon a sea of troubles. Yet.
after all. they represent the future, and
counsel.

through much error and travail

man may

vet realize his true mission on earth.

'

THE DAWN OF
Act

ThehalUofH,

II.

Fhret

and. thi noirer e

The earth

First Angel.

,,-.

is

I,

A.NG1

EIIST0R1

ilk togethe

peopled by a

noble race of men.

Fair as the gods, endowed with ev'rj gift
To make the world anew, and so to lift
Mankind above the brutes, and set him up
In lordly state to rule the crawling host;
To ben. all nature to his will, that he may

To

later loveliness: so given time

This creatine man will show his native power.
Will blossom forth in strength as doe- the
flower
\iid come unto his very own at last!

m;u

and

is his,

sa\<

the life thereon!

all

this

wondrous

creature in the eaves

Of France and Spain, and

living such a life

A> Leasts that hunt their prey, in constant
strife
With other Leasts, to gain tin' right to live.

To Btruggle through

this world, content t.>

hold
Enough of this world's goods to shelter from

the COld
keep the flickering flame of life alive.

Ami

First Angel. 'Tis so, and yet the humble

race you saw
Has brains to rise above its low estate,
lias godlike gifts whereby it may create
Souses of wonder, filled with ev'ry gift
Of art and science, helping men to know
iii ies of nature, ebb and flow
be in
ii
life a ml dentil, and all that comes
'I

bet

ei.

The lower beasts do

V.uEi,.

8l

live

For

Second Angel.

boast

The world

301

man

this

thousand years

fifty

has trod

dull path of routine, nor has grown

In intellectual stature: nor has shown
The promise of a better state to come.
What hope remains that he will shortlj lend
The crust of ancient custom, and ascend
The throne to which his nature bids him rise

The same

Why

Third Angel.

argue thus about the

fate of man
When we have power

matter

to set the

straight.

When

we, descending,

may

point out the gate

Describe the gains of progress to the race,

now understanding, he will face
His future in the happy world to be!

Until,

The plan

First ANGEL.

is

may

good, so we

serve

Both gods and men

and as we

tell

Blind man to see, that he may dwell

In power through progress, he will spring
Toward the higher goal, and quicklj gum
The fruits of human knowledge, and attain
The conquest of the fertile fields of earth
'

their lives in full.

Hut this new creature
He knows not what he

man

i-

blind indeed.

nor can he heed

ptings of a higher power within.
His godlike gifts mean nothing to him now,
In vain did all the heavenly powers endow
This b.ing with the power to rule the earth.

Man

First Angel.

halting feet the

is,

slowly treads with

way

To higher

tlung-. and as the (lowers that blow

In li.ii-t glade*, from lowly roots must glow

Acl

.1

story.

and endless g|or\

the ancient night is past.
dawn across the sky
With radiant beams dispels t he night
I

nt

.1

powi

light Of

ige

How

..

ire

Intruding

from on high

nun ignorance

put

to flight

now, how now. n hat

these

is

sh

I,,

The

,1,1

...ins appt a

it with the king of beasts

before our mighty band:
His flesh we have for winter feasts
Our fame is spread throughout the land.

fell

First ANGEL. One

little thing

mammoth

Compared with future

.1

Is

killed!

of sttengtl

When mighty armies forward tling

Their battle lines throughout the length
And breadth of all the land
!

our cavern hall,

they by their messages
future things that iuu_\ befall:
in

Of

,,11,

.-.,-,

How went

Who

When

To

Tin

III.

ANGELS. Sleepers, waken, hear our

How mankind may come at last

The

We'll hasten forth, and

thus will break
The fatal chain of custom and set free
The mind and soul of man, that he may see
The future spread before his raptured gaze.
What joy is his to fully know his power.
What rapture comes to him in this glad hour.
When we descend to serve his utmost needl
a hi, is ili
ml in 01 Hi to con
[Tlu flu
vey their messain tn mankind.]

Second Angel.

Cave Max. To meet a mammoth multitude!

To s|a\ a thousand ev'ry day!
1'
To raise a mountain In ight of
I- tin- your golden way
The mammoths do not bus abound
Nor could we u-e the might} hoard,
1

.'

We

First ANGEL.
I

The strength

Cave Man.
it

Know

speak of power, when you

know
\oii

have to strike

blow.

The strength we have, we know

you the thing that

I'

it,,

And

of nature, look annuel

what gains these land- afford!

net,-

see

First Angel.

well,
just befell.

mean

Oh, foolish man.

did not

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUUXAL

'.>-'

No man

against thr mammoth race;

The greater war, a prize to glean
By those who go the pacel
By those who on their fellows fling
In mighty wrath the sword and spear

Will

Who
And

Second Angel.

To such the plaudits of the song

And glowing praises shall belong.
Cave Man. My
how
The meaning of your tale to read.
Shall wholesale murder us endow,
While

all the world shrill bleed?

Pray, say to us, where is the gain,

it is

(That's

win

to

.'

Cave Man.
With seven

I see it now, you are

devils in your soul,
cannot stop, you cannot rest,

While any mind is whole

The gods above would us destroy,
To make us mad they you employ
But we discern your evil plan

man
me explain

devil out of

Second Angel.

Let

another

thing:
love the cave's protecting dome:

Forget the war, and

let

us bring

The tidings of

a better home,
In city streets there shall arise
piles of caverns made by man,
The roofs ascending to the skies:
And all this wondrous plan
Shall crowd into a little space
A million members of your race.

Vast

Cave Man. We love the forest, and

Here and there from out our home,

Third Angel. A better story I will tell,

Of Nature conquered by the mind,
Of knowledge that may serve you well
Of secrets you may find
By seeking out the laws that hold
The universe within their sway,
The laws that make the leaf unfold
And send the night to follow day.
So knowing these you may command
The mighty forces of the earth
And from them all in time demand
Whatever is of worth.
Such power is gained in peaceful ways
Nor need

to

roam

wide expanse of land

Surrounding us on either hand;
We love the sunshine and the air,
The woodland sounds and blossoms fair
What have you in exchange for this?
What hidden good for all our bliss?
love the

To

to

any bring

science then

Who know

its

birds

distress:

give our praise

to bless!

We know

Cave Man.

We know

we

power

the time the wild

fly.

the bursting of the flowers,

The autumn tints, and when must

The summer's golden hours.
But you would tempt us to aspire
To godly wisdom, such as may

claim ns theirs the very soil,

Which may be bought or sold.

Has

\imI

Max.

din' gnins hit ours,

and hard we

strive
I'"

keep the mil ura] mini alive,

We kmm

not

what you mean by wealth

n be neither strength nor health.

What gain to any one ti> own
ii'

The

earth, though

it

is

ids

alone?

die

Such simple knowledge guides our way.

Second Angel. You live but poorly, could

you know
The power of wealth, the use of gold;
How some may live, and daily grow
More wealthy, till on growing old
They own the fruits of thousands' toil,

('AVE

well.

The strivings of antiquity

Our drawings on the wall of stone
Our figurines of bisou bone
In days to come will yet survive:
So shall we almost seem alive
And give our message from the past
To those who find them out at last.

With heavy hand of might.

We

the picture's sold).

What pockets are we do not

know.
Nor do we understand your plan:
But we would ask if you could show
Such canvas images of man
To those in ages yet to be
That they might almost seem to see

lord it over all the earth,

see your flag of war unfurled
\\ In inn
men have birth
And doing this heroic thing
To live as heroes in the fight,
And culture to the nations bring

To make a

why

Cave Man.

world,

To
To

You

note your drawings on

your labor will your pockets swell

With cash from those you serve so

for all this pain!

The gain

First Angel.

We

the wall

Of bison, mammoth, horse and deer;

The work is crude, yet you may call
The Muse of Art, and she will hear,
Will show you how on cloth to paint
Fine pictures you may frame with gold,
To show a sinner as a saint

wits are dazed, I kr

What compensates

there is among our band

would be lord of all the land,
thrust us forth in dire distress

That he might then the world

Should any wish to do this deed
We should esteem him mad indeed!

By bloody deeds thus conquering

And filling all the world with fear

You

l:.

lit

the angels; brave the fire

Of heavenly wrath that mortal man

Has dared

to lift the sacred veil

That since the morning time began

stood to warn us lest

we

fail

For man is heir to man's estate

Nor may he enter Heaven's gate. 1
[The angels leave, baffled and perplexed.]
1

Man

today

is

midway

in

the development urged

upon him by the Angels of the drama, there

"the future, and through much error and

is still

travail

THE SEASON OF WILD FLOWERS

IN DUOTONE AND SUGGESTIONS REGARDING
CERTAIN SPECIES NEEDING PROTECTION

WITH REPRODUCTIONS

THE BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET

If

only for the

of the little children of future generations,

let iu give personal care to the wild Bowdisappearing through reckless picking and uprooting. Possession in tin hand
i a satisfaction, but if we stop to consider
there is a greater satisfaction.
All the beaut; of Held and woodland, the color, the fragrance, the song of birds, the wind
these are our possessions
We do not need to imprison the wind or kill the liird. We do not need even to own the land on which the Bun shines and the flowNo power can dispossess us in this heritage or remove us from this intimate relation, for by right
-:>!<-

we are part of the whole.

Viola pedata
grows in samlv plaees (exposed to full sunshine: compare its leaf
shade loving speeies and is the largest of the violet family in America
It
ha
slread
man] localities
The common blue violets (Fi'ola paimata) may be picked without comthe fringed polygahi. they produee seeds in the late fall from underground tie

of the life in ourselves,

The
with the

lord's foot violet

leaves.

tincl

punction,

,,f

in

for, like

q,

~ '

g a

.2

S =

?|

is

1 = S

SI

II
s

|
i

a
e

J '"l *S

IS

| ? -d J

~-

11

0-

i 1 3
i-

* =

g g

r ~

<,-;;
3

1 |

fe

=
S |

it

,.

<Il.llll-.i1l

jii'^;-=ni

fl||s|l*il

-2

J,

~ S

g g

o i
LU
tj

J."

o
m

1 =
s

.5

&|1

lilt

e
2
-

-=

11

- i-

~ ~ *

1
"I

"
i

s
-a

|a

* I

g-g 8

-=

* s
I

|||

1 1 s" 1
I a 2 5

;nfse
a= =

=:==

S _

"5 '

<

g I

'E

.-a

f,

*lj
III- 1
S.

I r
I

"8

11*

| g 8

'f

ifi J

1^

AMERICAN WILD
Our marsh

IRIS

Un>

flag

< i-

"fleur de-lis"

or

sicnlor),

"Fleur-de-Louis," it is the
national flower of Prance and
perhaps something besides
[

mere chance has dictated that

fleur-de-lis

cultivated

the

be

should

America

so
this

popular

in

summer

of

1917], is of the "truest blue,"

and has "a sword for its leaf"

flower of chivalry,.

They are said

always

be

partial

Self-pollination

by

both

the

is

to

early

pollen.

to

blue.

prevented

position

parts in the flower

too

the

cross-pollinate

Bees
blue flag.

of

the

and the

maturity of the
a bee alight on

Watch

a drooping outer leaf and follow its guiding lines upward

and then downward toward
the nectar cup, pushing its

body under the

above,
the

leaflike roof

and leaving by the

route.

Butterflies reach

nectar

with their long

without entering

same

"tongues"

the chambers where the pollen

but there is a bountiful
lies

supply, enough for

all

THE RARE LARGE

PURPLE-FRINGED
ORCHID
Flowers and insects
espe
dally bees and butterfliesevolved side by side, and
each is dependent on the

Many

other.

moved
woods

make
lack

wild plants, re-

garden from
marsh,
cannot
because of the

the

to

or

seeds

their

of

insect

agents.

The orchids advertise their

nectar and pollen (for beebread for young bees) by
color and fragrance.
The
latter is probably the more
potent, for a bee doei

except

well

when very near

the

object, but it smells a

flower at a great distance and
will go unerringly even to a
hidden flower, which, more
over, seems hut faintly fra

of

years

fringed
erect

past,

thl

have stood
purple shadows of

orchids

like

woodland marsh. Today they

the

purple-fringed

/,; phariglottit

without

orchid

grandifiora

transferring
the
decorating their eyes
.mi] heads with sticky pollen
masses again and again

pollen,

THE SHOWY
These fairest

of

LADY'S-SLIPPER,

America's wild flowers

(Ct/i>rip<>(!iitm

WHITE AND ROSE-RED

s/i>'rtnblii),

together with the yellow lady's-slip

and the stemless pink moccasin, are certain to he among the first of our wild
flowers to become extinct. The showy lady's-slipper may grow in the darkest, most impenetrable part of the
tamarack swamp, yet one ruthless hand after another is sure to find it out. The right conditions for this
species are found but rarely, growth is very slow, seed making is not always successful.
Such plants should
no longer be picked. They should never be used for classroom study in any grade of institution. Some of
our native cypripediums might be domesticated. It would be good to study the question of domestication of
wild flowers, instituting a system and fashion for "wild flower gardens,*' with supply stations for plants and
seedlings corresponding to our nurseries and hothouses for cultivated plants
per, the small fragrant yellow,

310

GRASS PINKS FROM THE BORDER OF THE MARSH

bobolinks singing, bees
Where all i- motion and life and comradeship, wind
They are often
oka {Lime
ing from flower to flower, crow the row purple gra
accompanied by one or both of two other sm.-.M orchids the rose pogonia and arethuBB afl three too
with
a hidden hinge which
pollen
Each grass pink flower has a cup of
a-ily uprooted from the moss.
>

flj

,ngs np.-n
The species seems to be an isolated record of a previous and more simple state of
flower and the seed pod not twisted; if it is this, all
I family, where the lip was above in the
These beautiful -mall orchids should be eliminated from all
intermediate forms have become extinct
.PT.lv for botanical study in schools

oil

SYMBOLIC OF THE QUIET OF SUMMER WOODS

Small "wild flower reservations" should be set apart by the government in the haunts of the choicest species,
all parks and forest and game reservations.
The delicate
waxy pipsissewa, or prince's pine (Chima/ihila umbellata), is typical of the low, woods flower which children pick
by the handful thoughtlessly and scatter withered along the way home. If schools will but emphasize the really important things in botany, boy and girl scouts and all children will enforce protection of rare wild flowers

and laws against picking wild flowers should operate in

312

WELL WORTHY OF CULTIVATION

The groundnut (Apios tuberoaa]
and with the fragrance

s a climbing annual vine having maroon and lilac flowers of

the English violet. The groundnut (it has an edibl
belongs to the pea famil>
family of unusual interest because of its fodder value in
and alfalfas, and food value
beans and peas, seeds in which starch, suu'ar, and proteids
manufactured by the plant) have been stored in such stable form that tin
!..
shipped to all
quarter! of the globe.
Members of the pea family have the wonderful power of collecting nitrogen

velvet texture
like tuber)

from the air of the soil. The work is done by millions of bacteria which li\. in minute protuberances
on the roots. Farmers are learning to enrich the soil bj growing clover or cowpeaa and ploughing
the cropi under, or the; alternate various crops with some member of the pea famCj
also they increase their clover, bean, c.r pea crop tenfold or more by wetting the seeds before planting with a cul
;

lure of the bacteria

313

FLOWERS OF THE CHESTNUT TREE

They are unendurably sweet, but beautiful to the eye, drooping above the leaves instead of underneath as
the oaks. The trees (Castanea dentata) bloom in July (Massachusetts) and the nuts (note the five or six
young burs toward the upper part of the branch) do not ripen until late fall; they are prisoners on the trees until
November frosts open the burs unless perchance some foresighted squirrel bite off the branches a few weeks
earlier.
Botanists have scarcely begun what is possible in nut tree breeding from the standpoint of food production.
Experiment, however, has already obtained, by grafting the chestnut of Japan upon our native chinquapin (which
though small is very sweet), an extremely prolific chestnut with all the requirements for commercial handling and
immune to the chestnut blight. The secret to remember is that nut trees are living individuals, no two being alike
nuts, and that a wisn
in rate of growth, tendencies regarding time and amount in fruiting, and size and flavor c
selection, with grafting, is certain to revolutionize our ideas as to what can be expected of

among

31C

FLOWERS
Beechnuts, though most delici
explored for the beech treei

IN

PREPARATION FOR BEECHNUTS

are small and soldo

marketed in this country. Some day the woods
{Fayus americana) wi
superior nuts (they vary greatly in size) for
igation
The
chnu has rich food and mas values, while yielding a high grade of oil. With
a
the increasingly high co*t of meat
re are importing more nuts.
American nut culture should be looked
There
cannot
into.
tr
tannot be grown for
any annual harvests of nuts and a final harvest
of wood also, making a farmer's wood lot or even a steep hillside as valuable as the best agricultural land.
If
a hickorj with poor nuts be cul for lumber, graft on the l--t shagbark. Transplant young nut tri
is,

will be

walnut,
storj
to

grail

chi

(keeping

gather

il

nitl

one

cul Ion

.it.

the finest

of locust, or
I

..f

annual

,,f

the results of the food crisis

ro]

their kind.

Then multiply

crop by planting an under

member of the pea famUj
undoubtedly receive a strong

this

either case a

Nut culture in America

and war of 1!H7

with the nul trees.

will

'

Wmr

"

Weird Diseases

of Africa

THE STORY OF STRANGE PARASITES WHICH TRAVEL FROM MAN TO

MAX THROUGH THE AGENCY OF TSETSE FLY. MOSQUITO,
OR OTHER INTERMEDIATE HOST"

WALTER

By

I'r.'M'Irnt

..["

\,-u

lli.-

FROM
tinent"

earliest tunes the "I >ark

home

lon-

has been known a- the

of peculiar men and beasts.

Modern science, especially medical science, now teaches as thai the minute,
even microscopic,
less

life

of

Africa

is

no

and remarkable, espesympparasites produce in the

individual

cially its parasitic life, while the

toms these
unfortunate human beings infested bj
them are equally weird and generally
extraordinarily unpleasant.
Alany of
the diseases produced by these microscopic

have

parasites

physicians-

at

least

been
as

known

far

as

to

their

Bymptoms were concerned for many

years, bul only lately have the wider
settlement <>|' A I'fiea ami the progress
of medical science, with the establishment of schools "I tropical medicine

ami Harvard
those at Liver]
University, made the nature id' these
important diseases clear to us.
In the slavery days in America it
was noticed that often in a shipload id'
like

who had been captured

slaves

and

number would

the

in

sent here, a large

sicken in a peculiar

way

and then die.

Tlie\ first became dull
and listless, then so drowsy that they
could

!"

roused only

with great

diffi-

They refused

to eat ami then

and subtler symptoms were
It
id.
was natural that illness
ami death should he ascribed to homesickness.
These people, we mm realize, had
the "sleeping sickness."
In
their jungle homes they had been bitten
l,\
the tsetse Hie- that had pre^ iouslj
bitten persons, or perhaps animals, having this disease, and had conveyed the
For the germ
way.
a worm, not a bacterium - inhabits the
blood of its uetim, and multiplies

culty.

died.

>ther

1,1

containing

them

M.-.ti.-iii..

taken into

germs mul
the

as

the

inti

two human beings) and go through a

phase in their lives that may he likened
to use a comparison familiar to us
all to one of the stages in the hie ol
a butterfly. The progeny find their waj
to the salivary glands of the fly and lie
there, ready to be injected into the
blood of the next person to whom the
If we take a
tsetse turns for a meal.
drop of blood from the finger of a person who is in the advanced stage of
sleeping sickness, and put it under a
powerful microscope, a remarkable situ-

ation
of

evident.

Enormous numbers

parasites

(trypanosomes) are
apparently aim-

is

the

rushing

seen

about,
knocking the

lessly,

about like so

wonders that

blood

corpuscles

many ninepins, and one

a man could live at all

with such weird things going on

in his

blood.
W hole tribes of blacks in Africa have
n annihilated by (his disease and. as
one of the methods of controlling it, it
I

ha- been suggested that in the pan- of

Africa most affected, the wild game
should he killed oil', for it has bei a
show n that animal-, loo. mav lie hostfor such para>ite- and thus help to preThe law- that secure the
serve them.
perpetuation of the-.- minute enemies
in. in

ol

are jusl a- effective as the correto us to work

sponding law- that seem

for our benefit.
Nature

iimpartial.
he sure -he ha- given u- an illteili-

'J'o

This paraaite is the 1 rypanoioma

is generally called the trypanocome of sleeping
Sllrl,
Sickness.
|..-ir:eit.- _. n,-r:ill>
hits I,, live
different kinds of animals in order in round
nut IN ,-,,ui|.]> Ir he
t,.t
.,.
:,r
,.|,i
1

and

:.

two

Site

Hi.'

called

Two

tli.-

sickness,

the

of

A. :ulrin\

host "

there.'

When

JAMES

B.

York

'

host-

mi.

In the

the

;m- ;ilw:i\s

in. .ii.

t-..t-..

n.

.if

flj

i...

,ii.-

is

I,

tlir

Hi,-

I.

sum.

other, the "final

trypano ome
the intern

is
:;t:i

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

geriee thai leads us. or

ought to lead

us.

Then

existed.

it

bores

its

way through

to tlic use of microscopes, laboratories,

the wall of the mosquito's stomach, and

and through these

travels forward through the body until

it arrives at the base of the hill or proboscis. Here it curls itself up and waits

com-

to a successful

bat with disease: but as an offset to

this, she has. as a rule, made us more
susceptible to disease than are the lower
animals. As far as we know the antelope with trypanosomes in the blood is
not made ill by them.
The killing of
the vast herds of buffalo that mice

ranged our own western prairies was

in order that these lands
support great herds of cattle;
perhaps when the Dark Conticomes to he settled, it may be

accessary

might

and
nent

so

necessary to

most or

kill

game animals

in

all

of the wild

order to eliminate this

terrible disease.

One

of the most peculiar of all tropiand one that is very com-

cal diseases,

mon

in

asis.

caused by a parasite called the

In the blood of persons suffer-

some parts of Africa,

is

filari-

filaria.

ing from

it

able little

worms

there are found innumerthat can be seen only

by the aid of a microscope. These are
present only at night in the blood that
is circulating.
At about five o'clock in
the afternoon they begin to appear in
the blood, having been hidden away in
the body until this time, and they remain in the circulation until about
midnight when they begin to diminish.
By eight or nine o'clock in the morning
they have all disappeared, and a search
of the blood under the microscope after
They are now
this fails to reveal any.
collected in certain large blood vessels
deep in the body, especially in the
lungs, where they remain hidden until
they go out on their next nocturnal excursion.
The parasite is conveyed to human
beings by the bite of certain kind- of

its host begins to feed upon a

warm-blooded animal, when it passes
out and finds its way into the 'in illation of the animal.
These filarialbehave in a curious way which has the
same effect as though dictated by intelligence: that is, when the mosquito, in
the absence of animal food, feeds upon
fruit, such as bananas, the filaria does
not leave its comfortable berth but continues to wait until it has the chance to
enter the circulation of a warm-blooded
animal. A possible explanation of this,
however, is that when a mosquito bites
a human being, it first injects a small

until

amount

of fluid secreted in

its

salivary

This fluid prevents the blood

from coagulating and stopping up the
very small bill through which it is
drawn.
This poisonous substance is
the cause of the swelling and itching
that follow mosquito bites.
It is notgland.

known but

that the filaria

is

injected

it is fair to assume
would not need to inject
he secretion when feeding on bananas,
as banana juice does not coagulate.

along with

this, for

that the insect

i

When the parasites find themselves

injected into the blood of a man. the
host," they travel about in the
circulation until they find a resting
"final

place in one of the larger main lymph

vessels, and here they settle down for
the rest of their lives, one or more males

and one or more females

coiled

up

to-

gether.
From this point they send out
into the blood current every evening
innumerable broods of young which are

takes from a

the ones that rest by day and circulate

by night; and so the life cycle is run.
over and over again.
Their nocturnal

mal as the

activity

The mosquito

mosquitoes.

bites,

and

man (or from some anicase may be) blood which

In the
contains these small worms.
stomach of the mosquito (the intermediate host) the parasite goes through
certain definite changes or metamorphoses which are just as necessary to its

complete

life as

are the different phases

in the lives of butterflies, moths,

great

many

from

insects.

skin or shell

First
in

it

which

and

escapes
it

has

is

supposed to be related to the

fact that their intermediate hosts, the

carry on their predatory

excursions after dark, and therefore it
would be of no avail for the little para-

mosquitoes,

sites to get into the circulation in the

This is an evidence of Nadaytime.
ture's thought for the preservation of
a species that, from our point of view,
is

useless.

U7-.7/,7>

When
ll

ted

of

worms have

parent

the

lymph

large

.i

leg

/;/.-7-.'.l

raising

have started

in

water ihe\ are taken up by a

minute aquatic creature called
which becomes the intermediate host,
and within its body they go through one
I

we

in entire

find thai

large family,

of their life phases.

disregard of the

The Cyclops later is taken into the

human being's stomach in the drinking
water, where it perishes and it- minute
body is dissolved in the gastrii

comfort of their host, they have completely blocked up the vessel, and

ed

[i

<

hroni
below.

The limb
whole limb
becomes of enormous size, and
supposed liken.-- to hi shap

then

from
less

slow

its

This sets free in the native's stomach

the contained living larvae, one
which ma\ then -nee
boring

of an elephant, the disease

leg

of

is

When we
"elephantiasis."
tropics,
especially
in
Africa, and see as one often does
a
person with enormous enlargemenl of
one arm ami hand or one leg and foot,
we may be quite sure that it is a ease
now

the

in

and that there is a colony,

described, living in the armpit
These eases occur also in
other countries, indeed in almost everj
and subtropical land
into
which the disease is introduced through
travel.

malaria,

like

It.

be pre-

to

i-

vented onlj by getting rid of mosquiintermediate host.

toes, the

There

another species of

is

the Filaria loa, ver

which

ma

r<'\

Qg

it-,

ties in

the

il

in

soi

it

"ii nt ry.

'

them

skin of the back, for in

instincl

leads

this part

to seek

il

of the body.
In

bem ath

the tissues jus!

its

'

site's

often in the lower eyelids,

produces uncomfortable swell-

find

For this reason, too, apparently,

the female worm seeks the native's
lower limbs, for these come mosl
tai
h nli puddles of water, and n i- in
puddle water that the Cyclo
eialh abounds.
In India, water carriers bearing skins of water on their
backs are subjecl
inn of the

\ frii a,

l-sucking

hi

to

eyi le.

man

to

common

thai

skin,

where

filaria,

in

transmitted

is

worm

urges the developing

way through the body toward the skin

in order that it may place it- numerous
young on the surface, as in this waj
only can thej find the
'yt lops
m --an to the completion of their life

of filariasis,

tropica]

through the stomach wall into the body

tissues.
Now an imperative instinct

called

travel

32]

the

se-

the base

vessel at

an arm. for instance, and

"i-

Mine A

OF

>'/>

of these organisms

all

we

behavior

methods
even

and their
wonderful

Nature's

sei

for the continuation of life of

lowest species.
Design, and

the

successful design,

Another peculiar Afrii an parasite is

worm.
This, too, has an

the guinea

nown

four

very

of the male
slender

attaining
in adult

diately

lengl

feel

life,

is

worm,

",,.

found imme-

grown

fully

it

its

host,

pierces this skin

tation

their

irri-

and suffering and perhaps

dis-

to

way

the

it

has caused

host.

The

life

for

\T a

thai
th

for us

plagued by them: thai she

to take care of ourselves
the weapons she has put into our

a ith

to

us

hands or

else perish

who

our

intellects,

for aid

to

and make way

for

use her gifts to better pur-

11

us,

therefore, to use

our only
si

In

much

taki
:

plague u- as she does

lai

into the water as the natives

walk through streams and puddles.

as

Nature's

musl

but

looks

others

much

tlii- ti

jn-t

successive crops.

ability

children

fore entering,

and through the minute aperture extrudes countless minute young or larvae,
P-\

hosen

mediately under the skin of

in

has probabl;

It

and the ostrich.

ii

beneath the skin

lower limbs.

when

is just as surely seen

the lives of the trypanosomes, the
and the guinea worm as in

the wonderful strength of the elephant,

hide of the rhinoceros, or the

interesting life history.

female,

in

filariae,

real

disease,

science, which

only hope of victory.

weapon

and

to

in

turn

offers us the

SHAGGY-MANE AND INK-CAP

If

we knew more about

luxuries, they could be

made

the

many

about the same as the potato.

These two familiar examples are

mushrooms, which now rank

our food supply. In protein value

edible varieties of

a valuable addition to

common in the rich soil of lawns and elsewhere in

autumn, ink-cap (Copriiiu* atratit>'titaritix) being the more abundant. Shaggy-mane (('oprivus cmnntus),
which is considered one of the very best and most digestible of the mushrooms, is conspicuous on account
of its shape and its striking pinkish, reddish, and purplish tints, all often seen at the same time on one
plant.
Ink-cap is less attractive in appearance, and is more available for catsup than for other food

Wild Mushrooms
W

By

ILL-] A M
Director of the

assistant

E immense importance of the

Til

question

food

present

the

at

time naturally suggests the use

of wild

foods

and manj of the wild

Ne^

as Food'

M V

A.

R R

forms until

edible

harmless.

If

mushrooms might be made

valuable

at

if

the pub-

rank poison.

knru

lic

enough about

them.

the surplus

\a-t

winteruse.

the

might

in

canned or dried

l'

for

The popular and widespread interest

mushrooms of all kinds is almost
This

phenomenal.

due

is

to

their

beautj of form and color and the sup-

surrounding their origin

stei

as to the

well

as

vth,

Their nutritive

certain kinds for food.

very

nut

use of

being aboul

great,

variety in flavor and add greatly to the

relish for other

for existence

dible

greater there.

is

and poisonous

ate Letter

known hv

all

pie.

lnna n

almosi

<

for a botanisi

is

all

wild

The

possible with

way

of

a-,'
i

'i

im

population.
lnall\

Bvi

excellent

All

known

in

in
r

which

in

tin- country

Eon

gO

feu

hut

should

it

no serious mistakes

that

he

the aid of figures to de-

striking kinds in such a

will

lie

made.

Pale
Yellow
( 'oral
Mushroom
Bushy, seven to fifteen centimeters high, five
ten centimeters wide; base thick, fleshy,
"lute. iliviiliiiL; :ilnu|.t h into a dense mass
of en .1. pa
vellow branches, the i]
deeply colored but fading with age; flesh
l(

ThiS excellent. aS well as

coral

mushr
in

occur-

woods
In

during

collecting

might give

for

heautiflll.

rather

abun-

warm,
it,

the

wel
base

which

insects,

disagreeable flavor to the

hole plant. 2

The coral mushrooms are easilj

known by their striking n semblam e to
of branched coral.
Thi
grow
on the ground or on rotten wood in
5

in

kllld-

season because thej

kind-

on ac-

bieflj

the

to

those not accustomed

should be examined

collected by the natives.

mushrooms
i

l>\

distinctions:

weather.

ti

i-

difficulty

tine

dantly

classi

count of the thorough manner

owing

task,

sible

res]

scribe

Mushroom eating is much more common m Europe than in imerii a The

tl

is

mar
may be

Eruil

number of similar form- among

mushrooms which are distinguished

with
to

ait racl ive

te

equal t" that of cabbage, Inn th

and

in a

writer on tin- subject undertakes

\en

specimens are available throughout the

summer and autumn, and

proved

new country with

hand, which may be good or

Any

Fresh

are

beginner, he

is

an abundance of

addition to our food supply

other-

one

an explorer

like

I,

Botanical Garden

v<>rk

to ;;-

dense -hade, and arc usually n

yellowish in color. When tender and of
:

are different

from

Europe.

mild flavor, they make

knowledge regarding the edible

Nome of them

a delicio

are know

to be poison-

and poisonous properties of mushrooms

1

ixperiments, either intcnntional.

ne

The

oneself

tllustratii

colored.

Tl-

tipped brani

oi

to

The golden Clavaria

known
igraphe !>

tl

rarer

similar bul w
red-tipped ' lavaria
i-

has

red

MUSHROOih

117/./'

mis. although a

mushr
other mushrooms
Coral

ter.

as

few are insipid or bit-

may

juice, then thickened

summer

late

are, or escalloped,

or stewed slowly for half an hour with

the usual seasoning and a

FOOD

tures during spells of wel

lemon

little

growing
nizing
time,

autumn,

or

and cooked longer

Oyster

in

habil

of

one

in circles will aid

in recog-

should be cooked for some

It

it.

owing

weather
[ts

tough texture. 1

to its

Mushroom . Convex

nearly

or

until tender.

Edible Boletus. Convex,

sis to

twenty

centimeters broad, three to four centimeters

thick; surface smooth, varying in color from
ochraceous brown to reddish brown, sometimes paler; flesh compact, two to three
centimeters thick, unchanging, white or yellowish, taste sweet and nutty: tubes white
and stuffed when young, yellow en greenish
yellow "hen mature, changing to greenish
ochraceous when wounded, about two centi
meters long: stem stout, Iiecoming bluish or
discolored when wounded, wholly or partially
reticulate, solid, yellow ish w ithin, five to ten
centimeters long, three to four centimeters
thick.

This excellent species of Boletus

abundant, well-known, and widely
t

ributed

thin n

in

Is

dis-

hroughout tem-

'The cap

n scions.

is

large and

is

usually yellowish brown, while the stem

is

more or

above.

loss

variety,

reticulate to the base,

from

the

Ii

another

in

brow nish

is

by

its

colored

much used

often sliced and dried

in

mild
tubes.

Europe,

foi

Large quantities are shipped

use.
this

i-

i-

is

to

ountn Prom Russia and elsewhere.

best

baked

in

covered dish for

an hour, after removing the tubes and

stem and cutting

il

into small pieces.

Fairy-ring Mushroom. -Convex

to ex-

In

Hungary,

of

elm

it

cultivated on sections

is

The

logs.

confused

with

mushi

sapid

tinguished, a-

proper!

its

ies

they

but

masses and
that

use as

tender

caps

I.

I'

in

such

lacl

large

ogni ed

rei

recommended for
The young and

should

slowly

in

readily

so

they are to be

general

leasl

occur

are

dis-

are similar.

Both specie- are rather to\igh and

flavor,

is

country and

this

in

it

our present purpose need not be

for

be

selected

saucepan

and

for

at

twenty minutes.

"Masked" Tricholoma. Thick,

firm,

convex to expanded, five to twelve centimeters

broad; surface moist, lilac or purple, fading
to grayish, becoming slightly brownish on
the di-k: margin inrolled and frosted when
young; flesh white, firm, pleasant to the
taste, becoming dull-colored with age; spon
dingy white, dull pinkish Ln mass; stem
short, solid, often bulbous at the base, lilac
'ii
ioli t, threi
to six cenl imeters long, one
and one half to three centimeters thick.
-

>.

The "masked" Tricholoma

inglj

valuable, ol excellenl

drying easily, two to

meters broad; surface buff or tawny, fading
with age .ir on drying: flesh thin, white, of
gills
and taste
j ellowish
white; spores white; stem slender, tough,

species.

yellowish white, villose-tomentose, five to

eight centimeters long, two to four mil

rich

gh,

it"i

confused

easily

strigosi

be distinguished

differently

ies
is

maj

Boletus

bitter

and

flavor

and

It

stem

the

unci

the stem, as well us the cap,

lilac in color.

especially

reticulate,

one

In

ne cluster,

The oyster mushroom is very common on dead trunks of deciduous rees,

especially elm, from June to November.

ma\

Ii

be

among weed,

fields

is

flai

with

r,

and

dangerous

found
or long

during the autumn months.

thick.

The very excellent little fairy-ring

mushroom is to be looked for in pas-

ould

ery

careful

in

pii

ti

pecies

yellowish
itt,

brown
li.-i

vine.

and

spores;
l,|-i,

I.

certaii

mil

2%lfli

WILD MUSHROOMS AS FOOD

[ts large size

and the

iolet

parts

should

from most other

species.

of all

its

or lilac tint

distinguish

it

In large, ma-

bricks

cies,

:::

In the cultivation of this spe-

therein.

suitable

spawn are planted

of

and

soil

conditions

the

in

of

growth attended
This is the mushi

to

weather, which somewhat changes the

market, either

the fresh stag.' or in

appearance of the mushroom and

cans.

ture specimens, the flesh becomes sofl

and readily absorbs water during wet

ens

its

less-

value for edible purposes.

"Perplexing" Hypholoma.

for

Convex

tinto

nearly plane, clustered, five to eight centimeters broad; surface smooth, dry. bri.-kream colored to
COlored to bay. the margin
ochraceous; flesh usually of mild flavor.
sometimes hitter, white or nearly BO, becom
ing yellowish with age; gills sometimes
slightl] greenish, and finally purplish brown:
stem straw-colored above, ochraceous or
reddish below, six to ten centimeters long,
five to seven millimeters thick.
<

h.i

young plants

get

to

it

themselves to

Greal care must be

one species.
ii.

fungi

collect

in the fields limit

taken

usually found in

in

pel's.. n-

M.>st

with great care. 1

of the

deadly amanita when collecting "but-

common mushroom

tons" of the

may appear

poisonous Panceolus which

mushroom

in

at the

Also beware of the

Woodlands.

,-A^v of

beds.

Ink-

The "perplexing" Hypholoma occurs

sllgl

abundantly on stumps and roots of deciduous trees in autumn, appearing

in

conspicuous reddish clusters

erable
g

It

size.

in quality,

is

ies for

s]

mens

food,

being useful because of

fresh

i-

si

of mild flavor should be

minutes.

thirty

Soaking

foi

in

al

least

water with

late

in close clusters,

tained

t,,

face

five to

dry.

when broken;

gills

white when

be.ing salmon pink, and finally

or blackish; spores dark brown; ring
delicate, inconspicuous, funnel from a thin,
white veil, which covers the gills in their
younger stages; stem smooth, white, three to
and one half n> two
centimeters thick.

young,

brown

The common mushroom occurs in

meadows or on rich, moist,

low grass in

upland pastures, being common after

from August to October in this

rain-

The "spawn,"

latitude.

portion,

upon

is

the

hidden
dead

or

in the soil

it

it

in

As

appears

usually he ob-

to

deliques-

its

must ! cooked

and feeds
found

is

verj

collected.

Shaggy-mane.

At

oblong,

first

panding and deliquescing with

ex-

a-.

centimeter- m .liam.-t.-i
surface shaggy,
white, with yellowish er brownish scales,
tinged with lilac in places, gravish black uu
the margin, blai kening with age: flesh white,
tender, of nultv flavor; gills white when
foi ng, banging to pink, then to black,
finally melting away into an inky fluid;
spares black; ring white, small, movable "i
slightly adhering, often falling away at an
-tag.-:
earlj
stem slender, smooth, white.
seven tci twelve centimeters Inllg.
six

The shaggy-mane
on-

object

though

it

i-

'Tic United

organic matter

may

Owing

haracter,

soon after

silky,

it

it

,-\

nine centimeters broad; surand whitish, it fioccose

sqnamulose and light reddish brown, the
color being chiefly in tin- scales; flesh white,
thick, solid, of mild flavor, sometimes becom

panded,

common

and elsewhere during

greater abundance than the

in

mane.
cent

Convex

an excellent

is

quite

i-

summer and autumn.

fore cooking improves the flavor.

Common Mushroom.

ink-cap

edible species and

rich soil on law as

vinegar for twenty minutes be-

little

The

In collecting this

young and

and they should

a

very

edible, but not

n- late appearance.

especially on the disk, grayish i.r brownish,

Often with a yellowish tint, blackening with
age; flesh whit.-. .|uickly deliquescing gills
white when young, soon becoming black and
slender.
black;
stem
dissolving:
spores
smooth, white, five tn ten centimeters long.

ton
I'.-

mi

i- a

lawns

verj

in

not always so
States
l'

e,

Department
iii

autumn,
abundant

al-

as

ol Agriculture
gladly furnish informs

w int.-r rimntli-

-ra-s
ill) everywhere among the low
room usually on the market, fresh or
must lip taken not to get young plant
i

(.Lueoperdon cvathiforme) . Although this puffball occurs commonly in

meadows and pastures, its excellent food qualities are little known. Puffquickly
fungi for the beginner and are easy to obtain. Being tender, they cook
See al-o figure on opposite page)
and are easily digested.

Common

Hi,

raM.rn

pasture puffbaU

I'nited States in

balls are the safest of all

MUSHROOm

WILD

ire h

pecui

and decided

singh

rarely

to attracl

fails

considered one of the

i>

lli-l-tll.lc

I1IM-1

colors,

often eaten

llf

raw

'

1<

Eor-

l.\

imes, tin- species occurs

quantities
-nli-

in

in

in-

then
sunplv.

It

Tin

loose

rich,

weedy
an

'S

places,

importanl

requires

,kl

little

-\ iuu'
i

from

differs

nass

in-i.l.

-urriiiuiil.il

vliil.-

III.-

cooking, ami

i-

liow

Tin- stem ai

puffball.

iir*

by a layer of jelly-like

puffball

in

lii.

broiled

I" -i

soned simply

Large,
rounded,

i.r.

five In

lil'tcen

basi

short

tli.-

smooth,
purplish

c-nitiiiieteis in

and

gray or

whitish

This puffball

iliain-

becoming

p irplish

'

surface

tlii.-k:

brown,

brown.

nly in the
-

pastures where the

may

Ik-

common mushroom

expected i" grow, but

led qualil

appear

sons.

Ii

its

excel-

t" be u iikn<.\\ n to

i- tlir

largest puffball

in this

region except the giant puffball,

which

i-

grows

much

in circles,

rarer.

ami

it

It

ha- been

known

<J0[

"THE GRIZZLY BEARS

L80S Lewie and Chirk made their memorable exploration of the Northwest, penetrating
and to the mouth of the Columbia, the gritolj bear had not yel learned to fear the white
implement whose bite slung so sharply.
Tradition says thai these powerful and ferocious animals
I

the Missouri
i-i

Old West

Recollections of the

APPRECIATION OF THE HIS' ORICAL CANVASES OF IM

AND PIONEER AMER1 AX LIFE PAINTED BY
WILLIAM DE LA MONTAGNE CARY

THE

EO

By

passage

swift

G E

i;

man

thing

mind

today.

of

Mosl of us forgel thai this country has

nearly three hundred

a history of

men then

of n Inch, to the

li\

were

there

and

years,

Eewer

pie

interests were

to as.

is

those

in

diverse,

less

work

For

people

tin'

tending from

up

Clark

completion of

and romantic

River

is

and

in

the

transcon

possess

Law rence,

stirring

made

the explorations

and

lead

is

of securing
n

had

it

lark, but

been beckonii

westward into unl now

dry Southwest
:

E.

the spring

in

way

their

century

an

-low

the

-and bars

to St.

Louis,

In the

attraction

was

We

can pic-

progress of the
t

he

way

in

steam-

which

thestopsal thedifferenl forts

w ith their motley gatherings of Indians

ot

and

apoted

tradert

brass-buttoned

hurrying

he boal

furnaces

made

cursions

by

men

rl

wood

cu1

to

ex-

men dur

the young

wood and carried

the

and depa

in

and the hunting

ing these -tops, while

split

land-

the

to

come

the tying up to the hank

for the

lands.

the early part of the

in

New York

left

ing to see

thi

be beaver always in the

and

the vessel walked on her "stilts" over the

fur

animals

panions,

these city hoys.

pressed
ture

before they ascended the Missouri, the

prospecl

he railroad.

two

Schieffelin

II.

made

1861,

and

W.

Messrs.

of

phases of plains

his

boats up the river

Presidenl Jef-

interest.

laptains Lew

Mr. Cary and

long

In

many

before the coming of

fe

ot
tin

and the methods of getting about im-

to

ordered

ferson

between

painted

L861 and L875, and present faith-

pictures of

ful
1

were

period ex-

journey of Lew

tin- first

oughl

railroad,

yeai

Mosl

historic interest.

scenes

the

Montague Cary, which

la

much

of

is

inhabit the

est,

Missouri

the

William de

I.

the

\\

tlie

N X E

who today

food existed then as uovi

daily

>

and from there up the river by steamBenton.

One may
boal toward Fori
imagine how the places and the people

yel the age-old questions of daily

and

ears,

G K

.*

each

ing,

year was as important as 1911

If

of

ever;

-i

a]

incidents

the

except

currenl

of

events drives from the

the average

it

aboard.

'

tb"

ho]

Spanish

pro

settle

Xorthwesl up
the

n ith

OJ

gfold

lure

thai

uts,

bui

for

all

'alil'i'l'llia.

relentlessly as ever

Recently

th<

est

famous
I

186]
fahled

gold

American M

in

posts

1861

in

mines

existed

in

few years

established.
fort

was

be used

in

the

the Indian war-

later had

I.

led

drew the Spanish conquerors.

tion in the

military

the

to
ill

Few

the

place

In

foi

the fur tra

such forts
exhibi-

Indians.
As noun, adand verb the word "fort" had

-ihle attacks by

jective,
a

wide currency

in

fur-trading days.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUUXAL

it

chief

important place

Aii

which they

at

stopped was old Fort Berthold, named

Bartholomew Berthold, the Tyroearly trader who had a share

el' St. Louis' early fur companies

after

lese, that

one

in

and who

in

1812 erected the

first

bricls

warehouse in St. Louis. Fort Randall

was one of the few military posts
which our travelers saw; Fort AbraLincoln was not established until

ham
1872.

Above Fori Union,

Yellowstone,

the

Indians, met the famous

the Blackfeet

IS

mouth

at the

of

"Chippewa,"

the

Dog. hunted buffalo, and

Little

carrying their baggage

finally,

lied

in a

River cart drawn by two horses tandem,

out on horseback

they

set

cific

Coast.

to

When

abandon even

they

for the

Pa-

reached

the

rough and ready

so

Red River cart, and from

there they went on with pack animals.
vehicle as the

<)n their westward way they stopped

near Hell Late, at the camp of Captain
John Mullan. who was then building
the famous Mullan Road through the

Serving under him.

northern Rockies.

freighted with goods for the Blackfeel

and doing the road-building work, was

Indians, and carrying among- her pas-

Lieutenant

sengers two or three English people see-

agent tor the Blackfeet and the three

become the cavalry hero of the war

States, and
in
finally
between the
L888 General of the United States

young

Army.

Dawson the

Andrew

America,

ing

was

travelers,

on

set

through

tire

the carelessness of one of the hands, and,

nearly

having burned
edge,

large

quantity

and

exploded

length

the

to

of

water's

powder

completed

the

The Indian go

boat's dest ruction.

were scattered far and wide and

at

ids

lost, as

was most of the baggage of the pas-

Young Cary, whose

sengers.

had been busy ever since he

York,
no

lost

loss

of

eight

life.

returned

crew

waited there

tor

pencil

left

New

The passengers and

Fort Union and
weeks.
Mr. Dawson

later

to

They passed the Cceur d'Alene

on to The Dalles, and

Mission, went

reached

finally

town

the

Walla

of

from there by stage and

As
steamer went to San Francisco.

Walla, and

wilds were concerned, this

far as the

From
way south and

was the end of their journey.

made
and by way

here they
east,

reached

There was

sketches.

to

Sheridan,

Phil

is

It

New

their

of

Panama

ultimately

York.

not easy

1'or

us

now

to realize

how long

it

is

made, hut

if

we remember that

torial

was

since this journey

government was given

a terri-

Dakota

to

river,

March. 1861, just before Mr. Cary

started from New York, and that the

and succeeded in bringing down to Fort

inni, wagons to take up the trading

ent states of North and South Dakota

and Mr. Carroll went

about

to

four hundred miles

Fort

Benton,

up the

goods and annuities to the Blackfeet

Indians.
Fori

Benton was then the metropolis

the point where all

of the Northwest
the

furs to he sent

to

St.

Louis Wore

brought together anil shipped

river.

It

down

the

was the great center of the

in

and parts of Montana ami Wyoming,

we have a suggestion of the changes
that have taken place since then.

braska was

come
later.

state

territory

and did

Railroads

hull

team

At Fort Benton they saw not

the

plains,

still

made

its

Ne-

not

1867 six
were unknown

until

country west of the Missouri.

fur trade lor the northern United States.

a little of

Dakota included the pres-

territory of

he-

years
in the

The

old

slow wa\ across

and the individual immi-

Watching the Fire Canoe. "We are outgrowing the possibility of being greatly surprised at any
mechanical marvel, since the past half century of progress in invention, and it is impossible for us to apIt was to them a great
preciate fully the stupefaction of the Indians at their first sight of a steamboat.
hoat

on

tire,

which moved without being paddled, and so

was' alive

/>

uc
grandparents was not without its threats of peril. There was tl
telope, ami grizzly hear on the way: ami especially to l.e considered

the /.i"'

in

various waj He knefl tl

a trap which caught the rain

how

n.

rainbow,

An

interpreter

a great

mj
call

imi tiling

firm purpose

neer,

and liny wer

tain

him

ply train

.hirins;

the

it

a fishing line,

meaning

reall]

the
lh.
calls the

patntmg by Vary

Trapper's Christmas Carol.- This painting of wolves howling around the snowed-over oabin
many tales which have been told oi experiences with ravenous droves of these animals in win-

From

the painting by

'

"r<i

Boundary Survey, 1874, which marked the boundary line between the
possessions to the north a> denned by the international convention ot
sarest boat are -Major Twin ng, who was in charge ol the survey, Oapt,

RECOLLECTIONS OF THE OLD WES1

a wagon ivaw a
mixed team which mighl include

granl sometimes piloted

by

pair of horses,

cow, and

steer.

Until a year or two before, the wagons

of toiling

had borne the

legend "Pike's Peak or

was

not

on

started
the

after

until

stag

between

Coast

i" the Pacific

had begun

il

bad

party

westward thai

journej

it-

dai]

firsi

Bust," and

this

run

to

long

covered

what arc now

in

Idaho and

Montana, and the troublous times were

about to begin
\

the

adoption of the code of "Judge Lynch,"

since, except

Of those who took

pari
si

men

bur

!".

ford,

the law of might, no law

irring scenes, were such

existed.

in

Broadwater,
In 1874

1865

1864,

many

cosl

of

S.

small

aboul

in

unable to accept, but

kota,

as far as

then

lown the

Bismarck, North

which poinl

to

ti,,

eai

Major Tu ining and General

river ith

Greene

n hen

fact,

An

been built.

which

at

ia-

had

railroad

effective picture

on

lately

exhibition.
to

Can

Mr.

did

iii*i

keen eye for the pic-

turesque and striking, and

mam

time:

of

-iieh

the

Pla

Today
"

-Nim

up
who

call

those

scenes as his
Fori

in

:-

the old

to

pictures

his

thrilling memories.
II

1876,

in

go.

lary has a

ral

a>

"I

are feu

in

bodies of troops

Indian cen

to control the India

in

accompany the

to

he was in the Wesl

of military posts

Mr. Cary"s later trips

which

and

Governmenl

State-

to the

stopped and was enti rtained

\\ est.
.it

he

certain

their day wer<

in

"'The Prayer

those

to the

ho were mui

Rainbow,"' while

the

in

es1

in

early days will recognize the fidelity to

have long been abam

_

'iten.

Each one of these

tary posts contributed

i

of

mili-

mite to the

its

the aboriginal

p ipulation

and to the development of

country that lies beyond the M

The

arl

early days broughl

him

multitude of men

later

then

famous, mosl of

Of

?souri

he Wesl in those
in

contact with
ai

and

the

ho\

feeding his pel

picture

they

Indian

little

crow.

Can

Mr.

were, nol

ougl

ii

not in-i-t that all his Indians

as

He

to

modern

represent

wear war

real

man)

painters.

His efforts are

what

saw,

he

westei n and
sess a

he

does

bonnets, after the method of so

of the

hem have long

thi

the

of

paints things as they

think-

He was

Survey.

bul

and

through the western country,

which tried

il-

T.

lives

treasure,

number

ioned

Steele,

nol

him on the Tern expedition

United

the

established a

1'iit

Cary

lection

amount

lie

Andrew

Major Twining, who was

vey, invited Mr.

Custer invited Mr. Cary

Governor

Eormer

Plains, which

posts

and

Kipp,

fairly

were

George

Carrol.

Sanders, Honorable \. P. Lang-

the years

1868

may

builders

Mat

others.

there were wars with the fndians of the

vast

who

pioneers

empire

-on.

and

Hauser, of Mo]
hi

Pan

the

ace, h hile

scii

rong

former Senatoi

as

anion-

(one-,

Elliol

ornithologist, represented

called

luster,

Major Tw ining, Gen-

I>r.

returned, and. in

compelled

necessity

stern

hi

those mining

in

Greene.

harge of the Northwest Boundary Surgold had been dis-

Fore,

bi

;;:;:i

leneral Sheridan, General

laptain Mullan,

eral

Atchison

ami San Francisco.

Va

teen

Indian

historic value.

and

his

life

p -

THE AMERICAS MUSEUM JOURNAL

Travel on the plains and in the
mountains between 1861 and 1874 was
ii"i
without its adventures and its

Hunting

thrills.

many:

buffalo

smaller

game

India,,

were

Boy Feeding

and perhaps even

lil.u,

ex so

and

hunts

others, are fond of pets

rabbits,

experiences
stalks

exciting;

///.

were

grizzly

Orow

Pel

for

part

in

He who had

such events cannot

them, and
recollections

it

is

joy

stirred

by

to

forgei

have one's

paintings

of

these old-time scenes.

(o

Besides their puppi

a

bears and wolves threatened, and some-

times Indians captured.

ntelope, foxes,

buffalo all'

XoTK. The Jcm'Rxal counts it a

charmingly of the time depicted
West and of his authority
I

of the Early

acquainted with Dr. Grinnel] we

there, and also of his very notabl
western experiences
Prof. O. C. Mars], ,,
taster s expeditioi

a]

lii-Kil

i^iv.

immediately aft
months' expeditii
Black Hills of
I

al William Ludlow
1885, and in subsequent years, lie explored the region, then unknown, which is now the Glacier
Xational Park, making the first sketch map and naming some of the natural features.
Ahout lS9.i he
took up, together with Senator T n. Carter, of Montana, the question of setting it aside as a national
park, and in May, 1910, the Glacier Xational Park was finally established.
It was in
L890 also that he
ws appointed United states commissioner to treat with the Blackfeet and Fort Belknap Indians for the
cession to the United states of a portion of their land.
Dr. (Iriunell not only was connected with the development of the West in this public way. hut also ideu
tilled himself personally with the pioneer life there to the extent of owning and managing a horse and
M,le ni,-h in Wyoming from 1SS2 to ahout lHllci.
In

-ted

for

ks dealing with the early histniw of the West and with Indians
od the years following he spent much time in the Old Pawnee earth
the town of Cenoa. Nebraska, now stands.
In lsTU lie accompanied
Omahas, and otocs on their summer buffalo hunt, and some of the
his early book on the Pawnee Indians
Later he saw much ,,f the
n branches of the Arapahos,
Mr tirinnell has recently become eon
Natural History as research associate in ethnology.
1

and the Paper Supply

Forestry
By B A

I;

material used

raw

making paper,for wood

in

of increasing the supply of paper pulp;

through increased

in

ity

to the

due

produi

Eoresl

of

possibilil ies

of

I-

relief

yield quicker measures

ill

oven oming the

for

ree

must

1"'

studied.

brought into

appears

full

require not

onh

support

the

of

point

his

E\ eryone know

"make two

where one grew before,"

ohh one

of

skill

popular under-

also

the forester must

is

the

of

first

in--

step

sis,

telegraphy

is,

then, to gain

the forest.

This

is

there

also

is

Kimu

measure,

the exaspera

know

must

but

will be

The

is

that

ng"praeI

he most practical in the

long run.
Iii

forestry the foundal ion

weak.

Not only
I'iiC

we

>\'<

de\ ising

on n
d

is

pitifully

the data

lack

llle best

hii h

lllellled- of

forestn

pressure

most

Why

':

subjected,

profi

these

for

supposedly

For

compelled to spend

tl

been

has

more than

even

base experiments

to

these data.

secure

to

Because

acting togi

show in-

all

their

the w

l-using in-

dustries and the general public the need

acqn

by the most earnest and painstaking

search.

musl not be swept along

public

all tin

depends

Eundam n

fact that the

"practical'"results.

i" all

ledge of
;

desigm

fascinatin

and

man)

[f forestry

cutting the forest, but we lack even the

by no means

the living tree to each of

i

Tin

Heeded

an un

to

from

Pasteur,

to

researches are the things that count.

tal

forces n hich control

factors themselves difficult

freedom

our

secure foundation the public

must accept the

harmony

matter, for not only are the controlling

but

have

to

fundamental

':

must grov the tre

of the natural

but

Langley, n ho studied

to

too piv\ alent desi re forsoinet hi

hat

bring-

l>\

ing his methods into complete

anah

is

oft
bi

powers of moving planes:

Maxwell and
to

lifting

wireless

tical,"

bow

but

sure wa]

tn

h ith the fori es of ua1 ure, hich, in tin

lasl

Thus we

precedes invention.

research

Hertz; and

present

Produc-

view and aims.

There

public to

ith the immediate

growing trees. Quick results are
demanded, and research is ei

forms of disease

standing and

phys-

remotely connected w

is

Inn

udies

-t

others,

Resean

play.

to the general

long run be our main reliance.

ster,

hese

and

agronomists,

shortage, foresl production must in the

ts

upon the

soil,

ogists, physicists, chemists, plant

owe aeroplanes

hitherto not

Is

Although the discovery

used for paper.

of urn

of timberlands; sec-

ond, through research on the paper-making

];

object,

to the application of forestry

management

of

iologists,

first,

the accumulated knowledge of meteorol

ren edj

now almost the only paper material used

his count n
Fores! n offers two ways

in

.Moo

growth and reproduction of each kind

Forestry, the

this evil by increasing the supply of

is

<i

and of different kinds of

ip

wood production, can

science of

influence of

van

grees of moist ure, of heat and

re-

ing de-

for

forestn

ing

methods

lands as

fell

and
for

in dei ising

under

Circumstances

and apply-

handling such timberth(

have,

perhaps,

made

77/ A' .l.l/A'A'/r.l.V

In this country for-

this unavoidable.

estry

different

is

from what

The demands

rope.

in

Eu-

are different.

In

Europe every part of the

the
I

t\\

igs,

can be sold

is

tree,

even to

at a profit.

In the
from

nited States only the large logs

the

more valuable kinds of

profitably utilized.
of the felled tree

is

cause

is

trees can be

large percentage
to

left

rot

in the

and an enormous quantity of

forest,

wood
a

it

wasted

be-

cannot be marketed except

it

The waste

loss.

resents not

only

costs

tually

sawmills

the

at

at

of our sawmills rep-

dead

loss,

lumbermen

the

ac-

but
of

this

country $6,000,000 a year to destroy.

Thus economic conditions have

MfSKfU JOURNAL
capable of yielding under intensive for-

measures taken

hith-

Wisconsin,

established

1910 under the United States

involved in the manufacture of

paper pulp, and on the possibilities of

various woods.

and

It

a staff of

has

any process from beginning

tests of

It

Duity and business

vast areas of
it

ground pulp have heen carried

has required inge-

acumen rather than

government-owned

genera] public to see to

foundation

hand

at

for

in

scientific

advance

practical

forests,

id'

it

that a solid

knowledge
the

application

is

in

another
fif-

addition to red spruce are

manufacture of

suitable for the

grade

ground wood that can he used for

news print. Tests in running the paper
from these wootls through commercial

of

Mir pulp lands are

tree less

abundant than several of the

suitable trees, and insignificant in quantity

when compared with

ume

of

all

the total vol-

the available woods.

For the

sulphite process eleven woods have

successfully

made

into pulp on a semi-

new woods

demand

commercial scale: ami

of

bave been found suitable for the soda

process.
The forest Service has found

this

knowledge.

woods

at

has heen found that

It

presses have heen entirely satisfactory.

behooves both foresters and the

of

The significance id' this will he realized

when we consider that the hulk of the
news print now comes from red spruce,

search are increasing, especially mi the

and

end on

addition,

from the ground

Hut the opportunities for re-

science.

to

In

scale.

forestry has there-

fore required building

up. so to speak.

teen

experts

carrying through

for

nt

equi]

laboratory.

American

in

Forest

working on the prin-

Service, has heen

ciple-

out on a commercial scale

tions which can afford to wait for their

Madison.

more thickly
settled regions possessing good markets
tor forest products, and on lands owned
by the Federal Government, by states,
by large institutions, and by corporareturns.

for

felt

number of years,for it takes a long while

to grow a ree.
The forest Products Laboratory at

erto permitted the practice of forestry

in this country only in the

any

results of

increase forest pro-

to

duction cannot, however, he

semicommercial

The

management.

estry

now growing

less

than half, probably not more than a

quarter, of the raw material they are
Forestry does not appeal to lumbermen because
it
involves sacrificing part of their present returns
for the sake of the future.
The holding of forest
lamls ensts money in taxes and fire protection, the
taxation alone being a sufficient discouragement in
many states, even though there were not the ever
present risk of destruction by fire.
Obviously it
pays Letter to "cash in" and invest the money in
stocks and bonds, which yield just as much as a

that practically

all

fifteen

coniferous woods can

be manufactured into kraft pulp.

Forestry

can.

with public support,

remedy the shortage of paper. It can do

the same for all other forest products.
Last, but not least, all this can be done
without

diminishing in any way the

value of the

fores!

stream How. and as

ami pleasure

for

as
a

protector of

source of health

humanity.

Buffalo Bullfight
ED.

By

CRABB

D.

Formerly of the United statr-

I'lu-

occurred

fight

Wichita National

the

in

For..-t

s.-tvir,

Game

and

Forest

Preserve,

Cache,

near

in this forest and game preserve.

There are 61,640 a
sand acres constituting
an enclosure of eight il
The fence, of heav; woven wire, around tliis pasture is about -i\
called "buffalo pasture."
larg
Us
und steel
feet high with two heavj wires above it, and is supported bj
This fence is sixteen mill's long, and encloses mountains and flats, timber and
posts.
prairie, as well a- some beautiful stretches of creeks that afford an ample supply of
sparkling cold water. The native grasses form the richest and most luxuriant pasturage

Oklahoma,
Or' this

that

September, 1916.

in

number

Oklahoma

acres there

.t"

i-

affords.

During tin- ln-oi'dini; season most of the buffalo bulls an- vi- l.i i^ainl from the herd' in
two-hundred-acre bull pasture, and here are staged some great free foi all fights. On one
occasion during a fight nearly a quarter of a mile of woven wire fence was torn down, ao1
a

even

01

in this
liison

the steel posts remaining upright after the Imlls were finally separated.

D.

Kl>.

'

nine-year-old

surly,

buffalo bull, "Black

turned

into the

with

the

named

bull,

"Co-

with

encounter

other
rival.

ami started

victorious

his

Kerr."

"'.1(11111

When "Black Dog"

September,

in

short distance Erom

another

herd

Dog," was

field

herd one morning late

ami when Iw ^as

Lit.'

m:k.

'K

large,

Till-]

the

[1

pasture that the younger Imlls of the herd killed "Quanah Parker," a twelvi
shipped hero from the Now York Zoological I'ark ami naineil in honor of the

lull

the slope toward the

'!" n

herd, ho gave

topped the

mighty snort ami haw

which were answered by "John Kerr"

After Imi

however,

f.'u

sharp rounds,

short,

"Comanche"

agreed

t"

lei

"Black Dog" share the herd's

way which seemed

\\

visitor savagely

A-

were

spirits

high, Inn hi- wind was short, so

"John

Kerr" had little

him soundly in

ii

difficulty

thrashing

in

then

head,

thumping

time than

In-

hump

feet

in

sh igg;

sp-eat

ami

wallowing

his

kicking his

resuli o
ig's"

tossing

pi iously

nol

Dog," who answered

"Black

frighten

iih him. Such was not the decis

"John Kerr," a powerful bull of five
summers, who immediately attacked the

with de-

bristle

t<>

This reply, however, did

fiance.

violently

mi the ground anil

This

the air.

for-

announcement being <>\it ho

ambled leisurely toward tin. herd, emitmal

ting powerful "brawps," thai

were coming

sounded
mum the throat

had

as

if

they

taken the former to whip "Comanche."

of

locomotive, while pawing the dust

After

tin-

loss

unwelcome recept
Dog" repaired

panting "Black
farthest

side-

the afternoon

regained

In-

when ho

hail

'

Th.- 6fteen bison

tli.it

formed

tin-

his

wrath
heart

nucleus of

tin.

herd iti tin- "buffalo posture" of the v.

pr
Dted ' tin- N'-w York Zii-'loiri.ol Soci.'tv from
it. Zoological
Editor.
Park herd
ii

only

the

el'

il'

ho were master not

herd,

of

but

the

When "Black Dog"

world.

whol

wi

two hundred yards from the herd, he

wind, the mighty

in

the

Early in

of the pasture.

which had been kindled

over hi- back as

t"

in

began threatening battle

nest.

Wallowing

powerful

brute

in

in

the

dead eardust,

mighty whacks with his hump, kick

roll

the

would strike the turt

hi- eyes,

ami

toss

hi

n|>

of

The eight-thousand-acre buffalo pasture in Wichita National Fores! and Game Preserve
with pari
coming to be fed (photograph made in January). (The woven wire fence, six feet high and
is heightened by two wires above and supported by large oak or steel posts

the herd

sixteen miles long,

worsted his antagonist, this powerful live car ,ihl luil'talo has
eight thousand acres and a herd of eighty-two buffaloes
\

t.een

ahsolute

monarch

BUFFALO BULLFIGHT

.1

short,

horns,

stout

instead

being

of

34.3

made some progress

but

u bat

at

Tearing up the turl

fear-

placed too high up, as had seemed, and

ful

too Ear back on the bison's head to be

went, the mighty brutes traveled south-

When

of any use, are placed jusl right.

horns are broughl

the

sensitive nose

Vicious thnisl

way.

was followed

parry, and the blows

skillful

bj
fast

fell

"Black Dog" beal do\i

"John Kerr's" guard and gored him in
"John Kerr"
the neck and shoulder.

and heavily.

stepped sideways, and right lively

Hut

"Black

and

for

was unable
ciless,

kept

to get

too,

up with him,

seconds "John

Kerr"

away from those mer-

The

twisting horns of ebony.

veteran

ahead,

Dog"

several

seemed

fighter

bul

his

to

victory

feel

adversary,

who

was

younger, longer winded, and more nimble,

"Black

the

play,

into

back ou1 of harm's

far

is

cosi

ward about

quarter of

Dog's"

born- tore

his horns

der and be gored him mercilessly, but

so

thick

old

the

is

blood.

Poor old "Black

lolling

tongue and heaving

no further resistance.

fered

hopelessly whipped

Kerr"
with

charged agai
Ids

nimbly

bis
n

horns.

warded

push his

Dog"

and again, bui each

opponeni received the blow

horns.

the

off

"Black

ime

on his

Dog" tried to
adversary backward by means

Finally "Black

of -beer brute strength

and weight, and

that

Dog," with
side-,

of-

He was

and "John

Kerr"

was master of the herd.

Even

day "Black Dog" leads

to tins

eighty-two buffaloes.

blows

bide

bull's

'John Kerr's" horns failed to bring the

eight

"John

Finally

found "Black Dog's" shoul-

the neck that brought a handful of hair.

more

Kerr's'"

bunch after bunch of the

ell'

kinky, chocolate-colored hair.

This made tbf old

still

"John

only to defend himself.

the life of

n.inb

bad

lie

entirely given up the offensive and fried

nent, and charging, beat pas! his guard

and gave bun a \ icious side thrust in

he charged savagely while

hei

tongue was lolling;

his feet were leaden weights,

evaded the weapons of Ids oppo-

angry, and

as

a mile.

1-

hermit, and

;i

absolute

thousand

".101111

over

larch

acres

and

Kerr"

realm of

a
a

herd

of

Hut the monarch

of the herd today will be the hermit of

tomorrow

bull

erful

jusl a- be

herd

A younger and more powsucceed "John Kerr."

will

The
new leader with the

succeeded "Black Dog."

may have

advent

of

"John

Kerr"

this

coming

season,

and

have

passed

into

will

Crocker Land Party Safe

CABLEGRAMS VIA COPENHAGEN PROM LEADEB OP THE EXPEDITION

DURING
many

while

past three years,

the

millions of men, crowded into

relatively few square miles which

tin-

constitute the sent of war in Europe, have

been reducing the reserve resources of the

world with incredible speed, it is reassuring

few other men in the Arctic far to

mere handful in the milium ,'ni'l more square miles of unexplored
land and sea, have been adding to the world's
They have made discoveries of
resources.
coal and metals and rich animal life, even

through

nine
failed

the north of as, a

and

made

be

they will

that

those of Alaska,

as have

available,

when needed

in

the future.

It seems that game

Bledging.
west of the ninety-seventh meridian

when Finlay Land was reached "lack

so

of dog

On

wall Island

alone

the

map;

also

cablegram from the leader of the Crocker

Expedition, through the American
Minister in Copenhagen, as follows:

means the
travel

spi

and its shore mapped

and southeast; also

heretofore

recorded,

just

North Cornwall, were put on

discovery was made of an

Amund RingReturn to Etah showed "1350

covered in 56 days" which
very high average for Arctic,

island off the eastern coast of

Land

M:

east,

not

the least of

ell

the

visited

north,

successful.
very
trip,
1916,
"Spring
Reached Finlay Land. Mapped unexplored
shores North Cornwall. Museum records left

was

islands,

five

tics

'

compelled retreat."

returning toward Etah, North Corn-

Henry Fairfield Osborn, chairOn June

man of the Crocker Land committee, received
-1

with

days'

that a

of new lands, and while these are not avail

able for civilization today, there is no doubt

"wonderful game country,

musk ox, seal, hare, ptarmigan,

lemming, fox, and polar bear." There was
"much coal all through lh<- region." Finlay
Land was reached on April 19 after twenty-

wolf, caribou,

Island.

miles

statute

of twenty-four miles per day.

return

was made

The

considerably less time

in

than the advance, in 24 days as against 29,

allowing for the stay on Finlay Land of the

days mentioned in the cablegram.

The
message further makes mention of various
.",

of scientific investigation, and speaks

This word was sent
from Etah 2 during the Arctic night,
Is days after the disappearance of the sun.
The Crocker Land committee will proceed
with all rapidity in its plans for sending the
steam sealer "Neptune" as a third relief
lines

confidently of success.
out

The announcement that the men are safe

and have had a large measure of success was
matter for rejoicing. The good news counterbalanced the disappointment of 1915
when Peary's "Crocker Land" was proved to
have been a mirage, and ended the fear felt

many

in

quarters, especially for Dr. E. O.

Hovey, of the American Museum, who was

in
health when the last word came,
r
|

about

one year ago.

by

increased

many

details.

L916

failed

satisfaction

was

cablegram giving
1915 and

second

The

relief ships of

reach

to

The

and Captain George

Etah, but
E.

Dr.

Hovey

Comer, of the

first

succeeded in covering the distance

Ninth Star Bay to Etah in a motor
Thus all had been together and well,
with a "g
warm house, plenty of fuel and
vessel,

Erom

boat.

adequate supply
August, 1917."

of

an

The

trip to

I'inlav

food

Land

Museum
ical

346

until

over "e\

sledging surfaces throughout," and

Composed of representatives of the American
of Natural History. American Geograph-

cedent
1

last

to

passe,

Bociet]

and

niv<

itj

of

Illinois.

If this ship fails to reach the men,

ship.

they will

lie

compelled to resort to "Eskimo

methods of living
for

clothing,

"Neptune"

an

igloo for shelter, skins

meat

anil

food."

for

The

charge of Captain Robert A. Bartlett, of fame in connection with

will lie in

the Peary expeditions.

pedition

has been

The

heavy,

cost of the ex-

lint

the scientific

commercial
and industrial advantages coming from it in
Hie tut me, are more than sufficient in value
ivsults,

added

to balance the

the

to

possible

monetary expense.

Dr. Harrison J. Hunt, surgeon of the expedicarried the cabled letter from Etah to Copenlie is returning to New York soon.
The perilous journey across .Melville Hay and
southward along the western coast of Greenland
InHunt was accompanied
was made bj Bledge.
by Mr. W. Kltucr Kkl.law, ^eolou-ist ami rcprcscn
tative of the University of Illinois, who also will
'

tion,

hagen, whence

probably soon find

southern Greenland
civilization,

an
to

opportunity to sail from

Copenhagen ami thus reach

The

:i

is well known to

ITpopularize

who have

nil

BOOK OF (JHKAT

ns well as the beginner finds the

reading so interesting thai he enjoys every

student

from

word

dense the

beginning

Ti

end.

to

il
in
ic
value of birds in destroying
insects which attack our orchards and
gardens, but the truth is considerably more
vivid after reading Mr. Pearson's pointed

amount of information
compass and make it also

an

is

knows how

this

season

with a strain of delicious Im

it

His own

but

art,

enthusiasm

also

so

is

minati

tion that

to
.

strong that

Those who believe in the exterhawks and owls on the supposi

would be in the interest of game
are admonished that just the contrary

statements.

Mr. Pearson not only

art.

possesses

birds,

it

seems to be the case.

it

transfers itself involuntarily to the reader,

tures, are subject

making of the merest

removal of diseased

both

tyro

ornithology

in

well-informed student and an ardent

bird lover.

The work covers

ret

lai

ge

twelve chapters

its

in

of bird know ledge, and dis

field

cusses in a comprehensive way, although con

cisely, the relations of bird to

we

it

how

learn

by charactei

is1

movements of
i"

gi

stud)

birds

blinds,

study
tin' stoi

as

full

Imw

and

fascinating

liniii'st n

and

of

fate

ns

We

of

thai

of

in'st.

mated birds, of the large

aumber of unmated birds, of certain polj ga
mous kinds, and of the doinest ic n
parasitic cowbird.

the

of the

In the storj

migration of birds surprising facts, Buch as

the long annual

humming

bird

flight

across

out

'iit

long flights, the pet

tug

of

ml
ils

the

of the rub) throated

Gulf of

the

atti tiding

birds,

with

ns that

n inter

is

afield;

ndant then, so

that
is

is

not

bed observation.
alone

in

bird

if

life

mmi

which

NY

to

himself

learn that

Buffering hardship dur-

rce,

reates

together

Is .

md

'

with

its

present status,

Bird Study Bool

'''"

The history

im use

the public

in

growth

the

by instructions for forming

bon Class" for bird study.
fitted

in

have

finning of bird study

scl

renewed

of the seventy lord reservabeen established by the

list

Government since March, 1903.

of

the

followed

is

"Junior An, In

particularly well

i-

in scl
work.
It is a volume
prove most useful to all who are
interested in acquiring a greater familiarity
"iili the habits and activities of wild
birds,

which

will

and we believe that no othei

ornithological

to

whom

the wot

still

doing

tics

Id

form.

supplies

he

ha

such

in

Mr.

already owes 30

urable g
in

information

readable

id

arson,

Pi

mm

foi

and

is

connection with the

of the country, has added

greatly

this now spread

knowledge, and by contributing through this

""mis

the hun

ilmost
|

man

feathers

terest in the

tions

Pearson.

lontrary to ordinary opinion, the author

tolls

The author is backed by all naturalwhen he says, "All birds have their part
in the great economy of the
earth,
and it is a dangerous experiment to upset
the balance of Nature." The harrowing tale
of the slaughter of thousands of our most
beautiful son- birds ii
lei
to
si

fet

ussed by Mr.
<

sky,"

rea

play

rustling
the

all

ists

to

genera]

through
are but

Mexico,

reasons for such

he

like

and the quick

birds

bird.

the

of

faithfulness

Birds,

to sickness,

prevents spreading of contagion, which would do more harm

"'in tl
-casional capture bj a predator)

the

are told of the

bluebird's

are

u hull mtiii-

lit'.-,

sorrow

average human being.

tragic

to

proximity by erecting
locate bird ne
and

to

liinl

im

Seld

vai ions f

ad species, bow

Particularly

us nf
of

close

in

them.

num. Through

to identify birds in the

ii

to

the

greatest

into the smallest

entertaining

in

I.

how difficult it is to
way thai the advanced

('IIAIOl

E
and attention is called to ways
which we may hel]
feal hered friends.
Most people are in these days aroused

tried to

science

write in such

Book

Bird Study

all

to

dray

gentle

onservation of what

tl

to eonsi

life

wild birds.

in

we are

beaul ifu] and

Nature's realm

that

of our

Otto WlDMANN

ing the cold season from lack of shelter and

347

The lustrations in Pearson's Bird Study Booh are

upon the reader
new friendly intimacy with birds and
;i

,,,!*

n!

I.),,ithlr,lcni,

well chosen for suggestiveness

Pilf/r

</-

<

'mil fit n

<j

and help enforce

new

desire to protect them.

The student of
used and the diversity of situations chosen

nesl architecture is impressed by the assortment of materials

even among closely related species. The nest of the wild bird is merely a cradle for its young; birds have
never evolved the habit of building nests for their personal protection, even for the cold and snowy days
of -winter.
(Photograph of male plumbeous gnatcatcher feeding young, by William L. Finlay)

'ubleday,

Page

<f

Company

make food getting a vennuv problem for llie wild bird. The smaller birds gather
around the farmhouse, while even the wary ruffed grouse often comes to the orchard. 80 many are
w> weather that onlj the Stronger and more fortunate individuals of a
the fatalities wroughl bj COld
pecie
arrive.
Much can be done to bring birds about the home or the SChOOlhouse by placing food
(Feeding station for birds on the grounds of It. G. Decker, Rhinebeck,
where thej can readilj gel it.
New York)
i

closelj

Courtesy
In

pith

Mi

L91I

which

to

robin, in the southern

ther

States

in

':

i-.-u

-.'_-

>

inaugurate
cl

la

the

-hi

tIi.

liird

So successful did

National
study,
tin

Association

with

vpr.-ial

killing

nrhicfa

histoi

kill

Doubleday

o!

Canada.

the adult-.

the fashionable are the

reds

ol

been followed by even

ntirelj

kill,

nuptial plumel

young
tin

tin

tem
1'p in

standard hearing the inscription "Prou.

Junior Audnhoii .la-- at IVr-n- l':ilK. .Minnesota

hunters

of

reference to

tin-

the

of

experiment prove that the

Union and into the various prownees

enrolled undf/r
nf

10

plan for

.'

the

a out
ol

the

birds.

In obtain

birdi to die of atai

most savaf

349

The Conservation
photographs

of

Wild Flowers

rs

which stand

er, partridge

dy nearly

appeared
THERE
May
Tribune
of

ing
spring

is

unsigned

the

in
5,

A'<

York

1901, the follow-

"Now

notice:

that

really here, the picnicking parties

are invading the woods north of the Harlem,

blossoms, has been almost exterminated in

the

Bronx

region.

Its delicate

only in spots where

struction of a large proportion of

siastic admiration.

flowers within reach.

wild

The authorities of the

Botanical Garden are on the lookout for

them, and within their own precincts will
guard the blossoms as thoroughly as possible

under

well-planned system; but the rest of

Bronx will be at
means death to many
the

is

not

their mercy,
a

poor

little

and that
plant.

that these ruthless explorers

Bail

It

to

appreciate the beauty of flowers

they

love them'

The trouble

arises

the

in

from

all

probability.

'just

their ignorance of the extent of

damage they

ability to

do. ami from an utter incomprehend that a flower or any-

the lord of creation himself

spect.

Thanks

botanists,

the

is

to the picnickers

arbutus,

be found

year,

Tin

Bouse

Beautiful had several notices on this subject.

piled all the notices

could find, including

some English ones from the limit/ Mini and

the Journal of Botany, and printed in Torri'jw for August, 1901, an article on "Vanishing Wild Flowers."
Immediately following the publication of these notices the Misses
Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes,

been members of the

Garden
tution a

sum

spring

plants."

of

may

As there appeared to be considerable interest aroused and many questions asked, I com-

hound to reand alleged

loveliest

it

it commands less enthuThe mountain laurel has

shared a similar fate."

In July of the same

since

thing in the vegetable world has rights which

now

part of the suburbs;

and have begun the annual systematic- deall

pink and white

used once upon a time to hide under the

leaves all through the northern woods in that

New York

who had
Botanical

1898, presented to that instiof $3000 to be used for the "in-

vestigation and preservation of our native

In April, 1902, Dr. X. L. Bvitton,

director of the

gave an

Xew York

Botanical Harden.

lantern

the Smithso-

lecture at

illustrated

sci

nian Institution, Washington, on the preser-

for

slides

use

the

vation of our native plants, and immediately

systematically begun, the

following this, the Wild Flower Preservation

of

Greatei

work

New York

at the

Botanical Garden, the

writer having acted as secretary of both for

many

In

years.

for the Protection of Native Plants

ganized

Boston.

in

It

was

but also has cooperated

with

and botanical societies.

Fund has been
arious ways: first, to secure essays,
and posters thai could be distributed
horticultural

the Stokes

leaflets,

to

those wishing further information,

ir

second,

for

illustrated

third,

lectures to

ami colleges

ere. I to schools

to

the rare wild flowei

frame

colleges,

sel a

of

Deeding

descriptions:

l>\

schools,

to

be deliv

as

irbor

>aj

to

scrvation

fifth,

cooperate
to

in

prepare

set

as one of

plants and birds." and many of them

have been giving a series of lectures on both
these topics as pari of then- programs.
ters of the

ChapWild Flower Preservation Society

of America
ington,
i

ha\e Keen established

Wash-

in

Philadelphia, Chicago
and Milwaukee, and have had a
hing and beneficial influence in each

Baltimore,

'incinnati,
reai

and plants

i,as

ork

lonsi

of

ation

the

birds

been accepted as pari of

thi

of the board of education

towns, and

the

of

and interdeand plants has

relation
.

lectures; but thus

in all

to

prizes to

the v ork of con

a

The

States.

five

been emphasized
fourth,

nited

the protection of na

in

of

the schools that agreed to compete and pledge

themselves

objects, "to aid

to

theii

many

duplicates

free

buted

soi

approval anil these clubs

its

Garden Clubs of America proclaim

t':n

colors,

oi

carrying on local conservation projects

various p.-nts of the

of these cities,
in

pi oti

and museums;

thi se

\:n

iri

reproduce

paintings by Miss M. E. Baton, of

companicd

oi

own property from depredation

pera

all

Nevi

has expressed

in

parts of

in all

ad

the schools ami colleges of

York has been secured, also
that of various towns in the vicinity of New
York.
The Federation of Women's Clubs

nearly

are

o:

not only has distrib-

uted leaflets ami posters free

land

year the S

the sa

Day and

years since this work was

fifteen

Society of America was organized and has

ever since cooperated with the Stokes Fun.

Arbor

in

ration talks.

In

of colored

pi

inted, thai

life bei sveeen

The

would emphasize the balani

of

these groups.

cated "Pj imarilv to

all

which

Scientific St

is
tcli.

dedi-

,.t


THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Elementary Schools," is devoting
eight of its current numbers to animals,
birds, butterflies, trees, flowers, and school
garden work. In the May number they have

New York, and of the New York Botanical

Garden and the New York Zoological Park.

adapted the Stokes Fund pledge to read:

who disobey

Nature

in

Signs forbid picking or carrying through the

our native plants by

lease help to

any plants whatsoever, and persons

are liable to arrest and fine for
Btatutory misdemeanor.

parks

The attention of visitors to the wild parts

New York Botanical Garden has been

of the

To protect our native plants,

Not to destroy rare wild-flowers and ferns,
Not to injure any shrub or tree anil
Not to set fire to the fields or woods."
has

The National Geographic Magasint

two

issued

also

sets of colored illustrations

"Common American Wild Flowers"

of

All wild flowers in the suburbs

descriptions.

New Yoik

of

with

City

may become

as scarce as

trailing arbutus, unless all people unite to

preserve them; and this

is

true not only of

the suburbs, but also of the parks of Greater

Mirages

RECENT

mirage

to

the

remarkable mirages, which I saw about ten

years ago from my house at Sea Gate (NorFrom my house which faces
ton's Point).
south, the West Bank Light lies somewhat
south of southwest at a distance of nearly
The northern entrance to the
three miles.
Ambrose Channel is on a line from my house

about a mile and

The Romer Shoals Light

Do

of

our

native

noi pick or break leaf or flower.

People must realize that although they are

"tax-payers" and "this is a free country"
they have no more right as individuals to the
flowers in the parks than multitudes of other
people have, and that

if all

of the millions

New YT ork were selfish there would

Mrs.
be no flowers for anyone to enjoy!
Nathaniel Lord Britton, New York Bo-

of Greater

tanical Gahdex.

Lower New York Bay

in

Museum Journali remy memory some very

American
called

in the
on

article

to the p reservation
plants by the sign

railed

to that light,

a half dis-

tant.

lies

Staten Island will be raised in the air

by a mirage, which occasionally is very beauand very suggestive of the picturesque
Occadescriptions of the desert mirages.
of

tiful,

sionally even the

New

Jersey shore, inside

Sandy Hook, is raised with a bright line beiween it and the water.
Frequently the two lighthouses, Romer
Shoals and West Bank, which are surrounded
by water, undergo a peculiar change of appearance, the lighthouse tower showing clearly

due south, at a distance of four miles, and

Sandy Hook Light is a little to the eastward
of Romer Shoals and about seven miles off.
The highlands of the Navesink are on a line

through the mirage of the lower part of the

lighthouse, but being also raised very conThis kind of mirage lasts some
siderably.
times for a couple of hours, varying in
The water is always
clearness and size.

some four miles south of, Sandy

Light, and several miles behind the
West Bank Light is the southern end of

smooth, and there is, of course, no wind in

the neighborhood of the mirage.
On the day I refer to above, there were

almost

with, and

Hook

It

two spaces

Island.

Btaten
is

very

.ast shore of
!

He

the horizon,

common

occurrence to see the

Sandy Hook and the coast

Seabrighf shore)

and occasionally

line

raised above
this

loom

will

carry the sky clear under the Navesink Highlands.

bouses,
1

On

Reeds, Chester

Mirage,
ii,,

hot afternoon, some large

still,

towers, and chimneys on the shore

Amekkvn

A Perplexing Phenomenon

Mi

-mm

.Ioi-rxal,

December.

the

in

Lower Bay

in

which

mirages occurred, separated by a clear space.

these mirage spaces was on a line

One of

with the West Bank Light, the other on a

The air was a
line with Romer Shoals.
little hazy and very still, and the water was
very smooth, with lines of different shades
it.
The sun was
was about two o'clock.
of south
it
was very hot. I first noticed that the
West Bank Light was distorted, and then.

of blue and silvery gray on

west
It

MUSEUM NOTES
steamer came along

and entered the

Ambrose Channel, she underwent strange
changes. Tlio part of the hull that was not
in the mirage space was of a natural color.
The distorted portion was a silvi
as

It

was

up

just as if a filmy screen rose

front nt the ship, enlarging her height

steamed
and then

area,

area,

for

distance

X"".

sailing

vessels

were

reflected

lower

was astounding
was.

essel

tin-

;.

per part of

is

in

hull,

tie-

to

ho\i

sei

in

lea

hi

rods.

tin-

thai

had

gO

Perkins

ami

Lewis

L.

Harry

s.

issue

will be seen that

Of the wax

It

all.

.at

quai

This

is

it

not

:essary to

place- tn -ee mini-,-.

witnessed

l.e

in

Lower

the

Ne\i

Narrows, although
fai

t'i

om

Notes

"!'

Dunham,
Harkness,

E.

<

'.

Converse,

Marshall
Arthur F.
1

vw

M.

S.

DR.

ISTER,

w.

'
1
i

Brooks,

Field,

Luke,

W
Samuel

II.

lb

Mi
E.
Ballard,

Edwin

ON, J. AliTIII

Cha.hu

Mrs.
Messrs.

and THEODORE

nt' al

,,,

Spoor, and Wij

HlKI). .Ik.

the

or "Phila-

was rather uncanny.

i-

Museum
la-t

period

effect

the JOURNAL, the

following persons have become members of
the Museum
hi

was not distorted

hull
a

The

They can

happened
spot.
have always
no camera hand} to

this miragi

hot

'I'l"

It

thirteen years, ami this

right

perfect

still,

"New York"

liners (the

lasted t"i

hour.

to be in just

very

Davis observed

similarly

whose funnels appeared tn be hun

dreds of feet tail, and whose masts were
lengthened out like immensely tall, wavy
delphia"

nature.

in

.Mrs.
.

remember particularly one of

American

Where He- wo uppei

as hazy, but the up
the masts, sails, ami

double mirage

the onlj

on the Lower Baj

on

extent.

ami

line

as clear and shai p a-

re

This

>n\ i-

the mirage with a powerful glass.

I
it

summei

At

ii.

reversed,

Mrs.

have seen several times,

I have seen it clearly but once.

Another curious effect of the mirage
!u in- iii[itii.ii nt the atmosphere I noticed "H another occasion: vessels coming
from Ambrose Channel Lightship had their
masts lengthened out to an exti

down,

was reflected

ire,

tin-

one right -eh' up.

ap-

day.

perfectly, but one, a schooner,

two perfect images,

ami

upside

set.

jibs,

like thi

uncommon.

not

is

reversed-image mirage

Of

becalmed.

This effect

frilled.

the

tV\\

the

especially

just as the enlarging of the lighthouses and

As the
underwent the same changes.
afternoon wore on. far more beautiful mirages were seen, for to the southeast of us

less

-ails,

glass negative on which the gelatine has

nt a

sea

To

including several jibs.

sails,

thes<

peared crinkled, very much

vessels

more or

off.

with their

rage area, undergoing the same distortion.

Ami a numlier of other steamers going to

these,

of the condition

first mirage area, and quite

two or three scho
is laj

the n est of the

a

while in a clear
through another mi-

passe.

bree

vanished.

effect

of the atmosphere should be mentioned.

in
no1

passed out of this

vessel

gentle

effect

One other curious

The

-till

ami the mirage

up,

height

the mirage.

never saw so wonderful a display

Later

again.

until she was twice her actual

"i
\gam. the curious effect
more.
was noticed of the funnel showing through

her length

IS

sinus, but

imes

imeh
M.i.

K.

.1.

.1

Sti stvesant

Because of the delay in thi- issue of the Journai

otherwise would not have appeared until the Hr-t fall

It

Poster, Ellerton James,

I.
PPORD
MlLLl
Morris, Edu in H.Mui toed,
'

!'.

ii. I,,

II.

s.

I'.i

IL Perkins, Sinclair Rich-

Richmond Tal
bot,

Cooper, Mrs. George Rose, Mrs. Felix T.

[Z 'BETH A. ACHEUS and
Hf.i.f.nA. de Witt, the Beverend Karl

rne, P. E

P..

PANCHER No.
Paton, James

LAMPRECHT.

P.\

Charles

C.

Walker, Speni er Waters,

i.KNtn.i..

Of the

El

Matthew.

it

hn-

a possible

and the Parish School

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

since the morning of the announcement of
the death of the Honorable Joseph II.
Choate, last survivor
the American

among

Museum

the founders ot

of Natural History,

the life-size portrait painted by the Princess

Lwoff-Parlaghy, taken from

Koom

place in the Members'

its

permanent

of the

Museum,

has hung conspicuously in Memorial Hall

above the tablet bearing the names of the
It will be

founders.

remembered that Mr.

J.

Pierpont Morgan died only four years ago, in

and on that occasion Mr. Choate,
as the sole survivor, in speaking at the me-

April, 1913,

morial service in the Museum, touched feelingly upon the relations these founders and

promoters had

early

Now

Museum.
last

borne to

young

the

with the passing away of the

of this noted assemblage of men, the

feels itself swept forward into

institution

and unknown forces.

Building on the impetus that came from this
early time, it can only loyally shape its work
more and more to meet the scientific and
other

generations

bringing out some new and interesting facts.

He stated that the less a man weighs the
less food his body requires, so that by taking
thought a community may support itself for
Since the
a long time on a restricted diet.
value of all food depends on the number of
heat calories which it will produce, Dr. Lusk

food

strongly advocated the labeling of

all

packages with the cost per thousand

calories,

argument with packages of different kinds of food which he so

labeled.
He also suggested the payment of
bounties to men who enlist for farm work,

and demonstrated

in order that the

his

farmer may he sure of get-

ting needed help for the harvesting of his

The need of body fuel is the dominant

factor today, ami the food question should

crop.

have

the

immediate

of

attention

the

au-

Following Dr. Lusk, Dr. Hermann

M. Biggs, New York State Commissioner of
Health, spoke on "The Waste of Disease in
France in Wartime." That modern science
has in a large measure overcome the ravages

thorities.

needs of the new generations

wherever history leads which today is, unbelievably, into the national problems and

of the diseases that in former times beset

persona] sacrifices of a world war.

not been because of their inadequacy but

educational

armies was brought out, and it was shown

that where these means have failed, it has

from lack of proper application.

Funeral

services

for

Mr. Anson

Wales

Hard, a trustee of the American Museum

since 1894, were held at 10 o'clock on Friday
morning, June 22, in St. Bartholomew's
church, Madison Avenue and Forty-fourth
Mr. Hard not only served on imStreet.
portant committees of the Board of Trustees
of the
tions

Museum

collections

the

to

but also

made notable
of

the

addi-

institution.

The American Museum was represented at

the funeral by President Henry Fairfield Osborn, Trustee Charles Lanier, and Assistant

Secretary George H. Sherwood.

ing

the

values and economies

and the conservation

for war, aroused great interest and drew a

large

war should cease now

in

President

Henrj

fad that

land suffers less in this respect because of

better

sanitary conditions both before and

during the war.

movement

Graham Lusk,

is

nation wide and

"The

professor of physiology

who was

University,
very

gave a
conservation

speaker,

must face the same

Mr.
George W. Perkins, chairman of the Mayor's
Food Committee, was the next speaker. Mr.
Perkins emphasized the waste of our food

science

has

provided to solve them.

discussing

the

many kinds

of

and possible means of controlling

The waste in milk bottles alone in
this city is $250,000 a year.
Dr. Walter B.
.)
es, president of the New York Academy
of Medicine, in a talk on "Our Duty of Life
waste

them.

prevalence of mental diseases and the large

this

Cornell

We

problems, and must use the means which

Conservation," called attention to the great

eminently necessary whether the war continue for some years or end soon.
ill-.

that if

there would be no

Fairfield

is

at

made

making a brief preliminary

which he called attention to the

audience.

Osliorn presided,

address

the statement

fewer than 500,000 cases of this dread disease to lie dealt with in that country. Eng-

resources,

A SPECIAL meeting held by the president

and trustees of the American Museum on the
evening of May 2:'., in the interest of food

The alarmwas

increase of tuberculosis in France

dis.ussed, anil

energetic

of

Food

the

first

address on
Resources,"

number of
tin

soldiers

who have been

hospitals on this account alone.

sent to

Lack of

proper preliminary examination, as in the

case of tuberculosis, is at the bottom of the
Dr. .lames concluded his remarks
by urging all present to use their influence
toward the diffusion of human knowledge,
and toward the encouragement on the part

situation.

MUSEUM NOTES
n!

-T n

ill,

<

along such

tllOSe

all

ill'

ill-t

inn-

II lit

owing

physical

disability

lines.

At the close of this address, the audience

was invited to insju-i-t tin- display in Memorial Hall, prepared undei

thi

-,

with the assistance of Or.

arranged for the

by which

,.

suggesting to

,,f

-.

may have

it

ijood

to,,,

at as

low a

in

ni

New York

woi

i,-

state P

k
I

sis

he

Karl

r.

herpetology,has

in

iol

'

M nseum.

he American

gagi

long

of

through

contracted
the

in

reappearance

the

to

Schmidt, assistant

the

member of
Commiss
rith
as a

headquarters at Ithaca.
of the Seventy

means

public various ways and

al

of

rvici

P.

Museum,
T. G. Hull, and

residi

s'

the

in

eat

of Dr. C-E. A. Winslow, curator of the de

partment of public health

355

porarily,

Ipllie,

In

Guard,

Mr. Laurence Perri,

Regimen! of the National

firs)

has

already

joined

regimenl

bis

"somewhere in New York state"; Mr. John

Finn entered a cavalry regiment ou the
1st of Ma>
Mr. Charles Schroth and Mr.

J.

Ix connection with the health and food ex

the

at

lol, it-

Museum there has

Museum departments of

Aineti, -an

been issued by the

public health and public education a fifty-

Ha

pagi

tdboo

aWi

II

War and

in

Charles
Regi

It
deals
by Dr. C E. A. Winslow.
with the pvolileins of personal preparedness

matters of health, cleanliness, and

a foreword Professor Henry PairOsborn says: "There has never been a

the

in

field

lii

when diffusion of

'

knowledge of the laws of nature was a more

immediate and s moi e imperative duty than
at the present time.
Hundreds of
of young men and young women

Loth

Uy,

Mi. Ileim

the

of

sixty-ninth

Knot, of the 1st Artil-

lery Regiment, and Mi. Albert J. Kelly, of

the ll'th Infantry, will go out on July 15.

Peaci

foo.l.

Cot
nt.

At

the request

Bridgi

of

reneral

the British

ol

-.

estry regiment"

'

beinj

i-

to

a1

this country to supply

leoi

ge T.

Commission,

"for

ranee from

armv of the

for tin'

Allies the timbers necessary in the construe

turn of trenches, dugouts, bridges, and
a

for

quanl

these

of u

ities

pui posi

s,

rail

are consul

mand

di

tn

being

so

to offer then

services and.

urgi ni

firing

need be, their

if

I'm!

single

<

uol

lei

be

life

Let do constitution

portunity of

men of

all

broken

science

bj

to spread

is

assist

heri

bei n

in

rom

procuring

it.

pari

oi

gri ati

hi

tal

thi

In
I

he

losl

has thus tar been

needlessly.

have

to

line

Ingland,

lives.

"n

thai

" ork

has

ol, tamed,

the

hands of Cana
talions, as manj as 75,000 men having been
a

hi

'

the truth, ami to spread

sible.

it

as quickly a- pos

Let a- -peak plainly "t ad

ha-

been

employed,

and enemies which surround the

soldier

o ids,

and

those that

shipping

the body,

awful

curs,,

-tram- of manhood
,,t'

the

many

facilities
is

suppl}

curses ati-

tending war. ...

than a religio
country one must
mind, and sound

It

is

;t

scientifii

serve one's

sei

now

oft,

1m-

in

sound

of the

body,

in

war

in

the

loss

working

its

Mr. Barrington Mi
woods ami foresti f,

of

Cat

los

palaeontology, have been called

burg for military set rice.
Mr.

force.

work

that the
f

lie

James
90

bi

now

trained

-ii.

that

of

artil

they

must

go

tli,

carried on under the dircc-

Empie,

foi

Platts

to

the

mand

W.

of

If

iculture

for

ablest
-.

Chapin, assistant
re-ponded to the ti -t

P.

was obliged

to

in

orni-

call

for

return, tem-

"ho

Greeley,

i,

e.

ntimbei

men

in

of

years

different

the

line

regiment

of
will

ma

and

i-

be

countrj

one of the
I

latter

work.

cm

has
tin-

,,f

the United States

Thi n are thn

captam-. each of the

Mr.

haps

nag

associate curator of

Mr.

mmalogy department, and

Mr. Charles Camp, assistant in vertebrate

volunteer-, but

pei

-pint."
,

effects

I,,.

untoui led.

instance, .and

the

!,,

'

have hitherto been

cause they were

and Prance
at.
These

out,

ii

The Ami
feel

donkej

the soul as well as

kill

tin, -t

Hi,,

with

after the usual Pacific

Whether the Kugli-

in.

the world ot

together

in chat

Each company of
complete working

unit in it-elf. aide to handle the

hi

THE AMERICAN

MISI-JCM

High grade foresters will

Most of
act as noncommissioned officers.
the enlisted men will be lumbermen, millmen, and road engineers, The appropriation
provides for twelve specialists, two high
grade engineers, and a number of first class
alone

ni-fi

if

These

sawyers.
portant,

lie.

since

are

last

on

the

particularly

im-

sawyer depends the

amount of lumber to be obtained from the

tree.
It is now thought that three of the
(of about eight thou-

small portable mills

sand feet capacity)

company,

to a

will pro-

duce the best results. Before this forestry

regiment begins active work, it will be under
It
strict military discipline for two months.
then go armed with

will

way equipped

as a

rifles

and

in

every

This

fighting unit.

is

probably only the beginning of the transfer

of our scientific forestry experts to Europe,
as at least five such regiments will be needed

and the work may have

in France,

to be ex-

In response to a cable from the

French
familiar with

Government that two officers

French conditions be sent over in advance
of the regiment, Henry S. Graves, chief forester of the United States, and Barrington
Moore, associate curator of woods and forestry in the American Museum of Natural
History, sailed for France on June 9. Their
purpose

to look over the

is

forests,

deter-

mine the final details of the needed organidefinitely

upon the
decide
zation and
equipment, so that when the regiment arrives
there will be no loss of effort.

Since April, 1917, the

New York

Botan-

in

of school gardening.

tract of land near

Arboretum entrance on the eastern

the

side

ing of the crop to

is

maintained by public subscription.

centennial meeting of the New York

of Sciences and Affiliated Societies
was held at the American Museum of
Natural History on the evening of May 28.
Professor Michael I. Pupin, Honorary Serbian Consul General and president of the
Academy, spoke on the "Relation of Pure
Science to the National Crisis," emphasizing
what we are all beginning to realize, that
scientific research is one of the most valuable

Academy

assets this country possesses,

lie

made

spe-

mention of the work of the National

Advisory Committee on Aeronautics appointed by President Wilson some two years

cial

ago, with a continuing three-year program

give the United States as good

will

an aerial service as there can be by that

time in the world, the Naval Consulting

appointed by Secretary Daniels a

more than a year ago, with the splendid

Board,
little

result of an appropriation of several million

dollars for the organization of a

naval

re-

search laboratory, and the National Research

Council for mobilizing all the scientific research facilities of the country. Among the

problems which press most urgently upon the

scientists of our country are the making of

and the making of nitric acid.

Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, of tin \. v
York Botanical Garden, gave a summary of
the work done by the Academy's scientific
optical glass,

I'orto

years, in which

Rico during the last

many

seum's scientists have

of the American

made

The study of the material gathered

gressing rapidly, and

now ready

many

feu-

Mu-

investigations.

of the

is

pro-

results

Some of

for publication.

the

feet

of

and is now being cultivated by these classes.

Instinct ion is given by means of lectures,
practice work,

and reading,

in those subjects

collections are being returned to Porto Bico

to aid

needed by teachers
i

ertificate

factorily

covei

the

garden;
seeds,

in

school garden work,

being awarded to students satis-

completing the course.

following subjects:
soil

and

fertility;

Lectures

planning
selection

tic

of

germinating, planting, transplanting,

and related subjects; also insects to be dealt

with

in

and

soil

the

garden.

Elementary forestry

conservation are likewise included.

in

the founding of a natural bistor]

museum at San Juan; the rest

vided among the cooperating

will

be

di-

institutions.

work of the survey

into the newest purchase of the United
States, the Danish West Indies.
Ilr. John Hendley liainhart gave a sum
mary of the Society's first hundred years of
activity; from the time of the formation of
the Lyceum in 1817, by about twenty young
It is

the

with

work from the enterthe harvesting. The work

The

are

the grounds, about nine hundred

south of the Mansion, has been set apart

supplemented

ing, in fact, all of the

survey of

cooperation with the International Children's School Farm League, has

been conducting training classes for teachers

Garden,

ical

is

spading, hoeing, cultivating, planting, weed-

which

tended to Russia.

JOURNAL

Classroom work

hoped

to extend the

men connected with

the College of Physicians

and Surgeons, under the leadership of Dr.

Mitchell, with

its first

home

in

the old alms-

MUSEUM NOTES
bouse

Park and a librarj of

books, on through the long
Hall

City

hi

two hundred

and financial diffi

and the annoyance of moving from
place i" place, through the connection with
Columbia University
both on Forty-ninth
Streel and after the removal to Morningside

:;;,;

the culture from

their

home

first

and South Carolina, and spread

North

in

by means

it

years of diseouragemenl

.it'

initios

tribe finally

Eeights

came great corn growers and gradually carried the eulture farther west and north in
Dakota and Montana.
In the Southwest,

when

liiiiL'.

T.i

make

accepted the

it

permanent home

in-

the various groups into which the original

broke up. Some of these groups,

as the Man.laiis. Ankara, an.
Hidatsa, he
I

the

archaeological discoveries would indicate that

American Museum building, to the mutual

profit and satisfaction of both the Society
and tl- Museum.

corn raisin.; has been carried on foi thou

sands of years, and it is still the main Crop
of the Pueblo Indians of that region
as

vitation tn

its

in

as the occasion

well

A timely

bulletin on the subjecl of "Corn

Montana," in which tin' history, characand adaptation of tins cereal an

1ms been prepared by Professor
Alfred Atkinson, of the Experiment Station
in

teristics,

discussed,

nf

Montana

the

Through
this

to

tinctly

crops,

"'it in. nt

not

in

only

nutritive

and
soil

grain

at

native
'lis

but

fodder

also

excellent condition foi

viding that rotation

ua

tin-

produces

same time

the

grain without furthei

of

crop

for

leaves the

plant ing small

cultivation, thus pro

..t'

crops ->

in

not

prevailed

has

corn could surrossfulh

only

raised

lie

within the limits of n certain area along the

he

belt."

>hio,

<

rivers
,,i

ii

dians, however,

cultivated

as

man}

for

Montreal.

as

1534.

gradual northwestei

cot n

adaptability

Through Mr. Wilson's

Man. Ian and Hidatsa Indians, the
in

corns adapted to short seasons.

In

to so

in

these

some of which they wen- able

>

ultural

lowed

Am. a

i.

Rev.

means yet fixed.

ndians wen not onlj

Gilbert

in

received

in

The

many

New

the

in-

England

the Indians

bj

Natural

studies

History,

appear

will

lege

nn.!.,

Hidatsa

the

inatur

adian

hi

According to the
work
in North Dakota
Siou

of

uterprel

th.

ion

al

Of

manj

the

visitors

who stand

daily

be

fore the f
display in the eases in Me
morial Hall of the Museum, few realize thai
looking upon a purely artificial

plaster,

i.

the materials used

reproductions of
ran-,

and

.-,-

onl

tirely by hand.

east

ill.

..il

'
i

articles

thi
,:

hi

be mad<

After the mold is made the

in
wax; then the minute

casl

the

finally

colors, the

thesi

.,

ii

and

in

fsteak, lamb chops, po

1,
cream,
are paraffin,
kind of Japane
I

ice

n alistic cake "napoleon," musl

who began

the

report

"Agriculture

title:

ndians. an

1907 as an anthropological collector for

iseum,

in

published by the Montana Agricultural Col-

v id

Some of the result- of thi

made In Mr. Wilson
among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indian- i.,
permission of the American
Museum ol
important

is

the Hidatsa Indians

has

people

foi

corn grow

in

interest.

the colonists.

bj

they

Wilson,

I..

from

corn cultun

remarkable corn culture.

among

th.

fore by no

also

Museum

-an

wide

where the corn raised

known

ible

it

create

t.i

quiries

grow

to

than

experiments which have been

such favorable results

l>\

as

ing

north

The Montana Agri

became interested and began

College

'

a series of

hundred, while corn may be raised successfully by dry farming as well as In

farther

white farmer had dour.

tatoes,

much

Successfully

!anada

la

There is now
movemi
i,

The

in

Indians had several varieties of

that

corn,

eighty days and others requiring two

in

firsl

He found

'

ing

and

".'0111

the

centuries

artier observed

tinl.\

of the United

north

11

tssissippi,

maize has been

proves that

where Jacques

corn-growing

them

bj

M
known

".nt ra

...mi
-t

ii,

many of the pic

among them.
studies among the

formed the basis of the varieties developi

the

ears

for

prevalent

ies

centive was given to the work of experiment

stat.-s.

farming.

al

For some
that

College.
i-

more

herefore

the leading crop of

todaj

Corn

highly

.-Mi.

American than any other of our farm

is

turn.

Agricultural

we learn that corn, which

it

'

turesque eeren

are "tooli d" into shape,

perfect

casts

painted

with

real
lei.

Sliced tomatoes

and hard

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

358

account

on

production

of

their

peculiarly

is made by
molding into
shape, and then cutting into portions and

lee cream

translucent texture.
boiling

wax and

flour together,

Chocolate creams, looking tempt-

coloring.

ingly real, are

made

About two

of paraffin.

months' time was spent in the preparation of

this exhibit, which is designed to bring liefore the public the calorie

of

various foods

tin'

and protein values

commonly

The

used.

but the most gratifying thing

iniied

.Aery counterattack,

111

succeeded

is

that since

Somme opened

of the

battle

the

sin-

she

has

has never

driving a counterattack home.

in

We drove her out of positions in France

which she had planned years before the war.
Even gas cylinders we captured bore the date'
In his lectures throughout the coun-

1912."

Dugmore

Captain

try

of the

also tell

will

women

great part taken by the

of England,

Miss A. M. Kenaud, has been only

three years in this country, having taken
special training for her work in Europe. She

of their sacrifices, and absolute unanimity of

has been connected with the American Mu-

Nine tenths of the mail carriers are women,

there are hardly any men left in the banks,

artist,

seum for about two years.

purpose

order that the

in

men may

he re-

government work.

leased for military duty or

even the porters at the railway stations are

the battlefields of Europe, where he

Prom

was wounded and gassed

in the trench war-

fare of the western front. Captain A. Rad-

dyffe Dugmore of the English army comes

to America to tell us something of the exact
situation and needs of our English and

French

Captain Dugmore was

Allies.

participant

active

in

the

of

an

battle

the

which nearly the whole of his

He himself was
was wiped out.
overcome by gas on the fifteenth day. After
six months in the hospitals of France mid

Somme,

England, he rejoined his regiment in Engdown again some two months

land, but broke

from the effects of the Somme gas injury and was obliged to give up the idea of
Captain Dugmore is
active military life.
later

Foreign

sent to this country by the British

lb- says: "I shall lecture

Office,

side,

everywhere

country on tin' conditions on the other

"hat the thing stands for, and what the

want to show~ what we

I want to show
are up against, and why.
England's position, and particularly to rem
ultimate aim

is.

wrong impressions, due

certain

edj

man propaganda."
been doing

at

When

to Ger-

tire

splendid.

is

net

is

no need of

urging the

know death is certain." He further

"If the war crushes the menace that
been

world

for

hanging over the liberty of the

these years, it is worth the
||
Germany is fighting hard still;
:1

in

of

in

secured

on

the

trip

are

the educational department of the

American Museum.
of the staff of the American
been presented, through the

Each member

Museum

has

Henry

courtesy of President

Fairfield

Os-

a copy of a handbook entitled

Housewives, which has been issued
by Mayor Mitchel's Food Supply Committee.
The book is opened by a patriotic call to

born, with

Hints

to

housewives to do their

bit

toward solving

the food problem, and contains recipes for

cooking, for canning fruits and vegetables,

much useful informahow to buy and care for

preserving eggs, and

tion in general on

food.

Work

is in

progress on the elephant group

for the center of the African

I

Mr. Carl E. Akeley.

has been

scene

in the

hall

planned

Surely there never

past history of taxi-

that

they
has

stored

for

the Journal, and duplicates of

negatives

the

till

secured

photographs

of these pictures have

dermy ami sculpture quite comparable with

They nunc right forward even when

sacrifices.

Some

do

men.
said:

appeared

when he

wonderful

his

African game.

in-

have to get behind them and push them

if they are

There

to the

We

the front, QOr look back to see

coining.

unknown

In March, 1916,
which was described

almost

credible what they are doing there.

t..

America

Dugmore

The men

not

is

in

asked what he had

the front, Captain

answered: "What all the other fellows are

Sometimes
doing trying to miss bullets.
one succeeds very well. Sometimes one does
not.

an article appeared
his trip to Africa

in

brigade

in tin

Captain Dugmore

readers of the JOUBNAL.

today

in

the

elephant

studio

of

the

American Museum. The beasts are so gigantic,

so

vast

in

their

proportions,

that

the

whole visible space of the eighty-foot studio,

with thirty feet to the ceiling, is dominated
by tin in and the scaffolding and other paraphernalia for their preparation. There are to
be four of these giants of the African jungle
in

the group.

The

calf

practically completed

and young

bull are

(photographs of them

MUSEUM NOTES
be reproduced

will

the

in

Joukn u i. w nik mi the old bull, w hose

head will tower twelvi feel above the pedestal on which he is to stand, is well under
the

way.

immense

present one of the

\t

The "Neptune"

issue of

tall

first

sides

is

members of

see pagi

which
to the

Greenland,

the largest

is

Newfoundland

the

sealers.
Although
sound throughout. Eer

of the mannikin for him ha- been clothed

in

built in

now encased

in

sides consist of sheathing of foul

one half of his

plaster
side

remaining

and

skiii

tlir

carefully molded

-kin

half

is

The othei
hardens.
|nuir- of hnuiie, the

the skin

until

uiidorooi n v,

is

over

of the natural
of ten-.folds and wrinkles and suyee-i

soft clay into all the intricacies

ii.

U-.

he-un.
oiM

Work on

underneath.

I.

deputed

Tin- pose,

head

the

Mr.
as

conviction

carries

that

liy

\kel,\.

the

to

'-

than

t.

Mr.

which

Just noti

f... i.

ii

Akeley

the very

is

perfected

lias

the

ept

the

in

mounting of animals, since each step

is

one of reenfoi

final

in

ing

the inside of the skin with composition and

So diffii ult of accomplishment

and so vast in am. unit is the detailed work
wire

ing.

i"'tt

required that

will

it

phants

Ii

with rock
will

and understand the process

best time to see

all

massiveness and
majesty.
The
measurement from the eye to the tip of the
trunk is nine feet and the spread of the eat

feet

heii

the

in

Wilson

President

Cross

War

expedition

the
1

ingem

noi

purpose

Frank

Dr.
called

the Red

a-

con

in

At pn

undei

the mi mi.,

oi

L916

of

by
\!..|\

enland,

Red

of the

who returned

-in inner

'

woi

way of
die

then,-,,

the

it

in

and
ding
field

Isborn

of the

v ireless,

and

in

the ser

United States Navy on the -team

.-."
\i-.i Mi. .!. romi
Lee Allen,
.1:111

has

rei

who wanlisted

in

.1, are,.

,,f

the

in

of thirtj

nt

Ol

work,

this

donate-

it

al

'

At

sa<

he

'

D.

knitting

dolla
essa

lie.

eaeli

en

additional

it" e

collected

tune

the

to

own

her

a-

Red

cause.

ro

205

the work of

collei

Clyde

ork

on

sub

ing

-t ill

all

handle
Clovers,

at

-poke

,,,,

of
"V\

.1

the

American

one

-.

,1,1

C.

<

|,

Hoy Scout guides were provided

th,,-.

.-

1.,,

wished such assistance.

nly in order that

the

grasses,

daisies,

and various other "

th. a, M- oi \'"
iii

that

blind

adult
held

City,

the evi oing

Fisher

Summer."
fo)

mei

spei ial

not

fi

ton,

ont> ibutes

and
:n

irpi

an

Mrs. Hei

ii

and

bag

-,'.'.

rapidly
ret

puTl basi

I.

Museum

n ho was

the " Sonei

While certain hours are granted by the Mu-

the

Bay and through

cartographic

ies.

Land Ex

by boat to Copen
n,

of

rice of the

vice

Iross a.-ti\

roi ki

the

-enm War Relief Association." Committees

.1 forward the WO) k to lie done liy

I"

to civilization

hagen, Et

charge

name of

n ith

med

infoi
>r

edition

in

Museum have

of the American

the

newly estaldi-ln

<

)i

con

the

scarcit;

definite

for service

Iross.

'

present

the

to

The women
formed

assistai

provide against

to

tig

it

funds
a

was only after the greatest difficulty

that the "Neptune" was sei iired.
The char
tor pi ice pel month 1- - 5,

ships,

fOI

been

has

Publications,

>i

war.

nt
<

Washington

to

rw

<

funds to the ex*

fn

arisi

ill

inches thiek in

of another year's detention

h.

members

thi

which n

by
Red

chairman of the

as

Council, a bodj of seven

of responding to

of the

treasure)

been appointed

has

the sides of the ship

so that

no
.

salt,

prartiially eighteen

lie

parts where contact with the ice 1- ex

The bow is Eurthei reenf
pected.
bj a
heavj sheathing of iron plates, and is backed
inside
I.
The "Neptune'"
with
deadw
measures about L90 ft. long bj 30 wide and
is deep,
she will carry about 450 tons of
Five tons of food will be carried to
coal.

be almost a year before

sta nd on

is

The space between the inner and outer skins

and the timbers of the ship is solidly filled

i-

phant's

is;:: she

greenheart over four inches of oak. covering

heavy oak timbers, with a three-inch
ig.

is

ele-

vessel

relief

Land Expedi-

the Crocker

tion iu northwest

of

284 and 346

to be sent as a third

them

picking

for

po ildy have any

f

this

"i

unity

fio

oik's suburbs

occasion

could

influence toward

the species.

to

buttercups,

11,1

ex

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

The

Liberty Loan

Bowl committee,

large

purchasing outright

percentage

others paying by the month.

The

and

subscrip-

amounts to $12,850, mostly for

bonds.
The arrangement by

tion already
fifty-dollar

which the Museum

subscriptions

in

is

At

ap-

by President Osborn some weeks

pointed

ago, reports that 167 of the employees of

the Museum have subscribed to the bonds, a

elected

meeting of the California

recent

Academy
director

of Sciences, Dr. Frederic A. Lucas,

American Museum, was

an honorary member, together with
the

of

Dr. Bobert S.

Woodward, president of the

Carnegie Institution at Washington, and Dr.

John A. Brashear, a trustee of the Carnegie
Institute at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

enabled to receive the

installments was

financed

through the generosity of Mr. Adrian Iselin,

Jr., and Mr. Felix M. Warburg, members of
the board of trustees of the American Mu-

The twelfth annual meeting of the American Association of Museums was held in

New York

May

City from

members representing
Begiktration for the New York State
Census for the Fifteenth Assembly District
was carried on at the American Museum.
The work was done by the fifty-three members of the American Museum War Belief
Association, under the supervision of Miss
Ann E. Thomas, chairman of the committee
mi census. The clerical assistants worked in
three shifts, the Museum giving the time of
the employees during the regular hours, and
the employees volunteering for the extra
The American Museum War Belief
service.

Association is a recognized chapter of the

Bed Cross and also a branch of the Navy
League, working daily in its workroom at
the Museum on garments and equipment for
soldiers

and

sailors.

This fellowship was founded by Mr. Emile

Berliner of Washington, D. C, in memory
of his mother, and is designed to encourage
gifted women who have already made a noteworthy beginning in some special field of
Dr. O'Conuell's subject for invesscience.
tigation will be the ecology of the European

and American graptolites, extinct Hydrozoa

whose habitats have heretofore been little
known. In this connection she will study the
large collections of these forms at the American Museum of Natural History and Columbia University.

Robert H. Lovvie, associate curator

anthropology in the American Museum,

l)n.
in

leaves
will act

in

August for California, where he

as associate professor in anthropol-

ogy during the academic year 1917-18

University of California at Berkeley.

in the

with an

2:-!,

and

On May

Museum

\\;i\

22

of Natural

History, and

the Metropolitan

;it

Museum

The guests were entertained

21

Amer-

the sessions took place at the

2.".

ican

fifty

number of

large

widely scattered institutions.

on

of Art.

at luncheon by

the host institutions on the three days of the

meeting.

Chief

among

the topics discussed

was the relation of museums to industry

and education, Ou the evening of May 22,
a reception was held at the New York Aquarium,

when Dr.

C.

H. Townsend gave an

address mi the administration of a public

The week was rounded out with

of the other museums in the

aquarium.
inspect ions

At the business meeting for the

vicinity.

election of officers, Mr. Paul

Charlestown
Dr. Marjorie O'Connell, who has been engaged by the department of geology and invertebrate paleontology of the American
Museum to work on the collection of fossil
sponges as a special assistant during the
spring mouths, has been awarded the Sarah
Berliner Besearch Fellowship of $1,000 for
the year 1917-1918, beginning Juue first.

21 to

attendance of about one hundred and

Museum

M. Bea, of the

of South Carolina, was

Laura L. Weeks, of

reelected secretary, Miss

the

same

W.

P. Wilson, of the Philadelphia

institution, assistant secretary, Dr.

CommerMuseum, treasurer. Mr. Boy W. Miner,

of the American Museum, and Miss Anna B.
cial

Museum of Brookwere elected councilors for a term of

Gallup, of the Children's

lyn,

The president and

three years.

dent of the association, elected

a term of two years, are Dr.

of

the

Sciences,

and

land,

Buffalo
Dr.

vice-presi-

last,

Henry

Society

of

year for
K.

How-

Natural

Newton H. Carpenter,

of

the Art Institute of Chicago.

An

exhibit

New

Greater
pottery

of

the

Keramic Society of

York, held at the American

May 6, showed
and chiuaware of design inspired

Museum from

April 25 until

by the Museum's collections of the primitive

art of the Americas.
The society, with a

membership of one hundred, meets regularly

in the Museum, under direction of Mr. Marshall

Fry,

ceramics.

to

study

At the

last

design

applicable

to

business meeting of

the Keramic Society, Dr. Frederic A. Lucas

was elected honorary president.

THE

OCT 3

AMERICAN M""
JOURNAL

CROCKER LAND EXPEDITION HOME AND

OUR NATIONAL COLORS IN THE ARCTIC
OSTHICH FARMING
EXTINCT GIANT BIRD
WHALING SOUTH OP THE EQUATOR

The American Museum

of Natural

History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Henry Fairfield Osborn

Second Vice-President
J. P. Morgan

First Vice-President

Cleveland H. Dodge

Secretary

Treasurer

Henry

P.

Adrian Iselin, Jr.

Davison

John Purroy Mitchel, Mayor of the City of New York

William A. Prendergast, Comptroller of the City of New York
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
Charles Lanier
Henry C. Frick
George F. Baker
Ogden Mills
Madison Grant
Frederick F. Brewster
Percy K. Pyne
Huntington
Archer
M.
Cutting
Fulton
B.
John B. Trevor
Arthur Curtiss James
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
Felix
M. Warburg
Walter
B.
James
Douglas
James
A. D. Juilliard

administrative officers
Assistant Treasurer

Frederic A. Luoas

scientific staff

Frederic A. Lucas, Sc.D.,

Vertebrate Palaeontology

Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontology

Henry Fairfield Osborn,

LL.D., D.Sc, Curator

Emeritus

Mineralogy

W. D. Matthew, Ph.D., Curator

Walter Granger, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]
William K, Gregory, Ph.D., Assoc, in Palaeontology

Woods and Forestry

Anthropology
Clark Wissler. Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Robert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Hi EBEBT J. Spinden, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
N. C. Nelson, M.L., Asst. Curator

Charles W. Mead,
Invertebrate Zoology

Crampton, Ph.D., Curator

Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assoc. Curator

Henry

E.

Frank

E. Lutz, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator

L. P.
A. J.

Grataoap, A.M., Curator Mollusca

Mutohler, Assistant
Willard G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant
Prank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant
W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social
Treadwell, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Annulata
Charles W. Leng, B.S., Hon. Curator Coleoptera

Asst. Curator

Louis R. Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical

Anthropology

Leslie Spier, B.S., Assistant Anthropology

HERMAN K. Haeberlin, Ph.D., Asst. Curator

Anatomy and Physiology

Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Charles F. Herm, Assistant
Public Health
Charles-Edward A. Winslow, M.S., M.A.,

A. L.

Ichthyology and Eerpetology

Bashpord Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus

JOHN T. NICHOLS, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes
Mary Oynthia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator
Herpetology

Mammalogy and
J.

A.

Ornithology

Allen, Ph.D., Curator

Frank M. Chapman, Sc.D., Curator Ornithology

Roy C. ANDREWS, A.M., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy
W. DeW. Miller, Assoc. Curator Ornithology
H. E. Anthony, B.S., Assistant Mammalogy
Herbert Lano, Assistant Mammalogy
James P. OHAPIN, A.B., Assistant Ornithology

Public Education
George H. Sherwood, A.M., Curator
G. Clyde Fisher, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Ann E. Thomas, Ph.B., Assistant

Pools and Publications

RALPH W. Tower. Ph.D.. Curator
Ida Richardson Hood, A.B., Asst. Librarian
Research Associates
M. D. C. Crawford, Textiles, Anthropology
Charles R. Eastman, Ph.D., Vert. Paheont.
AHS8SANDRO Fahuri, Physiology
William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Paleontology
Geo. Bird Grinnell, Ph.D.. Ethnology
.1.
Howard McGregor, Ph.D., Anthropology

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, EXPLORATION, AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OP PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

<

)ctober,

1917

Vol UME XVII. Nimbi

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO MAY

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:
ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 23, 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, [912
INCLUSIVE, BY THE

CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER

i

"Twilighl

tovcr,

Showing

the Adirondaeks"
a new group of Virginia

in

portion of

deer

American

the

in

bluseum

of

Natural

Frontispiece, Relic of Arctic Exploration

364

Portion of flag found by MacMfflan in cache at summit of Cape Thomas I

bj Pearj in 1906 and where a complete American flag was l.-ft

The Crocker Land Expedition Home

Henry Fairfield Osborm

Illustration-

Evolution
From

its

dl'

pi

I'rimi

li

.i

wil.l

development

tin-

mouth toward Mo- f

n-:m u,

to tlo-

1.

-r

Whaling Smith of the Equator

in

Unique

forests of

IlListrai

ioi

"Ba

phs

tlo-

li\

California

C.

A Glimpse

advanced

389

399

cter

103

Miller

W3

wi. Walter Granger

IK

and

E.

.in

Leo

civilization.

Eoci

M.

trovermnental nrirant/at ton

,,

,i,,.

I.

in.
in

I!i
i

W.
the Bighori

anil

E.

Author

basin

I).

M mtiilu

keleton of rare fossil bird

'"

410

Notes

\y.\

r\ xtiii

Iiti

ki R--

\l

Central Part West,

Th, .h.i

Hari Merrlam

William

Importanl discover;

Museum

Murphy

New Betlfonl
American lln

Into the Quichua Country of

Illustrations from

Mm

tintin-

nature

Southern Bolivia

i.

',

\,m are" Scientifically as Well as

ii

'!"

animals,

Author

Mut

its

361

unusual

Emotionally

for

Gregory

Roberi Cushmajj

wilh photographs taken oti board

L912 ami 1913, during tin- South Georgia Expedition of
Natural History anrl tin- Hrooklyn Museum

The Giani Manzanitas of Clear Lake,

K.

ne-celled

tl

Inscription of American sperm whaline.

ni

Duerdek

man

of

brig "Daisy," in
ii

E.

birds throutrh ilona -Miration

William

Face
directing

"i

- ges of

I.

saving oilier

of

phs h\ the Author

Human

the

primary objecl

gh var

Tit

365

;i

home

-.,1.1,

Sj

it

stead

its

exploration

Ostrich Farming in South Africa

A profitable business, sufftrestini; tin- possibility

11

in

Mr. MacMillan and his companions on their safe return from

successful
m the I. it North, ami lo Captain Bartlett who piloted the "Neptune"

tlations tu

four years

where

bard,

w;i- placed

New York

City.

77th

St.

tin,

FRAGMENT OF HISTORICAL AMERICArthree suininits ;it Cape Thomas HiiMninl. in tin- Arctic. ;inl is now on view ;it the
these .lavs when Americans l'i-i-l a quick patriotism at sight of tin- flat:, we ran
11.' tin- thrill that
.'am.' to the h-ail.-r of tin' Crocker Land Kxpedition when ho found the r.-il.
white, ami blue with its 01
mbroidered star in tin- distant north.
sill,
This
flag (below), now in the rim. ..I States National Capital, was made for Admiral Peary by
.".I
hi
carried on the expedition which reached the Worth Pole,
Peat] cached portions cut from it
at different "farthest north
and 2 at Cape Morris Jesup, :! at Cape Thomas Hubbard, 4
places: Not
al
ape Columbia 5 at Peal
irthi
Worth at 87 ii'. and 6. the Ions: diagonal strip, on thi ice at
the North Pole.
ti
The
trough) back bj the Crocker I. an. Expedition is No. 3, from the upper
middle section; a complete American flat: was left in its pi;

on the highest

.if

tin-

American Mus, .11111

]ti

1.

The American Museum Journal

Volume XVII

The Crocker Land Expedition Home

and

dangers
FROMexploration
the

difficulties

Far North,
granted a safe
return to Donald B. MacMillan, leader
of the Crocker Land Expedition, and to
in the

of

has

Providence

members of his
all members of

the

all

expedition, as

well as to

the relief par-

during the las! two years.

As the world bade these men a sympathetic Godspeed four years ago, ii qom
Their
gives them a warm welcome.
i

oui

sen!

ies

safe

return, expertly piloted home by

Roberl A. Bartlett, with the
if! a single man ami with the

Captain

is

matter

of

iii.in

physical

conti

forces

ith

si

ith

vt

food conservation is in everyone's mind

and in view of the fad that our fuel

rejoicing to

It
interested in polar exploration.
or the triumph of the intelleci

the

the work.

illation to the

for

all

results of

and

measure of success attained in

geographical, geological, and zoological
greal

discovery,

total

valuable i- the geographical work accomplished on the expedition to Finlaj

Land and North Cornwall, and in map
ping the western coasl of Ellesmere
Land from Cape Sabine to Clarence
Head. The Meu- of the nclllle- of the
fauna of large
animals in this uninhabited part of our globe is of unusual inter.-! ;,t a time hen Mini;, of

of

loss

the intensive scientific work

planned and the main exploratory journey of 152 miles northwesl from Cape.
Thomas Eubbard, a hazardous expedition over the mo\ in- sea tee, in sean h
of the land which luul been prophesied
to lie there.
The two years -line thai
time, enforced upon the members of the
expedition by ice conditions which kept,
the relief .hip. of 1915 and 1916 from
reaching them, have added vastly to the
plished

opposing

letter cold,

storm, and the long Arctic night.

Ii

i-

.1

.hi

for

mgral

American Museum of Natural II istorj

the
American Geographical Society,
and the University >( Illinois, organizations which sen! the expedition oul
ami have borne the tun burdens always
incumbenl en tl
rganizers and supporters el' exploration work
or Antarctic, namely, continual Tear for
the safety "I the in. ii. and linaiieial
backing for whatever may come, unexpected events ami delays which maj
mean wreck to the Bhips and di
death to the men. while prolot
it

years

oi

beyond that planned

;

mi!

for.
<

A- chairman

lommitti

of the three organizations

supporting the expedition,
gratulate the members of that body on

sentative

their unswerving faithfulness to the

work devolving upon them.
The Crocker Land Party left In 1913.
At the mil of two years it had accom-

resources are being dangerously reduced.

we can foresee that the future n ill. h\

some method, make available

mous

veins of

oal

disi ovi

red through-

out Axel Beiberg Land and thi

Wn r, Claud-.
Aside from the scientifii
here is added much of human
in the pleasanl and helpful relations
established with the Esquimo, and in
i

the relic- found of pre\ io|l- Arctic c\peditions. Tin- large colled ion of these

now

tele--

ou

view

al

the

American

Museum tells manj a long pasl sforj of

the triumph of discover} of m-u land,
the drear Ionesomeness ami isolal ion of
the

work,

and

the

failure

of

rescue

was sorely needed.

pleasure to extend _
am! congratulations to Mr \l
in-

It

i-

and lii- companion, and

come home.

Cordial wel'

BOKN.

ill":

U 3s
c

Tli.*

the plum;ig-- of

bristly

tin-

Ostrich Farming in South Africa

SUCCESSFUL RESULTS SUGGESTING THE POSSIBILITY OF SAVING
OTHEB WILD BIRDS THROUGB DOMESTICATION
By .1.
];

Professor of

times

the

past

IN(Struthio)

E.

D U E

Zoi'ilnay.

two-toed

ranged

over

ostrich
al]

the

habitable part- of the continent of

Africa,

and

Palestine, Asia

extended

An

as

g<

In recenl times

tionable.
practical!}

Arabia,

into

Minor, and probably as

southern India.
hi
distinction within
far

is

ques-

has become

restricted to Africa,

hard)

over" from a mon

which brain power counted but little.
It- graceful plumes hai
for decora! ive
ime imand frequenl references to
the gianl bird occur in Biblical and
classical writings.
The plumes were
obtained from the hunting of the wild
bird, and so valuable are they thai the
creature would have become extinct ere
this had not it- domestication
dertaken.
As it is, ostriches in South
Africa have rapidly increased under
"left
in

i;r;ili:nn-to\M

farming condii

ions, unl

i!

in

I'M 3

hey

estimated at near 1,000,000, a

noteworthy instance of an animal saved
from extinction and increasing
in numbers through man'- agency.
wi n

Arabs and nahave kepi the

and
ruthlessly plucked it- feathers.
These
birds arc captured as chicks from the
gi

nus
it

D E X

.,;].::..

of

tives

nerations the

North

Africa

ostrich in captivity in small kraals,

nesi

of

wild

the

bird,

restra

handling of the wild adult

possible.

<

bi

'hick- are never bred in cap-

and the term "ostrich farming"

scarce^ be applied to the crude
iunder which the bird there

tivity,

ran

Fifty

exists.

tion

was

directed

strich

farming

table

proved

ms atten-

yi

first

itself

of farm life

to
in

the possibil-

South Africa.

management the

amenable
and hied

bird

to the restraints
freely,

and

in
-

THE AME1UCAX MI'SIUM .JOIHXAL

farming became one
tin' Leading pursuits of parts "ft lape
Colony. In 1913, the year before the
beginning of the World War, the industry reached its zenith, when feathers
short time ostrich
of

to the value of $15,000,000 were exported overseas, mostly to Europe and

An

the United States.

ury,

ostrich

plumes

article of lux-

have

suffered with the advent

naturally

and continua-

tion of the war.

Although the ostrich

"hair"

Tin-

and head

in

the

an ostrich

of

is

the

is indigenous to
has been established that the
domesticated bird will thrive and repro-

Africa,

feathers
greatly

elon-

gated barbless shaft of the featlu

it

duce under varied conditions, and the

remunerative nature of ostrich farming
lias

led

to

its

introduction into other

parts of the world, particularly Arizona

and California in the United States,

and

and

also Australia

New

Zealand.

The plumes produced in these parts

however, by no means the equal of
those grown in South Africa; and, as
are,

the bird
it

is

farmed only for the feathers

it seems doubtful whether

provides,

the industry can be

made

a success be-

yond the confines of Africa,

especially

is now
Union Government.

since the exportation of birds

prohibited by the

in so many other highly specialized

animal and vegetable products, pecu-

As

and the general

environment have much influence upon
ultimate success; and even in ostrich
areas in South Africa great differences
obtain in the degree of plumage perfecliarities of soil, climate,

tion attained.
It is no small achievement for the
South African farmer to have reduced

within

fifty

years a wild, highly nervous

bird to a thorough state of domestication, to

have worked out the details of

management required for the producplumage crops of the

tion of successive

highest

The growing plume

in<

changes

in

In this

bird.

the

plume

grown, but, because

m
t

tl

condition, the rest

'haired."
tapers BtTO

ntive condition of the

crown is well
bird became reduced

in

and

is

renders
dally

otherwise defec
the

plume

al:

the

perfection,

many

parasitic

tip or

.-!>

toward

the

butt.

the bird

is

to

have combated

diseases to

which

subject, to have elaborated

methods of chick rearing, ami. by selective breeding, to have improved the

plume to the high state of excellence it
has

now

reached.

CLASSIFIED COMMERCIALLY AS A "HIGH GRADE

plumes have usually a natural

A single plume lik. the above would be worth from
For milliner] purposi
ness

feathers

;ir.

NATURAL PRIME"

til

to ten

tiv,-

laid

dollars

to the

lustrous,

farmer.

fflcienl

full

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

A fad

npressivi

dition throughout

months

six

for

the

required

feather crop

;i

to

grow and mature, the

character and quality
of the plumage suffer.

Any

imperfection

of

growth greatly depreciates the plume

in
value, often to the extent

three

of

mal
ished

from the
clipping,

termed

">

or fourth dipping.

ind with proper inn

firs

one

half

quarters.

feather

is

or

The

an epidernour-

product,

from

Ions

third, ami fourth clippings. The plumes of the first

Plumes usually continue to improve to the third
mull value.
gement the bird will yield the same quality of plumage for

OSTRICH FARMING IN SOUTH AFRICA

dermal medulla, and like all epidermal structures hairs, nails, hoofs,
is
delicatelj responsive to
and horns
in
nutritive variations and ehang
Even the normal
externa] conditions.
variations in blood pressure between
the nighl and day periods often leave
their mark upon the growing plume in
the form of nighl and da} rings. These
-

alternating

represent

density in the
arc

foundation

the

defei

differences

new feather grow

prevalent

the

of

in

and

th,

technically know n as bars, the

i-

nature of Inch has been investigated

for several years by the writer.
The

plumes have

longest

growth

quarter of an

rate

of

and

all

the feathers are so

cylinders

jecting

of

full

at

inch

tin-

bl

sary for
it-

con-

of highly nourishing food,

such as alfalfa, rape, mangel, and

that

tie

-ram.
animal

can -af.l\

It

i-

and leads such

as the high-g rade

so highly

pampered

all

be said
at

existent

domesl icated

The farmer, howei er, has

The difference
the matter.

osl rich.

ption in

in

returns

grown, high quality

and one defective in
growth is often the difference between
prosperity and failure.
The method of securing a full, complete, ami even feather crop i- a matter
In
of some interest to the zoologist.
North Africa the ent ire pluma _
from

feather

perfectly

crop

ally

plucked from the body, wings, ami

tail,

u Inch leads to rapid deterioral ion

in tinteal

successn

ostrich

crops

farming,

Ian in met hod-

only

the

remain

to

on

the

three

the
until

bird

natural moulting takes place would re-

ami

deterioration

serious

in

sult

depreciation in value, as

resuli of the

wear ami tear during the two m- more

months after the plume i- npc Hence
Eeathers an- clipped as seen as the

all

plume

pari

the quill
soi

l-.ei

allowed

to

ripen- also, the process

it

ami then
remain in the

fully developed,

i>

is

The

capil-

demands

perfection

supph

plumes

allow

to

months after

two

requiring

To mainnniform blood pressure necesthe growing feather to attain

highesl

stant

Further,

overripe.

or

clipping has taken place.

below to the blood supply.

tain the

other words, to keep

in

pro-

outer end and open

laries, closed at the

The natural method

the crop even.
does net suffice, for the moulting of th
various plumes i- irregular; some are
only partly grown while ether- arc in.

day,

many
I

same time,

ili.'

::;

at

least

clipping occurs when the

firsi

chicks are six months eld. ami

all

the

commercial feathers, technically called

The quills respadonas, are removed.
maining are then fully ripe in aboul
twe months' time, that i-. all the me
diilla. with
its
blood ami nerves, is
withdrawn, and the tip of the quill
rounded off. Left to natural moulting,
fully
grown quills would be
these
pushed "in at different time-, ami the
second crop id' feathers would begin to
grow in an irregular manner. To pn

this

in

the

rip.-,

eight

drawn by

the quills an-

all

hand w hen
al

months

hi.

eld

being

thl H

and invariably

withdrawal Of a .pull adstimulus to the germ of

the

feather

the bottom

at

All the

follicle.

simultaneously

.ild

ot

draw

th

.pull- being

new

thi

a-

feathers begin
i

and even

rop
,

Tin-

secured.

is

-mi

hs

time of drawing the

leather crop
se< "lid

to

ripen

.pull-.
i-

-<.

r.-adv

full
al-..

from the
that

the

for clip-

main TOWS of wing feather- are taken.

along with the tail. With can
ma] character of the plumage may he

ping by the time th.- bird is

old.
Two months later the second crop of quills can he draw n, ami

preserved year after

fifty er mere years.

the third feather crop start-

objecl

i-

to

maintain

feather- at the

In
all

farming, the

fi

to he

the commercial

same stage of growth

at

it- growth,
completed by the time the bird is
-

ally

..Id.

The

third dip;

represents plumage maturity, that

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

is.

crop the bird

best

the

is

it

will

With care and good manage-

produce.

ment, however, little depreciation follows for a number of years.

The ostrich plume owes its success as
an article of adornment throughout the
ages to its intrinsic grace and beauty
and, in these later times, when humane
principles are in the ascendency, to the

no

overcome, the tameness attained by the

parents being in no measure transmitted to the off spring. Left for a lewweeks to themselves, or even with the
parents, the natural wildness would
become established, and during their
subsequent

career

would

it

become

practically impossible to handle them.

To overcome

this instinctive tendency

or

destruction

to wildness. chicks for their first

its

production.

or so have to be reared in close ami con-

The clipping of the ripe plumes involves no more to the bird than cutting the hair or trimming the nails

with people on the

farm, when their nervous fear at the
presence and approach of human beings

that

fact

whatever

is

cruelty

involved in

does to man. or shearing the wool does

Feathers, hairs, nails, and

sheep.

to

stant

year

association

remains

in

abeyance.

Familiarity

breeding contempt, the natural fear of

man

wool are all epidermal structures,

devoid of nerves and blood vessels, ami
no pain is connected with their removal

turns to aggression
at the breeding season: ami mam a
prancing cock in the full glory of its

once growth is complete. The drawing

of the ripened quills is only performing
for the bird in advance and simul-

sexual vigor has stricken terror into the

taneously what would take place more

slowly and irregularly in the natural

its territory,

process of moulting.

ledge which in

all

It is this

know-

recent legislative en-

actments devoted to the prohibition of

trade in plumage has led to the exemption of ostrich plumage from any repressive regulations.

The
five

when four

wild ostrich breeds

or

years old, but the domesticated bird

from two to three years of age, or even

before two years, a remarkable instance
of the influence of high feeding in
hastening the physiological processes of
combined with a certain
reproduction
amount of unconscious selection on the
The six-week pepart of the farmer.
riod of incubation

undertaken

is

in the

nest by the cock at night and the lien

by day. or

carried out artificially in

is

There

the incubator.
the

myth

hatched

l>\

In a dry
their

the sun.
el

mate and free from para-

rearing
with

Bui
he

no support for

heart of the hapless person

'ii
|

in

presents

each
1

ive

tends to assert

no

difficulty.

succeeding generation

wild

nature of the bird

itself

anil

need-

to

lie

who

has,

unwittingly and unarmed, intruded on

many

whether veld or camp and

violent kick has been received
;

from its flattened foot, or a cut from

sharp powerful claw, resulting in
serious injury or even fatality.
The domesticated ostrich also affords
much that is attractive to the student
Along with other
of animal behavior.
old-time African animals, such as the
giraffe, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus,
it combines a maximum of bulk with a
minimum of brain. Like these and the
big Mesozoic saurians and early Terits

tiary

mammals,

its

nervous activities

are mainly reflex in character, not

If intelligence be defined

tal.

men-

as the

ability to profit by experience, then the

ostrich

is

deplorably

desirable quality.

lacking

Even

in

this

in such remote

times as those of the patriarch Job,

aspersions were cast at the mentality of
we not read "God hath
deprived her of wisdom, neither hath

the bird. For do

he imparted to her understanding."

attacks the chicks are hardy, and

sitic

is

the eggs are left to be

that

in the ostrich

Its oft-quoted proverbial stupidity in

its head in the sand when purbelieving itself thereby hidden
from view, has however no foundation

burying
sued,

in

fact,

unless the instinct of death-

Group

chicks

of

h owing

thi

uvenal plum
i.-ally

alike

in

both

The chick
the

foreground
crouchii

gray pigment in the hei

in
i-

OSTRICH FARMING IN SOUTH AFRU

feigning in the chick, when on sudden

alarm i1 flops down with its long nei k

and head prone on the ground, can be
as

regarded

the origin

of

during
and quilling,

In handling the bird, as

brium.

the operations of clipping

rest

lessness

is

and

hooded

are

eyes

the

oppro-

the

its

nervous

herebj over omi

Persona] attachments and responsivesuch

ness,

manifested by all
als toward those who

as

an-

domesl icated at
care Eor them, are whollj lacking

A glimmering

ostrich.

between

familiar

formal

such
or

the
per-. mi.

miliar
to the

and
f

and

unfa-

the

tendency

feeble

the simplest habits,

coming at call to be
more readily along

as

traveling

quented

in the

of distinction

directions,

represent

fed
fre-

practi-

which the bird

Attachment between mate-.

cally all the education of

i-

capable.

even after being camped together season after season, seems nones istenl

and the regard and care of offspring

have
plest

manifestations of only

the

sim-

character.

The

success which has attended the

domestication of the ostrich as a means
of

plumage

supply

has

stimulated

thought

in

plumage

in

the direc-

domestication

the

of

tion

:;;:

South Africa

birds.

Ir

of

other

held that just as

is

one bird has been rendered amenable to

farming practice, and dune much to

adorn the world, so others may he

adapted ac< ording to their ow n parHi- ..\\ n
ticular instincts and needs.
conducted on the highest huthe Smith African

industry

mane

principles,

farmer has no sympathy with the ruthless

destruction of wild

millinery

purposes.

than follow
hibitive

whollj

policy,

he

bird

life

for

Rather, however,
repressive or pro-

would

inquire

if

birds suitable for the purpose could not,

as in the ease of the osl rich, be
to

render

legil

brought

imate service to the deco-

rative needs of

mankind.

No

adornment is so attractive as that of

plumage peoples of all lands and in all
times have been held in sway by it the
ostrich plume has been transported
from the native kraal even to the
thrones of kings and queens; ami. if
secured under circumstances in har:

mony

with the highest

erations, a high

sen

ice

humane
is

consid-

rendered the

SKULLS OF HUMAN INFANT (ABOVE) AND YOUNG CHIMPANZEE -BELOW)

The elements
hrluct'ii the

of the human skull are homologous with those of the ape, the differences
two arising from the great expansion of the brain and the deepening and shorten-

ing of the face in

man

Human

Evolution of the

Face

DEVELOPMENT FROM THE LOWEST

FORMS OF LIFE TO MAN

CHIEF STAGES

IN ITS

'

W [LLl

T.v

SUPPOSE
pie

you

if

mals

evolved

why did

if

all

talked to

only

ani-

but

at

one

monkeys evolve

time,
into

me

i"

time?"

the preseni

explain

it,

and the} regard

an insurmountable objection
ory that

man

mammals.
all

has evolved

Now

do no1

They ask
it

as

to the the-

i;

evolve

have

men, and why are there any monkej

alive at

(i

they

men

into

not

haw

K.

monkey-like

evolution

aboul

"Well,

A M

proceeding
proceeds

kn<u\

many

su< h

ming

bird

and

as

the

mt\

same

tapir

tuatara,
little

known

us

and
which
lifii

ai

ra< es

tin

have

li\

The} arc

ing fossils.
arc

furnishes

ami by

c
,.ii

li\

which

ii.lv

That

material
li

is

for

is

-m

the dissec-

bj

of these extanl

paring them one with the

we <an trace "in the stages
have changed
structures
r,

and

pes have changed, one into the other.

Viu
tin'

the monkej - and 8

middle periods of the Age of Mam-

mals, ami we

mains

knew from

thai they have

hi

changed bul
e

that most of

live

kept

in

the

their

.'.

little

rea

them have ontinued

ami have
i

forests

primitive

tt

before the

ing

li\

gre:

ing today.

th>'

-lowly, die into the othi

delivered

he

use

or

r.f

and

backward

deciphering the evolutionary

matomj

Belg

undering

lui

in

relics

what

to the

the
also

are of the greatest

ages.
relics,

is

as

are

there

so

These

period.

primitive

i\

hum-

modification

greal

period

vast

the

gone very

by

progressivi

which have

hair,

conservative and backward races,

such

such

differenl

there are

the horse and the

as

Mammals,

of

and

to

as

just

and the w

undergone

many

that

advanced

very

rai es,

Age

rates ai

different

at

times.

during the

not

of

direct ions, also

different

in

know why
did

instead

and remaining

Little

do know- thai evolution, besides

Erom lower

the monkey-like animals

men

into

a
1

York. February

to

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

378

the baboons and tbe early predecessors

serving to get food and convey

of man, have left the forests and taken

up wholly new habits on the plains, so

that under the pressure of new condi-

mouth.
In some insects the tough skin which
covers these appendages has been modi-

tions of life they have changed pro-

fied into a sawlike edge,

But although other

foundly.

may

to the

it

and here we

factors

have a suggestion of jaws, which are

be involved in the final answer to

the next great element to be added to

why have

the question

not evolved into men,

all

the monkeys

it is

true that by

the face.

we

Finally

many

see in

ordinary in-

saving these relics of long past ages

sects,

Nature has provided us with materials

high type of face for this grade of ani-

for elucidating the evolutionary history

of

human

we gain a

face,

mal.

It

is

better perspec-

rather

completely armored on the

surface with a tough skin.

structures.

In considering the evolution of the

human

such as a grasshopper,

many

In

lower types of vertebrates also the head

is

armor-plated like the rest of the body

by beginning with the lowest animals and working upward. It seems

so that the

that in the course of evolution the old-

naturally evolved a kind of face with

tive

est part of the face is the

primary business of the

to direct the

Some
show

mouth.

The

face, in fact, is

mouth toward

the food.

of the lowest, one-celled animals

this first essential of a face,

leads

into

cavity

stomach, and

among

that serves
the

organs (tentacles).
the presence of

mi

tail.

animal,
the

skin

are

little

equipped with

hooks which help to pull the food into

the mouth,

and a number of paired

limblike appendages on either side be-

hind tbe mouth.

These appendages
become of importance in insects and
crustaceans, those at the front end of
the series becoming modified into smsory struct uit's and also in

and paired sense organs

is

necessary at

tion.

The very ancient fishlike vertebrates

the Silurian and Devonian ages
also had a head covered with a bony

of

skin which formed a cuirass and a hel-

met, and in some (Bothriolepis,

etc-.)

much as they are in the grasshopper.

The jaw parts of this vertebrate are
likewise made up of bony plates od the

In Peripatus,

there

mouth and jaws

there

is,

one end of the animal,

and of a

wormlike

tubercles

some

face of higher animals, because

sort of face involving a

.1

the

the eyes were on top of this helmet

which is shaped so as to progress in a

forward direction, with the beginnings
of a head

of

make up

a concentration of nervous tissue sen-

sitive to light at

Insects

a cuirass.

characteristics

after its food in a fore-and-aft direc-

eyes in a very primitive condition, an-

is

the

of

the front end of any animal that goes

anemones and

the face of higher types; that

number

as

and their relatives we find a well

developed mouth, surrounded by sensory

other structure which goes to

protected by a hel-

is

which

corals

The flatworms show

head

met and the body by

many

cases

and

surface,

no

doubt

forth

much as they do
mean that this

I do not

with

its

muscles

the

pulled these jawlike plates

hack and

in the insects.
fishlikc

animal

gcasshopper-like face has been

evolved from the insect plan of organization;

am

merely suggesting that

general resemblances of this

frequently evolved

groups

in

response

in

sort

are

widely different
to

similar

func-

tional needs.
It is not

until

we reach the

sharks,

which are the most normal and typical

EVOLUTION OF TEE
of the fishlike

the vertebrate face in

and

we

thai

we

vertebrates, thai

form

typical

its

Even

mals.

have the

foreshadowed

have

the

we

In -Imrk-

face of

man

mouth,

But

lips.

Bee for the

in

at

in-

may

the

the shark

lips in be

-.-.-

IIK'lltll

;i

-iii.'f.'estion

of

how

:n

the whole face

i-

.Iriilii'li-

covered n

in

]i

ii-

in

certain

chus)

we

see

suggestion

a-

in

how

the teeth were formed in higher verteTin' tough

brates.

body,

studded "

ith

i>

skin, covering the

everywhere thickly

minute

teeth, or denticles,

mouth
green

mouth

are

Dothing bul

denticles.
i1h'

b in

\i

the

the shark's

enlarged
sides

denticles gradually

of

sha-

the

become

larger and the skin thai bears them be-

the

in typical

higher
1

the backbone, the

dis-

<

.ill

elements of the

tin-

The

teeth within the sh.-irk-

iimitl

nli'll,

exisl

bj tie locomoti'
\Chltiwnlt.K. Inrlni.s) (inured

vertelir.-iles.
-

ami

fins,

move them)

form, with

n ith the

\\

purpose of bringing the

for the

the frilled vluirk

111

<

ven

i>

the elaborate locomo-

all

muscles which

into contacl

<

nit the

iho higher elements

nnan

i tl

Eoi

of

namely the eyes ami the nose,

fai e,

lie

exisl

for

the purpose of directing the locomotive

apparatus toward the prey.

In o

consume the food ami transform

tential
niii-i

among

whole forming the "shag:

commerci

face

organs

mouth

ith

(Chlamydosela-

sharks

tin'

of

ting pari of the animal,

Hi.'

thai

In

evolution

tive

lit.-

_r.,e.

-km.

tli^

say that

brought into contai

urn- formed

teeth
-.

shark

tin' direi

chiefh

.'-mi-

we

the

the fronl end of the backbone.

time the vertebrate face

first

mouth, tongue, and

upon

the

tinctly

We

in earlier types

the

eyes,

tongue, and the

present.

all

which are only

nostrils,

we

are

face

In

landmarks of

he familiar

human

the

379
had

has

face.

mam-

are characteristic of the face of

WE

vertebrates

ol

influence

elements which

see all the

MAS

111'

teeth

see

energy

into

fishes

i-

action,

have

course

oi'

tin-

oxygen,

are supported bj
-

i.

importance

po-

-hark

which

extracted by the blood

from the water surrounding the

Is

it-

gills.

which are of th
in the later

faro, since there

\s

evolution of the

good evide

comes drawn over the margins ami on

ing to -how that the upper ami lower

to iho boner side of the jaws.

halves of on,, of these

say

thai

the

evolution

of

:1m

rise

to

gill

arches actu-

the upper ami lower

EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN FACE

jaws of the sharks, which are equivacartilaginous

the

to

lent

upper and Lower jaws of

core

brates above the sharks.

The

different

show

varieties,
al

shiny

sur-

are covering the face, as also

body,

the

many

the

recalling

insects

with

i-

generated on

new

this

as

thicker
finally

to be

the

primary jaws.

face

is

that

the hard

-till

There ha\

covering of the

bony substratum

face and jaws has a

Age

he

and

reptiles

underlj ing brain ease and the primary

this shell of

This bony skin even

extends inward along the roof of the

mouth, forming the primitive hard

ate,
outi

and along the inner

side

pal-

as well as the

of the primary

modern

which are typical of

I

fully

but

fishes

this earhj

tebrate evolution

this

An

mask

lies

on the inner and outer surfaces,

in

the later evolutionary

stages of

show

bone

and

mask

on the

still

si

Even

surface.

i.i

be general

dest ined
i

,n

ions

reptiles,

amphibian

from the Permian of Texas

t\

pe of face which was

to give rise
i"

the

by diverse modifi-

charai

tei istii

and indirectly

higher types,

-till

li

mammals have

facial

the

and

immediately

to those of

has the

.Ml

in

crocodiles
lies

looking

aggressive
i

and highei

stage of ver

Erom
fossil

below the tou^h skin.

lower jaw,

bonj

us

main

alligators

urtles the

forming the sheathing bones of the jaw,

vertebrates

to

great

cot

near the

very

I"

amphibians which

of Reptiles

which completely invests the primar}

or gill-arch jaws.

bones

buried deeply under

deeper primary brain case and

But the uoteganoid

of

and

becomes

layer

the skin and often tightly appressed to

worthy thing about

sort

layer of

surfaces,

sheathing

original

the

come

new

tht ir

surface

their hard outer shell.

this

sink below the sur-

.illy

proportion as

in

face,

skin

"ganoids," of

fishes called

classes of vertebrates, these sheath-

all

the

of

the verte-

all

38]

the

mask of


THE AMERICAN MCSEUM JOURNAL

382

It lias a special interest, besides,

bone.
since

it

In the ab-

of muscles beneath the skin.

possessed another very impor-

sence of true facial muscles all reptiles

tant structure in higher vertebrates

are inferior in rank to the

namely, an eardrum, which was doubt-

where

less stretched

lizard

represents a

still

step toward the

mammals

or bill

an

in one direc-

face

active, carnivorous animal,

well protected by a

and

mask

but the

Birds

horny beak

mammals have

mus-

soft

cular lips and a muscular layer about

and

the nose, eyes, forehead,

One

tion and toward the birds in another.

It is

mammals,

appear.

masked by

reptiles, further

higher grade of organization, the next

first

have the immobile nonmuscular face of

upon the bony rim behind

the eye-sockets.

The Teju

muscles

facial

of

the

greatest

ears.

gaps

the

in

whole record of the evolution of the

of

face consists in this, that in spite of

The bony mask is also still

under the skin; but here is a
point most important to remember, that
you took off the scaly skin of the
it'

the relative abundance of living relics

its

is

scaly skin.
there,

face in this reptile,

any

facial

you would not

muscles beneath the skin,

such as are present in our

It

is

find

own

face.

only on the under side of the jaws

and throat that you would find a layer

preserve successive stages in the

thai

evolution of the skull

itself,

there

no

is

animal known which has an intermedibetween the immobile

ate type of face

nonmuscular face of reptiles and the

mobile muscular face of mammals. In
spite of this, comparative anatomy furnishes fairly clear evidence as to the

exact

by which the one did

process

evolve into the other.

The
mal,

facial muscles of a typical

lemur

mam-

(Propithecus) , for in-

correspond

stance,

muscles of man.

with

the

They include

facial

the pla-

tysma covering the throat, the orbicular

muscle around the eye. the muscles

of the nose, the muscles that lift the

lip.

the muscles that

draw back the

cor-

ners of the mouth, and the buccinator,

which

is

ing

trumpet, as

Inn

also in

pushing
mouth.

of great use not only in blowits

name

protruding the

the

food

about

suggests.

and

lips

inside

in

the

All these various muscles of the face

in
i

The

facial

muscles are supplied bj branches

mil or Cacial nerve, which issues from

the skull behind and below the ear.
It is be!i'\<-'l ih.it III.- tliru;it muscle in remote ancestors
of mammals spreads upward between the 1'oue
and the skin, carrying the seventh nerve with
it.
and that as the muscle branched, the nerve
a!" Iiranrli.d a^nin and airain, producing the
in-ill* mobile sensitive face of man.
From Cunningham's .1 natomy
i

man

are innervated by branches of

he seventh or facial nerve.

The

facial

nerve conie.s out from behind the ear.

ami turns forward, one branch going

to the platysma muscle on the surface
of the throat

and the other

in

numer-

ous branches and sub-branches, like

vine and

its

divisions, passing forward

to supply the muscles of the face.

This

EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN FACE

t'.H

gives the clue

facial muscles.

to the origin of the

In the remote ancestors

mammals

only the platysma and

the immediately

underlying sphincter

of the

colli

muscles were present;

it

highly

is

prohable thai this sheet of nerve

gradually spread
nf

the

throal

upward

and

along the sides of the

dii iding

pi]

-llOWS

111.-

t.-lis,.

lips

,,f

layers;

into
at

V.

the

itfa

the

sub-

uumerous branches and

same time the nerve

have frequently been

became

known

to

do when
Several

subdivided.

analogous cases of the spread of a muscle

new region

layer into a

are

a TrclIIC'l ctnin
ill]

herd, of

branched and branched again, as nerves

other muscles of the body,

bat often with ral

degrei

\n\

cam ing

beneath the skin,

muscles

<ln

<

seventh nerve, and dividing and

forward

Theory put forth by Ruge.

This is generally
accepted bj anatomists as the true explanation of
the origin of the facial muscle* uf
'

Eai

creeping over the old bony mask and

issue

from the under side

Us;:

ml m

politi

iel

in

the

liild

ith

thai

known

EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN FACE

mam-

or suspected, as in the ease of the

malian diaphragm which

have arisen
nerves with

The

correspond
mals,

with

those

they

bul

with

Dar-

win and other investigators found

api

much

a-' these muscles

When

usual in polite society.

i

ti

Ii

do,

ii-

acher somel imes has

duced
nose
tion

is

and sometimes

re

.-I'

keep the facial muscles

Less

while striv-

do anything with the hands thai

m.

otense concentration and ef-

fort.

chimpanzee,

trained

mtv hard

thread

tn

trying

Tower

the base

at

propoi

in

Now,

human

from the standpoinl

more

foetus

differentiated

nose

proached

ii-

Even

human

form

make- hv

the gorilla

human

although the greal width and the

anger

muscles thai run

.

thai

-..

standing oul

on the

The arrangemenl

tn
1

have

-id.'

relation

facing

according

approach
the

of

tin-

the

of

the

In

faci

man we

difference

muscles
.hi

size, is thai

of

sei

ms

to

v.

along with others that

Pi

rl

those

i-

ion

is

downward and
human.

of

Tlic hi

with

nose,

forward
with

di

an inspir1

an anatomical poinl

11;

Pro

the tip of

well-si

and protruded while in the api

thin '-hard'" lip. wr\ muscular, lad
tightly drawn.

the bridge

very lew. hut the

distinctly

A wonderfully

of

.mil

"mi

aps

are

Th

human.

i'

betwi

man and

Australian black

ml some primitive gorilla-like

li

typically
-i\el\

th

from diffen
in

foi

-li.

fn.e of the

the

haracters

man,
to

underlying muscles.

principal

facial

nose,

its

nostrils

ill.'

between the eyes

of

sha]

human

tn

tn the

arance.

se

of the n rinl

definite

ward

tl

1"

face in apes as well as in

so as

am

canine teeth

illtli..

lift- the lips

in

in

no means ap-

hj

trait.

far the nearesl

and

decidedly

1-

human.

has
adult

a]. e-

earlier

its

stages

than

apelike

.re

babies the

so sim

in

condition

gorilla in

face

rils

expn ssion and verj tense lips,

reminding as "l' the familiar human
intenl

is

downward, often

height, and the nosl

it-

Amen-. In ing

ha- an

needle,

and

rather -mall

of the

ing to

nose

in a well-shaped tip: the

evolul ion, the

pression on the pari of the beginner to

still,

following

however importanl these differences ma;

l. from an esthetic poinl of view, the}
are

Eai e

takes considerable

it

the

in

downward rather than forward.

the

should be played

with the hands and nol with the

of

lose,

bridge of the

forward

i-

remind him

to

childly

ending below

a child

piano,

the

.ni

hun

adull

like

it.

th.-.'

higher races, differs from

he

or

higher; the whole nasal cartilag

thai

we

as

more emphasis than

Inn with rather

The

of apes

charai ters

elephanl

Hi.'

hi the

l.'n-i

that

de-

<

muscles of apes.

facial

tlic

mam-

special

w hen

of

various bats.

onlj

nol

other

in

show

also

resemblances

tailed

man

in

wonderful aboul

rerj

11.. -.'

Hi..

muscles

decidedly de-

i-

it

as

nothing

il

ii

facia]

internally

compared with that of

other mammals, and externally it has

region and to

the neck

in

have migrated backward, dragging

m.u

..t

generate,

believed to

is

th"

and

nostrils

partly

of Java

very wide

facing

partly

downward,

and

THE AMERICAS MUSEUM JOURNAL

386

between the eyes

upper
lip

lip

and

also has a very thin

it

stooping gait.

the rigorous, arid climate of the open

my own

view

constituted the earliest habitat of

men

which according

plains,

unmistakably indicated in the excessively low forehead and high brow

after they

and grotesque

interesting

cature of certain

human

cari-

styles of nose

seen in two closely related genera of

is

monkeys, the "retrousse-nosed

Asiatic

monkey" (Rhinopithecus) and the "proboscis monkey" (Nasalis). The former

has the nose turned up at the tip and
the nostrils facing forward, somewhat
after the manner of a human foetus,
while the male proboscis monkey, as its

name

indicates, lias

its

nose produced

downwardly directed tube

with the nostrils facing downward. In
into a long

mandrill the inflated nose

tin'

more striking

to the eye

intensely

of

tion

blue

made

is

by the addi-

and red pig-

has long been suspected that these

the nose

variations

of

Primates,

including

in

the

higher

man, may have

been brought about through sexual

se-

and that the form of nose has

been determined by its decorative value.
lection

accordance with the varied standards

in

of beauty in the different races.

modern

tain

Cer-

however,

investigators,

deny the potency of sexual selection to

produce such results. Those who prebelieve that differences in

fer to

form

downwardly

the

nostrils of

man

pointing

and

are primarily

righl

and

-ait.

open

adapted
1

while the forwardly facing

nostrils

to

Dr. George r

of

l'rugivorous
Stevens

the

apes

habits

front

in

and can both be focused on an

object near by in front of the face.

in Ktterii).

This

process of bringing the opposite eyes

near each other has been carried even

further in the orang-utan than in man,

bony partition between the

so that the

eyes in the orang

The eyes
human

of

very

is

excessively narrow.

the anthropoids are

all

in character,

young

those of the

but especially

gorilla.

The back

of

the eye of the chimpanzee as viewed

tremely

an

that

human

this

ophthalmoscope.

human

more than

ex-

is

much

in

appearance,

of

the orang, so that

character of the chimpan-

zee eye extend- even to the

arrangement

of the blood vessels and the appearance

of the pigmented areas.
A- every one knows, the forehead of
adult male apes is very low as compared

with

of

that

young, both of
swelling

normal

men; but

men and

the

apes, have a

The baby orang-

forehead.

utan shows the domelike forehead of

human

infant,

lias

head

much

inference

drawn by

mon
Iir.

and the young chim-

an exceedingly large fore-

The

were

and

from
more

in position, to the anthropoid

and human condition, in which the eyes

panzee 8

hooded

find in the

are shifted together near the mid-line

would perhaps favor the suggestion

adapted to hunting habits and an up-

we

lateral

the

that

eyes,

intergradations

the condition where the eyes are

are associated with differences in habit

1

human

Primates many

through

ments.
It

in the forests.

Passing to a consideration of the

origin of the

stage.

to

had abandoned their ances-

home

tral

ridges of this celebrated relic of a pre-

An

be also that the

covered nostrils were better adapted for

human

nml apelike characters fully carries out

the "missing link" idea which is so

human

may

It

partly everted lower

that this mingling of

so

like that of a

has

young

child.

accordingly

been

sonic authors that the

com-

ancestor of ape- and

men

did not

According to the beautiful colored plates of

Lindsej Johnson.
The gorilla is not figured

among them.
:;

See illustration from photograph on p. 377.

EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN

have
a

sharply retreating forehead bul

domelike one and

Although space

large brain case.

ing to discuss this question,

my

permitted to record
inference

this

human

the

lack-

may

be

conviction thai
thai

race has been derived

from

form-

with

powerful

large,

is

wrong and

quite

is

very

relatively

apelike

heavy jaws, massive jaw muscles and

head

evolution

well suggested

is

of

series

human

the

of

In an

skulls.

and

there

In

lihnl

man

heavy

are
the

ridges

an

of

skull

is

is

also the Eorehead

is

low and
In

i'\i Mi'

Java was almosl ex-

of

between

the

panzee and the lowest known

chim-

human

fon 'In ;u I. thai of the Neanderthal race

The

of the Old Stone age.

accordingly
in

its

ward from an apelike

These

hanges

which

in

in sses

top

in

form

the

in

higher

the

ol

types

voluminous and,

el

"in

the greatest

men
in

which

marked
lips

well

bone behind

with

the

differences in the form of the

already alluded

established

the fully erect

idly

and with

to,

cer-

in the
It

move-

seems verj
primitive

the

as

that

the top of the

at

up-tilted backbone, the

of the jaws and

ward
part

beneath

lips

was draw

of the brain case

meann

bal-

progressively

hole

\\

overgrowing

the

to

and as the rap-

posture,

expanding brain ease became

anced

backfront

hile

the

lower jaw and the whole head increased

greatly

ened
i

he

vertical

in

equally
w idth

ai

'.hi

il

form.

a<

all

ami the
and the

height,

but

fore-and-aft

in

ross

and

the

short-

length

brain

case

itli

the

opposite

in-

to-

other, so thai the front teeth

li

drawn backward the palate

lower jaw wen
dental arches assumed an arch;

curve,

the crowding of

being parti}

marked reduction

the

in

size

of

Pri-

the

A multitude of minor chan

readjustments took place

ioi

at thi

time, but thej were nearly

Tl

it.

halves

became sharplj inclined

pari of the jaw

in

'

all

the direcl

the general tendenc] b

tl

ample, has grown downward and outmuscles

which lie in fronl of it. and the powerful jaw muscle

temporal
(

upper

the

of

associated

is

in the

seen

is

part

ape-men passed from the semi-erect

ward

the head be-

no doubl been molded

ai

front

tain no less important differences in the

wen-

as

of

muscles thai press upon

differences

form of the

like

by the

comparing men and apes one of

In

be-

all

comes almost spherical

is

some extent by the muscles on either

side of them.

th

Hi'

short-headed races of

long run

to

of the jaw

th

The

creased, the sockets of the lower jaw

stage.

reflei

changes

skull

deepened
we pass up-

the

for

(masseter).

nasal bones have perhaps been molded

the contour of the

in

brain case merely

brain

brain case

has progressively

vertical diameter, as

muscle

ment of the lower jaw.

lu the shape of the forehead the

ape-man

jaw

outer

has been deep-

character of the teeth and

the

modern European skull the Eorehead

high and the brow ridges are lack-

intermediate

The cheek bone

give a strong support

over

Australian

ing,

actly

i"

very low

there are well-defined brow ridges.

a

chim-

adult

panzee skull the forehead

e3r es.

fore-

we examine

if

it.

tied

jaw.

sharply retreating forehead.

The

hind
i

I'M E

and draw

ii

inward beneath

the overgrow ing, forward expansion of

the brain

ithet

consequences of this general retreat of

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

'uctui

mi longer used in the stooping posture,

d "TO

shortened, while the legs rapidly lengthened,

men

that

SO

very early became

runners on the open plains.

fast

that

nl'

we compare the
young anthropoid ape n b
young human being we shajl

cessive development of the genioglossus

find

that

every hone in the ape skull

muscle, which runs from the hinder

may

readily be identified in a slightly

surface of the chin into the lower part

different form in the

The evolution
w riters ascribe

of

In

Some

skull

an extensive literature.

in

vise

of the chin lias given

its

existence to

tl

\-

tongue and which throws the

the

conclusion,
a

id'

if

number and kinds

human

skull: the

are

teeth

of

the

milk and permanent

tongue into the rapidly shifting posi-

same, both

tions

assumed in articulate speech.

Other writers ascribe the outgrowth of

dentitions,

the bony chin to the withdrawal back-

are fundamentally similar in primitive

ward of the denial arch,

apes and men.

the

to

in-

in the

and

even

erown-pat-

the

terns of the molar and bicuspid teeth

In spite of

the read-

all

creased pressure in the chin region, and

justments following the assumption of

turning outward of the lower

the fully upright gait and the change

the

to

rim

of

chin,

growth,

id'

Others

jaw.

the

like

tin'

nose,

as

regard
direct

the
out-

mi great functional impor-

tance, hut linked in

some way with the

food

in

the

habits,

be-

differences

tween the primitive ape skull and the

human

skull are essentially differences

of proportion

and of degree rather than

progressive improvement, according to

human
the

whole

has soughl

fare.
to

The present writer

connect

all

these changes,

including the reduction in size of the

canines and bicuspids, with

change of

profound

food habits from the

nivorous-frugivorous habits of

out-

forest-

living apes t" the predatory carnivorous

habits

iif

plains-living men.

The profound disturbances and

the brain, brain case,

adjustments
ami I'aee were accompanied by equally

Ear-reaching changes in the backbone

in

miiscles

the pelvis and in the bones and

id'

the limits.

these

the palseontological

The forearms,

oilll

numerous ami fundamental

re-

semblances can only mean that living

apes and

men have

mote and

evolved from

as yet undiscovered

re-

common

ancestor that Lived perhaps in the middle

I

period

of

the

Aye

of

Mammals.

believe also that the living apes, be-

cause they have stayed

re-

in

and

From

standards, in the appearance of

in the ancestral

habitat, have retained the greater part

of

the

ancestral

man-ape characters,

and that the ancestral pattern of the

human
changed

face

may

state

in

still

the

be seen in a little
Paces

of

.female gorillas and chimpanzees.

young

Photographs of American Sperm Whaling

TAKEN ON BOARD THE
L913, DURING THE
AMERICAN
AND
By

i;

o B e

NEW BEDFORD

BRIG "DAISY,"

IN

L912

SOUTH GEORGIA EXPEDITION OF THE

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM
i;

T c r

M A X

.M

A!

LOWERING AWAY
boal
At the word of command the cranes swing back, the falls slacken away, and the second mate
Each man takes his place,
drops I., the water, the crew following by way of the slide-boards and tackles.
ze, or the
Unless there be no bi
with the harj
r at the liow oar and the boat header at the helm.
hase made under sail
stepped and it
whales li>- to windward, the mast is s

-hip

Tin-

><i

th.

ph..t.i-i

lull.

.1 aft

aph show-

!'!.

-afil\

aw

mast and

:i>

tVoin

sail,

two

Hi., keen toggle irons resting on the gunwale, and Hi.'

anila whale line which passes nut through a notch in

how.
the

drawn

The men

follow directions

signaled

them

the victim

lies

with In- Auk.

"i

"in hi-

lo!'t\

can

see

perch

at

the mast head

movements

of

the

of the
I-...

square

-ail-,

he directs

tbc

,,i

-mall,
iround the whaleami when
hihead stretching along past the
I

in.

th.

the

whales

the

!,...!

in snutth,

lo

captain

quite invisible to the harpooners, ami by a

-l.iii ul
-1-M.iK will, v\:iil- and the dews

fluking.

brig

9]

Here

the

main parts

aboard by the cutting

hole, which is on the

of a small

tackle.
left

An

sperm whale's head

iron blubber hook

side of the snout.

is

the

"junk" and the jaw are being

caught in the whale's single nostril, or blowof head tissue includes the "case" con

The great block

taining the spermaceti, but none of the skull

ward from
y

the quarterdeck.

swell, with

tin'

.Ll

i
;

Hunt

The
lir:nl

lening breaking above the surface

CUTTING TACKLE AND BLANKET PIECE

A cluster

I through
:h.

tlit-sf

The blanket

nrpii

..f

whale

leg from
blubber from

flippei

t li

Jn-

1 I

I I

*:$Si=

'

The Giant Manzanitas of Clear Lake, California

Hv
wan

thi

1\ hundreds

brush

"1'

mass
.-

to a

of

lective^

known

ale

Bhamnus

berry

and

i.

mam

toyon
i.

and

or

drones

stand

oul

height to the associated

four 1" six

feel

to twelve or

-\"

form

in

from

in

1 1

lt!

which

manzanita,

becomes

often

lena

County,

lopi

of

Ml

and Mt. Konokti

in the

River, and in

upper valley of Russian

few other

localities, the

manzanitas attain still lai

round mi the e

Lake

near

junction

it-

other
in the

veritable

si

zanitas

But

W.

Barcla]

oi

man

the usual bush}

a ith

tin' effect

branches ami
low

in

is

dwarf

the san
forests

form

foliage

whose

down over our head

I'm'

.1

fart
l>r.

Tl

because

form characteristic of manzanita

something about

thai

them

an

ma

thai
I

and unfamiliar aspeci

Lake

largi

their,

thing

an.

bot-

like the

the Clear Lake

because of

large in contrasl

warm

none

attent ton

tin

unted size

peculiarly

distribution

tin-

forests of Clear

others attract

tlting

Lake, 2 they reach their highesl develop-

ment, forming

in

forests

on

heir

ion

sun.

fertile valleys, bui

ami

flickering

ome proted

well

where.

witl

of

lattice

ome on
ast, some
some mi the bleak sun

manzanita

ci

an

yell

lighl

id'

dwarf

are

ma-

support

belt,

the

along the wesl Hank of the

ada, on

>

carpeted

of con

es

Sierra \<

coasi

summer

Imt

tin-

There

siderable extent.

->.

is

red, suggest ing the

affording

-.

interior,

dominant

mi

foliage h hich overarches the paths

shadow

feel

tin'

"I'

roadways with

more open situcompacl clumps ten

even fifteen

deep

<>(

particularly true of the green

i^

is

il

and large dark

leaves

arbor-like canopy

bui in

I.

grofl

This

conspicu-

-i

In dense chaparral thej

ously.
in

in

dr\

nil!

in

fores!

impenetrable,

si

red berries, while the smoothly polished

trunks

age,

al

The ground beneath

ith the

ami

red branches

dead trunks and

the

is

of

persistenci

tin-

wonderful

tin-

uature

beauty.

some

smooth

and

rees

nf

rigidity

cases also because of the pale color of

their

closeness of stand

ilir

where thinned by man

verted into .-in open grove of

Christmas
representa-

and some

fool

bui

these, tin' manzanitas, because of

>f

extraordinary thickness

tin-

of two feet.
in

branches,
-tati' "I'

hundreds of trunks

with

the imli\ idual

(Arcto-

her genera.

ol

Owing

The

measure

limbs

diameters exceed

upward

although

height,

in

slanting

the

attain

thai

nf

.M

feel

feet,

w hose

or

bui

n ith

of

thirty

mil

(Adenostoma)

(Quercus),

Heteromeles

tives "f

man}

locally, bui as a

chemisal

oak

scrub

vi

height, and col-

(Ceanothus), manzanita

lilac

usually

E R R

.M

twenty-five

lull

of species of wild

mainlj

onsisl

of

"chaparral."

as

If

bushes

rigid

component shrubs vary

staphylos),

covered with a

common

trimmed

II

California

mile-

species,

of

square

"I'

slopes are denselj

continuous

C.

parts

ler

Or

is

it

own

they an
li

the
size,

with their

A GIANT

MANZANITA

Clear Lak
-

Ction with I'pp.r

ith

trunk*

ofi.-n

; 1

-t 1 1

t.;.k.;.-

:i

man

ihi.-kn.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

402

branches and foliage?

as they

pines and alpine hemlocks that clothe

the upper reaches of many of the higher
mountains of the West, produce a sense
of exhilaration and rugged vigor; the

position)

stunted forests of pifion. juniper, and

climatic surroundings, and component

mountain mahogany of the elevated

borders of seme of our western deserts
prompt many a traveler to seek them
for the night's camping place; while in
the warm balmy atmosphere of the

Be this as it
may. they always stimulate the imagination, giving rise to feelings one does

And

not experience elsewhere.

differ

widely

species,

tions

they

so

and

in

call

Thus the groves

geographic
invite

up
of

different

different

dwarf

emo-

thoughts.

live

oaks on

the steep wind-swept slopes of some of

the coast ranges of California, and the

low

Roan

of mountain buckeye on
Mountain in Tennessee and

forests

North Carolina, both bathed in

fogs and heavily draped with

Leant ful
i

valley

of

Lake,

Clear

the

forests
manzanita
have a peculiar
charm, their glowing red trunks, light

and

driving-

overhead

lichens,

dark red berries creating a warmth ami

present weird fantastic shapes that ap-

depth of color ami a feeling of quiet

restfulness that tempt one to return

peal strongly to the imagination

the

timber line tongues of dwarf whitebark

again and

foliage,

rich

carpet of

asrain.

Hart Mcrriam
ooded

hill

slope

Back

Nature" Scientifically as Well

as Emotionally

to

:u> \voi;k in

By

WISH

to

my

E.

some of

von

before

sel

the grounds of

M.

animals may

conviction that

btained,

full of possibilities for

reality

in

is

penetrating into

interdependence
between researches out in nature and

some of be mosi recondite pro> im

phen
ma
oi
instani e, oui
uoses brought systematically to boar on
the odors of (lowers would constitute a

researches

method

the

progress

future's

more

life

l>\

vital

the

in

bio-

accomplished

logical sciences will be

a far closer,

the

laboratory

data gathered

in tin- field and

cured in the laboratorj either

be!

een

hose

se-

bj

sis,

obser-

mode

history

bave

am
than

philosophizing"

of

persuaded, in years soon

it
i- now .-

to

approai hed

will

taken far more seriously,

to be

plants the delicaej

The "natural

experimentation.

<

field

work

is

very defective

the

developmenl of the powers of observaFor example, laboratory teaching

rarely

ever

if

evi o

pretends to

hi

aring

itself

-j"

ii

greater

numerous mammals, mosi

odor.

insects

much

contains

and

open

is

thai

disl

and

is

sense of Bmell
30

well-

to

en

through which knowledge of plant- and

-Having taken
k.-l.y.

La

lending part in

.1

.Jolla.

ii

ibilitie.itlir-r

in

as

,,f

"

verj

odorin the

and processes

is

when one remembers

present

to

views
sense,

thi

re

chemical stimuli.
cultival on ol

thi

sense of

upon

lopsided.

encouraged

Alertness of sight
hardlj at all.
'I

is

plete passivity of the anatomit

-m-l,

ration

ii;

yield to no one
I
work, not only for the magnifj
by it. but for tl

ited

laboratory

ingly

primarily
primarily, I hardly
in.xp.ri.i
of the methods

that

ai c

and that

species differ* ntiation

depended

sight,

brij

a teaching laboratory

can be charged with

so,

deal substances

according

that

lems of greal interest.

n

both

in

Something of the mei

readily perceived

further-

the vestibule to biological prob-

Again the -

me

usually

reallj

number of cases each

inguishable from everj ol

bighly educative
and,

rj

ad-

later

lors

convinced

nol

tin- as ton, inn-

to cultival

pleasure-yielding,
e, is

seriously

bas

are

less

an understanding of animals.
Yn the
whole province of sound presented by

many

chemisl

sooner or

will

many blossoms

birds,

bii h

lonsiderable attention to the

matter

acquiring

for

of

ordinary

oolog] and botany, for it is an open

and beckoning door to the fundamental
problem of chemical distinctions of

tion.

of the Bense of

analy-

determin-

for

it,

Ihemical natural history oughl to and

dress

in

by

undoubtedly

Laboratory learning when uncoupled

with

of qualitative chemical

one might call

some aspei ts of

as

ing

vation alone or by observation coupled

with

fosters deliberati

laboratory

inclines

and

finally

toward

slug

dullness of seeing; nor

is

the set-up and controlled physiological

that

vietion

exelusive reliane,
'it

experimental
to
o,ir
bill

work

gri

day.

not

alone

among

much

if

am

better in this

respect.
pt.

al-..

itude of the labExtrnet- from

I]

li

forma A

THE AMERICAN MI/SECM JolIiXAL

41)4

oratory student and that of the field

student occupied with, let us say. the
ling habits of any one of the

br

which can

species of birds

only

in

The

nature!

lie

many

studied

field student,

in

complex of phenomena
which he has not set up, ami cannol
is under the nein
any
degree,
control
the midst of

cessity "T being ready all

catch

the time to

whatever particular element in

may turn up at any inReadiness and quickness and

t"

decided

lie

is

given

small

amount

money to he expended on a dwelling,

which would he better, to spend it on
a good basemenl
even though there
should he no funds for erecting the
of

superstructure;

or

to

build

much

as

of a house as possible with the

mom

although both foundation

and superstructure must he small and
cheap?
Education in the biological
available,

the complex

sciences has been largely a process of

stant.

digging

sensitiveness are observational qualities

importance for him while

they are of little importance to the labof primary

oratory student.
Nor is the defectiveness in laboratory

training as

pared with

field

train-

ing restricted to the sensory side of the

knowledge-getting process.

Students

them

walling

cellars,

in

strongly, and then living in them.

The

biology which we have been calling foundational hut which more truly

would

he

basemen!

called

or

cellar

biology, has served the ends of sanita-

medicine, agriculture, ami other

physical interests well, and to this extion,

has been

tent

and noble.

useful

very

face nature in the open not only with

Bui as superstructure biology, as biology for the liberal education of our

ears and eyes unpraetieed and dulled,

young

hut with minds ami imaginations simi-

their

larly impaired.

upon human

trained

exclusively

But the lopsided

the

in

laboratory

from the exclusively laboratory method eomes also

from the sole reliance on what is known
as the "type method"" in botanical, zoological, and physiological instruction.
result

in zoology too

Elementary instruction
often encourages

conception

the

thai

the animal types studied in the labora-

paramcecium,
earthworm, crayfish,
rabbit tradiin
laboratory instruction are
tions
fundamental, ami that all else is more
or less incidental and of secondary importance; as though the foundation id'
a
mansion were so solid and durable
and important as to make a superstrucThe actual animal
ture unnecessary.
tory,

hydra,

namely,

amoeba,

starfish,

shark, frog, pigeon, and

particularly

life,

life, it has achieved only a

dismally small measure of the success

possible to
as

tion

this one, 3
play

it.

Hut there

is

way

out,

it, from our unfortunate condiand institutions of the type of

see
;

it

appeal's to me. are likely to

large part in the renovation of

this province of natural

knowledge.
your attention to an almost unbelievable thing which has happened during what may well he called
Let

me

call

biology's

period

ceration.

of

laboratory

number

large

incar-

of biologists

have actually held the view, apparently

with sincerity, ilia
thing of primary
importance about organic nature can be
learned except in the laboratory ami by
The old anthropocentrisni which conceived everything

experimentation.

fact

that

to his

What makes

this

and

particularly amazing has been the

fail-

the enlargement of

for

upon

outside of man to have been created for

In- especial benefit, has been replaced
by a new anthropocentrism according
to which man would subject all nature

world consists of individual living animal- first, foremost, ami always and

any scheme of instruction which

not take due cognizance of this
Nad- inevitably to conceptions of
world which are narrow, distorted,
predominantly false.

people,

outlook

does

[Jsing the building figure, the point

control.

'BACK TO NATURE
ure i" see

implications as touching

its

other

the

descriptive

living nature

is

case wnli geology, and

and

raphy,

the same

geog-

physical

meteorology

Where

Thai

sciences.

in essentially

obvious.

is

w ould
hese 31 iences be today
had their leading investigators deprefield work and insisted that the
I

ciated

method

on labora-

of inference based

experiments would yield all the

understanding n
led Eor strictly scientific purposes aboul the earth and
the ai mosphere ?
There have been counteracting influences fortunately in such undertakings
as the great oceanic and continental exploring expeditions and the "surveys"
prosecuted l>\ our national and state
governments.
Probably the mos1 potent
compensatory influence in our
country has been the work in agriculture carried on by the nation and the
several states
The vasi importance of
tory

material

the

for

this

people

welfare

of

the

sufficiently recognized; bu1 its

is

importance

to biological sciem
''-.

does

not

concern

and

botanical

enrichmenl

zoological

greatly importanl
rather

the

.1-

of

nature"- ways and laws here 1- of truly

It
enormous importance.
touches vilalh the whole gamui of human life,
esthetic, philosophic, and religious, no
less

than hygienic, economic, sociologic,

and

political.

And

consider

seems

Wiih advance in civilization, enit

must man's ever-growing

tion.

tailing as

educative

value

Datura!

in

-1

ience

of

the national and state agricultural de-

partments,

including

the condition-, of his

reflectiveness on

continued existence and

earth, questions of the compeon
tency of the lands and the water- to
suppori the ever-increasing populations
d
nie\
press more and more upon
race's

litis

-,

Now, beyond

him

question, of

all

all

may be invoked against

on our mental horizon the

agencies which
this

loud

potenl

termination of

its

earn with

the

ii

progress unless

o\*

im oked

science be

agriculture.

scientific

1-

Civilization seems to

speedi

l\

againsl this

philosophical,

liberalizing

mind generally.
me probable that the total

to

fully an-

aamely, of the problem of overpopula

Influence on the public

It

more

a trifle

other aspeel of the same matter: that,

result.

enlarging and

the

ral or unnatural agencies of one kind

and another. The transformation thai
has taken place and is taking pla< e for
111
Ear from complete) in ideas and
beliefs because of the demonstrations of

in...

do1
undersl
half well
wish to bring oul particularly

is

What

m:

experimenl

the

and

investigational,

demanded.

are

.1!

M\

efforts

toward building a research insl

for studying nature with all the rigor
Lin methods instead of ith only
of
such fragments of u .1- can be broughl
1

is

greater than thai of all

and unn
I

importance
attach to the firsi and
ond of these.
In the third we are

otl

combined.
ran do do more than refer

-.

ersitj effori

.'.a\

to

the

the

larger,

in

the

philo-

man's understanding of his own dependi

nature
Innumerable peoples in all
ages and countries prior to the developtural

The

difficulties,

tabL

enli

ment of agriculture

as scu

rc<

have con-

ceived the organic products with which

their lives have been inseparably idenbe

dependeni upon supernatu-

wnli sen

difficull

questions,

especially in elementary education.

sophic effeci of the influence of agricul-

beginning
leader-

search

work
as

is

com

in.

1-

main thing
at.

meed

as

in-

for

iction of the impor-

aimed

biolo

in

i-

Dhi

what

tance of

however, arc do!

fundamental

n hole a- similar

Lei

the

and

re-

thai Held

to life-science

and the other sciences of the earth

is

to

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

earth-science as

training

whole, and the proper

come

will

investigators

of

about promptly and with no great

diffi-

The

and faunas

relation of floras

and

to

above sea
mi land and depth below it in the

latitude,

elevation

to

fundamental prob-

presents as

ocean,

lems i" biology as stratification and the

topographic character of a region pre-

and

in geology,

sent

it

absurd to

as

is

think of solving the one class of problems as the other by laboratory experiment, prosecuted without any serious
of the phenomena themselves.
Geologists would not be recognized as

study

geologists

at

all

it'

they

had received

no other than laboratory training,

while training in the laboratory is held
in

be

need.

thai

all
.

botanists and zoologists

chief

manistic
ies,

subjects

history,

usually

called

sociology,

hu-

econom-

once come
how fundamentally soundness of

polities, ethics, religion,

to see

view and
rect

ture,

healthfulhess of

life

in

domains are dependent upon

these

all

cor-

elementary information about naand innumerable students of edu-

cational problems, teachers,

and public-

spirited and philanthropic persons will

concentrate

their

thought

and

inge-

nuity upon surmounting the practical

with tins paper

work

in

of securing the

sable to Mich information

indispen-

is

and attitude.

expression

specific

procedure which I now make

as
is

to

such

which it seems to
me institutions like this ought to play
in
the educational reformation deas concerns the part

manded by

the times.

The

greatly ex-

tended elementary education in living

nature which it is to be hoped the fusee,
will be accomplished
will
through a judicious working together

ture

of parents,
ological

schools,

gardens,

botanical and zo-

city

parks, aquaria.

and particularly endowed foundations,

Academy

which, like this California

Sciences,

combine

on

researches

of

the

natural history aspects of biology with

public

museums.
Underpinned by a
on the part, of a much

clear perception

Lei the molders of public opinion in

the

way

contact with nature which

The only

culty.

level

in the

difficulties

connection with in

larger

proportion

of

scientific

men

themselves, of educators, and of leaders of opinion as to

what

all

it

means.

such educational undertaking's as those

by the American

Museum

of Natural

New York City 1 and the

Museum of Natural History in

History in
Field

Chicago have

possibilities for

are simply incalculable and

the utmost

good that
it

is

with

satisfaction that I witness

the splendid beginning in the

rection being

*ame

di-

made for San Francisco

Academy of Sciences.

by the California

A Glimpse into the

Quichua Country

of Southern Bolivia
li\

UK

boundaries

Empire

had

extended

hundred

years

of

I-

E.

(>

the

I,

I,

are

i;

all

familiar with accounts of

the advanced state of civilizal

within

until

Encan

the

gradual]

after

.M

five

ernmental

and

organization,

fabulous

nation.

Temples,

Bianco Capae and

palaces,

and

Mama

Occlo, sup-

stately

posed Children of

of

hewn

the

Sun.

it

nearly

ered

arrival

of

riches of the ancienl

forts

edifices

stone-

cov-

dotted the

one

tain-sides

mounand

third of the South

crowned the emi

American continent.
Near the

nences;

middle of the

liu in

century,

teenth

the

insatiable

dis-

with

the

capita]

precincts

herds

of

of i.tahualpa's do-

fed "ii

tl

minion,

and

the

star

the

of

Beemed

to

water,

through

ascendam

Under
ceni

aq

the

into

heretofore

arid

wastes, and trans-

rule of their

venerated

system

poured

the benefi

of

flowing

of

llamas

streams

tnca

have

reached the apes

of n-

of

remote

tricts

band invaded the

sacred

many

Elected

when Pizarro and

his

constructed

Eullv

six-

beauti-

formed them into

soverseveral

fields ca-

fruil ful

pable of supporttentedly,

nol

if

agriculture

thrived
crafts

arts

were

couraged

of

van

Thej

have

not,

however,

en-

dor,

re-

Ecua-

publics of

Peru

and,

as well as

laborers,

splei

The

[ay

lost

and

of

many thou-

par] of

numerous

metals into the kingdom, addii

wealth ami

population.

.1

highlands.

effort!

sands

numerous

the original

highly

fully

<

lolombia and

itliin

Suddenly
ih" horizi

th"

hile,

'

limits

lark clou

and omens

of

were
the

in

vasl

appeared on
Import

THE AMERICAN MI'SKCM JOURNAL

408

presaged the downfall of

ness and splendor.

great-

all this

The

assumed

quickly

tion

fatal

appari-

form

the

of

bearded strangers, some of

whom

were

mounted on

which

filled

terrible beasts

women

often the

go each day to

also,

work, while the children care for the

which nibble on the

sparse vegetation growing in the waste
Hocks of

sheep

The

places.

density of the population

the ranks of the Indian warriors with

is

panic and who seemed

dividuals to the square mile

ceeded

have suc-

to

harnessing the lightning and

in

thunder

the

for

wicked designs.

surprising;

than that

number

the

of

in-

grealer

is

in the hot. tropical lowlands:

furtherance of their

Ignoring the fact that Indians com-

to say that

prise the larger part of the inhabitants

Suffice

it

before the avarice of the Spaniards had

of practically every Bolivian town and

been abated, eight million subjects of

city,

the Inca perished and the organization

With

of the nation was destroyed.

single excepti
ico,

who were

the Aztecs of Mex-

practically exterminated

same people, there has never

the

by

>f

the

there are nevertheless

many

strictly

Indian settlements, some of considerable size; these consist of row.- of low-

houses

crudely

of

built

stones or of

blocks of adobe; the roof- are of grass

thatch, or. where this

is

not available,

been another example of such rapid and

of

complete devastation in the history of

straw

the world.

shops arc scattered here and there, but

The Quichua of today

most pathetic individual

cowed,

is a
;

al-

he has been

and

mixture of earth

with

covered

chopped
Little

pebbles.

usually the variety of articles offered

for sale

Chicha, or corn beer,

small.

is

had almost every-

kicked about by the descendants of the

however,

conquistadores until he has learned to

where, and even after the traveler in

become reconciled to his lot hut while

it seems as if this resignation might,
in many instances at least, give way to

tin-

to stop at

despair, such

is

not the case.

is

country

to

is

he

aware of the process of

manufacture, he

its

tional refreshment

lands of Bolivia; and while engaged,

aside

primarily,

in

zoological

was impossible not

the

to

researches,

il

take cognizance

Indians populating the higher

The high
ally arid

plateau of Bolivia

hut the

in the art

id'

to the

is

natur-

Quichuas are masters

husbanding the scant sup-

is

as

market

products:

also

and

flowers.

each

woman

They bring beans, oats.

cheese, and main oilier
apricots,

Arrived

is

instances the dwell-

some distance apart in sheltered little

valleys, and the fields lie on the slopes

and

to these lields the

men, and

the

front

place,

of her.

Apparently this
for.

if

stopped on the way to market, she invariably refuses to

in

most enjoyable procedure:

ings of the Indians are scattered about

higher up

strawberries,
at

squats on the ground and

waiting for customers.

most

few burros or llamas, or carrying packs

snows of the high Andean peaks, and

In

is set

Indians

then come from far and near, driving

on their hacks.

thus irrigate extensive areas for cultivation.

The

day.

spreads her wares out

<>f

pole

for sale within.

water coming from the melting

ply

tall

passerby that the na-

At Least one day of each week

potatoes, milk,

valleys anil table-lands.

invariably glad

white rag fluttering from a

During the year 1916, the writer and

companion, Mr. Howarth S. Boyle,
spent a number of months in the high-

announces

his

of

is

some small wayside hut where

though

it

sell

anything, even

might save her a long walk

heavy burden.

relieve her of a

Among

the things that appealed

to

the kingdom to enjoj a feast, the] were ex]

ted to wear as a moans of identification, blanket* woTen at
their native place in a certain pattern and coloring.
These patterns hare persisted until the present,
blankets of various localities differing widely from one another. This specimen (5 ft. 8 in. by 4 ft. 7 in.),
from Cghilka near Sucre, is woven in green, red, orange, pink, and white

The woman, whose dress shows her

to be a cfcofa,

or Spanish and Indian half-breed, has the

a full-blooded CJuiehua Highlander in her bread

of

The mud oven was

heated for several

making.
hours, and then the embers were raked out; after
which small cakes of dough tossed in baked rapidly,
not more than one minute intervening be' bread
tween placing in the dough and taking out
1

nd were white with

and fringed on

narrow brown
all

four sides.

The fine, silky wool of the vicuna is

made into squares or ponchos of such
most

us

strongly

were the beautiful

close texture that

they are practically

each Locality, conforming perhaps to

impermeable to rain; they are greatly

esteemed by their owners, who will part
witli them only for an exorbitant sum.

custom of bygone days. The blankets

we saw near Totora were of coarse

When market day is over, and all the

produce from the uplands has been sold,

blankets which were sometimes offered

for sale.
mi

It

seemed as

if

these differed

weave,

heavy,

very

and

with

wide

subdued colors merging into

stripes of

each other and giving a pleasing rain-

bow

At Sucre the stripes were

effect.

narrow

very
colors,

and

beautiful

and
in

of

many

brilliant

one restricted locality

geometric

designs

added

the

Argentine
were

frontier,

made

of

is

spent

from the lower country.

to

night

drinking.
a

of

singing,

dancing, and

The song always begins

in

very high key. ami the shrill, pen-

etrating voices of the

women

rise clear

most of the
wool,

minable number of verses are sung to

In the vicinity of La Quiaca on

blankets

for coca leaves

and piercing above the low drone of

the men.
There is only one tunc, as
far as
could discover, and an inter-

greatly to the attractiveness of the pattern.

the greater pari of the proceeds

The Indians then abandon themselves

llama's

Upon reaching

it.

each stanza,

hands
ii

up

in

as

enjoj

some favorite
village streets,
i>\

ion

saint,

sacred personage

of

is

in

the

and even

of

n !-' deserted
so

of

hi

Ear ou1 into the

howling, dancing mob,

taken along and these are

dirfieuU
t

image of the

be

to

We

explode aboui

met

the fanatical processions on the other-

in

mas

firecrackers

air

head.

be

thrown into the

the saint's

carried through

whom may

large supply

poinl

lap their

events

fen

relig

Should the celebral

iiKim

ertain

end of the refrain.

Qui( huas

thoroughlj

country,

singei

time with the musii

until the

The

the

all

is

ligl

usually

rain

to

from

trails,

frequent] y

and

prevenl

our

Qg

dow

boll

was

it

entire
n

he

mtain-side. and to proted on

pack
steep

THE AMEIUCAX MC8HUM .WmXAL

412

from

blue

shower of rockets and explod-

The band

ing missiles.
hovel

for a

halts at each

drink of chicha, and then

continues along the dustj way.

paratively

are

rather

speaking,

civilized,

owing

to

As one goes farther toward

however, a marked change is
This reaches

In the vicinity of Cochabamba the

Quichuas

constant association with the Bolivians.

bordering the Upper Pilcomayo.

On one

comtheir

the south,
noticeable.

climax in the regions

its

we

of our excursions

left the

expedition's base at Sucre, and follow-

ing the Potosi road for a distance of

made camp on the river

The bed of the Pilcomayo is

thirty miles,

bank.
several

hundred

feet

and

spanned

b]

i-

anchored

wide

at this point,

suspension bridge

each end

at

picturesque

to

At the time of our

lowers.

stream,

wending

through

the

valley,

across.

could not

muddy
course

sinuous

rock-strewn

floor

was not more than

fail to

the

visit

water was very low; the shallow,

of the
feet

fifty

he impressed

with (he difference in character of the

river

of

hemmed

its

such

can support only

and these
out

light

was

it

growth of

foothold that

obtains a

vegetation

lower

course.

by towering peaks of rock

in

which

uporj

and the
Here

upper

the

in

stretches

it

few flocks of goats,

find givnl

eking

difficulty in

hare existence; lower down,

it

sweeps through the steaming pantanales

of the (Iran Chaco.

ami

finally enters

the

Paraguay almost opposite

city

of

Asuncion,

the

to

majestic, awe-in-

spiring river.

As

frequently

occurs

in

semi-arid

country, birds were very abundanl

there was

little else to

proximity of other forms of

less

one

tool<

bul

indicate the close

life,

un-

into account the herds of

goats clambering about on the ledges

and seeming to delight in bombarding

every one who passed below with
showers

avans
<l:iily

The

earried goat's milk lu the expedition's ramp.

tucked up for the

walk down the mountain. Her shawl is fastened
with spoon shaped pins, the only jewelry common
front of her loose dress

is

id'

of

small

burros

stones; or the car-

and

llamas

along on the broad highway.

to

passing

visit

the top of one of the neighboring

mountains, however, revealed

ent story.

a differ-

Patches of green dotted the

GLIMPSE INTO SOUTHERN BOLIVIA

isolated

name

depressions to v hich the

little

can

"valleys"

and thin

them

pillars of

hardly be given,

smoke ascended from

into

straight

cloudless

the

After long and patient looking

stone Inn

sei

among

be discovered, and

ablj

sky.

a small,

rocks would invari-

someti

we

could even distinguish minute, moving

we knew were

forms which

[ndians.

There, tucked away between the towerwere

ing peaks they love so well, the]

and plenty, appar-

living a life of peace

ently unmolested, and caring little aboul

the existence of the outer world.
as

one tore

if

was

It

page from the history

of bygone centuries, or found

himself

suddenly transferred into the midst of

a

community such

contented, pastoral

musi

as

empire before

vasl

throughoul

have existed

the

despoliation by

it-

the gold-crazed invaders.

These
for

tlic

high puna

of

tlic

ancienl

discovered

al

their partiality

well

is

know

some

dwellings having been

an elevation of more

seventeen thousand

and

han

thej

are

their almosl

in-

foot

doubtless happier in

fastnesses than

come down

seldom

Indians

into the lower country

they lived

if

nearer to their Boln Lac neigh

In appearance

and dress these Indi-

the

memmon

from the other

ans differ greath

living

tribe

the

in

populous sections of the country.

stead of the

more or
bj

adhere to

form of dress

at

may date back to

^tahualpa.
The women
i

of

In-

conventional

less

the latter,

inch

leas!

Dg a typical

the days

lis

short, full skirts

of

dark

blue,

and

shawls

shirt,

knee

and

breeches,
belts
i.

wide

at

of sash

gray

in

or

loose,

blue

which are neatlj emcolors and a

the back so that they

also they

forma kind

wear the

).

milled

varied

of

garbed

white

h:ir iv

ho,

h ith

the head

seem,

of

hi

a\

cloth

hole in the center through which

i-

thrust.

the small

Strange

children

waddling along

in

their

a*

always "em-

very long clothing, and the

little girls

full,

almosl

mi-: AMh'iuc.w .i/rs/;r. joi'rxal

414

trailing skills resemble dwarfed,

women.

made

All

the

aged

wearing apparel

is

of woolen cloth of

home manu-

The men permit

their hair to

facture.

grow long and lira id it

which hangs down the

in

a queue

Both

back.

sexes wear peculiar little hats

made

of

siime kind of skin prepared by a process

which renders

it

very hard

hats reminded us ofsteel helmets.

the

exception

of

huge,

pins of copper, which the

these

With

spoon-shaped

women

used

we saw no ornaments of metal, nor jewelry of any kind.

to fasten their shawls,

The home

life

of these

tranquil and uneventful.

Indians

is

Usually the

stone lints contain two or three

little

rooms; potatoes and other produce are

stored in one of them, and the rest an

used for cooking- and sleeping quarters.

In

very

burning

weal her

cold

lire

and night and

day

occupants of

of sheep skins

kepi

is

the

all

house burrow into piles

and blankets

close to the

smouldering embers.

We

women

persuaded one of the

ing, luil to
difficulty.

to

camp each morn-

bring goat's milk to

we had the greatest

do this
Only by

payment

for

week's supply in advance could she be

From

induced to perform this service.

with

experiences

past

his

fellow

countrymen, the Quichua has learned

regard

On

all

si

portunity of observing

paimno

treats

how

nearest hovel and

tin'

the average

Should

Indian.

the

night overtake him on the

at

to

rangers with apprehension.

frequent occasions we had the op-

trail,

and shelter for himself ami

In the event that the

he stops

demands

food

his animals.

owner has noth-

ing to offer, he draws his

or re-

rifle

volver ami shoots any fowls that

may

running about, or lacking these,

or goat, and seizes whatever

can

Should he

find.

blanket,

it

is

see

also taken.

lie

sheep

else

he

an attractive
In the

morn-

few centavos are thrown on the

ing a

ground

and

he

continues

As

rule

we

found

Indians we're treated

in a

that

on

if

his

the

frank, honest

manner, they were most amiable. The

little woman we had engaged to bring
us
milk trudged down from the
fling, he
Quichuas. Armed with
spends the days in Seld and orchard, keeping up
a continuous fusillade upon the birds which come
nn
fruit
n
amera
Posing for
or grain.
to feed
killers of the

and mysterious experience

mountain-top daily

in

faithful compli-

:i

for this lad

ance with her obligation.

She brought

cheese also, and occasionally a few egg-.

As

it

gradually dawned upon her

that

GLIMPSE INTO SOUTHERN BOLIVL

we were

and seemed

tive

with the entire

who make qo attempl

Spanish

to Irani

speak

effort to

pon

tribe,

thej are able to understand

if

make no

in

she spoke Quichua

common

only, in

talka-

an interest

to take

our occupation,

or

became

to be trusted, she

seeing

it,

ill

wo

of

learned to cultivate,
id'

bread

llosh

is

made.

and milk,

anil the

to hi- well-being

splendid quality

Jlis

flocks

provide

wool SO essential

the high altitudes

and the tola hushes and peaty growth

kno n n. yareta furnish an adequate

it.

number

II.-.

chuno by simply allowing them to Eree e

and dry. From the heat which he has

id

peckers which we had collected, she ex-

Supply Of

The demand-

of ei\

ili-

pressed a great deal of satisfaction

zation, however, will alter hi-

mode

of

ording

act

pair

Indian-'

the

to

the

1'ainiK

The ovenbirds

time.

upon with

looked

the

nest

of

shorl

existence until

little will

remain

to re-

mind
at

ns of the contented nation which

one time willingly bowed to the be-

neficed rule of the Children of the Sun.

and are en-

the vicinity of

in

Should

dwellings.

Euel.

Furnarius) are

favor

couraged to remain

if

member

within

die

will

belief,

makes

birds

these

of

near one of their houses,

for,

pair of the

cheery singers place their huge, domed

nest of

mud

near by, good fortune will

follow

iii

nest

used in

is

wake; the abandoned

their

making

poultices w hieh

are said to be a certain cure Eor

va-

riety of ailments.

An\ one
will,

nesi
I'lii

ill

I.

plantations

to

the

as

ut

amount
numbers

.fie

the

to

'lone

i-

ami

post

discouraged

i-

small

bave been

strings

of

from

flock

damage

with

nests

After the seeds

fields,

of

and ripening grain, their

fruit

tlie

birds

such -real bands thai an

in

ble

bird's

supposed, become vio-

i-

it

robbing

of

guilty

the center

in

planted,

stretched

>-

dead hawk

bj

stones.
a

across

su
sei

scarecrow to frighten awaj the maraud-

When

the crops ripen,

-mall boy called the piscomamchachi

is

ing

isitors.

ed

armed with
nieo-aiii

each
a

II-

is

fusillade

nately his aim

s

plantation

of

stones

poor, hut

i-

hi

lew birds each day.

The Quichua

of today leads a sedeni

toes

Iii-.

which

Hiare

fields

turned

supinto

journej
in

from Bolivia
The thi

to the

Hew York

nearly two hundred pounds, but the

it!. out diffirultv

[i

American

A Giant
W.

By
is

ITsil

M A T T

1).

not often that a really important

discovery

Eocene Bird

II

WA

and
In

fos-

the resull of a

is

it

prolonged and arduous search

formation

in a

disappointments

of

series

Time and again he

teeth

G E

the

successive

seasons.

for sev-

it

Practically

every

had
b,

except for two or three small areas, and the

Museum

discovers fragments

collections

we re enriched

b\

over

one thousand specimens important enough to

catalogue and record individually, besides

thai
jaws or parts of the skeleton
hopes and give warrant foi bis

"i-

buoy up

by

exposure of the Eocene formations

been thoroughly g
ver in this

that try the patience of the collector.

explored

American Museum, and continued

eral

partial

or

was

it

systematic exploration of the basin for the

which earlier reconnoissanees had shown to

|ii.imii-.
yood results. Sometimes it is found
early in the campaign] more often a tier a
long

1904

G R A

Amherst
party under direction of Dr. F. B. Loomis.
In 1910 Mr. Granger began a thorough and

due to sheer good luck.

is

Generally speaking

L T E R

his

expectation that sooner or later a complete

innumerable teeth and other fragments not

come to li^ht if the exposures

and he sticks stubbornly to his
Sometimes in the end bis persi

were mammals, the best of them being skulls

and partial skeletons.
By far the most

specimen
hold

catalogued.

will

out

search.

ence remains unrewarded;

but .a
poor return for diligent work, and must seek
to retrieve his reputation in some other fossil

and

Once
lie

fait

while fortune befriends him,

in a

explo

which

are

still

mammal

to he there.

there
and incomplete skeleti
other interesting animals, On i/cena

bird skeleton

found

summer

lasl

was a
Only

was
\\

ii

trained

don,

Dad

no one suppose

let

anybody im.

find that
a

Mr.

bj

the Bighorn

in

But

made.

skeletons that have evei

Pachyaena,

found.

But

tlex

are

in

an

ollei

and expert

.aide

propei

it

'

fossil

overed
time

.lis,

ii-

fossil

In

1891

In

Dr.

J.

well

I..

known

riches were

an

better preserved.

are usually

an

\ei

eedingly rare

exi

'

kind, and of these only

represented birds of gigant

to

the

of

'-''

two toe b

of

Dr.

the

othi

jji

for

These were dub

mis as

couple of equallj

mentary remnants found

exhibition

N' u

it.

in

Mexico,

.'/,

s7

ami

frag-

I,

nai

by

,/.

ell

next the ski

other fossil birds,
articulated and scattered

In order to finish the

basin,

Mr.

st, ,

small areas

left

when

found,

and

the

work

was directed

in thi

to

unvisited, and spent

about
mpleting their

two month

distort.

not appear advisable

open

oi

rj

w. Shufeldt

Robert

intended later to exhibit tbe original

| panel mount in the dinosaur hall,

eidcr.ihly

is,

tarsus

bj

in

th.-

Inn

ii

pai

temporarily arranged

io.s

are

Eocene foi mations. Among the thousands of spei mien

ecured ty Mi
parties only a half do/en
11

"cannon bene.a

Museum, and again

tronl

skeletons

\\ o

Wortman headed

Doctor

hunting expedition

The principal

have been

etc.,

whole,

birds of any
a

its

Cope.

is

eollectoi

been

litis

1881 when

fossil region since

tii -t

St< in

ex-

rience.

pi

The Bighorn basin

that

Mr.

ly.

to

the

Bighorn fauna, more so than

the latei
Eocene formations,

rds

how

Vassacyon,

on

rarities in the

hunter would

fossil

would know
i

and

bi e

frankly,

speak

to

ery,

it

his

splendid find which had. so to speak, no right

that

in

two skeletons of

odus

Wortman

Doctoi

plete.

early

can place to his credit sonic new and

ham stem

fossils

the campaign he finds himself with

Seld.

these

all

abundant fossil is the

oh ppus or four-toed
horse, and of this the best specimen is the
keleton secured bj Mr. stem, which was

the close of

at

Practically

monn

ad remodeled for

Hon

of

fossil

ted. a

mammal

tl

117

THE AMEIUCAX Ml'SECM .lofHXAL

lis
scarce species, ami

was

itself

in

Hut

expense of the expedition.

worth the

was

Inn-, tic beak

also

long.

practically

back

lie

It

inches high and

ii'._.

indies

ii' L,

very short behind the beak, the

is

complete skeleton of this giant bird, which

previously had been known only from the

broad and adapted for

powerful .jaw ami neck muscles, and the jaw
also is very heavy ami deep. The back part

fragments above mentioned.

of the skull

fortunate

so

The

to

as

skeleton

is

discover

of gigantic

size,

equaling

but the largest of the extinct moas of

all

Xeu Zealand, and much exceeding any mod-

of

the

skull

much

is

shorter relatively to the

beak than in Phororhachos, aud the beak

does not have the strong down-curving tip;
the jaw is much heavier and the whole construction shows a far

more power-

ful bill.

The

vertebrae are extremely mas-

and comparatively short, as

one might expect from the size of
sive

The shoulder-girdle

the skull.

is

very like that of a cassowary, and

the wings were

reduced in about
the same proportion
more than in

the

ostrich

much

or

but

the;),

not

as in the moa, where there

no trace of them

so
is

The body
and hind limbs had much the same
left.

general proportions as in the moas,

much

bulkier

higher

in the

not

but

materially

back than a big mod-

ern ostrich, ami on account of the

short

neck the head was not so

high.

Our Diatryma must have been

truly magnificent
bird much

bigger than an ostrich though not

so

ami more impressive be-

tall,

cause of the huge head and thick

neck.

The discovery of
Reconstructed skeleton of DUllniu
The missing portions are dotted

practically

Eocene
served,

em

bird in bulk. It is also of very extraordinary and striking proportions, with a huge
head and massive neck, quite unlike any
existing bird, and with an enormous high
compressed beak. These proportions at once
suggested that it was a relative or ancestor
of those extinct giant birds of South Amer-

Phororhachos and its allies, which it

in size and general proportions and
especially in the great beak. A more careful

is

skeleton,

this

and

complete

fossil

for

an

unusually well pre-

one of the few really im-

portant discoveries which have been made

among fossil birds. Its exact relationships

and the evidence that it affords as to the

evolution ami phylogeny of the birds, are
discussed in an article in the May, 1!I17, Mu-

seum

Bulletin.

closely related to

does

It

not

appear

any other known

lo

be

bird, living

ica,

resembles

study of the skeleton led to the conclusion

that in spite of this very singular resemblance it was mil a relative of Phororhachos,
although perhaps of similar habits.

The

skull of

Diatryma

is

about 17 inches

orextinct, but, like Phororhachos,

to the Euornithes or

modernized

it

belongs

birds,

and

is

not related to any of the great ground birds,

living or extinct, although
in

body and

appears
which in

its

Its nearest living relative

legs.

to be the

turn

resembling them

seriema of South America,

is

related to the cranes.

Museum
of the

issue

-t

Mm-

].<!

i.i

in

.11 ...

Journal, the
members of

liei-ome

ii:iw

Notes
Land Expedition,

Crockei

i/.

:',.

and Mori u

Messrs. James

v.

Barr

II.

Di lano.

res

i.1

stine

01

Nies, Ph.

B.

J.

Dr.

I'..

Messrs. James
Lane Allen, Leroy v. Allen, T. B. De

Hardtmayer and

R.

II.

Except

Stevenot and Emil Winter.

J.

Hovet, curator of the deand invertebrate palseon

has returned to the American Mu.-in

().

Arctic

absence of two years

ies

>r.

the

in

1915.

in

the north

in

Land
During
can
ej

Crocker

the

itli

which he joined

dem

made

being

...

!ape

ii

ulai

of

lj

ommon

group

!ape

New

"i

tii-

I'lvsrnh'.l

isi

lays

were

mi-

by

possible

hasten the journey.

De-

weather and

war

to

ioll

Dr.

manded

to

Hovej

arrived

ntr.

i.f

Museum shows
elel '"'-

d boxes

from

rail

the A.mei

in

ii

an

in

\l

tn

besides

extinct

re

9]

amph

meeting of the executive committee

of the American Muade

Museum

American

his

tlirouy),

I,,,

Arctic

ii

of

life

been

ned

1
1

colli

member

Natural

contributions

of

the

ful

.-it

ir'n\;\

but

1\

t;u
11.

:n

ri

Of

these

10

are

and

birds,

Beck, who has been

Sout

Expi
met

.lit

ica,

'

charge

the fall of

thousand

bird

sei ies

Among
of

the

1912.

spei in

11

.-i

in

ion, Ikis just

whi

his

nut

pre

many photo

shearwati

r,

nia

ter-

foi

bi

et

mammals,

and speedj

ex

omp

10 are extinct

collected.

viouslj

graphs,

Captain Bartlett

work.

om

.it
siM'un-il.

have not

n ini'l

Captain

K'uii.i

of the board of trust

20,

of skeletons,

five casts

are extinct

reptiles,

Mr.
et ni

.-i

rtebi ates

'
i

mplete.

and archa ological specimens.

At

mat

tin

mm

be

skeletons,

bota

seum held on June

skulls

there are

that

fortj six additional

:.

ical,

this

the skull.

readj

are now

proi ess of distribution

of

besides others that

tons,

03

li:i

census of the skeletons of

Bartlett,

The four hundri

specimens were forwarded

of

being prepared or already on exhibition.

in iw

mills in the

citj

Etah.

by the

th<
gi ui ra

the skeletons and

in

i.mi
..mi

our exhibits

in

different

rerj diverse in the

fish

day thai the "Nept

Captain Robert A.
Nova &

idney,

di

to

...

this

in

to this

lichiiifjiiig

duck-billed

two skeletons and

oi

initj

and two days

Etah

everj

igh

I"

the return trip from

to

tin- <linos;iurs

Montana have

had long been known

ion

of

add
Mr. Barnum

allat ion, to

and

Alberta

Eight

ii

-1

brought tn light an unsuspecte

eadj

formations of

and the

dino

Brown's recent explorations intheCretaci

ork to Etah; and on the

,

summer.

of this group.

to the exhibit

pat

vei

work

field

of skeletons of duck billed

of observal ions on the act ion

oi

of

lieu

ont inued through the

sei ies

fine

resi

on

ied

of glaciers and the sea ice; on the physiog

raphy

In

ment of

preparation and researches upon the collec

types anions
his

lm

the depai

bj

saurs has been prepared and the specimens

tology,

^gate

at

expeditions were under-

field

tebrate palaeontology.

Edmund

Dr.

quarry

great

the

oi

summer

taken this

'
i

,i

some prospecting

for

section

iirw

Nebraska, ao

Mb

'

marooned

long

so

Etah.

at

Museum:

the

bird

and as

ninth as the Aleutian Islands, was taken

1

lape Horn.

mination the hazardous voyage of the "Nep

.

:i

ii

Ii

was underta)

third attempt to rescue

t
1

placed mi

ixlii

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOU1UXAL

420
the

edge of a

clearing in the Adirondack

They stand

forests.

in

grass near a

tall

clump of alders, with a suggestion of woodlands

beyond.

skillful

adjustment

of

for

general

cooking,

pastry,

Great, quantities of gluten

and

and
oil

ply.

The specimens of Virginia

ucts have a large place in the arts

by the

lie-

thus indirectly contributing to our food sup-

lighting gives the effect of fading sunset.

deer, used

salads.

cake,

sides corn meal, are used for feeding cattle,

Aside from their food value, corn prod-

From

and indus-

courtesy of Colonel Franklin Brandreth and

tries.

Mr. Frederick Potter, were obtained by Mr.

Boy C. Andrews on the preserve of these
gentlemen in the Adirondacks. They were

rubber, paints, and varnishes;

are used for laundry purposes, for "sizes" in

The
mounted by Mr. Walter Escherich.
foreground was planned and executed by
Mr. Albert E. Butler, and the background,

used in tanning, in shoe polishes, hair tonics,

showing the

where the animals were

taken, was painted by Mr. Hobart Nichols
after a sketch by Mr. Courtenay Brandreth.
A description of the field work for this group
locality

was given by Mr. Andrews in the December

Journal, 1915. A photograph of a portion
of the group is presented as the cover design
for this issue of the Journal.

corn

oil

are

made

leather,

the starches

and paper industries, and for soaps

and adhesives; the syrups and sugars are

textile

chewing tobacco, and in the manufacture of

hutir acid and vinegar.

An

attractive addition to the food exhibit

Museum lias been donated by Mr. M. J. Roth, of the Plastic Art

Novelty and Specialty Company, New York,
in the form of 74 models of 100-calorie porin the foyer of the

The models were made by

tions of food.

Mr. Christian Jaeger.

Since the

last issue of the

Journal

sev-

names have been added to the list of

American Museum men in military service.
The department of mammalogy and ornithology feels particularly crippled in the loss of
five of its assistants, Messrs. H. E. Anthony,
.lames I'. Chapin, Ludlow Griscom, L. E.
Miller, and Carlos D. Empie, all at present in
eral

the

camp at Plattsburg.
Matthew awaits appointment
Mr. Howarth

training

officers'

Mr. Russell

S.

after seven weeks of training.

Boyle has already left for France in a

Red Cross contingent, expecting to be assigned to some naval base hospital.
Mr.
Joseph S. McGarty is in the 71st Regiment
of the National Guard.

A revised and popular edition of the

handbook issued in connection with the Food
and Health Exhibit has been brought out
under the title Health in War and Peace
and has been placed on the news stands for
distribution at a nominal price.
It is designed to acquaint the soldier, and also the
general public, with

against

tions

the

all

the proper precau-

various

causes

of

poor

health.

S.

Professor C-E. A. Winslow, curator of

tin'

department of public health,

left

New

York for Russia on June 29 with the Billings

Reil Cross Commission. The headquarters of
the Commission are at Moscow.

An

is

value to the country of the corn crop

Ancient Civilizations

tory of the Indians of Mexico and Central

America, and an explanation of the more

important phases of their ancient life and

The book covers 238 pages and

tains 44 plates

and 222 text

con-

figures.

being emphasized in the food exhibit in

Museum by presenting scores

which this chief of American

the foyer of the

of

is

ogy. As stated in the preface, the book is

intended as a general commentary on the his-

arts.

The

addition to the handbook series of the

American Museum

of Mexico and Central America, by Herbert

J. Spinden, assistant curator of anthropol-

ways

in

may be used in the home. The Corn

Products Refining Company lias presented to
the Museum twenty-two products made from

cereals

corn.

Among

these are various starches used

for jellies, puddings, pie filling,

and sauces;

the syrups and sugars for confectionery, preserves, jams,

and

jellies;

and the

oils

used

Mr. Russell

J. Coles,

who has

recently

returned from a ten weeks' motor boat cruise

off the coast

of North Carolina, spoke in the

Board Room of the American Museum on

September 1, before Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,

Dr.

F. S.

Luther, president of Trinity

College, Hartford, Conn., Dr. F. A.

director

of

the

American

Lucas,

Museum,

and

others interested in food conservation, on the

MUSEl
subject

of

sharks,

rays,

high

the

value

nutritive

NOTES

.1/

and other varieties of fish not

consumed bj man
iccount of long

hitherto

standing prejudice againsi them.

l-.'

The specimen

Yellow River.

of

condition, the best of

there

A 1st en.

n quarts, equal

to

about

delicious small

food

not even a

The

shell

found

than

rays which he pronounced delicious in flavor

and very digestible. The average shark is

The
many

plary

believe

and

lifi

xanthunui,

is

City,

such

Another variety follows

the great schools of sting rays, which are
themselves

The

food.

excellent

experiments were senl

results

Bureau of Fisheries, Washington,

C, togethei with samples of the fish, both
Through a new pi
ss for

States
D.

now

into leather, an

is

numbers

belongs

to

important consideration in

oaking

on

reports

the

of

fishes

Lying

shewn

ontl ibuted
i

attractive

Some\er\

ports.

int.

make

to

features

'lestine strm-tures

scl

sects as Cj

and Th.

it

w ith

Iretaceous

dui

..t

material

of

been

lias

collei

fi-li

and
studies

as

yel

untouched.

Fossil

The
Hon

other

material

to

di

seme

am,

one anol her

as

The family has

species

in

the Mississippi

to

sell... .Is

riddle.

Congo

the

hai acteristii

of the big sea

ol

tli.

have

sei a

common names.

!i

ion hi

'i

ea

in the

-.-."
:

World," prepared

neressitate

ii

hai
.

Ii

ts,

loth

bj

and public

American Museum, has been

to

of the city.

the relationship

fish teel h,

of which up to now
rich

genus

thai

hi. h

ti

times hears the "wop,"

at
I

Work

i,

edition

The tooth

family.

quiel evening in

the departments of public health

this ion'

of the re

hi'

Prevention of

authoritatively, and both artist an.!

s,,

it,

health charts illustrating

by Mr. Chapin.

colors of fishes

Eoi

Tin demand for the three series of public

"The Spread and
lommunicable liseai e," "In

rom sketches made in the

It is seldom that life
from remote regions Can he

oloi

om

ft

on

single fresh-watei

nine new terms are described and figured.

Thirteen characteristic Congo fishes are illusin

weakfish

or

though they were calling

thej swim under the beat.

the

field

sounds,

at anchoi

southern bay, one

American M us um 'nu-n i\p. ,in ... ;nr new

in proof. These include a systematic account
of the freshwater species, in which twenty-

trated

drum

the

in

thousands of metropolis

pleasure in angling

have received their

several

first

NYw York

harbors and rivers

the

thai

obtain

Leiostomus

fish,

occasional years like the

in

invades

dwellers

"wop"

The

hen's

good food

made

when the problem of shoes for our

v set
becoming

these days
soldiers

lie

i]

southward, and almost without exception are

fishes.
Tiny make grunting or

Baited and fresh.

tanning, the hide of sharks ran

Members of this family among them the

esteemed kingfish and big channel bass
fre
quent sandj shores, being especially plentiful

of

United

the

to

.if.

fortj

"lafayette" near

.-ailed

and which

present

on Spanish mackerel.

these

I.

has

eggs.

it to l"
but leads an exemsometimes verj fastidious in
its choice of food, as in tlic case of the hammerhead shark, which subsists almost entirely

thai

world,

this fossil

which
one has eV
been
capacity of more

i;^

found.

eighteen species of sharks and

in the

the great

It'

laid the

.-ill

perfeel

e.

made exhaustive tests of the dietary uses of

many kin. Is of fisli during his cruise. He
in

kind

its

twn other e^es of

g hut

"-"el

Mr. Coles

in

is

all

:i

the public

made en
.and

|,ublical

upply

The

hea\

white paper

ml with

and bottom.
The .-harts ai. fullj labeled,
and in addition a
klet of information
a. -companies each set.
Th.-s,ill
be leaned
I

,.,

from twelve hundred miles inland forms the

...Is

Greater New York without

ot

chai ge.

To
that

the collection of

et

gigantic
I

egg was found

China,

in

in

ggs

ostrich
I'l.-i-t

the

in

period.

a.

Expedition, in
Mr. W. DeW. Miller, assistant CUratOl
rical department,
left
New
I

pi..-, ini

June, 1915, bj

the bird hall

(Struthiolithus

ol

This

Eton an,

Chinese peasant

February

Is.

arriving at

anna March

7.

Mi

York

Lud

a panied the
xpi
Mt. William I'.. Richardson, who
i

M.k Of the

in th.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

122
has lived

Nicaragua

in

I'm

twenty-five years,

fomia, August

two-wheel trailer

cluding the pine forest of the northern high-

members.

lands, the tropica] forest,

Mombacho and El

More than

14.

met the expedition at Corinto and remained

The various
with it throughout the trip.
I'.-iuiinl regions of Nicaragua were visited, in-

six

thousand

miles were covered by the three cars and the

party

included,

of
at

the

maximum,

its

The

expedition.

thirteen

and two volcanoes,

Viejo.

1170 bird skins was made.

Dr.

collection of

This adds about

Herman

pointed

K. Haeberlin has been apin anthropology in the

assistant

He

ninety species to the Nicaragua collections

American Museum.

American Museum, received in former

from Mr. Richardson, and includes
thirty species not heretofore recorded from
Nicaragua. The American Museum now has
the most complete collection of Nicaragua

time a position in the department of anthropology of Columbia University and is to act

in

the

years

birds

in

the world.

as guide to the

Museum

holds at the same

for anthropological

students at Columbia and Barnard.

The ap-

pointment was made through a desire to

bring about a closer cooperation between
anthropological instruction in the two insti-

Mr. Roy
ican

Andrews

C.

Museum

reports to the Amer-

that the Asiatic Zoological

Kx

tutions and a
illustrative

pedition will return to New York about the

end of September, bringing the largest col
lection of rare animals which has ever been

The

Journal of

and serows,
strange mammals resembling the goat and
the antelope. The expedition, of which Mr.
Andrews is in charge, has been working in
the province of Yunnan, China
in remote
regions where no white man had ever been
seen before the explorer and his party arrived.
In Yunnan, two thousand miles
have been covered on horseback and camps

terly edited

are

the

gorals

have been made in 107 different localities,

varying from fifteen hundred to seventeen
tl
sand feet elevation. Mrs. Andrews, who

accompanied

the

expedition

as

the

official

in

American Mu-

the

number of the International

American Linguistics, a quarby Franz Boas and Pliny Earle

initial

Special features of

assembled from China.

the collections

wider use of the wealth of

material

Goddard, appeared in July. This journal,

which is of particular importance to students
of linguistics, will be devoted to the study
of American aboriginal languages.

A series of lectures delivered by Dr. RobH. Lowie for the department of anthropology of the American Museum during the
early part of 1917 has been published in
book form under the title Culture anil Ethert

nology.

The object of the work

is

to ac-

quaint the layman with some of the results

obtained natural color

photographs, including views of the great
gorge of the Yangtze River, which in some

of modern ethnological work.

parts can be compared for grandeur with the

tare films covering zoological subjects,

Grand Canon of North America.

Raymond

photographer,

Iu.

work

.1.

has

Beqdaert has resumed

in the

L. Ditmars was elected l>y the

board of trustees as a life member of the

his

former

department of invertebrate

zool-

ogy, after an absence of three months, during which he crossed the continent as a member

of

the

Cornell

Biological

In recognition of his gifts of moving pic

Mr.

Expedition.

American Museum. Mr. George B. Hopkins

was made a patron for his generous contribution to the building fund.

'

complete

revision of the lecture courses

This transcontinental tour was arranged by

Prof. I. Chester Bradley of Cornell Cnivei

given under the direction of the department

with the cooperation of Dr. A. II.

Wright, for the purpose of collecting and
studying the fauna and flora of the country.
The expedition was unique inasmuch as it

seum

was

period extending from the middle of Octo-

sity,

the

first

transportation
large scale.

Fork,

May

attempt
for

to

use

collecting

automobile
trip

The expedition left Ithaca,

and reached San Diego,

l'4,

on

American Mil

of public education of the

is planned for this season.

Instead of
condensing the work into the short period of
six weeks according to previous practice, lec-

tures will he given twice a

week through

ber tn the middle of January.

On Mondays

New

the subjects will he taken from geography

Cali

and

natural

history,

on

Thursdays

from

MUSEUM NOTES
The geography and

United States history.

natural historj

World,

omy,

Phi

history

New
em Nev

h k

fol

lectures

Cm

^'

li"Y

will

nv.

th<

nited

Discoverers

be:

Old and

Mod

Colonial History,

made

to the

Iny. *pent

invertebrate

of July and August

laboratory

^roatei

pari

the marine biological

Woods

al

Massachusetts,

Hole,

marine inverte

for the purpose of studying

observations, sketches, and other data

Eoi

if
a
"sound bottom group,"
based upon the invertebrate fauna and sea

bottom of Vineyard Sound,

the

the neighborhood of the Devil's

Ga;

'

in

was assisted

<

Shimotori,

to be an

is

the Darwin hall.

in

work

tliis

and

Mueller,

II.

Mm

C.

by

gathei tags

discussing

he conserva

particularly the vast

forests of the

i.

S.

tn

<

'arpenti

the

Commission, the Nefl

Forestry

at

State

An

need.

important

the

strj

.-xlnl.it

human

..f

depart-

and the Lake

those

interested

been installed

Mr. Louis

ision of

dices

Sullii an,

B.

in

n in. h

measurements and

he

vai ious

lm

skulls,

nt

.lift.

me

.
?

sei

illustrated

nun

i-

devoted

fir.' on the first evening, followed

"Indian Day" with speed

The

devoted to

nit.

r,

9(

afteri

in

in

man

of

aces

The method of

nother.

taking

fin

ha:

wing of the

under the super-

This exhibit aims to point out

cal

floor,

the principal

anthropology,

the southwesl

in

on the second

somatology.
-on

in

pro-

is

imli

typi

the

to

descriptive features and elemental

of the skull.

Two

charts introduced into the

.... a
short historj ..t en
met
and an explanation of the measuring points

kull.

Mb. Harm Watkins,

American Museum

member of

the

expedi-

al

National

'

ieographic Societj

ma
Urubamba

and

versity,

the

work of

('anon,

all

l>y

empt

'i

cacan and Amazonian drainage

the

to disTiti

La Baya

al

ibution of
bird life in that

region.

In
to

Gi Id

the vicinity

Uni

issance in

continuing

is

the

council

places of

crania,

with much information of value to students

and

roquois Indians.

n ith the

de to the

in

mi

military

oi

'

Fork State College of

Syracuse,

ty,

business

articles.

M useum

an

into

called

mm

things thej

been sup

useful

them as far a- possible with

supplj

ith

i.

who have been

.-in.

outfits

the Association to keep

was held al the Lake Placid Club

from September
to s
This "foresl week"
was conducted und
oi the New
Fork Stal
oi iation,
of which
dacks,

"f

E.

State's natural resources,

on

M useum have

small

he wish ol

eated and

Mr. Herbert

American

with
t

:h

he

is

cedure
of indoor and outd
I

by the Sol-

\"l Con
ttee
ight a generous
response from many, and with a portion of

Museum

window groups

of

the series

in

which are being installed

in

Bi

This

Head, Massachusetts.

other unit

Museum

of the

diers'

the

construct!

"i

L6

An appeal

reference to procuring

brates with especial

Bora

surgical

(il

sweaters,

1l!

wristlets.

the funds thus secured three of the soldiers

i

Miner, of the department of

men

of

inix

and 23 pairs of

Events, 2 lectures.

rent

\V.

..umm

scarfs,

plied

Mr.

pie. .-.

leography and Astron-

2 lectures;

l.->t

245 separate

55 pairs of pajamas,

for

During

attests.

sewers and knitters turned out

period

this

Hall

ial

sliirts.

course

423
Mei

in

History Stories,

Subjects

World,

of the

al

sii

lectures.

states

include the

Natural

lectures;

lectures

-i

"ill

course

Chief Cities and Countries of the

lowing:

display

will

prosecuting Ids

Urubamba,

he

complete the survey of the Urubamba

and geolo)
if

The American Museum

i

branches

lias

made

creditable Bho

fame i- the series of horsi

mounted by Mr. s. u. Chubb and
in the hall of the age of man.
The

interna-

tional

present includes

thi

installed
series al

draught

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

424

and in motion, the full-grown

Shetland pony grazing, the Arabian stallion
on the alert, and the race horse in action, all
of which show a spirit and vivacity resulting
from the most painstaking and exact attention to all niceties in the mechanics of
bodily movement.
It is now proposed to
make the series more complete by the addihorse

rest

al

tion of the skeleton of a trotter, the distinc-

American type of fast horse. In this

connection Mr. Chubb recently spent three

tive

weeks at Cuba,

New

York, on the estate of

Frederick B. Simpson, making a large

Mr,

scries of

photographic studies of the motions

of "MeKinney," a well

known

which has been presented

Mr. Simpson.
IN

trotting horse,

to the

Museum by

the late Dr. Daniel Giraud Elliot

11104,

published

iu

the

zoological

series

of

the

Museum of Chicago A Check-List of

Mammals of tin North American Conti-

Field
Hi,

966; reptiles, 5; zoogeography, 22; nomenbiography, 134; miscellaneous,

clature, 35;
20.

Through

the

generosity

Mr. Ogden

of

Library of the Museum has been

enabled to purchase additional monographs

Mills, the

by John Gould needed for the completion of

The volumes included in the purchase are: A Monograph of the Macropodidw, in- Family of Kangaroos, 1841-2;
Supplement to the Monograph of the Troeh.iliiUv
The Birds of Asia, in seven volumes,
the series.

Mammals

1850-83;

of

Australia,

in

three

A Century of Birds from

Himalaya Mountains, 1832; and A
Monograph of the Pittidce, 1880-81. The
volumes are handsomely illustrated with
many hand-colored plates. They form a
volumes, 1845-63;
Hie

valuable addition to the resources of the Library, inasmuch as they are

now exceedingly

unit, the

West Indies, and the Neighboring

Seas.
Shortly before his death in 1915, he
prepared the manuscript for a supplement to
this work, carrying the subject to

about the
end of the year 1914. This manuscript, submitted by his daughter, Miss Margaret H.
Elliot,

to

Museum

the authorities of the American

of Natural History for publication,

at her expense, has recently

appeared as a

Museum monograph, a volume

issued under the

editorship

of 192 pages,

of Dr.

J.

A.

Allen.

monograph

of 2 5 pages recently issued

1

by the American Museum contains a bibliography of the scientific publications of Dr.

Joel
piece

Asaph

Allen.

shows Dr.

photogravure frontisappeared in

Allen as he

1885, the year in which he

became associated

with the Museum. The first forty-three pages

of the volume are devoted to brief autobiographical remarks: the story of his boyhood
days, with

remarkable mummy, which was

ered in 1903 in an ancient

cliff

discov-

dwelling in

Mountains of western New

Mexico, has recently come into the possession of the department of anthropology of
the American Museum, presented by Dr. S.
M. Strong, now of the Medical Corps of the
United States Army at Atlanta, Georgia.
The cliff dwelling from which the mummy
was taken was situated in a cave some two
hundred feet above the bed of a canon. The
finder dug down into this cave to a depth of
the

Tularosa

about nine feet, through six feet of loose

debris above three different house floors, denoting successive periods of occupation.

Under the third

which was

in

floor he came upon the body,

almost perfect condition, lying

with head to the east and hands crossed

upon the breast, the thighs bent upon the

abdomen and
was wrapped

the legs flexed.

in

three

The

mummy

blankets woven of

and beside

period from 1865 to 1873, embracing expedi-

were thirteen
pieces of decorated pottery, some stone axes,
spear and arrow heads, and a gourd containing a handful of parched com. In one

tions to Brazil with Agassiz in 1865, to the

hand the

Middle West

the

interesting personal experiences

leading up to his

life

work, followed with de-

scriptions of collecting trips taken in

in

1867, to eastern Florida in

1868, to the Greal

tains in 1871,

the

and

Plains and

Rocky Moun-

to the Yellowstone in 1873.

rabbit

skins,

other

mummy
a

it

held a stone pipe and in

tobacco pouch, while

on the

wrists were bracelets of bone and shell.

An

earthen pot had been inverted over the head,

The extensive bibliography which occupies

which

the rest of the volume shows the results of

about eleven inches long. The fur blankets

are said to illustrate one of the very oldest
known tonus of weaving.

his researches to
14">:;

titles

have been published under

covering: mammals, 271;

birds,

is

covered with reddish

brown hair

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL

BIRD,* OP THE PALKLANDS

PREHISTORIC RUINS AND TOMBS

THE NAVAHO COUNTRY

FUR SEALS
ALLIGATORS

The American Museum

of Natural History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry

F.virfikld

Osborn

Cleveland H. Dodge

Second Vice-President
J. P. Morgan

Treasurer
Henry P. Davison

Adrian Iselin

First Vice-President

Secretary

John Purroy Mitchel, Mayor of the City of New York

William A. Prendergast, Comptroller of the City of New York
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
Charles Lanier
Henry C. Frick
George F. Baker
Ogden Mills
Madison Grant
Frederick F. Brewster
Percy H. Pyne
Archer M. Huntington
E. Fulton Cutting
John B. Trevor
Arthur Curtiss James
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
Felix M. Warburg
Walter B. James
James Douglas
A. D. Juilliard

administrative officers
Assistant Treasurer

The United States Trust Company

of New York
scientific staff

Frederic A. Luoas, So.D., Director

Vertebrate Paleontology

Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology

Henry Fairfield Osborn,

LL.D., D.Sc, Curator

Emeritus

Matthew, Ph.D., Curator

Walter Granger, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barnum Brown. A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]
William IC. Gregory, Ph.D., Assoc, in PaleonW.

D.

tology

Woods and Forestry

Invertebrate Zoology

Henry

E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator

ROY W. Miner, A.B., Assoc. Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
L. P.
A. J.

Insects
A. L. Trea dwell, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Annulata
Charles W. Leng. B.S., Hon. Curator Coleoptera

Ichthyology and Herpetology

Bakiifort. Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus
John T. NICHOLS A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes
Mary Cynthia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc Curator
Herpetology

Mammalogy and
A

Ai

i.i.n

I'M

I>

Ornithology

H.

111 l:M

\N

Sc.D.. Curator Ornithology

ii vvs VM., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy
Di-W Miller. Assoc. Curator Ornithology
E. Anthony. B S.. Assistant Mammalogy

nimalogy

James

P.

II

IC

W HEREIN,

I'll

!>..

Curator

Anatomy and Physio

Public Health

Charles-Ed

A.

Win slow, M

Curator

Thomas

G.

Hull. Ph.D

Public Education
George H. Sherwood, A.M Curator
G. Ci.

Fisher, Ph.D., Assoc. Curati

Thomas, Ph.B.,

Assistant

Books and Publications

Ralph W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Ida Richardson Hood, A.B., Asst. Librarian
Research Associates
C. Crawford, Textiles, Anthropology
Charles R. Eastman. Ph.D.,
Alessandro Fabbri, Physiology
William K, Gregory. Ph.D., Palaeontology
M. D.

Curator

Frank M. Chapman.
W.

Lihis R. Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical

Anthropology
Leslie Spier, B.S., Assistant Anthropology

Gratacap, A.M.. Curator Mollusca

Mutoiiler, Assistant

Willaro G Van Name. Ph.D., Assistant

Frank E. Watson. B.S., Assistant
W. M. Wheeler, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social

.1.

Anthropology
Clark Wissler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Robert H. Lowie. Ph.D., Assoc Curator
Herbert J. Spinden. Ph.D., Asst. Curator
N. C. Nelson, ML., Asst. Curator
Charles W. Mead, Asst. Curator

Ohapin, A.B., Assistant Ornithology

Geo. Bird Grinnell. Ph.D., Ethnology

Howard McGregor. Ph.D Anthropology
w Elmer Burlaw, A.M., A B., Geology
.1

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, EXPLORATION. AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

November, 1917

Volume

XVII,

Number

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO MAY

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:
ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY. ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 23, 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912
INCLUSIVE. BY THE

CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER

Cover,

Promenade

Photographed

Mr

bj

of Penguins
Rollo H Beck

Frontispiece, Molting
,1

Ml

b;

.1

on

Falkland Beach

Eoch Hopper, Falkland [slands

Rollo

Bi

II

t28

1,

Bird Photographing on the Falkland [slands

I'

<!

vp...iinn

"I'.jr.i p:

I'!

ul

i.'.i-

...,]

h.il.n

hi,

,"i.l

Rollo
ilu'

l,i.

h>r'

A'ltluir,

il)i'.in-!i

lirmi

lia\.

\\

Beck

II.

man]

lnrli

lidded

!"

tl"'

Rollo

II.

I'"

rai

World

kiiuw [edge of birds

iriiii'in

Bird Life

in

in

Siml. ,nl

Explorations

dnotone from
1

.1 it

..

,,

tl-

of

I.

ilnllli:;

,i

iti ill

i'

in

II;.

ill-Hi.

I.'

1I1..I

In

excavation!

w:i.

Beck
\

to

the

ul

Morris

II.

ancient

in

Hon

from photocrapl

lrd

i!i.

<

ml

village!

nil

and

11.11.

from photographs

in

McCormh

173

Brimlev

481

E istm \\

189

...

Have Known
>>

bj

tl

Am

An

ienl

Charles
i-m

[...

The New Natural History

R.

date

Ecology

tidians
rganizations among primim.
I

tt

I'.iIM.iii.I

where sketches and materials wei

Arizona,

Chinese and Ku'M'ti.m doeorative

of

l!

Museum

Vnmrican

Giraffe ami Sea Horse

A study

ill

E
<i\ ili/ation

'

Illustrations

In

pli-

La Plata Vallej

4e

oi

Illustrations

:i

Navaho Region

the

Alligators

|.l..n.'_t

New Mexico

in

burial moun.lv

Xavalio g

Author

ion

Three superimposed periods

Through

the

bj

the Falklands

Reproductions
lir.-u -tor

from photograph

Charles

C.

Robert

II.

i.

Adams
\.<>\\

n:

lodges or dulis

in

!'<i

495

modem
1

Need of

Museum

Seal Problems and H

So

tGi

on Pi

relial

ifallof

Archibald Clare

Islands

in

\*ntr~

.".mi

Witli reproduction from a plmto&rrapli of

Subscriptions
l

191

should

West,

l-

addri

New Fork

City.

tin-

Apache Indi

tot!

ipleted

ami

A MOLTING ROCK

HOPPER

In the latter part of January the penguins in the Falkland's begin shedding their feathers and remain on shore
until the new feathers have replaced the old.
The unkempt, ragged looking specimen above is shedding his
old suit in patches, and bears little resemblance to the clean, trim figure he will present two weeks
later.
Soon after the birds have finished molting and the young have their feathers fully grown,
the rock

hopper penguins go to

sea,

and the greater number do not return

spring, which begins, in the latitude of the Falklands, about October.

hundreds

of

miles from the place where they were hatched, and

way back

is

still

a mystery

until the following

Some of them travel

how they find their

The American Museum Journal

Bird Photographing on the Falkland Islands

By K

OLLO

Illustrations

B E C K

II.

from photograph- by the Author

niRY Note.
The birds of the order Tubinares, or tube nosed swimmers, comprising
fulmars, shearwaters and petrels, pass their lives at sea, usually some disland, except when they visit the land to nest. They are, therefore, preeminently
pelagic.
Certain species may abound off our coast, but, unless blown ashore by a seven
storm, or attracted to the littoral by the exceptional abundance of E
!.
we maj be unaware
of their existence. While distributed over the oceans of the globe, the Tubinares are more
abundant in the southern Pacific, to which n-i.ni many species are restricted. Here they
breed on islands often so remote and inac-essiM,. that the nesting places of numbers of
species are as yet unknown.
The facts thus briefly stated render it obvious that in order to secure specimens of
Tubinares one must cruise in distant and tempestuous wafers and encounter hardships, danlet.
gers, in" difficulties such as do nol confront the ...Hector .it' land -inhabiting birds.
a lev. words, we have the reasons why these birds, which exist in incalculable numbers, are
till, generally speaking, so rare in collections.
It as this same rarity, in connection with our accompanyil g ignorance of the habits of
these winged wanderers of the high seas, that influenced Dr. I.. C. Sai ford and Mr. Frederick F. Brewster to make an especial effort to fill this gap m ornithological collections, as
well as iii ornithological l.i.ogi a ph\
To this end they fortunatelj ..Mai
potation
the
Of Mr. Kill hi H. Heck. Mr. Heck not only has all extended experience in colic.
ng Tn una res,
chiefly in the northern Pacific, but he has established a record for marine bird collecting
.lass
which has placed him in a
by himself as the most successful worker in this branch of
ornithology that the world has ever known.
In December. 1912, Mr. Heck was dispatched by Messrs. Sanford and Brewster to the
rica.
He began his researches off tl
asi of IViu.one.agii
in- vessels, small boats, oi steamers to take him far enough from shore to find the lords
lining the su
which were the especial objects of In- expedition.
oiling five years
\
tended bis explorations southward, visiting the Juan Fernandez Islands, passing a year in
lis points' on
the Cape Horn region, going t,. the Falkland [glands, and stopping at \;
he
Atlantic cast of South America.
lie also visited Certain Wi
Indian islands and in
Santo Domingo, Haiti and Cuba ascended to the summits of mountains before unsealed l.\ a
i

tin

.illi.it

losses,

naturalist.

To present, even in barest outline, a record of Mr. Heck'- discoveries and additions to our
collections of birds as well as to our knowledge of their distribution and habits, would re
Mine.
Here it need be said only that as a result of his labors the I'.iew -tor San lord
now contains a larger and l.ett.i represen at 01 Oi thi Tubinares inhal
legions visited l.y Mr. Heck, than any other collection in the world; while hi- collections ,,,
other families of South American water birds, not.al.lv thi
in a ducks, also are
All these specimens are di posited in the Ami
unexcelled.
Messrs. Sanford and Brewster, the) are available f...
nn ,.,. ..-ligation,
he M nseiiin's ..'.' n collet ion,,,] ill due time it is designed to pi, sent
Ml Beck tells here of some of
a
tions, as well as technical reports upon hi,.||, ,-t ,,.,,
1

collection

Frank M. Chapm

FOLLY
work

summer's
the Falklands, we lefl

equipped for
in

1
i

On reaching
unsettled

tober,

I'.'!

I.

the islands, however, the

conditions there due to the

1

Artie

le

German

still

caused

us

to

go on

high

to

Chile, from which place

\n.

sea

Punta

we

started

for

On

our

a two months' cruise ami

in the vicin
i.

Born.

i:, ,ii,i

it

Heck

429

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

430
return from

we found the

(';

me

vessel

iwaitmg action on

and

permit,

my

arranged

'&..

bird

to

go

':$%?,!:

^>-*^
x&*>

&..:

:*.

'zw
Some of the niosi accessible colonies of penguins are robbei
ony shown above was robbed of more than 25,0011 eggs in 1014
away was not disturbed and many thousands of young birds we
colonies for a number of years in succession would soon exfermi

thai

une bring carefully searched

for,

across

the

fortunate colony three miles

Wholesale robbery
penguins

d.

harbor,

some

five

of these

or

six

but the season was too Late to attempi

miles, with the captain of a small cutter

the Falklands then,

and it was not until

the following October that we finally
landed al Porl Stanley, the only town

to visit

in the archipelago.

ing to gel

gentoo penguin rookery, lie

was going for eggs to eat, while
took
my camera two cameras in fact, hopa

some clear pictures of

this

BIRD PHOTOGRAPHING ON THE FALKLAND ISLANDS

species w hich

landed

in

had no1

yel

sei

We

ci

and

barren-looking

ted

over the

ollin

LI

in the di-

ills

made

liad

the

aintance

of

pugnacious
hoppers and

the

rock

secretive jack-

ih,

penguins

ass

[ldefonso

on

Island

westward of
Eornthepresummer,
but a> we Qeared
to the
1

olony of

and

the

tegan

to

was impressed
once by tb

al

difference in their

and

size

the

tirely
.1

""I
llMi.'*

ill

tli.

,11.1,

ml
,,','

.1..1 .,

.iii

,1

',i-

lik.lv

t,i

.
1

>.

utnl,,

l-uiiiioal,
'lr<>|

Hi,

ii,-

np,-r;itioii-

to

,1'

pi,

.,1

i,n,-

,.,i.,.,i

plioto-riipliini.'

l,.,\v,\ -!'.
1

|,

1-

ll;,

,1,-i

m-

en-

differeni

character of their
,

prn-iuns r

,;, !,!,.

rloilil

:,

,,[,l,i

ground

nesting
(in

[ldefonso

Is-

land one had to selecl

the second or
of

suc-

Iin
days
even to land, and

then had to climb

with

an

fool

Fnl

slippery

mud-

the

dy cliffs m
WO
-in
I

nesi

the

thick

in

tussac

In the Falk-

Lira-.-.

lands

launch

ers

sible

and

l,\

at

the

nun

the

il

is

pos

to

mi their
While the |
kj
penguins will mo
passing through theit colony, there are always
lint rn-li boldlj forward t,. hinder r hasten the visitor

and
return
same da\ to

the
1

,.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

432
This,

steamer.
if

imagine,

is

seldom

ever done, however, as few of the

passengers

know

of the proximity

of

birds in such numbers.

Although we entered the harbor on a

bright sunny day and there were tens of
thousands of penguins within ten miles
of our anchorage, the only ones seen
were a few dozen birds basking on a
sandy beach near the entrance to the
harbor. We found some of the nests of
the penguins well lined with an abundance of twigs and small sticks, while
others
were merely shallow holes
scratched in the ground. The common
sea-bird trait of stealing its neighbor's

nesting material was practiced whenever opportunity offered.

more timid than others

before we came near.

Some

birds

left their nests

Their bolder
neighbors quickly took advantage of
this action and began to rob the deserted nests of all the nesting material.

There was a vast difference between the

hurried snatching of a mouthful of
twigs near by in a neighbor's nest, and
the calm, judicial, unhurried selection
of a desirable stick

guin would
to

gather

when an

old pen-

out from the rookery

additional lining for his
stroll

nest.

When

the birds of the entire colony

were driven from their nests, some of

them started off down the long lane
toward the broad sandy beach a mile
away.
Others moved off a short distance and stood about until the egg
gathering was over, and then promptly
returned to their despoiled nests. When
the sailors left for the boat, I went
down to the beach where the penguins
landed, but in a couple of hours returned to the rookery and observed four
I
fresh eggs laid during my walk.
hoard some weeks later that not a single
egg was hatched in this colony, all
being gathered by some one of the several eggers thai visited it during the

The absence

of

land

birds

in

the

day's walk was quite noticeable, but the

lack of trees on the islands accounts in

large measure for that.
The close

cropping and destruction of the tussac

grass by sheep on all but outlying islets
has driven the wren and tussac birds
particularly away from the inhabited
On Kidney Island, fifteen miles
away from Port Stanley, both these
areas.

species were common although they

were never seen about the town, and the
wren especially was described to me as
very rare by the Colonial Secretary

when he

delivered

my

collecting permit

to me.

Hearing in Port Stanley of the numerous swans, grebes, ducks, geese,

penguins, and various other birds that
inhabited Bleaker Island about seventymiles to the southward of town. I
determined to run down there, and
five

hired

sloop for that purpose.

The

night out of town we anchored at

East Island, where I obtained fine sets
of eggs of the beautiful pink-breasted
black-headed gulls and the many skuas,
and discovered also two turkey vultures' nests tucked away down at the
foot of clumps of tussac grass each
within a few feet of jackass penguin
burrows. One little knoll harbored several tame rabbits which the owners of
the island had liberated, and adjoining
the rabbit knoll was a rocky headland
which a colony of black-necked shags
was using for nesting purposes. It was
the most accessible site of that species
Although hunI had ever discovered.
dreds of nests had been noticed on
were
almost invarithey
various islands,
ably over the water on sheer or overfirst

banging

cliffs,

frequently in caves and

virtually unapproachable.

I took photo-

graphs of several nests I also collected

one or two birds, simply by grabbing
the neck of the desired specimen and
gathering him in as does the market
man his caged poultry.
We left next day and reached our
destination late in the afternoon. Bleaker
Island, about twelve miles long by one
:

wide,

is

devoted wholly to sheep raising,

.a

oc

j!

'

CC

2
<r
<

c.

l
2

O 58
:

penguins Hint are not nesting come ashore and spend

irs

on the beach,

a short

distance above

[ires a shovel and a couple of hours' digging In collect the eggs of the jac
penguin, while elsewhere, in walking over the ground of a colony, one breaks through into the
without ir\ing; for unlike the gentoo and rock hopper penguins this bird nests underground

While Some
i

oil

of

Esland,

they step from

several

ttiu-lit

tin-

tlx-

manj
nest.

Iktuh-

;il-.

ll;ir-k !>r<\\.-<l

or

sp.-i-t:irl.-il

;ill.:it

<>n the

overhanging

cliffs

nis^i ^

on the

of the birds prefer to build

wen

;t

cliffs

r.

where they can

more ihove

immlr.-.i feet or

<lrnp into the

thi

t<

tuo

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

440

supporting about three thousand sheep.

Mr. F. A. Cobb, the owner, and his hospitable wife, insisted that we live ashore
during our stay there. Being a bird

mon

in

com-

an upland goose's nest which Mr. Cobb

had found a few days before, only a
mile from the house. Before reaching
it I flushed one of the pretty brown-

out with

mag-

diddle-dee shrub.

we found much

lover himself,

breasted plovers

to discuss.

The

first

day

azine and plate holders full, headed for

I started

from

its

nest under a

After photographing

This pair of penguins (nesting about half a mile from the house on Bleaker Island) resent intwo of soil immediately about the spot they have chosen for a nest and are ready

ion on the foot or

BIRD PHOTOGRAPHING ON THE FALKLAND ISLANDS

[Iial

walked on and saw

stopped

watching me

skua,

who

also had been

two

bill

as he circled about, -ailed

sa\i

skua drop

"I

to the

eggs and

tin'

with

.-u

iftly

a\\a\

it.

reached

once by the gander, who Hew rapidly

not. e\ idrnth considering me a
dangerous enemy than the poach-

iean

on to the eastward,
bush} -lope w here the domiu

gulls

were

brooding

nests were

loss

kelp which a> abundani on the beai

ing

The aesi was nicely lined

made an attractive picture with

skua.

all

well built, mostly

The

eggs.

to the

and

ground, pick up
ll\

Tramping

dropped to the ground about six feet

from the tempting eggs. This was seen
ai

contained

nest

for the

As the

location.

about

in a similar

nest

did not take them, bu( gli

eggs
had passed a few Coot,
back after

uncovered nest. While

watching the geese, the skua

straight
-i

lushed from an open

all

dink was

in the da\ a crested

Later

it.

at once joined bv her

had been watching me from

ho

a distance.

before

and was

the uesl

mate

diddle-dee leaves and blossoms

the goose
neared it. She
liundred and fifty yard- from

leave her nesl

of A\\
li.

could not decide which was the hot

to photograph, so went
forward

one

.main,

intending

to return later.

found more gulls'

aests

si

along
line.
t

atten

the
<

Mi.-,

il

coa

Lo

closi

he shore line, was

placed

the ho!

higl

ml of

III,

island were bo rid-

dled with burrows

of the jackass pen

guins

that

the

shepherds
not
bringing

in

from

tin-

.,

;,

Inn;

of

k.-li.

in

Tin- bird i* iri tie- Bel Of stealing hia bird Iniil j.r.n li. <t vvlnirrvur o|i|inrt unity offers

.-.

\nrii-i\

ride

their

horses through the

in

itg

lining

II

ilNllllllI,

colonic.-.

lha

li

more

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

through the peaty soil into a penguin
burrow, always extracting my foot
therefrom with alacrity for fear of the
powerful beaks of the penguins. At the
far end of the island a pond was discovered which the ducks and geese used
as a refuge while molting their wing
leathers and bringing up their young.
A small flock of teal and another of
gray ducks swam about on friendly
terms with the diminutive brant geese,
although the latter were not on very
friendly terms with an aggressive upland goose and his family that were also
using the water as a. safeguard against
my too close approach.
As 1 rounded one of the points that
jutted into the sound, a female kelp
"'nose was seen ahead with four downy

young

from the
once and started

birds, quite a distance

She saw me at

cliffs a hundred
more above the tempestuous

the overhanging

W'vi

or

sea.

.Below, or near them, the black-necked

shags were rearing broods.

One

pair

had hollowed out the top of a tussac

mound within
the

thirty feet of the top of

and by using the long focus

was obtained for a

cliff,

lens a photograph

record, this being the only chance of-

my

fered by this species that came to

notice.

surprised to find

1 w^as

was

it

four o'clock in the afternoon when the

night heron's nest was left behind, and

being three miles from the bouse, 1 set

for there without searching for

out

other nests.

The next day began with a high wind

which continued blowing all day, but

it.

proved, I think, the finest day photoStarting

graphically 1 ever enjoyed.

hurried to head her back out on the

toward the west end of the island, as

eastward had been the course the day
before, about two miles from the house

and reached the beach

the gentoo penguin colony was reached.

shore.

for the water with her goslings, while 1

open

hillside,

just in time to do so.

young

After getting the

from the
water, I attempted repeatedly to set up
the camera and get a picture of the
group.
The young birds would have
birds a safe distance

stood all right, I think, but their parents

(the male having joined us soon after
he saw the tripod and camera a part of
the landscape) would persist in leading

them

Sometimes the male would

off.

lake one. two, or three of the youngsters

and stride oil' in a different direction

than that headed for by his companion
would herd them back together
then
;

again.

Finally

and took
in

discarded the tripod

snap or two with the camera

as the little family hurried

my hand

away from me.

Returning along the other shore where
rugged
night

cliffs

kepi back the sea. several

herons'

local ions

were

nests
I

were

seen.

The

hose usually selected by

boobies or terns, duck

eagles,

hawks or bald
rather than spots which night

herons

in

the temperate region of the

Western Hemisphere usually select for

pl.it idtheir eggs.
They were all on

young

Here

birds

crouched

under

the sitting parents, all faced toward the

Over the hill from the

south shore, birds were continually coming into view, walking along their accustomed track, passing through flocks
of feeding sheep at times, and usually
finishing up the long walk with a hurried little run as they came down the
sweeping wind.

sloping

pasture

to

the

rookery.

II

seemed very strange to me, as ll due.lo other humans, that the birds should
land ou the soulh side of the island,
walk a mile up a slope and down mi the
other side to place their ncsls wit bin a

hundred yards

id'

the water on

tin

op-

from where
(bey land.
One small colony of a few
dozen birds had perhaps seen be folly
of this procedure, for they had walked
back only three hundred yards or so
and built nc>ts; but the overwhelmside

posite

of the island

ingly greater

number

more every lime they

spent an hour or
left the

space

beach

to

between
water and nest while beautiful landing
places with deep water were within

cross

lie

intervening

BIRD PHOTOGRAPHING ON THE FALKLAND

walk right

two minutes

their back

at

>.

.1

short distance beyond the penguin

colony a group of gulls was examined,

and ju>t beyond them, on

a gravelly bar
overspread with dry kelp, the darting
terns bad placed their eggs.
A little
higher on the beach and just back of
the terns' uest an oyster catcher's nest

From this

walked
spot
a
long way over the closely cropped
pasture, sometimes following the shore
revealed

.1

itself.

short distance,in

ing

gull

their

which case

scream-

beguiling

else

oyster

both, would enmy attention from

found nests.
<>n one of
the water
Hushed a kelp

these dips to

goose Erom her uest close by the water's

It contained only four eggs hut
edge.
heavily

which

with

lined

completely

when

tbo

Being

plai

dei ay ing

twenty-live of the snowy sheathbills. In

appearance they Look slightly like \\ in
reter ptarmigan, although in llighl
sembling pigeons. In summer they live
principally on offal picked up aboul the
In
nesting shags and the penguins.

winter small shellfish constitute their

In the Falklands they are

breeding birds g

food.

known

uol

to nest, the

Several of
south to rear their young.
the cormorants Erom the extensive col

ony were collecting material

nests

as

Hew

near the

ca

short

their

Eor

They

site.

distance to the decaying

distract

to

easily

was

\n>

perhaps

or

catcher,

deavor

or

l>l.

down

white

concealed

the

eggs

bird walked
i

away from it.

between great bunches of

tussac roots,

could not get

Their quick nervous pulls a! the tough

froni the
roots were quite different
leisurely style of the gentoo penguin in
picking "tit its nesting material. Both,
however, use the same furtive grasping
comes to helping themmethod ben
\\

it

selves Erout a neighbor's nest.

On
men!

journey

the
in

back

the

to

we

the afternoon,

settle

pond

visited a

\iew of the bird with the nest, but she

and her male were nearly as tame as the

pair encountered the previous day with
Back among the diddle-dee
young.
again

the

white-chinned

little

plovers was started from a nest contain-

and a newly hatched

young bird. Tins nest was very similar
in composition to thai of the brownbreasted plover found on tin' easl end
two

ing

of

tin'

Km

eggs

island.
ii

was

met

sights

inter-

There

eyes.

1113

colony of a thousand or more pairs of

the

handsome blue-eyed shags was

ing

Bi

and

low

bluish black abovi

itli

North American cormorants

along

nesting

any

nesl

the

bird-

ready
a

sal

to

bright

space about the eye, they Ear

skuas

ture

returning

il

The

nest-

shiny

blue

in

beauty.

windward side of the

more than a dozen

snatch

ncgligenl

number

greater

to

land

again.

were limiting birds

to lly, bul

they

were joined

Hew toward Ihem

away.
Although
have occupied the Falklands since aboul 1832, and probably
have been killing geese ever since, be
birds at the present huh- show
several others thai

by

mi

the

sonic

distance

English

I,

mankind.

curiosity

toward

edh >aw

geese thai

repeal

were feeding i""

h
hundred or more yards disl
toward me ana aiignt, ircquenuy wiinm
gunshot. At one settlemenl near Porl
shol several
Stanley where
a whole dock walked up
I

specimens,

to

within sixty yards of me, the feeding

the eg

bird should

before

and unable
IV.

the extreme west end of

at

the island that one of the

esting

hen they saw me swing

toward them, all started for the beach,
which was a short distance away. The
entire Hock swam oni some distance
from shore and waited unl
my deparor resting.

\\

leave

,Tusl
beyond the rookery
uncovered.
along the edge of llie cliffs sal about

birds scattered
d'.u n to join

over the hillside flying

them.

This occurred

both upland and the smaller

In

itli

THE AMEIUC.W MUSEUM JOUH.XAL

lew toward me to
eompanionSj immedi-

In several cases birds

examine

fallen

after a gunshol

ately

and within plain

and range of the gun.

saw a half dozen swans and several

sight, sound,
I

being on top of a pinnacle rock, and

another at Ildefonso Island approachable only by a seal or one clad in sealskin moccasins and gloves to climb the
slippery waterworn rock.

trip to

Although the clay had been so pleasan increasing swell on the rocky
surrounding the islet warned the
captain to be gone, and he sailed as soon
Stopping a day at
as we were aboard.

guins, shags, skuas, gulls, and smaller

Bleaker Island, while a shrieking gale

blew over, an abbreviated visit was
made bj steamer to Wesl Point Island,

grebes on Bleaker Island, but they were

loo wild to spend time on, so an extra

Sea Lion Island fifteen miles to

the southward was planned.
On Sea
Lion Island a colon)- of giant fulmars
was nesting, in addition to the pen-

A warm, sunny day favored me

taking pictures and several satis-

birds.
in

factory results were secured.

The

nest-

ant,

reel's

where the black-browed albatrosses nest,

but our stay on the islands was cut

rumor that after the steamer

in February called another would not
appear before May. We left with re-

ing Scoreshy gulls, placing their eggs in

short by a

clumps of tussac grass so easily approached by penguin trails, were a

delight to me after having gazed at
nesting colonies from afar the preceding season, one colony on Hoste Island

gret the fines!

ii"-

farmer

ire

Lis aupplj

of

egg

ground for bird photoghave ever encountered in

raphy that
my wanderings.
I

BIRD LIFE IN THE FALKLANDS

REPRODUCTIONS IN DUOTONE FROM PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN

DURING THE BREWSTER-SANFORD EXPEDITION
TO SOUTH AMERICA
BY ROLLO

H.

BECK

GULLS ASTERN
Dominican gulls that flo.-k ltd
abundant ai Port Stanle;. Falkland
flock

traveling up and down

where the Royal M

the South American coasts are especially

In the middle of the day a
always sitting astern of the steamer or flying alongside to pick up the pieces of waste food
Gulls' eggs are used in the Falkland* for food, and when fresh are considered
rather better than those of the penguins.
Th- si p farmers destroy the nests whenever found.
as it is said gulls pick out the area of sheep that have become helpless by rolling on their
backs and are unable to regain their feet again

Islands,

is

thrown overboard.

'

Il!u..trati..ii

and

te\t.

together with the preceding

ed, 1017. bj

Rollo H. Beck

eB-a-g

,SJ

a.

z
Q

35|.

-|

2 2

= J s -

liilltJ]i!ilil]!?iillI!lii!lil

la

Z
<

IS

5ti"
a
S

* f si

ill!

>s'a 2

Hi

Uii

m
<
I
m

uj

Z.

&

.5

-s

*"

5=3

o a |
>"""
O * 3 o
u.

2
O
O

M.

1
O

a.

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a

% 3 S

f &.*
1 11
.5

-a

HOME OF THE DOMINICAN GULL

The

nest of the dominican gull usually

The

is

placed near salt water in the Falklands

the

one figured being in a

typi-

abundance of grassy material, and it is often surprising to see how closely

they blend with the surroundings, the birds being adepts in the art of camouflage.
Three is the usual number of
eggs laid.
Since these eggs are decidedly larger than hens' eggs and as good eating, the nests are eagerly searched for
about Port Stanley in the nesting season
cal location.

460

nests are well built with an

New

Explorations in
WORK

>

IN

MUSEUM

THE

By
is

now more than

ITattention

was

Eortj years since

called

first

ARL

!:

to prehis

'

toric ruins in the valley of the

New

Plata River, northwestern

Soon afterward, following

of

and Navaho, white

I"i''

La

II.

tuny, and trenching hack ami

paper

wake

of

tin'

in the

found

forth
I

to

settlers

i;

through the remains of dwellings.

luring all this time not once wa- pen put

Mexico.

way into the valley, and with

coming began the destruction <>f

their
their

Mexico

PLATA VALLEY DONE BY THE AMERICAN

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO EXPEDITION, 1916
l.A

to

do^

set

the obsi

nations

excavators, nor wa- anj

record

kept of the specimens unearthed.

The

problems

have imt been

the

archaeologist

rendered

incapable of

of

the aboriginal remains which for un-

solution, bowever, although the deplor-

numbered centuries hail held their own

against the unbroken siege of time and
In preparing new fields for
weather.
planting, grave after grave was ripped

able

havoc wrought

and

relic

sun. or to he

the

"ut

bleach

to

in

pawed over during

winter nights h\ coyotes.

rail]

In the same
thousands of pottery ves-

were exhumed.

sels

smashed

to

hits

Son

them were

on the plow- beam to

has

them.

complicate

ruins stand on land

open by the plowshare, and the bones of

the occupant- tossed

by

hunters

agriculturists

done much
few

for cultiva-

unlit

and some of them arc

ion,

owing

tively well preserved

to

gn

still

rela-

to the

Eact

their formidable bulk discouraged

thai

even the
gers.

<

mot

enterprising pottery dig-

Ine "f these

group-

situated on

i-

high mesa ten mile- above the mouth

of the La

from

Plata,

summit of

the

man] of them were

sen! by the ranchmen a- curio
friends and relatives, and the remainder

the

passed into the hand- of

Muni the San Juan River loom- brown

test

their hardness,

who

lor-

scattered

eham

them

to

the

panorama
far

890 the discovery of the famous

of the

of the surrounding country.

Mesa Verde and

awakening of interest

cliffs,

black-green

brilliant

market

"Aztec" pottery.

called

of

richness

the

for

so-

Because of the

graves

found by the

ranchmen, relic hunters were attracted

to the La Plata, and for the next ten
;

mop-

valley,
B<

winter passed thai

parties were not

at

Di

It

n.iitn.

as

La

arpel

masked
(row ning cloud-,

ground

Plata

of

timber

of

Mesa

the

at

in

time- by hanks of

from behind

chaos

In the immedii

to the easl

and

alley,

the

rise,

tl

-oiith

silvery

of river winds hack and

ribl

of

Mountain-

crystals

frosi

of clayey hills.

work along the

mound

turning burial

rim

the

agged

Verde, while to the north the -now. lad

Southwest

w ilderness of

rowns the eastern

crests of the

create

ml be

To

the horizon.

onsequenl
concerning the ancient peoples of the
.

magnificent

>

to the south a hold est ar]

northwest, above

[lings
I'm-

beholds

four

wind-.
}'

one

mesa

l-'ulh

-i\

forth
acres

mesa top arc strewn with

re-

main- of buildings and the black earth

-

,,f

the

'

of refuse and burial mounds.

Til E

462

The more compact

l>rink of the

down

to a

of the two rela-

ruins stood on

large

tively

AMEL'ICAN

mesa.

mound

It

MUSEUM JOURNAL
leaving behind their household utensils

very

where some of them were found, meal-

had weathered

ing stones leaning against the walls,

the

8 feet in height cov-

ering an area 75 by 100

In some

feet.

stone axes

the

floors,

and bone awls scattered over

and occasionally a crude

places walls of cut sandstone were vis-

bowl or globular pot reposing in

ible at the surface, indicating

tered corner.

roughly

From an

the outlines of the building.

a shel-

More perishable materials

such as wood, basketry, and matting

it
was
thought the entire structure could be
cleared in four weeks, but this calcula-

had completely decomposed. For perhaps a century or two the elements la-

tion served only to reveal the impossi-

terranean dwellings, and succeeded in

estima'te of the cubic contents

from surface

bility of foretelling

cations what lies beneath the

the building which the

soil.

mound

indi-

Under

tending twelve feet below the general

Before the last of

was uncovered
lengthened into nine.

The

weeks had

four

these

three superposed buildings dif-

age ami construction,

in

and belonged

to three distinci

The homes

periods

of the first

inhabitants were subterranean in char-

To

acter.
pits

construct them rectangular

with rounded corners were exca-

vated to the desired depth, and lined

with a wattlewori of

Adoberrmd

-ticks.

was applied over the wattlework and

gravelly floor until both walls and
floor

were smoothly plastered.

analogy

it

consisted

placed

mounted

to be

is

id'

by

the
a

From

supposed the roofs

number

across

of

hoaw beams

excavations,

transverse

layer

sur-

of

smaller poles, and rendered water-tight

by a thick covering of earth.

At some

point, probably near the center of each

roof,
i

an opening was

or in

some cases

completely.

Then another group

of

possession

of people took

and

mesa

the

erected

above the ruins of the pit houses a com-

community house of
cobblestones and mud.
The ground
pact, thick-walled

plan of this structure seems to consist

about forty rectangular rooms, and

from the amount of fallen masonry

id'

fered greatly

of occupation.

the sub-

all traces of

them up partly

Idling

concealed

were the remains of two other dwellings, the walls of the most ancient exlevel of the mesa.

bored to obscure

left

which served

he double purpose of an entrance for

there

more

may

have been twenty

as well

in a second story.

In front of the

building, which faced south, four circular chambers, averaging fifteen feet

diameter, were dug

in

down through

the remains of the pit houses,

fully walled with stone.

and

From

care-

a study

of Pueblo tribes as described by writers

who accompanied
ors, we know the

the Spanish conquersignificance of these

circular structures, and their relation

to the rest of the village.

The main

dwelling belonged to the women, while

the

men

ground

of each clan

kiva

they slept

owned an under-

clubhouse

or

in

which

and spent most of their time

when not engaged

in agriculture and

the pursuit of game.

These kivas were

the ceremonial centers in which councils

were held and

Upon

ritualistic rites per-

may

be

inhabitants and a venl for the

-moke winch rose from a bowl-like fire-

based the conclusion that four clans

place in the floor.

built

the

In the course of time the builders of

the

pit

houses

abandoned the mesa.

formed.

such evidence

and maintained

this village of the

second period.
If one

may judge from

the

enormous

A RUIN UPON A RUIN

Features of two of the three superposed buildings may be distinguished in this picture. The few
courses of faced stone represent the lower portion of the south wall of the most recent structure, while
below them, to the right of the shovel, a wall of the cobblestone house runs at an oblique angle beneath
the later ruin.
Sixteen feet of earth was removed in reaching the floor of the circular chamber in the
foreground. Much of the success of an archaologica] expedition depends upon the interest and devotion of one's helpers.

For

thirty years Bill Ross has

genius for locating specimens

4134

in

unpromising places

worked among the ruins, developing a positive

EXPLORATIONS IN NEW MEXICO

quantities of sweepings, ashes, broken

and potsherds with which

ats,

years,

the

Pueblos

465
returned

to

build

again upon the mesa, they brought with

undreamed

them

a skill

their town, and heaped up cons

times.

On

mounds

ing from the decay of the cobblestone

they

filled

the

all

depressions

these

beside,

tually

was

building

the

four elans con-

tinued long in residence.

house, they

abandoi

inflammable was

everything

al

ed,

di

it

the slight elevation result-

marked

by fifty-four

six
a

two-stor^

foreground is a fireplace, while tl

o ign which fresh air entered the
curving wall which
.seen in the

of in earlier

lightly

feet

off

an area eighty-

and erected upon

structure of faced aand-

above

l<

Previous to the conflagration,

however,

all
i

manufactured

corn mills, half

do

removed, but whether by the departing

population,

or

by

we

looters,

shall

<

architecture

opment.

in

in
i

d her

work of

other centers

ontinued

When,

it-

were their

orate

\.

from right ang

spite of centuries of settling,

when

uncovered, the bases of the n

as straight as if the

them

never know.
tion, while

bloi

one broken water jar were

-tone

calculations that the corners

arl

in

masons had trued

with line and level only the day

oblitera-

Enclosed h ithin the rectangle there

al

are twenty-five secular

slon

after a lapse of

many

kivas.

Throughout

rooms and two

the

masonry

i-

'WW*

03

EXPLORATIONS
notwithstanding

but

excellent,

smoothness, most of the walls of the

ing

liv-

rooms were finished with adobe

plaster.

>ne of the kivas

example of Pueblo architectun

re

tiful potterj

There

is

walls were constructed, they were rubbed

which

all

upon

th

smooth

were

A room near

board.

the

till

planed

as

the eastern end, of

the building has a small porti

ornamented

walls

in.

<

the structure in which

ause

The only entrance

a

to

ini" a

-mall

Th

in

the

to the

would ha

\<<\\<

there

floor

building constituted

tin-

fort a- well as a

Like the oni

due]

value, -o

that tbe o

about

and

red

bushel

two

small

buried under

Thi

children.

of

potfloor

trusted

open

oi

which

the ruin- caused

aining
be

was

a-

it

the

many

for all

band-

was desirable

to

burial

wl

work.

at

of the

At length

and

There

pit in

when

labor

in

no
a

"

the side of the

uncovered

thigh

fossil

ivory.

few minuti

of the

was determined.
The body
was that of an adult buried upon itback, with arm- at the -ides, and knees
elevated.

!.'

stii
:

bow]

mounds north and south

in-

to

opportunity,

to gather, for

supplement the fragmentary material

with

the

given

him

graves.

bone, brilliantly yellow as

writer's

toward noon of the firsl

tattoo on a shovel-blade from the

In a

pottery correlated with

the

Ross,

tuition horn of thirty years' experience

excavation he bad

fragn

ware

Toll

lade.
;

>

workman, had bi
nd which an

were

with tbe

to establish the type of

met ure. but

lno-i

to

pottery

of ornamentation characteristic of the

-i

feature- of the

binds the prospector and the gamhler.

which be was

which

vibrations

handle when the

the spell which

among

were diminutive

which eue might pass on bands

and knee-. Willi -beer outer walls and
door,

Many

For weeks
go down

ssary t"

wild

.ml object, inform- one

through hatchways by mean- of other

ladder-, but between thl

granular, sandy

whether the obstruction

pot.

of the first story.

To gain entrance

the

shovel

from which ladders

hall

reached to the

of

quality

up

of animal

building

the

narrow doorway

human bone

human

travel

po

is

powder, while that of

it

the

was through

it

animal break- up into

construction.

it

of another kind

merely by crushing

occurred to have been of relatively late

center of the south wall.

time

short

fragment of decayed

from thai

and without corroboration would

fas-

of

urprising

a flour-like

tained,

excavation

the

of one's faculi

In

tion.

mark- the highest

decoration

something indescribablj

keenness of perception and discrimina-

tell
-

beginning of

This

patterns.

mural

with

beau-

mound, and the intentness with

burial

many

as

vessels.

about

cinating

en unearthed. After the curving

and polished with sandstones

..;

They yielded one

opened.

hundred skeleton-, and

an

as fine

is

NEW MEXICO

IN

their

long and

a
i

a little

th<

ii]

itiful

bowl, within the

graceful

cooking

pot.

ladle,

and

Frost action and the settling of the soil have broken n

burrowing animals have scattered many of the fragments,
results in the recovery of

d.M'oratii

68

all

of the pottery buried with the dead, while

Running the earth through a screen often

the pieces of a vessel

dwellings in the Mesa Verde National Park.

They indicate the beginn
marks the highest stage of development reached by Pueblo architecture

'"'7*

.
i

burials.

:
.

Scarcely a foot of

bra

elefc

.-oar-.<

and

aecklai

grav.i rmcr.-.i

ntirely obscured

t>l

tIi.'
i

with lime

EXPLORATIONS
Another grave had been

cul

down

into the natural soil below the refuse.

The body was

and the

lying

upon

ilai

its

with

Two

stones.

arrowpoint

were

the

and two

On the
mound lay a

ladles.

outskirts of the

drawn close up
arms flexed with
Although the
skeleton lay near the surface, and was
covered with large stones and gravel,
with

skeleton

knees

pottery types,

sandstone
i

di

.i

different

And from

buildings.

bad

structure

Then one may

Europeans.

of

ing

be

reposed

a< e

and tw

a
Ic-

Curiously enough the three

pots.

graves in this

mound

positions

k al

ladle,

of

represent the

burial on the back

with knees elevated,

"ii

and

uded,

ti

t\ p-

on

that

at

The

dwellers

in

the

namented

rarely or-

with painted de

it

warewhich
shapes.
Of

greai quantities of excellent

exhibits

profusion

of

these the most typical are drinking vessels

side

w ith

ware and ornamentation characteristic

ladles

the

in

half of a gourd which

Curvilinear

form of one

has been

through

dinally

type of

be

and restricted

w ith globular bases

black and red-brown pigment are the

in

characteristic ornamentations.

many

establish

the

of the gra

wa-

found which belonged

people of the

]iit

houses, and hut three

which dated from the time of the sandi

birty be-

the period of the cobblestone

The

dwelling.

mainder of the bodies

luring the third period the pottery

lmle better than

\ei-\

it

individuality.

with globular

the

positions

of

burial and the age of the graves.

To summarize
from

tin'

time- the

the

facts

Such
cal

i\

pes.

l.a

Plata excavations: three

lien

site

wa- inhabited by groups

will

higher

architectural
-kill

ability

histori-

pi

of

Bj

architectural
a

close studj

and
of

ceramic

thi

and distribution of these types

lie

of people each of which had

chanical

reconstruction of the paralli

opnieiit

l>\

mugs common among

the pottery from the Mesa

was no discoverable

placed

the Bat-bottomed

between

Tl

gourd ladle- are supplanted

w ith tubular handles, ami tin

ing could be told concerning their an-

correlation

of the

thai

second, but n pre-: nts

which give

were buried w ithoul pottery, and nothtiquity, since there

splii

center

the

patterns applied

trie

".<

them

w.i-

made

the people of the middle period

of each period of occupation, and from

relative age of

l.a

the hack with

buildings clear]

on,-

pie

the

from the three

to

hun|

hon

pii

relatively little pottery, and

md

was possible

he

Plata Valley.

flexed.

it

the

risk

fifteen

leasl

of the pit houses migrated into the

must have been well thought

front

bowl, a pitcher,

into

fallen

statemenl

tin- person

oJ

before America was discovered by

dred year- have passed since

the shoulders.

types

parison of

proved that even the

i>

it

hand-

of, for in

as

accumulation of refuse

for the great

accompanying the

against the chest, and

at

taken

other centuries must he added to allow

while around the head were grouped a

pitcher, a bowl,

he

must

units in measure the tune which elapsed

n ith

down
hand,

right

Centuries

ceding.

between the periods of occupation, and

bone awls and an

by

471

back,

had been roofed over

pit

cedar logs which were weighted

NEW MEXICO

IN

possible eventually to

it

nd prob-

and

than had the gro

me-

>

Pueblo

Southwest.

of the

%
%

mm
A SENTINEL OF

THE

NAZLINI

CANON

Xa/lini Canon,

Through the Navaho Region

By
EO W A K
McCO R M ICK
I)

Illustrations

WIIKN

from

phi.! ..-impIi-

we think of strange

races of people, quite dif

Eerent

we turn

from those ahoul

us,

Bui

to the far limits of travel.

Nct
Erom
three days' time
York, we ear be among people whose
life i- as strange and as far removed

within

otr

as

11

"i"'

could

p issibly

Lei ii- take be Santa Fe railroad to

Gallup, \< u Mexico. Gallup is
I

western

acteristie
street

-and

these
stores,

with

lined

is

town.
stores

has
are

trading supply

the

which

dwindles into the poorer

thinned oul to packing-bos

is

b.'int-

installed

in

in

which

<if

crevices

in

the

of

rocks.

i>

stending

between

the

school

latholic

priests,

the

i-

St.

forest,

Ganado

we can

map, bul

in reality

making Bketchex ami

find

which we

through

as

tended like

trim
a

bo

its

itfa

valleys

Michaels,

stop, after

first

ride for fifteen miles

artificially

a ide

into

mesas.

as

beauti-

though

privati

marked on the

the place consists of

ohtainirii; mat. -rials for th<-

N'avaho group

The low group

-and paintings,

Author

houses buill

si

Mexican quar-

Tin- trip was taken for the purpose

which

r<

tin-

Si Ml beyond we enter the characteristic

Arizona landsi ape of sage and low hills.
ars ago, in order to go from
this poinl up into the Indian country,
we caughi the mail wagon and after a
hed Ganado, the first
n
trading post.
Now, we jump into an
automobile and are whisked up in four
I'll.' country gets higher as we

saloons,

then we pass through the

quarters,
:

ol

several

dential district into the

ter,

main

The

!;

medicine

is

ceremonial in rharartor. depicting thp interior of a ho

other India
a ceremonj

man and

173

CANON DE CHELLY
At

this point the

rock wall of the canon rises precipitously to a height of at least six hundred feet.
in this great gorge, the most conspicuous and interesting of these being
at present is practically inaccessible

More than 160 ruins may be seen

the

"White House," which

THE "WHITE HOUSE"

inon

Hi.-

white

l>ni i

{learned from
r

ruin, whi.l

TEE AMERICAN MUfiEUM JOURNAL

IT(i

only a mission and

dians gather here

trading post.

In-

trade however,
from miles around, coming even two
hundred miles and passing through
small trading posts on the way. largely
1"

out of friendship for the trader.

If one chances to he at Ganado any
summer about the first of August he is
likely to

find

from

hundred

fifteen

to

two

thousand Indians gathered together for games, such as horse racing

and chicken pulling.
Originally a
"chicken pull" was a game in which
Indians on horseback tried to pull a
chicken out of the sand while riding
past
strap

at top speed.

it

is

Today

a leather

substituted for the chicken, and

who pulls it out gets five

As soon as he succeeds in getit. he makes a wide circuit

the Indian
dollars.

ting hold of

hundred Indians after

them off and return the strap to the judge, he gets an
additional two dollars.
This annual
with
him.

several

If he can fight

gathering, corresponding in a way to

our county fair, means a great deal to
the Indians because it gives them an
opportunity to renew old friendships.

From Ganado

to the first

Hopi

vil-

Indians fill an amphitheater on

either side, with covered wagons for a
background. The Indian dance costume
is along fairly definite lines, but considerable latitude is allowed in the way
of kilts, which are usually made of vaof

riously colored velvet

and ornamented

as the individual's fancy

in energetic action, but

As

gle

file.

the

violence

the
of

the

action

mum.

overcomes the light of the camp fires,

revealing the dancers enveloped in
swirling clouds of dust, and

is

made

an opportunity to
see Navaho dances instead, performed
usually for the curing of the sick. We
were so fortunate as to have these Navaho ceremonial dances given near our
headquarters.

To an

outsider the most interesting

part of the performance

is

the dance

which begins on the night of the last

day.
The dancers arrive in groups of
from ten to fifteen from various parts
of the country, and the whole affair resolves itself into

competition

the various groups for the

and dancing.

among

best singing

The setting of the scene is picturesque.

lines of camp fires edge the dancing

Two

ground

in

front of the

hogan; hundreds

the pic-

tone.
The singing dies away and the
dancers file out. The dance is over.
Indians here and there rise and stretch
their stiffened limbs and begin to move

Coffee pots are pushed

about.
lire

up

to the

for a hasty breakfast and within an

parted with the Indians.

If the trip

all

ture near and far takes on a cool gray

hour

is

increases

dawn it has reached the maxiFor the observer the night is

one of charming and picturesque effects, but perhaps the most impressive
comes at the moment dawn breaks over
the mesa. The light of the day slowly
until at

is about sixty-three miles.

The
snake dances occur in these villages

summer.

always in sinwears away

night

every year, two dances with four every

in the fall, there

dictate.

of dancers enter the plaza one after another, always

lages

alternate

may

The competing groups

are on their way.

packed our camp kit and de-

all

We

Our route

lay

toward Chin Lee and the Canon de

Ohelly. eighteen miles from Ganado.
After traveling through forests of
pi non and juniper, we suddenly came
upon Nazlini Canon without warning
the car shot out to the brink above the

canon five hundred feet below. Aside

from difference in size, Nazlini is as
wonderful as the Grand Canon. The
.floor is a mosaic of color green trees,
gray sage, salmon-red eroded rocks, and
white outcrops of sandstone.
Eocks
group themselves into cities with castles
and towers, which the imagination
peoples with busy throngs.
As we went down the steep road into
the canon, we wound in and out among
the masses of rock, and crossed arroyos
one after another until the canon walls

livery turn in
cluster of trees
ilver

111-.'

risiiii:

pray deepening to

-n.
canon brings fresh surpn-rfrom h>- stream ..*!_ Salmon red, rl
Mark where the falling water makes
;1

quarter of a mile

hundred

ards

CEREMONIAL GATHERINGS OF THE NAVAHO

Annual dances are the great social occasions of Indian life. From miles around participants and
The dance
spectators gather for these ceremonies, which sometimes extend over two or three weeks.
costume in the Navaho country is along fairly definite lines, but some latitude is allowed in the way
of kilts,

which are usually made

of variously colored velvet

ornamented according

to the

wearer's fancy

THROUGH THE NAVAHO REGION

Chin
one of the most

Leveled themselves into the greal

Lee Valley. This is

remarkable valleys of the region, beits tremendous size
i1
measures aboul twenty miles across, and
ends in a great ridge of black mountain-.
After skirting the edge of the
mesa for twenty miles, we were al Ihin
Lee, the si tool and trading posi at the
mouth of the canon. Familiar pictures
of the Canon de Chelly lead one to expect it t" have an abrupt beginning
with high walls at the edge of the mesa
on the contrary, the guide pointed oui
the canon month to us with difficulty,
and at this point its walls are qo more
lofty than those thai bound an ordinary
cause of

<

arroyo.

The canon
foT

more or

is

dangerous

less

an automobile when then

of water, although the saml

mad

the

sand

is

plent]

is

hard and

good, because of the quick-

and

it

i-

is

almosl impossible w ben

Even with an Indian

always a certain amount

team there is
danger bei ause

sudden
rise of the rivers, caused by rain-. Rain
may come above in the canon withoul
"lie's knowledge, and the first intimation that water is rushing down in the
dry river bed is a sound like the rattling
of the possible

hundreds of wind-whipped papers.

There is nothing to do bul pull on to
high ground and stay there for a couple

of

of hour- until the water recedes,

How

likeh to

for onl\

[t is

from de Chelly disclose vistas of presda\ Navaho homes, set in green

with melon patches and peach
tree-.
One may travel up the canon
long distances without seeing tin Intields.

hut he may he sure that many

Indians, even miles beyond, know of his
that many curious eyes

dian,

presence, and

follow hi- progress.

Canon

'I'he

Muerto branches

del

left

within

prehistoric ruin

known

a,-

toward the

ofi

mile of the
the

"White

Eouse," which is perhaps the ho-t preand most widely known cliff

served

dwelling of the locality.

Idle

cation

wall at the White Bouse is about si\

hundred feet high, and the White
Eouse is recessed in a cave, having the

appearance of two white tooth in a wide

The ruin is without ladders
mouth.
and inaccessible now. and is thus protected againsi vandals.

Thirty feet beneath the White Eouse

-lands another, built on the river

nun

hank: and
hank,

below

still

disclosed

is

this,

set

in the

third ruin where,

within the year, the rush of water m

on has washed away the
sand, ddie presence of tin- Lowesi nun
i- of greai archaeological interest, and a

few hundred dollars -pent in temporary

work would preserve Hie wall- in place
If

he

this

lam

not

done, anothet

w dl probably

wash the whole lower

Eai dn ies for travel

When

ruin away.

a sho

back

ent

dry.

of

479

Small canons extending

walls.

all like

are better, thousands of people will go

the ordinary swift stream, bui in long

de Ihelly and del Mn

them more interesting than the
Grand Canon itself. One's impression

though

volume, not

in greai

at

rolling wave- four feet high, with

to

drown

the

horses

and

carry
osl

in the q
\- the traveler

Canon de Chelly

power
the

finally

proceeds through the

the wal

on the winding
high

same

color,
-

ancient
in

the

cliffs

of

thi

<

rrand

It-

la

The Canon de

sonal.
large,

n-e rapidly until at aboul one mile

from the mouth thej al
two hundred foot. Almost every turn
left

<

find

is

ruins in the

cliffs,

bed of the river.

houses, in others merely ruin

>ne can

ises, a

The -mi

places where water flows

it.

group of
I

casts shadi

paints the oppos

touch

part of

i- n

nvc- rising

and of the

in

while

Chelly,

wall- and led that he

ode.

and

except in

down over

the

SI

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

We

had pitched

rock leaving long streaks of silver-gray

This proved

deepening to black.
We had planned to make our camp in
front of the White Eouse and had pro-

the tent at the end of a long sand bar

with the opening away from the pre-

gressed

canon,
rived.

considerable distance up the

threatened storm arSuddenly, in turning an angle,

when

the rain was

upon

We

us.

had

just

time to pull the wagon sheets around us

and cover our camping outfit when the
torrential downpour struck, driving al-

most horizontally and with great

force.

In ten minutes, however, the sky was

and we were on our way again.

reached our camping
finally
ground, and pitched our tent under a
foot
cliff with a great overhundred
six
hang, where, should it rain, the water
clear,

We

would drip

Our

fifty

feet in front

camp was

planned,

House

placed,

almost

ruins.

as

opposite

of us.

we

the

had
White

At the next bend of the

river the canon narrowed to a couple of

hundred yards, but at this point it was

very wide, and

although the opposite

wall seemed only a few yards away,

it

was actually a quarter of a mile distant.

The first afternoon was taken up in
studying the character of the canon and
in looking for locations from which to
rigged my cansketch. The next day
vas and started my work under favorable light conditions, but before two
hours had elapsed the sun was obscured
and rain began to fall. All during the
I

niiig.

even with
the ground,

my

canvas

an-

was necessary
my left hand
There
while painting with the right.
were several heavy showers during the
had to keep my paint
afteri
o so thai
Trying to use oil paint
bos covered.
mixed with rain was very much like
pushing water around on a dusty floor.
The next morning brought the same
chored

to

to hold the stretcher

it

with

conditions,

with

occasional

hursts

of

through the clouds, ami with

stronger winds than the day before.
The finished sketch was so large that it
would not go into tin:' tent at night, so I
had to lay it outside on the guy ropes.
sunlight

its

ruin.

and during the evening

heavy storm came up from the oppoami unexpected direction and deposited a coat of sand over the wet

vailing winds,
a

site

Fortunately, however, the know-

pamt.

ledge gained in transferring the image

and coloring of the canon to the illfated canvas survived, and the last day
was spent in making pencil sketches
and notes on color.
That evening at dusk two Navaho boys
appeared at the rim of the canon and
^tailed down, resting on a ledge near
We could see that they were
the top.
carrying heavy sacks, so we watched
At one place
their progress downward.
the wall is so steep that shallow steps
have been cut

in the

of at least sixty feet.

rock for a distance

Down

these steps,

toward the wall and

each carrying a two-bushel sack of
pinon nuts, they descended with ease
and agility. It was a remarkable feat
of mountain climbing ami when they
came into camp we gave them coffee
and tobacco and complimented them on
witli

laces

their

their skill.
With as much sign language as we could muster we engaged
them to carry a note to the trader at
Chin Lee asking for a team to take us
So well did they fulfill their misout.
sion that

da\

in

the afternoon of the next

we broke camp, ami arrived

at

the

trading post in time for supper.

Persons who have not been in this

wild and little known Xavaho country
are afraid that there is danger from the
Indians, or that the water is had. or
that they will encounter numberless
As a matter
difficulties and dangers.
of fact, the Indians arc as friendly as
one will let them he. and the dangers

and

difficulties are not as great as those

encountered in the streets of a large

city. Indeed, our most thrilling adventure was risking our health by partaking id' the products of our own inexperienced

camp

cooking.

ever

spite of

Alligators
By

H.

many attempts

saw

to cap-

Have Known
BR] MLE Y

II.

Curator of the North Carolina State Musi

ONE

>

who has

associated with

or
[i

11

less
u

of

alligator

have ever

set

or ever hope

n.

see the "Old Ee One"

long wanted for our North
to

We

had

so

Carolina

time, certain incidents

onneeted with
-land nut prominently.

\1 N-.

And

the shadows loomed up like the head of

the record of
possibly

few of

a betti

thi se

ma]

in it-

statements would.

to

those

ratoi

ask.

j"\ ing, to the besl of

age

Id

ri]

er saw in a wild

\ml how largi

do no! know, as he

ii

still

en-

ledge, his

Craven

mdpa,"
had followed
shore,

made

which

in

later proved

hi
in the shallows
and thai
was the las!
saw of "Grand
summer.
Ee was and
hope still is a wise
I

old bird.

he robbed

m\

nets thai were sel for fish

mens, tearing them up scandalo

While ii slowlj
it- way into a
small indentation of the wooded shores,
owed up the head of th
dly

bul

the

I, there was a flurry

huge, scaly hark showed for

speci-

line for

although
resuU - every time

rauir to the surface.

into

cypress rool

of water,

seven or eight-footer in

sh

sfully as i"
it

him

something thai

is

my know

In-

followed

shol at

footer

Among

have known, perhaps the strongest mental impression was made bj "Grandpa,"
ill

native haunt- than n

mal
era]

urn

lowly
lake, while

two thirds of

away out

in

the

was examining the torn-up

net.

have sel baited lines fur him, with

whole cormoranl lashed on the big
I

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

482

He

got the cormorant

every time, stripping the hook clean of

hook for

bait.

Lake

both bait and lashing, and bending in

the point of the heavy shark hook be-

is

powerful jaws until it was

useless.
He did this to two hooks, in
different years, in one instance breaking

of

tween

off

his

the point at the barb.

At times

him out in the lake, but the wawas always rough enough to keep the
boat rocking a Little, and never a bullet
went home. I did not give him up, hut
shot at

ter

circumstances finally made his home

waters unavailable to me.
"Will an alligator ever attack a
man?" is the most frequent first question of the uninitiated on reaching the
country.
The usual answer
from those who know is "Never!" In
general, the answer seems to be correct.
have, however, mended a canoe that
had while occupied a hole torn in it
by a gator's jaws. I have been bitten by
a five-and-a-half-footer, and almost bitalligator

ten by one of seven or eight feet.

The

injury to the canoe came about

Two young men

were paddling the boat along a narrow ditch

through the marsh, when one of the
in this

way:

paddles struck a gator cither swimming

dormant on the bottom. In-

or lying

stantly the animal reached rip with open

jaws, shut

down on

the curved body of

the boat near the water line about four

feet aft df the stem, and ripped the canvas and planking loose over a space

The canoe

about fifteen inches across.

was overturned and the occupants

thrown out. One of them found a pole
on the marsh, and with that he kept the
alligator occupied while his

companion

ran back to the camp for a rifle. They

"collected" the specimen, which proved
to be a large one ten feet seven inches
in length.
They buried the skull near
the camp, where 1 dug it up a couple
of months later, bringing it back with

me
This
I

as
is

know

specimen

tin'

in recent

years.

the

Museum.

measured specimen
North Carolina waters

largest

of from

for

body of very shallow

Ellis is a

water, about two miles in diameter.

and the open water

largely marsh,

It
is

thickly dotted with small islands, most

them measuring from ten

Under

feet across.

to

twenty

the banks of

many

of these islands the alligators have their

an interesting -and
exciting business to get

burrows, and

is

it

sometimes
them out. A long pole, with a stout
hook at one end. is the main implement n
led, although a spade is often
handy if digging lias to be resorted to.

steel

Naturally, one carries a

rifle

addi-

in

tion for the coup de grace.

Sometimes

gator can be teased to a

condition of rage that impels it not only
to bite the pole but also to hold on to it
a

head is drawn clear

In one occasion
had
found an owner of one of these burrows
ai home (one can often tell if the burrow is occupied by the condition of the
until tlie animal's

of the water.

<

water and excavated earth at the en-

and had teased him until the

Then, the burrow being unusually large, I lost touch
with the animal. I was kneeling in the
water and had the eleven foot pole in
the burrow to its full length, my arm
trance)

pole was badly chewed.

also being inside the

mouth

of the hole

almost up to my shoulder. About that

time something happened! The gator

had turned around and had slipped pas!

the end of the pole on his way to the
entrance when his snout suddenly
grazed my hand. Instantly lie grabbed
it, and shut down hard, one of the sharp
canine teeth penetrating a knuckle
joint.
Luckily for me he did not hold
on. and I got my hand back to safety

in

short

The

order.

amounted

to

slight

nothing,

wound

although

it

caused lie most excruciating pain f >r a

\\'\v minutes.
The incident confirmed
i

mi',

however,

specimen
about

in

my

which

the pain in
five

desire to secure that

I did just as soon as

my hand

abated.

and one half

He was

feet long, with

exceptionally sharp teeth.

Experience shows that an alligator.

I.;ik.-

row-.
end.

11

11.1

The

hi

Kill1!

i-

i-

White

tl.i.kh

r\. itllin

thr.-,-

ti-li

.1

with -mull

i-l.in.l-,
11

1.

in

liy

imIit tin-

m run-

..!'

1.,-ink;i

measuring from

ii

lure- alligator-. nia>

I. iik.-

rli

ilntt.

liii-in..-- In .h.l ...]_..

specimens

I,.-

found,

from gathering the water

lull

liliee

tli.it

Iiiiil'

six

Alligators

..i

w Inch alligators

...1.

illi

;.

and one halt

-In
to

il

In...

-t.'.-l

their bur...

is

/'//A'

AMEllK'AX

MUSEUM JOUHXAL

when excited to rage and exertion while

in his under-water den, will soon seek
the entrance for a breath of fresh air,

sometimes slipping away through the

muddied water outside

if the entrance
is nut closely watched.
I once had a
specimen crawl over my feet while I
was standing in the water opposite his
It gives one rather a creepy feelhole.
ing to stand perfectly motionless while
alligator
of unknown size and urian
judged disposition has one at such shori
But this one
range of jaws and tail.
evidently judged my feet and legs to be
a part of the landscape and was as gentle with me as I with him.
To sil on the hank above the entrance
to an occupied alligator hole, with one
foot in the water on each side, and with
body bent forward and hands open to
grasp the animal's jaws when the tip of
the snout slowly and cautiously breaks

the surface for a breath of

air gives

rather thrilling period of expectancy.

and it worked successThe burrow was a comparativelj

new one, which implies that it was of
smaller diameter inside than a longer
The moused one would have been.
ment the tip of the nose appeared at the
surface just outside the entrance, and
had time for the intake of
before
breath that might carry with it the tellscent
tale
of danger. 1 had the animal

I tried it once,
fully.

ii

both hands, holding his mouth

The battle was over: his
harmlessly out of the way back
was
tail
in the hole, and his other weapons of
offense, his jaws, were out of commis-

with

tightly closed.

sion as long as I could hold

This specimen was

little

my

grip.

less

than

eight feet in length.

The

largest alligator I ever collected

was secured in a somewhat unusual

manner. It was in October, and I was
wailing across Lake Ellis, returning to
camp after a long and unsuccessful
prowl after deer in the big swamps on

The water in this lake

than a foot in depth, making wading across less tiring than walking around the lake through the heavily

the other side.

averaged

less

timbered swamp.
1 was carrying my Tnnn Mauser, rifle,
stopped near some holes that usuand
I

vtors

I/././//

contained

all\

could

black

bass

to

see

boles,

>au

if

While

shool one for supper.

ii"!

watching the

the

ad

bi

n.wt:

known

mdi\ idual,

i|i

that they

leasure fourteen or

k:

certain creek,

oi

a large alligator aboul forty yards away,

but

went under before

ii

Wading near

could shoot.

where
bad
gone
stoppi d and awaited developments.
In a few minutes
saw
the gator crawling along the bottom
away,
only a few yards
following the
slightly deeper water of what had been
the bed of a drainage ditch in years gone
Coming opposite where stood, he
by.
turned deliberately in my direction untoward me.
til he was headed directly
Whether he saw me and took me for a
<l" m.

to the place

ii

possible protecting stump,

know

whether
was

<>r

move toward my

accidental,

that a

feei

do not know.

Mauser

But

do

bullel stopped his

three feel from mj legs.

was nine and one half feei Long, and

career about
Hi-

of the broad-jawed, heai

In

connection

this

second largesl

comparative!}

tlio

derly limit,

type.

buill

ilj

may

say that the

ever collected was of

narrow-jawed, slen-

rati]

iv

ent looking animal

from

this

differ-

rugged old

mossback.

When

known

alligators were

me

to

printed ami illusbad the idea that they

were usually seen lying sound

through

only

trated

page,

the hank-

i.r

the

mi

log over

This does noi hold with our

Carolina alligators, however.

many in the Iasl

from many hall'-\

hut. apart

oincidenl w ith the

mo

chance

to gaze at

fraction of a second.

it

iews

ed
1

of the water

,!

>

North
have

tin years

reat

"I'

with
1

a
a

have

I'm- more than

This specimen

length, as
I

ascertained later in the day. and

ment made from

his hide.

learns, however,

well

The

from

One

Boon

;e

fairly

profile view of the

head.

only

rol.'i

take

nat

country almosi

for

man;

years.

Alii-

alf-grown

always can

toll

of an

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

486

fifteen feet in length.

Here

is

an

in-

side

and estimated

stance of crudely recorded dimensions:

known dimensions

and almost certainly killed,

a large specimen under conditions of
wind and depth of water that made it
impossible to secure it, the body sink-

ported

had

shot,

it

its

length by the

of his boat.

as fourteen feet, or

He

re-

more

In August of the present year, my

wife and I spent our vacation at the
Onslow Bod and Gun Club, on New

recesses of sec'unl.-d swamps and bayous, where the

and a coating of duckweed and green algre covers tin
Orton Pond harbors many large specimens

Dim
ish moss,

gator.

ing at the shot. I had a clear profile

view of the top of the head from eye to
feci certain that it varied
snout, ami
1

North Carolina.
had some very interesting and fa-

Kiver. in southeastern

We

miliar experiences with alligators, par-

but a few inches, one way or the other,

from nine and one half feet in length.

ticularly with small ones, although sev-

As

floated

occasion, with our canoe lying station-

within a day or two (I had to leave the

ary in a gut deep in the marsh that

reeked with alligator sign, we could
hear the grunting and splashing of
We saw
young ones close at hand.

learned

later,

the body

place before this could occur, or

would

have been on the lookout myself) and a

passing fisherman ran bis skiff along-

eral of large size

were seen.

On one

ALLIGATORS
three, e^ idently of last year's bi

showing up within

of thriii

of the boat.

few

tried to catch

1.

two
feel

them with

our short-handled landing net, hut the

coarse stems of the marsh grass inter
fered with the success of the operation.

These alligators we estimated to be from

eighteen to twenty inches Long.

One
to

day. in another creek tributary

New

River, while resting from cast-

ing for black bass,

eral alligators that

we came across sevI judged to be two-

They appeared (some being

year-olds.

clearly viewed at

full

length) to mea-

sure from twenty-four to thirty inches.

We

followed one about in the open wa-

ter for several minutes, and I amused

myself with casting at him with a buck-

Finally,

tail bait.
tail,

hooked him

in the

and reeled him alongside

slipped the landing

the cane.',

when my wife

nel

under him. But, a flirt of the tail, and

his forepaws <>n the bow of the net,
fnrd him just in time.
have examined the stomachs of
I
quite a number of specimens, with some
interesting results. The information so
gathered would indicate snakes, terrapins, and crawfish as the three chief ar-

ticles of diet of the alligator

eastern

North Carolina, with water birds and

following.
once took a whole
black dud from the stomach of a medium-sized specimen, and
have often
found remain- of heron-, particular^
in those frequenting a certain body of
fish

water that
ne. tin-

accorru

colonj

ef

late-

egrets

fair sized

and

other

herons.

HAVE KNOWN

i>;

catch and -wallow

one can hardly use

the word "eat" to describe the operation
an al
-t
full-grown young cormo-

swimming, and [believe Hen

rant. while

T.

Gilbert Pearson, secretary of the

National Association of Audubon Soi
i

had

eties,

waters.

a
I

like

wish

dare

same

in the

experience

of the time

tell

when Pearson paddled me within

of

shot

large and fast-swimming alligator,

and what he -aid when

missed it
usual assortment of gravel and

The

piei e- n\

almost always

i-

present

stomach, and once

of brick
were found.
stomachs of two specimens
collected in Lake Ellis, a famous duckshooting ground on which mam
the

in

alligator's

several

From

pieces

the

-and- of cartridges have been expended,

the brass bases of shotgun shells were

one stomach containing three

and the other four. But
never have
found any diamond rings, gold watches,

taken,

or other article.

intrinsic \alue.

,,f

Fish seem to form hut a small part

of an alligator's diet

fad.

in

remem-

li-h remains in the stomachs

Ine oft hese conspecimens
grindle (bowfin, Amia calva),

ber finding

tained a

and the parti} digested remains in the

a sucker of some kind.
hi -Me occasion
was coming out to
civilization from a surf-li-hing trip to

other indicated
<

Topsail Inlet when the information of

the killing of a
given to

me.

"Yes,

-ir.

it

it>
upper
"working" of thi

'cause

-are was

jaw

rocodile,

worked,"

the

tipper or lower jaw

In Greai Lake alligators always hang

around the colonj of Florida cormo-

animal
rocodile or
a
an alligator, according to local legend
\ici
had some difficulty in convincing

rant- n hnii have nested along

my

for

many

identifying

it-

shores

years, this being the only col-

ony of these birds known north

ida.
think.
I
once saw an alligator
I

thi

fishermen friend- that their "crocodile"

Id not
have keen other than
our old friend. Alligati
i

ensis.

ANTIQUE PAINTING OF GIRAFFE

The
;i

targe

original of this ancient Chinese di

unsigned painting

in

preservation of the fabric

hundred years

oi

IS.S

dull

and

colors

01

coloring,

h dates prohahly from the early Ming period,

is

general style of the painting, as well as the Btate

an antiquity of at least three or four

to indicate'

and Sea Horse in Ancient Art

CH A L E S R. E A ST M A N

Giraffe

By
[GHEES

I;

of ancient Egyptian and also

of late

during lt^i and the following years.

centurj

fifteenth

are

To this series of old-time drawtiinese

ings may now be added one from

and

in the

from

early

the

much

is

true to

less

much

is

long

to

tended

is

large unsigned painting

executed with consid-

erable firmness of style and finish, the trap-

goat, with

hoi

sho\i

being laid on

in

pati

more

oi

hi

irregulai

an antiquity of

ate

New
-

in

at least

ape.

York, Mr. A. W. Bahr, the painting

according

Reproductions
pus

Ihri

Raymond Osburn
March,

.1.

Lit

City, the writer

ge of examining

publi

lied

has

and also

Another

which

of
i-

probablj

thi

tiii-

term

k ui

in

and the

fori

was used

noticed by M. Claude
191

Foi

antiquity

classical

as

An.

sea
t

untie- rode.

script

is

mime

the

figures of this Persian

..I.

occasionally

til-"

Piirtwangler,

One can hard

escap
thai

and undoubl
The

sented

that

a
illusti

other western annual- were

into Persia through trade rnute-

art

copied by native arti-ts.

The

l'i

em
of

artist,

in-.

'.

Morin
II.

in

and

.lean,

It-.

inl

designs

ancient Egyptian monuments. 2

from the Nile Valley.

Thi

painting
earliest printed

fig
-

bach,

picted in ancient works of

they were

i-

Inscribed

IM.

I,

hi

ti

paintings,

compal mt

written

as early as the thirteenth century, and thet

found their way

Vol.

in

the more ancient.

therefore,

n.

of animal-, including

o pictui

re
.

manu-

'

her.

s,

i'

one of the giraffe, win

warranted,

fish,

Nevei hele

of the sea horse occurs-no

ingly like the Chinese painting already

is

in

XXIII, Xo.
drawn colored

the poets of

h\

monster, half horse and half

which has
flj

-t r

f{ipi><,< iinipiix

dated 1170,

lio-tiary.

an extremely interest;!.

is

Proi

present

the

bj

remarked in the Ial

no mention i- found

i-

paint in--,

known English

b;

earliest

the

species of sea horse

the Zoological Bulletin

in

1915,

the

ii

aumber of

old maim-'
a

of

figures

earlj

I'.

It

pi

of

hai e bei

New York

of

had the

thei

in

writei

the private library of Mr.

statement,

author's

is

for

Grei ne,

the

to

Land.

common Mediterranean

en old

Through the kindness of Miss

;i

Eolj

three or

In the opinion of the

Chinese works of art in

the

camel, a salamander, and two goats,

faithfully depicted as he -a\\

owner, a dealer

dots.

The figure, a small one. appears on

same page with those of a ci oco
all.

four hundred years.

hex

regulai

the ease of the two

in

earlier ones, are indicated bj

of the painting and the state of preservaof the fabric and coloring would seem

in-

less

pings and figures of the attendants having

-|
ial attention. The general style

tion

beard

its

lungs

at

coloi

agonal patterns, as

:iod.

The original

in dull colors on silk,

The proportions

and the animal's head

life,

like that of a

rather

This

accurately done

less

than the early paintings.

numbers of Natun for L915, and also

American Museum Journal for the

several

ion

it

tions of the giraffe were published in

who

d ;ipr.

leu

iraoniques.

traveled

in

Persia

and

Arabia

\\! and XXXII

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

490
in

the

from
B.C.),

interior

the

of a

mummy

twenty-sixth

now preserved

Gloucester.

given in Vol. II

case

dynasty

in the City

brief

dating

(700-500

Museum

description

of

it

of
is

(1911), of the Historical

Studies published by the British School of

Archaeology in Egypt, and this

panied

by

is accomphotograph of the original,

which has been copied in the annexed

figure.

Certain of the details are thus indicated

in

the

description

just

referred to:

"The

greater part of the

Hippocampus

is

outlined

on the white ground of the coffin;

the ears, the eyes, the nostril and the mane
in black

[i.e.,

conventionalized dorsal fin]

are indi-

round the jaw is a wide

black band edged with yellow; the muzzle is
cated in black;

yellow with black dots; the wide horizontal

stripes on the neck are alternately blue and
red edged with black.
coffin

The date of the

accords well with the period of the

archaic Athenian pediments."

The New
Pi

THE

K L K S

study of the natural histor]

animals

always

soi viiii:

an.l

know nature

has

ob

interested

who

men

thoughtful

The degree

at first hand.

health and sanity shown

of

ol

zoology ran be

in

measured accurately by the amount of interinimal study and

the respect and encouragement shown it.

The Old and

The

those

men were

what

"i

Is

as

research,

were

they were intro-

is,

first

time not

they tramped the

laboratory

in

direct contact
Si

With the

or while hunting or fishing.

lern

called

be

thej

museums but by

in

them

with

might

animals for the

to

These

slate.

naturalists" ;

us

largely self-trained, that

schools

wild

the

in

usually

"spontai

duced

interested

the activities of living animals.

in

especially

and

instruction

and with the accumulation of larger

in
museums, another type of
developed,

naturalist

the

"closet

natural-

He Was busy with laboratory studies

physiology, ana
m nt, India

ist."
in

vior.

and

'

pi

oblems, expei

animals

in "unnatural" controlled conditions,

and the "skins and skulls" of the taxonomist
were the ob jeets of his studj
Th
period of analysis, which has resulted in very

workei was also often

field

upon

inclined to look

no

had

yet

real

friend as one

his closet

who devoted his time to

talked much and loudly
first

expi

and

evolution,

of

who

as

trifles,

riet

the conditions in nature which most animals

must endure.

This has

nearly a

for

the status now

generation.
ten

last

however,

years,

become more and more

tl
dominating
Ider
ideals of the laboratories and museums are
now in the background. Public interest has
tseli
some of the zoblog
ions have changed to new ones; economic
problems ha e bi
more prominent some
,.i
ith the oldi
he oldei dominating men
some
ideals are losing influence as lea lers
unii ei
ies which at first would not endure
the newer ideas of work, later tolerated, and
finally encouraged them.
Thus a greater va
has

Soi

and

riety
\

it

student

is

broader outlook have resulted.

now permitted to study, in ad-

anatomy and histology (which

crowded aside taxonomy for a time), taxon
dition

to

omy. physiology
I

I" ha-, tor,

hi

he applii at ion oi

redil
h iriian

to

tl

This development has not been sym

it
has become vastly more
but
varied, and permanently so, it is to be hoped.

museums

The

important

The

advances.

in

live

ild

animals

for other

With

i/.ing

who

staff,
t

ization there developed

feel

that

their

With

of the mu-

have

much

unil

mals

in

and of their relation

"fundamental" prob
thers perhaps might be "all right"

class

as well

3,

members

the public are getting

group only was

as

raining.

of our

tngs; often the individuals of each class wire

to

The "habi
I

as the character of the

broader

u
line-,.

changes

il

an

not take to the

seum
ling la-he.

the unii en

both as to study collections and

ideals

as to the exhibits have changed.

field

often

amateur taxonomist who did

the

undergone

have

those "i

inclined

s,,

The

affairs.

biochemical

inals,

Po

value.

evident.

were

naturalists

older

mainly

Collegi

little

During the
marked change

New

the

ADA

C.

The New York Stab

Zoology,

Pores!

of

Ecology

Natural History

(HA

By

the

ecoi

to

man.

ith

that

tl

unfortunately wen
the
The closet student
only was doing the careful "perma-

personally,

wrong
that he

entitle

the

/>/..../

but

%ntag<

field

trained,

worker was
and therefore

work, while

superficial
his

results

and unwere of

oj
-.--nits

trail!

tended

which

at

tli

natural history

in

our universities, museums,

was that many persons who al

ready had developed an interest in live ani1

I'.'l

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

-I!)-.'

inals
this

were repelled, and even driven from

field of activity, some temporarily ami

established methods, but also in the newest,

bringing into modern natural history from

by the narrowness of

every direction the training, methods, facts,

permanently,

others

Almost every

and instructors.

their leaders

teacher interested in the natural history side

It has

of zoology can recall such examples.

been this same sort of spirit which has

many

made

and ideals of diverse

As previously

fields.

was devoted
histories and
more recent work not only

stated, the older natural history

mainly to the study of

habits, but the

life

professional naturalists view with dis-

has continued this excellent feature, but in

favor or contempt the activities and inter-

take a very

it by the best
The new natural hisworking on a higher level,
with a broader outlook, and has a saner and
closer contact with nature than was possible
by either the laboratory or the older field
method alone.
It takes the laboratory
problems into the field and brings the field
problems into the laboratory as never before.
This newer natural history of animals is now

game,

usually defined as the study of the relation

For

ests of amateurs.

this reason, interest

study of live animals is felt by many

persons who arc out of touch with natural-

in the

although in a large number of cases

ists,

there would be mutual benefit and respect,

contact and sympathy were

Animals are a factor in a large
among whose

of

points

if

established.

number

of our outdoor sports,

many men who

devotees there are

sane and intelligent interest in

and bird

life,

Each goes

ist.

fish,

from the professional natural-

benefit

little

but usually these persons get

his

way

independently, to

disadvantage of both; the professional

ignoring he valuable results of the ama-

the

and the amateur unaware of the results

teur,

of the professional.

In a democracy, where we look upon science as a tool to aid us in securing better

human

living in the broadest

and best sense

and not simply as a toy for a leisure

class,

is obligatory that there should be widespread benefit from animals, if we are to

it

expect intelligent public opinion to support

the study of natural history as it deserves.

coming

It is

to be recognized that there has

been serious negligence on the part of manyleading zoologists in supporting the various
intended to

activities

lords,

conserve

and other wild animals.

fish,

game,

As a

result

there has been a tendency to allow this kind

of work to fall into the hands of persons

whose

enthusiasm

for

protection,

or

sel-

fish love id' sport, is not always balanced by

a sane and expert knowledge of live animals.
Naturally grave errors have been made, and

will

continue

to

made

be

until

additional

leaders of the light kind are secured, and

until naturalists

come

to realize that the ap-

plication of ecology to these problems

is

the

only safe basis for action.

addition

ical

been

is

now coming

interests

trained,

is

of the auimal to

(causal)

vironment.

It

the

to

is

and

some minds

it is

It includes

hazy.

To

too general, indefinite, and

much, that some are

so

confused and discouraged. To others, who de-

who
who de-

light in the outdoor study of animals,

desire a broad comprehensive outlook,

mand room

for imaginative

field to interfere

and who

['lay,

boundaries of their

will not allow arbitrary

when they seek an explananew ecology is

tion of auimal activities, the

very inviting and

We

its

pursuit fascinating.

have now sketched

for the

new natural

in

history.

background

the

It is generally

venturesome to call anything new, because

again and again history has compelled us to
It seems
revise our opinions on this point.
safe,

not

of

however, to say that ecology is new

its recent clear-cut conception

only in
its

field

attack,

ami

in

its

multiple method of

but also in the kind of facts and

by the newer methods.

Progress takes place by the discovery of new
facts and new ideas, and of the two, new
Ideas
ideas are the more difficult to get.
ideas

discovered

new

points

of

lead

view,

to

the

re-

organization of the old, and stimulate the

many new

generation which has

sufficient,

therefore, that

of the older

re-

weakness, in the opinion of some.

its

of

all

or

that

discovery

in

complete en-

primary attention is
given. All kinds of facts which throw light
upon what animals do are thus recognized
In the comprehenas of ecological value.
and
siveness of ecology lies its strength
animals),

into control of zoolog-

ily

its

activities,

sponses to the environment (including plants

give

New

Advantages of the
There

has supplemented

laboratory methods.

tory, therefore,

know

facts.

It

is

not

the public should

ecological facts only;

it

must have a

TEE NEW NATURAL HISTORY ECOLOGY

similar knowledge as well of ecological ideas.
ideals,

results

At

and principles in order to get the best

from this line of work.
the present time, perhaps the main
value of the ecological standpoinl

scientific
is

marked synthetic tendency. A vast

of isolated fai ts, ideas, and even

in its

numbei

principles, have drifted about, or have lived

pigeon holed

lives,

isolated

some of the

in

have not been known or

fully utilized in zoology.
Various physical
sciences, with their refined methods, have
allied

sciences, Imt

important

mad.-

discoveries

of

ideas

in

dynamics which are of the greatest value in

animal study. The same is true of certain
similar conceptions in geology, physiography,

meteorology, geography, an.

In

these

all

the

fields

made

have

phases

plant ecology.

active

dynamic

or

Prom geology

spective -..iired from

physiography,

arrives a time per-

in.

other source; from

and meteorology

geography,

come ideas of the gross

; 1

,--.-

pi...

which furnish the only proper background for

understanding

for

and the indirect

I.

influ-

of vegetation upon the environment, are

"

to the old

-.-1

form.

a similar

in

when
The
manner

naturalists

modem

presented to them in
laboratory contributes

from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and studies of behavior; and finally,
ecology

ges

a.-ts

lighl

own and
lememl

as a

focusing lens which eon

from

all

allied

it

phase "I

that

the sciences

economic problems.

man

tic

i-

ture itself stan.W. in part, upon a temporary

Never

"frame" support.

..i

arrive
until

and

yet

mi.1i

must remain our

ideal.

and often without benefiting from

nature,

progress already mad.-

ecology.

in

In spite

of this disadvantage, important progress

int..

zob'logj

support

bj

when

animals

.-

are

bag direct from the

aces

damental to

these workers utilized completely the results

already obtained.

examples

practical

..f

ecological

problems are those which deal with the relation ..t' animals t.. disease, and to the production of animal crops from the fields, for
ests, and waters, both marine and fresh.

The

problems
of

more

ably

clearly,

but

practice

in

lags

it

far behind agriculture: while the ecological

understanding of animal crops from forest
and ..I' -nine in generalland- and waters
is only beginning to be realized in this coun

The

try.

mal
..;

intelligent

management

..!'

the ani

of ..ur national parks and

life

preserves
the

all animal
dependent upon our knowledge
logj "i
hese animals and . shall
me and use in pro
bei) propel
is

portion to our mastery of their eCOlogJ

and

applications.

it-

Futuri

'/7m
'iii.

work

in

mil. mil

markably rapid
America is one of the most

sig

this

recent

country.

ad

of

iem

more attention from American uniind museums than from

The botanical
re rapidh than
ha-

other countries combined.

all

onomic problems relating animals

man have

been,

and are

triking exceptions.

probably the

facl

to.

writer gave
eral

I:.

there

an

The reason for

ep

altl

that

gli

practice

is

in

Plant and animal ecology probably

receive

fuii

it.

handled by the rule of thumb,

i-

by

char

realized prob-

is

onsciously.

tin-

agricul-

slightly

ecological

the

problems

iquatio

only

realized

is

leaders;

its

many

character of

ecological

tural

side

to

is

made, although at a high cost, and we are

reminded constantly that better work could
have been done with the same effort had

tendency of ecology the dynamic

from the allied sciences flovi

properly related to their whole environment.

miner ecology is enriched and in-

Th.

time

the

will

when action always can be delayed

we have a full scientific information,

Many of the animal problems are attacked

without regard to their being ecological in

conceptions
naturally

ex-

foundations; the struc-

In the synthetical

relational

upon nmust

We

scientific

scientific

we are yet at

application

it]

many

pli

and stimuli which influence aniThe ultimate dependence of animals

mals.

en.-e

and

chemical

advance of the

in

work on the

great strides, and often

with more clearness and intelligence than in

logy.

generally

th.- first

university

Since

com

animal ecology, with lectures, laboratory

field
in

work, this kind of study has grown

many

universities,

permanently established.

and

has

i.e.-.

.me

Looking back over

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUUXAL

I!H

one can see many changes in men

institutions with regard to this subject.

Such an outlook

this period

workers.

;i ii

aide for the future development of ecology

some cases men who were at first hostile

to any disturbance of the orthodox courses
which hugely ignored ecological relations),
have mellowed with time; others who were
agnostics, and wished to be shown that ecology was worth while was a real subject and
In

have

since

been

indifferent

ones

have

merely a name

not

many

vinred;

con
felt

obliged to become interested and informed;

while

younger generation

the

accepts

the

human

It is hardly necessary to remark

numbers alone are not decisive in the
progress of science, but numbers and able
men are decisive, and the ecological society

problems.
that

has both of these.

Can this growth of ecology in America be

merely accidental, or is it a result of our
newness and our freedom from tradition, or
has

it

an even greater significance?

Can

it

subject matter and in method, the ma-

some time has been

developing in America? A botanical friend
informs me, as a result of his European
travels made before the present war began,
that eminent Dutch and Germau botanists

which are of the greatest interest to

expressed their opinion that scientific botani-

does physiology or anatomy.

many years we may

fore

secondary

in

expect

similar

instruction,

because

terials

young students, and are not surpassed eduany other aspect of zoology.

cationally by

And

in ease schooling is limited, ecology eon-

amount of valuable subject

tains a greater

matter than any other phase of zoiilogy, because it is more closely connected with
human economic problems.

striking

of

indication

the

healthy

growth of ecology is seen in the successful

development of the "Ecological Society of
America."
In 1914, the agitation for an
organization began to take shape on a provincial

but this rapidly grew to na-

scale,

proportions, and fiually took definite

form as an international organization. In
tional

the

recently published

list

(1917) there are

names of more than three hundred members

who are willing to be called ecologists,

sons who are interested or working in
Ogy.

per
ecol

This docs not

mean, of course, that

many

professional or trained

there are that

logical

investigators.

If,

McK. Cattell's criterion

"A man must be regarded
I.

in

certainly favor-

possibly be another indication of intellectual

it

without doubt modern ecology includes, both

is

applications to

Be-

as

changes

its

same

subject as a matter of course, in the

way

in

America, and of

in

work

however, Prof.
of the amateur,
as au

amateur
which he does not devote move

to

than half his time," be applied, only a relatively

small

professional

them

They
body

number of these persons

ecologists,

professionals

are

although
in

allied

many

are

of

sciences.

are, nevertheless, a very representative

American scientific workers.

In
number, the plant and animal ecologists are
of

rather equally divided, the subjects

greatest

interest

is

ogy and forestry,

entomology.

There

is in

191",

which

the world no other

similar large body of experienced

I, nil ;.',,

in

shown being plant ecoland animal ecology and

logical

leadership

which

leadership was passing from Europe to

cal

America.
those
to

for

see

Such a statement

startling to

is

who have been accustomed to hear and

American science slighted or ignored

by European students. In Europe, ecological leadership has long been with Denmark,
whose botanists, as well as students of marine and fresh-water animals, have been the
model for all other countries. Our leading
universities have been developing an excellent

blend or combination of the best teach-

ing and research ideals and methods from

Europe, a

which speaks well for the

The wonderful

fact

training of future ecologists.

made

American students of
heredity already has become prophetic of
what may be expected, with proper encouragement, from other branches of zoology.
Financial, economic, and democratic leadership already have followed the course of the
"Mayflower" and with such a foundation
there should be, corresponding to these obligations and opportunities, scientific leadership in America.
progress

by

If ecologists are equal to the occasion and

see the strategic

and

critical period

now im-

may be able to gain an advantage for ecology which previously has not
been accorded it, ami which its merits deservo.
There are evidences in several other
hues of activity which appear to harmonize
pending, they

witli the

The impor-

preceding suggestions.

tant feature at the present time

is

alertness

as to opportunities and obligations, with a

desire to do whatever

much

subject

of

general

usefulness.

so

is

best to advance a

interest

and of such

Age-Societies of the Plains Indians

ROBERT

Uv
when Dr.

'>.

now

A. L. Kroeber,

LOWIB

II.

of the University of California,

among

b<

the

Arapafao, the department of anthropology of the American Museum lias been almosl continuously engaged
in an investigation of Plains Indian organizations.
Und.r the curatorship of >r Clark Wissler tlie
I

was pare. 'led out among different members of the staff. I>r. Wissler liimsrlf devoting his attention
and the Pawnee the last with the aid of Mr. James A Murie, a chief of the
while to Mr. Alanson Skinner were allotted the Plains Ojibwa and Beveral Southern Siouan
>r Pliny E. (Joddard the Sarcee, and to the present writer more particularly the Crow. Hidatsa
tribes, to
and Mandan, as well as a number of other tribes imperfectly known in this particular respect. After years
of labor this work lias now drawn t<.
conclusion and the final paper of a thousand-page volume is
field

to the Oglala, the Blackfoot

tribe),

ed

under the

more general

of the

^..,.r...v

/'

title

results

may

be of

GE-SOCIKTIKS

occur, stricth
speakonly five of the Plains
Eidatsa, Mandan, BlackArapaho, and Gros Ventre, and the
the first-named may be taken as

among

ing,

tribes, the

foot,

Among

typical.

the Hidatsa the entire male

population was divided into about ten soeach composed of men or boys of
about the same age. An individual did not
belong to a society automatically by virtue
of his years, however; rather was he obliged
to buy membership in company with his agecieties,

ti

Th

3.

voung

is,

i>"\ s

of, saj

//..,'..,,,, ,;

,,,!

,..

<

purely on age would not involve anj entrance fee; on the other hand, if the purchase were essential,
bj were fellow-mem_
bers alwaj 9 of thi
it would seem
plausible thai on that assumption a well-todo youth might rapidly acquire one membei
ship after another until he had attained to
the highest rank.
This puzzle becomes all

more

the

lowe;.t grade, the stone Hammer Society,

then held by their immediate seniors. That

they desired to possess the pi

a certain dance, of (rearing the
distinctive regalia of the organization, and
exercising whatever other prerogatives were
bound up with the native notion
is.

pn ssing

peoples mi
tribes
cation,

ti

not form any organization, but

up would come to covet membership In the

whi

ing

the

Bammei s. In order to contheir wishes, they dispatched gifts

witl out

but

the

thai

the older

to

fix

high
to

twenty

even

they

humbly ad-

and these attempted

purchasing price as they

extoi

Foi

:.

and

give

when

requisite

ged
presents of

One of the firs! points thai be<

as the investigation progressed was that any
was
nected
all

jaj

the
,

it

with

acted

mer membership.

It

as

appi

e,

the

in

I>o _'

averaged sixty
haps onlj

in

the

same

1840 all
were

Society

may have

thej

Si

tribe.

The astonishing
one and the

that

Oup might simultaneously ho!. sevIn L910 an old Eidatsa

memberships.
I

blankets

and

himself a meme had joined at

had enter. -.1 at twenty, of a third
oined at twenty seven, and of a
fourth he had purchased at about forty-five.
Similar
si
from
obtained
other witnesses, and they were

and
ers.

the

musicii

accompanied by thi
xplanai ion
had a rig
bought w
.-.m he. had never
This seemed to establish d< fii
sold.
predominance of the purchase notion.
If
tes
had any direct relation with
-ne that a group
I

I.

was now the turn of

and so

in

iduals
forty-live

eral

ntially the

same rigmaro

con

essential!}

age even though

That is to

the

purchase entrance into the

ioya to

not

particular

members were age mates.

the

merely

pui

of

purchase was considered complete.

The
younger boys then paraded about the village
with their newly acquired badges and per
formed the newly learned dance, while the
"fathers"

the

feasl

to

paraphernalia

that

find

an ong other Plains

ng oi age qualifi-

possi

nigh

horses, and

sellers

the

whom

boys,

"fathers,"

as

we

with the nee farter, although it would seem

ba1 these two elemi
en mu1 ually conts

Si

to

>

performing

summate

Some

suu, .nru.

r<iti--.

The Author

more than merelj

01

could

'..-il

be

simultaneously

con

uected with
d
ii

institution.

What

is

nnection

the

in-

with this

the relation of the age

izations founded

Nevertheless this COuld DOt be the whole

story, since the age of all the members of
a

society at a

cally

uniform

particular period was practiof the variat

in spite

i<

195

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

496

permissible for one and the same organization at different times.

The whole matter

is

cleared up only when we understand the

mode of purchase, which is collective rather
group of young boys
than individual.
playing together and forming approximately
an age-group are constituted into a definite

body by jointly passing through the

initial

experience of buying the lowest

By simply continuing together at
grade.
every successive purchase, they form a permanent union of age-mates, and since all
groups follow- the same course of action, the
social

association of organizations with bodies of

coevals is quite intelligible.

The Plains Indian

cially interesting

to institutions of

age-societies are espe-

because of their analogies

remote areas, which, how-

ever, merely serve to throw into relief the

distinctive peculiarities of the American
phenomena. Thus, in Melanesia all the men
are ranged about a number of fireplaces
in a clubhouse, each fire being associated
with a distinct grade of the order. Each
degree is purchasable and accordingly the
series seems comparable to the Hidatsa
scheme.
Yet it differs fundamentally, because in Melanesia the buying is a purely
individual affair, so that most men never
advance beyond the middle ranks, while only
the especially wealthy and fortunate reach
the top. In other words, here there is grading with purchase but no suggestion of agesocieties.
On the other hand, the Masai of
East Africa have age-companies formed dur-

ing the tribal initiation ceremonies.

The
principle is really very similar to the Hidatsa one, for here too the organization of
a permanent social unit results from a joint
social experience.
But the nature of that
experience is very different from that of the
Hidatsa, and more particularly, there is no
trace of the element of purchase which figures so largely among the North American
Indians.
In short, there is merely analogy
not homology and the Plains Indian agesocieties

remain an institution sui generis.

The data collected on the Plains Indian

age-organizations have a direct bearing on
certain

sociological theories that have figured prominently in ethnological literature.

late Dr. Heinrich Schurtz, of Bremen,
assumed that community of age was the
earliest bond that united men into definite
societies and that all other forms of organization, such as societies based on religious
motives, came later in human evolution. At

The

same time he conceived the early division of male society to be according to three
distinct groups, such as boys, married men,
and old men.
This was a very plausible
assumption since such a rough classification
the

might be made even in primitive times,

while a more minute division would seem
improbable with people who do not reckon

by years. The Hidatsa phenomena

show that refined classification is quite posAll that is needed
sible at a primitive level.
is that a group of boys should be consolidated by jointly acquiring a certain status
ami that this practice should become fixed
for succeeding groups of boys.
Then the
total number of companies in a given tribe
will simply depend on the number of groups
their ages

which have passed through the initial exAmong the Plains Indians the
permanence of the bond is emphasized by
the fact that the same group of individuals
which purchased the Stone Hammer membership will later buy the Kit Fox, Dog,
perience.

and

all

other organizations.

But

this is not

essential, since the Masai have permanent

age classes with definite privileges but only

a single social experience, the initiation ceremony, through which all tribesmen have to
The indispensable thing is thus
merely that the first welding together should
establish a permanent bond of union.
We can, therefore, understand how as
many as ten or more age-groups could readily develop in a tribe without any conscious
It is
subdivision of the whole population.
also plain that age plays an important part,
since it is the bond that unites the boys before they collectively acquire the status of
Among the Plains Inthe lowest grade.
dians, the factor that unites individuals into
a group is really age, as Dr. Schurtz contended, but the factor that determined that
the group so constituted should become the
possessor of certain ceremonial and social
prerogatives, was purchase.
A very important problem is whether the
age-grading is the earliest bond of organiThe Plains Inzations in human society.
dian phenomena definitely contravene this
While it is true that some of
hypothesis.
the organizations seem to have originated
among the tribes with graded schemes,
other societies certainly developed elsewhere and were secondarily united with the
age series. There can be no doubt that in
some instances admission is based on purely
social considerations regardless of years,
while in others a certain form of religious
experience shared by a group of men constiIn short, age
tutes the sole bond of union.
pass.

is

certainly a real force in the evolution of

tribal societies, but it is far

from being the

is no rea-

only socializing factor and there

son to think that it preceded all others, least

of all, in North America, where organizations not based on age far outnumber those
that are.

Two

Fur Seal Problems and Their Solution

A R K
>RG E A R CHI B A L
C
I)

Academic Secretary

PROPERLY

informed breeder of catwould know the ultimate or aver

age age which his breeding stock
might be expected to attain, and the annual
increment of young breeders. Such knowledge would be considered fundamental to
successful breeding of any of our domestic

tle

animals.

The United States Government

is

engaged

breeding of fur seals on the l'ribilof

in the

Islands in Bering Sea, and has been for fifty

years, but has not yet definitely ascertained

these two important facts with regard to its

and

seal herd;

progress was

When we

until five years

made toward

ago no

real

ascertaining them.

consider the amount of investiga-

which the seal herd has been sub-

of

I,

Stanford Tim.

mi ^miiii-. ale r\-n

in-

I---

rm i- n

i/.a

ile

as

a class, while the yearlings of both sexes

keep to the sea for the most part in the

The two,

breeding season.

and four-

three,

year-old males, the animals from which the

product of the herd

is

taken, are irregular

movements. They frequent hauling

grounds separate from the areas occupied by
The method of taking
the quota is to have these hauling grounds
driven each week during a season of from
six to eight weeks.
Animals of approximately three years oi age onlj are tab
in their

the breeding seals.

the others are returned

to

the

New

sea.

three-year-old animals are found each time,

and the

killing season

closes

early

Au-

in

an incredible statement, but the explanation

is simple
no investigator has ever been al-

gust, not because of exhaustion of the supply of killable animals, but because of an
undesirable condition of the skin- due to
shedding.
It is not possible, the

lowed opportunity to study the herd for more

than tn seasons in succession, and to solve
these problems would require at

determine the number of three

even by the process of elimination.
rally no enumeration of the two-J

least fifteen years of close, systematic study.

driven and redriven as

tion to

jected in the last twenty-five years, this seems

-i

solution of the second problem

The

pendent upon the

elements of

its

first

and

de-

is

has, in addition,

own which have required

Of

the breeding seals,

cattle

man can

The breeding females, however,

come and go in the sea, and never more than
one half of them is ;. resent on land at anj

send on'

one time.

fur seals, however, get all their food in the

there

and spend the winter

an never all

be brought

togi

!
'

61

is

In short, aside from

n!

They

any one

The animals do not carry upon themany distinctive age markings.

The
which has begun to decline ever so litin strength and efficiency succumbs to the

I.

iiii-u

Is,

lives,

Belves

can

and
be

the

at

up and

driven

counted.

r~li

those

in

prime condition and physically

tit

adult

females,
Tin

equivalent to a count of females.

the pups a
approximation of the other non'oreeding

whicl

being indistinguishable
ales,

Rend before

at.

are not

breeding increment, come upon tinbreeding grounds gradually and mingle with

from them.

fair

is

animals can be an ived

The three-year-old females,

the

of pups

conditions of the northern winter: only

return in the spring.

hav

the Western

As each

me pup the count

seal

li;i

Port unately the

pups of the season do not take to the water

first month "r six weeks of their

during the

time.

tle

thi

no direct way of enumerating an\

class "t thi

in

gration far from the reach of man.

,|o

during the breed-

their positions

ing season.

round up his herd at any time; he actually

can count the various classes of animals. The

make

the

that of domestic animals.

als as in

in

possible to

Of their large size and the fact that tiny

gi

simpli

so

is

it

an exact count of the harem masters because

five

seasons i" solve.

These problems are nut

Natu-

tin

merely

difficult in

of the fur seal: they are unusually

important.

It

herd thai the

is

vital to the life

ahould not

kill

be so close as to leave an

insuffii

ii

1917
497

I!

AMHh'K'AN Mi'SETM JOl'HXAL

'/'///;

IS

for

breeding purposes.

It

should be close

enough not to involve waste; sealskins are

worth approximately fifty dollars apiece. A

They came

which they disappeared.

in

into

existence as a class in an abrupt and arbi-

trary manner; they disappeared as abruptly

determination of the propter breeding reserve

and arbitrarily.

naturally requires knowledge as to the breed-

years of age at the time of their exemption

ing

of the male, hence, of the normal life

life

These animals were three

from

killing.

later,

suggesting thirteen years as an ap-

They disappeared ten years

the

To maintain a safe reserve and at

same time to take advantage of the full
of the herd requires a definite
knowledge of the number of three-year-old
The
males available in any given season.

proximate average limit

product

males.

information cannot be obtained directly.

of female pups, to depreciate the value of

The sexes are practically equal at birth

and subject to like vicissitudes. It maj be
assumed that they will survive in equal numbers to the age of three years. This is breed-

their skins with a

period.

ing age with the female.

the

three-year-old

An

enumeration of

females would give the

tinctive

full

To obtain

number of young breedannual adult loss

this

Under

female.

re-

life

we

the conditions affecting seal

have no reason to assume that either

A
fe-

males was observed on the breeding grounds

1909, and again

in

quires knowledge of the ultimate age of the

dis-

differen-

made for the three seasons.

considerable number of these branded

No

ers.

view to discouraging pe-

In the years 1900-1-2, a

form of brand was used, no

tiation being

needed information, but these cannot be

enumerated directly. A full count of the

gain to give the

in 189(3

lagic sealing.

pups for two or more successive seasons would

give a measure of the herd's normal yearly
gain. This annual gain results from the in-

crement of three-year-old females but is not

The annual
a measure of this increment.
loss in adult females through natural termination of life must be added to the normal

the ease of the

in

and the years following, an

experiment was carried on in the branding
Again,

in

1912 and 1913, the

number being greatly diminished

in subsequent years

is

available to the writer,

but the conditions as noted

to

1913.

in

record of observations on these animals

from twelve

to

in

1913 pointed

years as the ap-

fifteen

proximate age of the female.

These two incidents in the life of the herd
throw valuable light on our problem but do
not give exact data.
In 1912 a beginning
was made toward securing more definite information.

The time was favorable because

the herd was then at the lowest condition in

its history,

and was on the poiut of increase

male or female survives breeding capacity,

owing

and the breeding limit and age limit may be

considered identical. Thus the various prob-

accomplished the preceding year. All problems connected with the herd were in a condition tn be most easily handled. The matter

lems affecting intelligent management of the

fur

herd ultimately

seal

depend upon the

was

to

the

abolition of pelagic sealing,

somewhat

urgent,

moreover,

as

the

settlement of the question of average age or

agents of the government and of the former

normal

lessees of the

span.

life

Fortunately

we have

sidelights on the

accidental

certain

problem of age.

In 1891-

fur seal industry were then

under investigation

on

charges

of

killing of seals, the question turning

illegal

upon

2-3, during the inmlu.s vivendi covering the

the yearling seals but involving considera-

period of the Paris Tribunal of Arbitration,

tions affecting the whole policy of land seal-

was suspended, and a large body

young males was left to grow up in these

land sealing

of

These appeared as a conspicuous

body of idle bulls in 1896-7 and the years

seasons.

immediately
active or

outnumbering the
three to one. In 1901-

succeeding,

harem

bulls

2-3, these idle bulls disappeared as a class

These charges were known to lie untrue

but convincing data were not available for

ing.

They nevertheless had their

effect upon Congress, and in 1912 legislation
was enacted suspending land sealing for a
their disproof.

term of years, although this action involved

an annual loss of approximately half a mil-

so suddenly as to excite

lion dollars for five years.

ing then

and

movement

in

alarm lest the killvogue had been too close. A

for the setting aside of a definite

breeding reserve of males resulted.

disappearance of these
to

idle bulls

But the

had nothing

do with killing conditions in the period

discredit to

The annoyance
government employees and

the financial loss thus entailed were due pri-

marily to lack of adequate information on

the two points

we have under consideration.

First, as to the

annual breeding gain in

the herd:
1

1;

was

/'<"/.'

count of the pups born

ai-ii

count was
a

full

>mj iIisIk'.I.

made

:ilso

I/.

>/;.

totaling

expected to

ultimate or average age.

The standardi/at ion ot' the

81,984.

mt.

gain of approximately twelve and a half

per cent.
luit

in

investigators, and

u\\

was made

third count

one per cent was found.

was

charge

in

gain of only

grounds

In 1915 the count

one

of

animals

of

n.n

the

agents who found a total of L03,527.

was

eai lings

1913 bj the fact that these

in

appear on the hauling

the breeding and killing season.

did
in

not

Incidentally this disproved the charge that

cm

seals had been lulled, since,

do not come to the hauling grounds
v

i1

fix

with

.red

f.

1914,

in

within reasonable limits the

in

1913, giving 92,269,

iii

TUElll SO/J'T/OX

/7,v/;/./;.l/s ,|.\7>

T\Y<>

Fortu

ling

nately the same agents had eharge of the

killing

count for 1916, finding a total of L16.977,

killed as alleged.

season,

they

could

they

if

the

in

have

not

They did appear

been

late

in

the fall

among

thus have tWO sets of COUnts each with the

natural

affinities.

personal equation unchanged, and they give

It
is
understood that enough of the
branded animals were killed in loll to fix

gain of approximately thirteen per cent.

twelve and

respective!)

per

cenl

half and thirteen

the annual

for

Wt

gain

herd.

the

in

the pups of the season, then

the stan. laid of the two year olds.

maj

It

These may be taken as fixing with reason

about

he presumed that similar data were obtained

able exactness the rate of growth at

in

thirteen per .ent.

year-olils.

Although the settlement of this point must

await the ultimate age determination to be

ten or twelve years to determine the final dis-

uumber

useful finally in fixing the

anima

--in old

ma

Is,

le

and

of three

female,

has

it

1915 and 1916

Lng

for

the

Whether the close and painstak

-c-sm ilium- the next

appearance of the branded animals will be

made remains to be seen, The shifting per
sonnei

count the

occupied with routine duties

is

physically impossible, ami

estimate

must

an

substituted

to

reach

approximate determination of

its

condition

to

make

lies.

be

year.

to

a close

'mil

It

count of the breeding fami

live -ensiills

lie

always

will be possible

III

W hich the

rookery,

and

the

for

for

herd

expect satisfactory
t

each
as

re

ults.

ions are not available,

and w

fails

fell

these

in

who

respects

The

whole, are available which, when finally avei

sion of

aged, can be applied to the count of harems

ficient

mount recommendation,
in
Oat unlit be plan

thi

31

Second, as to the final age

span: In 1912 between five and
pups were branded on
ith hot

and

readil;

this

branding

r.

ot

six
hi

irons. gi\ ing a

that

from

certain

he

limit

.._

iected

'

hi

or

rd
life

thousand
i

row

ot

manent
turn mark.
pel

in

1<H

would

in

1916 the four year-old.

its

This

until

L909,

was transferred

The position

of

ed, but

first

he mattei of suf-

para

it-

ge Of the herd
needs and problems his
,

1:

recoimi

when

to the

the

,i

fur

,,,.

s, ,,l

,.,

But

naturalist

ishei

to

the herd

through the deal

thme appointees,

,,

ii

was

position,

the

and systemat

standardize

ic

at

id

that

the

vacant

work yi
to be begun.
yar. the present Si

In

-bed the position of natll

Continued

..my.

remaining branded ani-

a do\ ices,

desultory

son until their final disappearance, was then

lone

Commis-

-poctivoly of the

the two year-old, in 1915 the threi

and

va

thi

lied in 1913, .and from

animal and skin weights and menstandard of the yearling seal obti

further killing

considered

study.

he

number

896

who should make

nored

ei

imeni

is

Seal

I'm

importance to urge, as

,|

life

pi

intervals have studied

at

briefly its problems.

i

thi

of

those

in

ob

in

have to be begun over again.

reliable data n garding the

ill

held

and depended upon at

close approximation of

ai

he h holi

looking to a determination of

fur seal

fullj

administra-

,,f

hopeful source from which to

Ol

fllll

age harem
di\ idual

government agents, already

,.f

form of

smite

observations

yielded iinineiliately useful in formation.

To
pups each season as the herd grows

and

three

may

be able to

leaving the

except
.

jne

it.

agents

M useum
Journal, the
following persons have become members of
last issue of the

Since the

the

Museum

Notes
Km rgy, by Henry Fairfield Osborn, which
has just come from the press of Charles
of

Scribner's Sons, puts forward a

Life Members, Mrs. C. N. Dietz and

Messrs. Alfred I. duPont and Wu. M.
Kerr.
Annual Members, Mrs. M. G. Justin Ashton, Mrs. George H. Mayo, Mrs. Stella
Stern, Miss Valentine L. Chandor, and
Messrs. S. A. Goodman and Robyn Mac-

The book represents the Hale Lectures delivered by Professor Osborn at Washington before the Naof the causes of evolution.

of growing

Mandan maize

American
Museum during the past summer was successful, although strictly test conditions were
the tulip bed in front of the

Many

not followed in its culture.

colors were sown,

and as the

different

stalks

were so

close together that the pollen of the tassels

intermingled, some of the new crop has produced ears in which all these colors are combined. Other ears are entirely red, or blue,
The
or black, or white as the ease may be.
kernels are larger than the seed planted,
showing that if the Mandan maize were
grown in this part of the. country it would

develop a high food value.

gations

made by

the

Owing

to investi-

American Museum un-

der the direction of Dr. G. L. Wilson, by

which the method of cultivating this hardy

variety was learned, millions of bushels of
corn are now raised in the mountainous regions of the West where previously none was
grown.
Samples of the crop grown in the
tulip bed are displayed in a ease in the foyer
of the Museum.

It will

to

succeed to the patronship of his

Anson Wales Hani, who

was a trustee and associate benefactor of the
American Museum.

father, the late Mr.

Dr.
of

Thomas

public

has

been

summoned

to

to act as Chief of the Division

of Exhibits of the United States

ministration.

the meeting of the executive committee

Museum held
W. Elmer Ekblaw of the

of the board of trustees of the

on October 17, Mr.

University of Illinois

was appointed research

associate in geology for the years 1917

1918,

this

in

and

recognition of his admirable

record and services on the Crocker

Land Ex-

pedition during the years 1913 to 1917.

reception to the returned members of

Land Expedition, together with

private view of the collections made
by the expedition in the Arctic, was held at
the Museum on the evening of October 10.
The attendance numbered about four hun-

the Crocker

the

first

dred. With the exception of one, all of the

members of the scientific staff of the expedition were present.
The exhibit includes the
tent and the camp fittings used by Mr. MacMillan in the Arctic, various sledges and
kayaks, the eggs of the strange bird known
as the knot, Eskimo clothing of the eastern

Arctic type, skins of rare animals, and

archaeological specimens.

series of

many
draw-

Eskimo attracted considerable

attention. The large collections brought back
by the Crocker Land Expedition will remain
on display in the Philippine hall for a week
or more, thus enabling the public to examine

Food Ad-

His duties will consist mainly

preparing plans for food exhibits and in

furnishing information to various organizain

tions that wish to install such exhibits.

them even before they have been

in the Museum.

Many

applications

have

been

received

from educational institutions to borrow the

food exhibit which was displayed for several
months in the foyer of the American Museum. The exhibit has been transferred for
the present to the Washington Irving High
School, where it is now on view. This school
is

ideally situated for such an exhibit, being

accessible to

The Oriain tntd. Evolution of Lifr. on tinTheory of Action, Hi action, and IHit rue! ion

installed

formally

G. Hull, of the department

health,

Washington

of Sciences, in April, 1916.

be reviewed in a later issue of the

ings by the

At a meeting of the board of trustees, on

September 19, Mr. James M. B. Hard was
elected

Academy

tional

Journal.

At
The experiment
in

new theory

or "energy concept" as a basis for the study

the

many thousands

community as well as
girls who attend the

sand

of people in

to the nine thou-

MUSEUM NOTES
Juan

Dr.

B. Ambrosetti, a distinguished

and

Btudent

scientist

death occurred

whose
was one

Argentina,

of

Maj of

in

this year,

of the most prolific investigators and writers

The

America.

in

archeology

literature

American

of

been greatly enriched

lias

the

by

published results of the researches of this

explorer,

who was generally regarded

as the

highest authority on the archeology of Ar-

mismatics; Argent

ine Si ient

Museum

Ethnological

Institute.
He
was president of the first session of the con
gress and was an honorary vice president of
the Congress of Americanists.

On

of the Faculty of Phi

losophy and Letters in the National Univer-

anil

the afternoon of September 29 a large

informal gathering of friends surprised

Argentina,

of

Fairfield

li

besides

serving

to

had

The

South America in the

his

was

but

necessarily

de

His

t'erred

an

au-

bei 29, w inch

as

thority on archaeolog-

the leading

ntists

Mrs.

while

\l,

the

world,

marriage
Osborn.

bis

Grant
of the
board of trustees, by
the

ognized

scientific

scientific

Argen-

in

Among

tina.

magazines

the

The

late Dr.

Juan

B.

liBentina

i/i/iii

the

nals

1/

bia

Natii

<

ih,

National Academy

Ui,

seum; Bulletin

and

of

I.,

Plata

Ei

'"

"

...

its

official

Pan American

to

thi

which met

Scientific Congress,

palasoi

Princeton

that

so

The weather

represented.

was

the

the lunch,

',t<

delegates

de

verte

I ait
II Ho
and 1
s.
Dr. Ambrosetti
was named by the Argentine goi

one of

and

University

<

of

favorable
i.i the

the

' the adn inist rativi and ti bnical staffs

and theii wives. The New Fork Zoological
Park and the New York Aquarium, Colum

luxli

Hi,

Mite

the

1,\

of

partment
i.

and

Btaff

wives.

members

he has contributed are

Innate

members of the

their

which

to

i,

son

nearly

every journal of rec-

standing

lt

The
cprc

Mr. Mn.li

his investigations apin

articles dealing with

peared

chanced

be also the thirty-

t'i

sixth aniii

of

Septem

until

ical matters brought

him into touch with
acii

been

August

foi

birthday,

scientific world.

position

visit

originally

planned
8,

in

his sixtieth

birthday.

enhance the standing

of
Argentina and

Garri-

at

Hudson

honor of

work,

his

mi

son

of the energetic chai

of

home

iiis

proof

are

enty-five,

Henry
Osborn at

Professor

is
reports.
and
numbering about sev-

acter

8oi

ifii

the Argentine Geographical

Dr. Ambrosetti was director of the

gentina.

sity

501

Buenos Aires; Museum of the University of

La Plata: National University of Cordoba;
Museum of Natural History of Buenos
Aires; Board of American History and Nu-

B. Wilson
messages

oJ

'

President

<

Edmund

Professor

nil

"i

fr

j'.'itulatory

ol

Nicholas

Roosevelt,

Murray

Butler,

and

Washington, D. C, in December, 1915. He

was also the accredited delegate from the

dresses, the speakers including Mr.

Madison

following learned societii

Grant, Pro

ton,

in

institutions:

Facultj of Philosophy and

I. it

eratnre of the National Universitj

wnj and
'

of

the

National

I'm

eterinarj

Mayor

Mitchel,

and

presided

at

William Church Osborn,

Dean, and Dr. Prank M. Chapman.

the

ad

Mr.

A.

Lucas

after which he presented to

Dr.

p.

B
i

'rofessot

Osborn

THE AM ERIC AX MUSEUM JOURNAL

an illuminated Message of Congratulation

The

signatures.

forty-six

bearing

text of

message ami the signatures were as

this

fol-

lows:

TO

HENRY

FAIliFlF.l.li

OSBOEN

Your friends, who are bound

in,

to

you by

years of treasured association,

nni

bring

Message of Congratulation upon your

this

Birthday.

Sixtii Hi

linn followed with increasing admira-

it',

progress of your labors during tin

past forty years in an ever widening field of
tion

tin

science.

II',

are proud of tin splendid record

of your achievements: admirable researches

accomplished and in progress, great institu-

and education founded and

tions of scienct

fostered,

high

ideals

scientific

nobly

illus-

the

May

your spirit of
high enthusiasm, thoroughness and unwearying industry, sustained by tin cordial sympathy and cooperation which yon have always

American Senna.

characteristic of

Augusl

Allen
Gbatacaf
George F. Kunz
.1.

A.

Li.

P.

Hovky
Frank M. Ohapman
Jonathan Dwiqht
Roy W. Miner
F..

O.

Matthew
Walter Granger
Baentjm Brown
A. Hermann
W.

8,

1917.

Edmund B. WilsonWm. H. Carpenter

Bashford Dean
Henry E. Cramcton
T. H. Morgan
Gary
B.

N.

feet

in the

known through certain divisions of the tribe

who carried on warfare against the Mexican
settlers for many years, until restrained by
the United States government and placed on
All of the Apaches west of the

reservations.

Rio Grande make houses having pole frames

covered with a thatch of weeds ami grass.

The

poles are set in the ground, and the tops

dome-shaped

structure,

nutritious food,

bulbs,

Calkins

pottery

The
is

Their ware

Ohesteb A. Reeds
John Treadwell Nichols
William K. Gregory Cleveland H. Dodge
MADISON Grant
Frederic A. Li-cas
Theodore Roosevelt Percy r. Pyne
W. T. Hornaday
N. L. Britton
Ciias. H. Townsend
Geo. H. Sherwood
i;
W Tower
C. W. Beede
Raymond L. Ditmars
Mary C. Diokebson
Pliny Eablb Goddard S. H. Chubb
Albert Thomson
Clark Wissleb
Frank E. Lit/.
E. S. Christman
Fred H. Smyth
A. E. Anderson
Geo. N. Pindar
H. Lang

the

in

Besides these,
sunflowers,

add considerably

supply.

Ohas. W. Mead

shown

and many species of

fruit.

seeds of grasses and

Scott

as

The Apaches cultivate corn and

beans to some extent.
They often obtain
huge crops of wild pinon nuts. The beanlike pods of the mesquite are eaten when
green and the dry seeds ground into flour.
The amole has a banana-shaped fruit which
is cooked in the ashes and afterward dried.
The agave, a century plant, also furnishes
group.

have edible

Howard McGregor

.J.

W.

1>.

him

bent over and lashed together, forming a

and practised.
May tin coming years further expand

trated

orbit of iiour influence.

long, was painted by Mr.

sketches made by
Apache country he also planned
the details of the group, and superintended
the arrangement of the lighting. The various figures were modeled and colored by
Mahonri Young from studies in the field.
The Apaches are nomadic tribes of the
.Southwest, inhabiting southern Arizona and
New Mexico. The name has become widely
sixty live

Howard McCormick from

Jicarilla

cacti

berries,

nuts and

to the natural

food

Apaches make what

required for household purposes.

is

undeeorated, except for ridges

or points modeled in low relief.

Pine bark

used in the firing of the vessels, giving

them a lustcrlcss black surface, and when
is

gum to make
them more durable. It is in their basketry
that the Apaches display greatest artistic
Willow and sumach arc used, single
skill.
twigs for the foundation and split sap porcool they are coated with pinon

tions for the sewing material.

geometrical and the colors

al

Designs are
st

exclusively

black and white. Basketry water jars are

coated inside with pinon pitch to make them
water tight.

The Apache
opened
step

in

Indian
Bcene

in

the
life

Indian life group, which was

May, marks another important
American Museum's study of
The
in its native environment.

portrays the semidesert landscape

the valley of the

in

San Carlos River, Arizona.

Indians are shown engaged in weapon and

basket

making and

background, a

in

housebuilding.

canvas eleven

Eeet

high

The
by

Ix early summer Dr. C. R. Eastman left on

a collecting trip to South America for the

purpose of making additions to the series of

fossil and recent fishes from that country,
and of carrying out some of the plans
formed by Dr. Drank M. Chapman in the
direction of increased friendly relations and

cooperation

with

scientific

institutions

in

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUHXM,

.-,111

Central and South America.

Among

the in-

Eastman expects to visit are

Museu Nacional and Jardin
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Museu

stitutions Dr.

the following:
Zoologieo,

Sao

Paulista.

Paulo,

Brazil;

Universidad

Nacional, Asuncion, Paraguay; Museo Na-

methods used having caused these

faulty

valuable specimens to deteriorate to a point

where they would shortly be useless.
The
method now used is the one evolved by Mr.
Akeley, which, says Mr. Clark, "revolutionizes
the mounting of pachyderms."

Uruguay; and Museo

Nacional de Historia Natural, Buenos Aires,
Montevideo,

cional,

Recently

from one of the

department stores

thirty-five girls

New

Dr. J. D. Haseman and other

have sent back to the Carnegie
Museum of Pittsburgh sufficient fresh-water

the various
techniques in weaving and in decorating tex-

material from the regions that Dr.

tiles,

Argentina.

largest

of

collectors

visited

the

Eastman

demonstrate the presence there

will visit to

and

York's

Museum

to

study

especially to see the beautiful cloth

of the prehistoric Peruvians, and the primi-

looms in the South American gallery.

of diagnostic forms, but they do not seem to

tive

have exhausted the possibilities, and

hoped that interesting unkno

parties shall follow until all their employees

be

brought to

fishes,

light.

it

is

As regards

in

those of northern South America be-

long to the well-known

It is the intention

West Indian fauna;

the

textile

of this firm that other

departments have taken ad-

vantage of the educational

Museum

facilities

of the

in this Hue.

the fishes of the east coast farther south, on

the

hand,

other

are

comparatively

little

known, and a collection of them should not

only contain many interesting species, but
also furnish desirable data on the distribution of marine fishes in general.
The work
already done on fossil fishes in Brazil has
been carried on by Agassiz, Woodward, and
Jordan.

Eastman expects

Dr.

lections of

to

make

col-

Ganoids from the Cretaceous of

The annual

competitive exhibition of the

Aquarium Society was held in the west assembly room of the American Museum from
October 12 to 14. Of especial interest were
the different species of Barbus shown this
year, one

from Japan with

back-fin being notable.

many

prettily mottled

This genus comprises

closely related small fishes of the carp

family,

most numerous

southern

in

Asia.

the state of Ceara, and Clupeoids from the

Their small

east coast of Brazil.

and distinguished markings render them

tractive for aquarium culture.

Mr. James

L. Clark,

who

is

Carl E. Akeley in the work of

mounting the large African mammals obfor the American Museum by the
Congo Expedition, returned during the summer from an expedition to western Alberta.
This trip was made for the purpose of studying the grizzly, black, and brown bears so
abundant in that section, and the early season was chosen because at that time one is

with Mr.

likely

young

grass,

to

find

activity,

beautiful colors,
at-

cooperating

tained

mi, re

size,

bears feeding

The

annual exhibit of the

New York

Hor-

ticultural Society will be held in the foyer

and adjacent halls of the American Museum

from November 9 to 11. An unusually fine
display is planned, which will include chrysanthemums of great size and beauty, unique
orchids, and some new varieties of roses.
A
private view of the exhibit will be given on

the evening of

November

8.

on the

and also because their coats are

in their fullest and finest condition.
The
anatomy of the animal was studied from
slain specimens, and characteristic attitudes
and habits were watched through field glasses.
Mr. Clark's immediate work is the mounting

The

first

lecture of the children's course,

which was given on the afternoon of October 15, was the occasion of the formal opening of the newly reconstructed and redecorated auditorium of the American Museum.

the third white rhino for the African hall,

one adult specimen and a calf already being
finished. This animal, with its huge bulk and

President Henry Fairfield Osborn extended

a hearty welcome to the large number of
school children present, and Mr. George H.
Sherwood, curator of the department of edu-

headlong method of attack, reminds one of

nothing so much as that invention of modern

tures of the course.

(,!'

warfare, the British "tank." Further work

of interest for the Museum is the remounting
of the Atlantic walrus group, the old and

cation, outlined in a brief address the fea-

The

lecture of the after-

noon, on "Mexico and Central America," was

delivered by Mr. Charles H. Rogers of the

department of ornithology.

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
BIG

HUNTING

GAME
IN

CHINA

PERMANENT
AGRICULTURE AND

DEMOCRACY

The American Museum

of Natural History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President

Henry Fairfield Osborn

Cleveland H. Dodge

Second Vice-President
J. P. Morgan

Treasurer
Henry P. Davison

Adrian Iselin

First Vice-President

Secretary

John Pdrroy Mitchel, Mayor of the City of New York

William A. Prendergast, Comptroller of the City of New York
Cabot Ward, President of the Department of Parks
Charles Lanier
Henry C. Frick
George F. Bakes
Ogden Mills
Madison Grant
Frederick F. Brewster
Huntington
Percy B. Pyne
Archer
M.
Cutting
R. Fulton
John B. Trevor
Arthur Curtiss James
Thomas DeWitt Cuyler
Felix M. Warburg
Walter
B.
James
Douglas
James
A. D. Juilliard

administrative officers
Assistant Secretary

Assistant Treasurer
s

George H. Sherwood

United States Trust Company

op New York
SCIENTIFIC STAFF

Frederic A. Lucas, Sc.D.,

Vertebrate Paleontology

Geology and Invertebrate Palceontology

Edmund Otis Hovey,

Ph.D., Curator

A. Reeds, Ph.D., Asst. Curator

Chester

Mineralogy

Henry Fairfield Osborn.

Uj.D.. D.Sc. Curator

Emeritus

W. D. Matthew, Ph.D.. Curator

Walter Granger. Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [ReptileB]
William K. Gregory, Ph.D., Assoc, in Pal.-ton
tology

Mary Cynthia Dickerson.

Anthropology
Clark Vv'issler, Ph.D., Curator
Pliny E. Goddard. Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Robert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
Herbert J. Spinpen, Ph.D., Asst. Curator

Barrington Moore.

N. C.

Woods and Forestry

B.S., Curator
A.B., M.P., Assoc. Curator

Nelson. M.L.,

Asst. Curator
Asst. Curator
Sullivan, A.M., Assistant Physical

Charles W. Mead,
Invertebrate Zoology

LOOTS

B.

Anthropology
E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator
Roy W. Miner. A.P... Assoc. Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator

Henry
L.

P.

Leslie Spier. B.S., Assistant Anthropology

K. Haeberlin, Ph.D., Assistant

Herman

Anatomy and Physiology

GRATAOAP, A.M., Curator Mollusca

A. J. Mutohler, Assistant
WlLLABD G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant
Frank E. Watson. B.S., Assistant
W. M. Wiieei.er. Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social

Insects
A. L. Treadwei.l, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Annulata
Ohari.es W. Lent,, B.S., Hon. Curator Coleoptera

Ichthyology and Herpetology

Bashford Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus

John T. Nichols. A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes
Mary Cynthia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator

Public Ecalth
Charles -Edward A Winslow, M.S.,
G.

Mammalogy and Ornithology

Allen. Ph.D

Curator
Frank M. Chapman, BcD., Curator Ornithology
Rnr 0. Andrews. i.,11., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy
ln.t.ER. Assoc. Curator Ornithology
H. E. Anthony, B S., Assistant Mammalogy
A.

Herbert Lang.
Ornithology

Public Education
i;

Fish u:

'r.vDt-:

Ann

l'h

A.M.. Curator
As-oc. Curator
.

Thomas. Ph.B., Assistant

E.

Books and Publications

Ultra W. TOWEB, Ph.D., Curator
Ida Richardson Hood. A.B.. Asst. Librarian

Assistant Mammalogy
A.B., A.

A.,

Hull, Ph.D.. Assistant

George H. Sherwood,

Berpetology

J.

Curator

Thomas

M. D.

C.

Research Associates
Crawford. Textiles. Anthropology

R. Eastman. Ph.D.. Vert. Paheont.

Vi.rssvNDiMi Fuil'.RI. Physiology
William K. Gregory. Ph.D., Paleontology
i.i I.
gkinnell. Ph.D., Ethnology
Howard McGregor. Ph.D.. Anthropology
W. Elmer Ekblaw, A.M., A.B.. Geology

Charles

THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY. EXPLORATION. AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OP PUBLIC EDUCATION
THROUGH THE MUSEUM

December. 1017
VOI UMl

M.

NUMBI

PUBLISHED MONTHLY FROM OCTOBER TO MAY

INCLUSIVE, BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY. TERMS:
ONE DOLLAR AND A HALF PER YEAR, TWENTY
CENTS PER COPY.
ENTERED AS SECONDCLASS MATTER FEBRUARY 23, 1917, AT THE
POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK CITY, NEW
YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912

CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER

(

"\>.t.

Borup Andrews on

tphed by Yvette

Frontispiece, A Typical Goral Clifi

Liulr-Kimu

Ameri. an

the

Mn

Yunnan

ntainou- rririuns of

h.-iral

-.

K\

Yunnan, China

508

Rot Chaphajn Andrews

509

the Province of

in

Mammals Erom China

..

on

Yunnan

Chinese Pagoda, near Tali-fu,

>

hitherto unvisited by a

specimens of the rar^ "goal antelopes" were obtained

I'.orup Andrews
ghted illustration- from ph. >iu_:

whi.-li

Picturesque

Yunnan

Yvktti-

Reproductions in duotone, from photographs tak-n on

dition. of types

of natives,

in unfri'tjuented part- of

Bori

Andrews

ii.<

i-iti*-

mountain scenerj and agricultural land-, pagodas

of

525

Kxpe-

ai

UrpuUi.-

tin- Clnni'v.-

Permanent Agriculture and Democracy

L.

Suggested bj the situation in China, where eighty five p ...

m.
m,.t.i mh
.n
rli.
farming, yet large number:
verge
,

531

engaged in
is
no real

famine and there

of

Bailed

II.

of the people are

.,-nt

democracy

Terrestrial Life
Where conditions

Polar Environments

are so adverse that maintei

Not Raise Your Own Furs?

A growing industry whereby fur-bearing animals

Why

the sami' tune an* b.-eonnni;

Illustrations

Greeli

54*3

Ned Dearborn

551

\.

\\

ince

ai

M.-rmination and

at

-ource of profit to the farmer

from photographs

bj

the

H-.u Mah'-tah, the Turkey Buzzard, Losl His Speecb

A myth of the Ham'fo Indians
Clear Lake, California

.('.

II vi;

Mkimmam

551

<>!

Illustrated with n-produ.-tion

from

:t

painting by 0.

Belgian Congo

II

'.

rbi rt

Hittell

Lang and

[ighl

;.

-i

lmi

d< licacj

P.

Ch

of the

lpin

558

Congolese

natii es

With

illustrations

from

Authors

>>!.,

Eopiland

Robert

niustration8 from photographs bj

Ch

Prehistoric Bronze in South America

Disciu

A Nbti

-mi

Mi,

bronze used

Lowi

march with

lrles W.

Ed. D.
the First

Mead

">;

Cbabb

51

Oklahoma Infantry

579

[U
-lu.nl.

Central Park West,

Jon

Perui

Notes

ptions

1 ht

mcienl

n,

Texas Land Snails

made on

Museum

of

II.

be

addressed

New York

City.

t..

In. ki B80N,

the

Amerii

.-

Bdito

Museum Journal,

77tl

A TYPICAL
down
to

the

508

the

sid'

!.

GORAL CLIFF

IN

YUNNAN

on
Mr. Andrews shot a goral which was standing
The animal leaped straight out into space and fe
precipice.

of this diffl

bottom of the gorge

useum Journal

MERICAN
Volume XVII

Zoilf>t,'ira)

<1

ROT

('

the do
I'hr

pho

Mammals from China

Little-Known
By

ni

horns making very dangerous

II

A P M A X

A X D R E

from pbotogl

\ \

Yl

\.

fauna

i>

in

the

:o6logistj

proA in

this

mountains of

ridous

ii

ilic

i.i

is

-i

essentially Tibetan, while

valleys of thi

life

thai

mid-tropics.

Yunnan
likened
a

t<>

furious

tin-

-ni''.
Article

:>nrl

illni

mountain waves

\,i-i

nml cros

Uthough

this to-

be formed, oevertheli

The

animals

which mighl be
ill

mammals

in

the northern pari of the pro^ ince were

apparently mak-

mi|

surface of the
for thi

mi'i

in the extenl

Burma

tin-

ide

fever-

frontiers, the animal and native

of

ili\

ng

th

the south and west, in the 1"

stricken

is

oni

which
\-u. for

waj up the
such deep -

ifi

rivers as the

Yangtze

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

ami the Mekong did not act as

effective

barriers to migration.

Wherever there are main caravan

roads through the province, the entire
country for miles around lias been deand

forested,

necessary to go far

is

il

into the interior,

away from

traveled

before good collecting

routes,

Even then

can be found.
localities

widely

are

regions

the hunting

separated,

and

although one camp may prove an especially good one and a rich collection

may

made

he

times

it

is

in

few days, at other

necessary to travel for

a fort-

night before finding a place where one

can cateh even a mouse.
It is during
such days of discouragemenl that one
realizes

good"

to the

fore one.

expedition

field

pleasure, ami

is

not

all

the specter of

"making

Museum looms

large be-

Rut

at the

end

the hours

all

of unhappiness are forgotten,

memories of delightful days

and only

in the wil-

derness remain.

The Asiatic Zoological Expedition

was fortunate in obtaining specimens
of almost

the

all

province,

the large

with

game known

the

exception

in

of

sheep and wapiti.

We were never in
the region where the former occur, and

when bunting the latter the weather

became so cold, and snowstorms were of
such frequent occurrence, that our Lolo
natives refused to work, and without
them we could do nothing. In all parts

China wapiti are rare, because their

growing horns have such medicinal
value that the animals are hunted energetically during the summer, and in
some localities have
n absolutely exof

A pair of antlers in the

terminated.
\d\cl is worth about one hundred and
lifl\

dollars Mexican.

Probably the most interesting of

the
the xiMilit ion on the Snow
altitude of twelve thousand feet.
The tents were pitched just at the edge of the
dense sprue.' forest, in
beautiful open meadow,
not far from s torren! of snow water which
!'

.'i

poured
goral

down from

was

on the

killed

cliff

the

just

shown

at

at

the

The
peaks above.
tin- edge of timher
left of the picture

first

line,

mammals

in

Yunnan

all

are the gorals

and serows, thi' so-called "goat antelopes," which are found only in Asia,
ami form an intermediate stage between
the true goats and the antelopes.
Another interesting member of this group
i-

the takin. which, however, docs not

LITTLE-KNOWN MAMMALS FROM CHIN.

<

and probably
of the Yangtze

ome

found south
In America, a close nl.it ive of
animals is the so-called Rocky

not

i-

River.

these

Mountain goat.
Although gorals and serows are comin some regions, nevertheless thej
are rare in museum collections, and bu1
is known of their habits and
little
very

mon

long and a short stock like a golf stick.

linn was placed againsl the
In ek.
and the gun Bred by holding a piece of
burning rope to a powder fuse which
projected from the side of the barrel.

The

Expedition

The tin>ther hunters carried crossbows and poisoned arrows. The] wore
ivinarkalih good shots, and at a distance
of
two
hundred
feel
could place an
arrow in a six-

thirty-

inch circle four

systematic rela-

The

tionships.

Asiatic Zoological

secured

two gorals of ai
two speleasl
cies, and seven

times

other

later thai

Lows

world

such

parts

possesses

nan,

repre-

only

sentative
in

the

Amerii

a n

Museum.
One of
camps
the

hack

OUT

on
of

rifles

Snow

tieth

Mountain.

hi

Mr-.

of

Water."

the

an Hern

alayas,

Andrews
'I'll.,

in

front

fr

the
a

poured

We

had

The
ml,'

no,

tall
I

tent

,!,-,.

the

at

!,,,,

Our

were
arlj

feet,

'

tents were pitched

tober
in

Heller -t
they were

down

hut

fr

hired

foui

picturesque

Moso

weaving
lor

at

the

into

by

ith

mosl exi raordinary

it

can

ring

iitv

our tents
Mr.

up,

of traps jusi

mammals

ith

dense

It

louds

and out among tb

out with the hunter- to

We

minutes
in

pack of raonsplendid red

ad
of our hunters
i

in

hc in

si

of small

full

h e

and twen-

and the next morning

line,

gorals.

tHcniv

long

day,

fellows,

entirely in skins- -and

was armed n

spi

below -iimt

open meadow, overshadowed

white-crowned peaks, not far
tonvnt of clear water which

led

had
suddropped

anachronisms.
A -hort time

left

photo

10-

of

rough the dense

ragged,

thei

thai

aftei

beautiful
\>\

thou :m,

!.,

an

twelve thousand
L916.

were

quipment were

expedition rod.

horseback through funnaia

was
li

im-

at

altitude

of

Yun-

gh po

was

SDUr

of

and

Middle
Ages,
and with our

slopes

tlio

s<

we
denly

collecting

firs!

in
\\>r

evidence

now

thai

ross

were

throughoul the
more
remote

the

in

found

common

institu-

tion

of

out

We

Bve.

serows of three
withspecies;
no
"ui
doubt

as

51

into this province,

to

were

not

-,

more than

from camp when the

yelp, a

ii.

almost

heard the

imme

around
a
our direcSuddenlj the hounds appeared
tion.
on the side of the cliff, and
i

the

>i

it

id'

the peak

in

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

we

the latter place that

at

had our

best opportunity to

observe

gorals

and

learn

something of their habits.

W'c were camping on the
hanks id' a branch of the
Swelie River, which had
cut for itself

a deep gorge
through a range of lulls
from seven to eight hun-

dred

high.

feet

A herd

of

fifty gorals had been

ing en <me of the moun-

about
li\

imt far from the

illage, and although they
were seen constantly by the
n; lives, they COuld llof he

tainsides
\

Edmund

Mr.

Heller with a sambur kill.d near

Heller was largely responsible Eor th

border. Mr.

mammal

preservation of the small

at

the

Museum

in excellent

collection,

which

*e Burma

as'lrrived

killed.

power

condition

With OUT higllwe could sheet

rifles

acre-;- the river at

front

of

form.

them was

I fired at

bounding gray

almost three hundred

of from two

We

yards, for the mist had begun to close

in.

and as the crash of the little Mannup the gorge, the goral

licher echoed

ilnvw

itself into

the air, whirling over

It was
to the rocks below.
male with splendid horns
and. as it turned out, was the largest
specimen which we killed during the

and over on
a

fine

old

expedition.
It may appear unsportsman-like to
have hunted gorals with dogs, but in
particular region they could he
There was s>
killed in no other way.

this

much

cover, even at altitudes of

twelve

thousand

fifteen

to

man might spend

hunting" ami never sec

that a

I'cct.

"still

They

arc

vicious

quently hack up to
dogs,

and

fight

fighters,
a

(he

cliff,

from

thousand
a

month
goral.

anil

fre-

turn on the
At such

pack.

hunter does nut arrive

soon, one or two of the most adventurous dogs almosl certainly will lie killed.
is,

On

'1'

the

the

Snow Mountain we found

the

animals singly, hut at Hui-yao, not far

from the Burma frontier, where we
hunted another species in the spring,
they were almost universally in herds
even or eight.

It

was

hundred

to

distances

four hundred

yards.

could scan every inch of the

side with our field glasses

hill-

and watch

moved about quite

our presence. At this

the gorals as they

unconscious of

place they were feeding almost exclu-

upon the leaves of low hushes and

lie
new grass which had sprung up
where the slopes had been partly
burned over. We found them browsing
from daylight until about nine o'clock,
and from four in the afternoon until
dark.
They would move slowly about

sively
i

among

the hushes, picking off the new

and usually about the middle of
morning would choose a place where
sun heat in warmly upon the rocks,

leaves,

the
he

ami go

to sleep.

Strangely enough, they did not lie

down on their sides, as do many other

hoofed animals, hut doubled their forelees under them, stretched their necks
and hind legs >l raight mil. and rested on
o- a must uncomforttheir bellies, li
able looking attitude, and the first time
saw an animal resting thus I thoughl
it had been wounded. hut both Mr. Eeller
and myself saw them repeatedly at
other times, and realized that this was
\\

their natural position

when

asleep.

LITTLE-KNOWN MAMMALS FROM CHINA

When

frightened, like our

tain sheep or goats,

distance and

shorl

<>

would run

he]

stop to

look

was usually their undoing,

This

offered

the]

targets

excellent

stood silhouetted against

the

The]

were

to

lying

down amo
who had mosl

very

difficuli

them when

it

sv

The

for

se\

times
watched wounded animals
nn across the stream.

era)

pluck]

the

game

splendid

gorals are

the]

ani-

brutes in-

little

sportsman with admiration,

besides leading him over peal
which
try his nerve to the utmost, and
numspire the

see

when
our

but
extr:

would

often

eyesight,

as
-

native hunters,

nary

back.

513

averse to water, and

be especially

discover

was almosl impossible

for

ber

among

life

the wonderful

in

aboi

happiesl

the.

the clouds,

bou:

hunts

Yunnan.

in

the edge of

at

he

snow.

While we wen
there were

and made use

i

be

mountain-

no gorals on a
were adepts

for they

side,

thai

roi k

to

con-

and did u so comseemed to bave van

themselves,

pletely

biding,

bunch of grass or

of a

smallest crevice in

ceal

at

the]

Like all sheep

ished from the earth.
and goats, they could climb aboui
where it seemed impossible for an] ani
have seen a goral run
tnal to move.
1

speed

down

the

face of a

cliff

which appeared to be almosl perpen

dicular, and where the dogs dan d not
venture.
As the animal landed on a
projecting rock it would bounce off as
and leap eighl
though
or ten feet to a narrow ledge which did
not seem large enough to supporl a
i

the expedi

tain

serow

much

a
is

The

natives of

Sha-liu, or
i-

is

larger and beai ier animal, and

usually almost black, with fox-brown

lower lees ami

of

se-

The

relative of the goral, bul

is

long whitish

Yunnan

h ild

iknow
th<
it- wt\ large

on

in

don

wild

ii

mane.
animal
Fukien it

this

call

but

When

ears.

alive, the

attitude and general appearance of the

serov

them

<

much as a buge
Mountain we found

nothing so

like

is

goat.

the Sno-w

In

Erom ten

living al altitudes ol

thousand

feet,

ng the

rabbit.

four

rows, and others were taken later.

to

dense spruce
The animals

in

liffs.

to be fond oi sleeping under

seen*
overhanging rocks, and we were constantly finding beds which
dence of very extensive use.
Apparently serows seldom come oui into the
and grass while
'I

There

were

certain

leading

trails

hill slopes which tl

musi have used continually, judging

ever the

Til.

md much

sorts

foi

Many

oi

animals.

the

how

re-

we saw

hem

n ithoui

it

was

in-

perfectly they had

Although

for three or four miles,

he aid

-.i'

and eventualh

chase

hounds after onlj

the

fighi

usually have but a single young al a

birth, which takes place during April

May.

Somel

at

mastered the art of self-concealment

even when hardly a year old. The gorals

all

he thickesi cover, so
le to kill

Eui-yao Mere young of var

running with the herds, and

or early

of dogs or beaters.

pi

these were definite

hich

teresting to see

ii

sigi

hanging rocks and on

to indicate thai

b]

We

sition

with

in a

if

rock

wall

The animal is, of

much more powerful than

hack.

short

almost certain

dogs

to kill several of the

favorat

it-

ver]

rse,

the

coral,

with longer and heavier horns, and for

it- size

it

i-

remarkably

agile.

The

first

the gorals were on

be river, they did nol

two of the doe,, including the big red

coal-black,

We had all come to

hound because of his
He would disappear

leader of the pack.

love

this

faithful

lino

work.

alone shortly after our arrival at the

hunting grounds, and a little later we

were sure to hear his deep hay from
the summit of a rock pinnacle or the
depths of the spruee forest. The other
members of the pack seemed to depend
entirely upon him to find the game, hut
as

soon as they hoard his yelps, they

would

string

speed,

of

out

course,

after
it

is

him

at

full

always the best

the female dark

browc

dogs which are killed, because they are

ho mosl adventuresome, ami our first
serow was dearl} bought, for although
it was a fine specimen, it cost us two
One was ripped
of our best hounds.
entirely open, and the big leader was
i

knocked over a cliff and fell two hun1'eet.

Hotenfa, our Moso hunter,
brought him carefully into camp, but
he died during the night, and the tears
which his master shed were those of
sincere sorrow for the loss of a faithful
dred

Friend.

..ll.-.-l .-.I

in

Mm-

N.-iin-tiiii;

Itivcr gorge

LITTLE-KNOWN MAMMM.S FROM CHIN.

My

serow

first

killed near the vil-

tfui-yao while Mr. Seller and

were hunting monkeys in a precipiHeller was following

lage of
1

tous river gorge

along the water's edge,

the rim of the canon ab<

my

shotgun
which my
we
and
wore climbing along

exchanged
licher

skirted

bad

jusl

Mann-

had been

rifle

was

short distance, hut the current

strong thai it was

rock- above.

the
the

to

Icutter

hard

a
1

so

i<> gain
persuaded

fight

finally

but

follow

my

Chinese boy signed that he could not

h fused to come.
We walked
gingerly among the sharp rock- for a
or
'hundred yards
more, and suddenly

carrying,

the steep slope aboul

twenty
denly

dashed

below

feel

when sud-

the edge,

large animal
from cover

jusl in l'n>nt of us.

disappeared for

It

second

in

little

moments afterward I
saw it running along
valley, but a few

the edge of the river

gorg

seventy-five

yards away.

sank

tracks,

gave

vulsive

fired

and

instantly,

serow

the

in

its

con-

twist,

and

A splendid
walked into camp and began
.

"H

><

<

<<

<ivet

actually

to

rolled over the preci-

fell

ii

we

heard a chorus of yells from below and

had hopes thai tin- animal mighl
1
have been rescued from the river by the
Chinese who were <-\ identlj near the
.

water where it had fallen. Never! heli

my heart was heavy a- we searched along
i

We

pice for a place to descend.

discovered

showed us

trail

a
><

Icutter

steep thai

who
rolled

almost a hundred and

fl
ma" of thorns, and narrow

I'm-

ii

breaking

my

neck.

When we

finally

\\;i-

only to

Ige,

it

tind a sheer wall of rock, againsl

the torrent surged in

ma

which

of white

from the place

where the serow must have fallen
ied to wade around the dill', but
in two steps the water was up to my
armpits bo
pulled oil' my clothes and
swam around the corner. It was onl}
separating

foam,

us

frontier

ail

The

fn.rii

animate do not

the top o

to the bottoi

titiea

ihiian

of
into coat

so called bee;
At the left, in a rift of the highest peak of tht
Mountain Range is a spur of the southwestern
Serows were killed at this camp
high.

of the dazzling white

eighteen thousand feet

MiH

of

irrel

arged,

it

tli--

natives in the north of

mon

six

i-

feel

Yunnan

and the

long,
i

nd

use

stocli
1

either crossbows or antiqua

curved like a golf sticlc
When
fun i-nit.-l i.\ means of a
r
<

tin

gun

pieci

is

to be

SI >c

The
j.ark

firvt

and one

It

on the Snow Mountain fought the dogs

wai a large innl.-

st-rou- killed

otli^r

ider

of

the

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

came upon

the sercw

How

the water.

the animal

for

hanging
in

lying hall within

had been possible

from the over-

it

to fall

without landing far out

I cannot imagine.
My

cliff

the river,

was doubled when

Eound
that it was coal-black, and of a totally
different species from those we had obtained on tlie Snow Mountain.
It is,
of course, impossible to saj whether
pleasure

it

prove

will

new

he

to

to

science

has been carefully studied, hut

an extraordinarily rare animal
t

it

is

even in that region, and none have been

taken from localities within many miles

where this specimen was killed. Securing this serow was one of the fortunate occurrences which sometimes
happen to a sportsman, hut one might
"still hunt" for even months without

of

being able to gel another inthesameway.

Besides goral and serow, the Snow
Mountain yielded us the blue, or civ -i. d,

muntjac, the rarest specimen which we

upon the entire expedition.

These beautiful little deer have a dark
slate-blue coat and a rather bushy

obtained

tail,

white beneath, which,

when the

animal is running, is displayed

as prominently as the "flag" of

The first
Virginia deer.
ever saw one of these
time
animals was when
splendid
were bringing in
Sotenfa and
two gorals which we hail killed

the

The big red

during the day.
dog, although dead tired, had
alone
into
the
disappeared
Sudforest below us.
heavj
denly we heard his deep bay
coming up the hill in our direcdropped
Hotenfa and
tion.
I

he two

Tibetan bear cubs, purart

at Teng-yueh

little

from

led

native

ing about the motion picture camera.

of the cubs died when about six
ks old, but the other was brought to
York
In the lower picture Mrs.

rows ma> he
;

t,

te
,

of

n feeding

these

cubs

twelve days old

condensed

when

it

was

LITTLE-KNOWN MAMMALS FROM CHINA

always

kept

the fores! where we though! the animal

appeared

must pass.
Instead of coming our
where we expected, the dog appeared

esting

higher

up,

the

at

of

heels

<

because

elongated

greatly

rested

tnuntjac which was bounding along

had one chani e
front al full speed,
for
shol al two hundred yards as the
in the
little
opening
a
pair crossed

covered n

(in

Snow

the

bul il was
dangerous to
had 1
foi
deer,

to

later

shepherd

brough!

by

with excited yelps,

Lolo

instead

hunters

and

had

with

into the

cliff,

down

run

The
jac

munt-

red

om

ol

the

common

ani-

is

mosi

Indian

Ml

Irews

was

Hi

"" Ameri

spe-

tin*

dition
I

im

hese
j

and project

deer 1-

mg distance
i-

still.

At

on,,

if

ing

day, bul

ili''

tli.

it

i-

not

eas)

to

i-

almost

in

impossible to force one's

jii-l

in

re in

at

winter

the

we were

hibernal

much

other carnivores are

Or

kill

way through the cover without a tremendous amount of noise.

the earh
l

uncomn

we were there during

n hen

for they live in such dense jungle thai

it

no!

ire

as

they used to bark very frequently dur-

one without

hi

far

the

om- camps

of

in

beyond the back.

northern pari of the province,

cause of their loud, harsh bark which

nighl

are

those with which

we arc familiar in
America, for the
quills
an

V]

Chin,

!.-.

we had
These

porcupines

appearam

Yunnan and is
much larger than
other

back to a

as

quite differenl

throughout

mals

ii-

expected.

plains i" die.

lu\ ing

of
or

'al

camp,

to

hounds

the

find

We

had

wounded
our

arrive

dancing about the

animal's
burrow

an-

in

which

ither

been

mals.

would

days

few

our

the trail of one of

over
heartbroken
losing this animal,
a

that

find

dogs had followed

in

greatly

the dog certainly

would have been
was
killed.

l.

are

Mountain porcupines
were not uncommon, and when
hunting big game
were
we
often

i.

the

as

skull

other members of the deer family,

trees,

missed

which

the

Er

.-i

I..,,

from

grow

pedicles

skin and hair, instead of

ith

-i

dis-

especially inter-

is

antlers

its

and

sign of dan-

the slightest

at

The muntjac

ger.

.v.'l

watch

sharp

1>

times found them feeding in clearings

on the edge of the heaw cover. Imt they

in

the

probably no tigers
1

epl along the extre

near Tong
not

abundant,

north.
in

rnon
Tl

the province ex-

southern bordei
rds are certainly

but

near

th<

frontier they sometimes are trapped by

the natives.

ml

s %

LITTLE-KNOWN MAMMALS FROM

The small
genets,
fairly

carnivores, such as civets,

palm

and

civets,

are

in certain localities,

and

polecats,

common

mir camp on the tropical Nam-ting

at

River we obtained
interesting

under two huge banyan trees

pitched

the edge of

.in

number of very
The tents were

spei ies.

was delightful weather, warm in the daytime,

hut cool enough in the evening to make
in

the mil Ui of the jnngle.

blazing

wood

Ii

ven

fire

acceptable.

While Mr. Seller attended to the small

mammals, my wife and
pul out a line
Even morning ninl evening we made the rounds,
I

of thirty-five steel traps.

always with

pleasurable anticipa-

the

lay a civet

walked into camp

scraps about

tin'

regardli ss of
teers,

the

the

I'm-

was some

really

their excitement,

;inil

ause
he shol the
i

was probably ill. for its

flesh was dry ami yellow, bul the skin
This was
in
was
excellent condition.
our "illy experience, however, of having an animal walk into camp t<> he
killed.

morning while on tin Samting River we heard querulous notes

Ever)

which sounded much like the squealing

young puppies ami which were
often followed by a long-drawn sirenof very

The

natives

was made by
we later found to
How gibThese animals were in fairly
large troops, ami would climb into the
top of a dead tree and call a
jungle 1"i' an hour or more almosl
A- soon a- the sun
even morning.
was well up the noise usually
hut if tin-re was a heavy fog or rain, it
would continue until ten ..
o'clock in the morning
was -H thick that it was wellpossible to find the monkey
when thev were calling, ami even then
;i

meant

gibl

the

live

lie

quietly

"lie
111

"I'

sh<n

mi

111

it

along

would
ami if

motionless,

so the monkeys
away without being

to steal

try

they

branch,

hour or

an

half

in-ill-

absolutely

range as
through

long

at
-v.

Sometimes

tn|i-.

l'l'inai

would

Then

scramble through the

rocks ami III;-, with the

ii.ir

ni-li'-.

spei d

wild

possibility
tlie

top

at

distance.

camp on

Later, while in

mule

It

like wail.

ng

Pass,

who were imploring Mr. Heller to

They finally c im im ed

animal.

-" thai they would be ell'

through the jungle befor

in-

shouts of the

bring his gun.

him that there

.1

One

animal.

to eat

was by no mean- sure of gel ting

The annual- were exi
shot.
wihl. ami from their lookoul ill the tup
of a dead tree could see every movemein nf the heavy brush beneath them.
niie

deserted rice clearing

UINA

<

Im h
thi

we hunted
quite

1-

Nam-ting

the

"i

animals were even more

than the yellow one-.
the
I

prised in

species from

tree

River.

Thes

difficult

to kill

Ai

would

they

el

thrOUgh

throw
to|l-

themselves

;l|

llel'ei

i]e

hill through an open

forest.
two hundred yards the animals

tameil n- by

thi

never have been mot

my life than the first time we

tried to follow

on

mu-shu

Ilu

large blai

different

fifty

Within
hail dis-

or sixty yards, even

were running at
The
d.
nkeys would swing
branch ami throw themselves lil.'I

with

unerring

bons

ha,

into the

pre< ision.

next

tree

These

gib-

quiti
Rivi

louder, ami

w ith

less

of the siren-like

characteristic

of

-aid call only

half an

hour

ately

they were to

if

in

the

morning, ami it
them immedihe found at all.

The expedition obtained

much more

sever

interesting

hunt than inn

Although

samhur

must

ha

to

52

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

abundant near our camp on the

Nam-ting River, nevertheless, because
of the dense cover, n was almost imposfairly

whitish

them without exceptionally

good beaters and dogs, and we did not
gel a specimen until the last month of
This

expedition.

Mi!'

Mi.

h\

teller at

exceedingly
possible

it

is

[nsectivores

collections,

of transportation were ended, hut

wo found that they had only beIndia was almost cut oil' from the
When we arrived at Calcutta,
Pacific.
whence ordinarily four or five ships a

number

week are leai ing for Singapore, there

had been none for two months and it
was impossible to learn when another
would leave.
It was necessary to take
our specimens across India to Bombay,

Yunnan.

in

in-

stead

gun.

valuable, and the expedition obtained a

surprisingly large

have

are

always

are

able to

collections

not

brief re-

of the species represented in our

ii'w

but

interesting,

here to give even a

our

he

New York and the Museum

and parts of them bave been
placed on exhibition. When we reached
Rangoon and were once more in civilization we thought that our difficulties

short

that

to

reached

distance from the

The -mall

especially glad

safely,

male was

fine

Watien,

Burma frontier.
mammals of Yunnan

am

announce

sible to kill

shoi

on the

back.

important
acquisitions was a shrewlike animal of
Although exHylomys.
the genus
tremely rare in collections, our expedition obtained a large series of two
Probably one of our most

and the entire collection was brought

homo as personal baggage. To anyone
in need of excitement 1 would recom-

species.

mend

Probably the most spectacular of the

mammals in this entire province

traveling with forty-one cases in

war time!

small

Hail

it

not

been

for the

found only near the Burma frontier

and must Lie exceedingly abundant in

of the American Museum and he

wide knowledge of the work which this
institution is doing, it would have been

certain localities, for hundreds of skins

are senl from Wei-shie to Tali-fu to be

companies

is

thr great red

tanned ami

mal

made

Hying squirrel.

and

is

The

into coats.

nearly four

is

its tail,

feet

It

name

is

impossible to

persuade the steamship

our collection to he
when here were

to allow

put on hoard the ships

ani-

of thousands of
awaiting shipment.

hundreds

long including

of a beautiful

mahogany

freight

tons

of

AI'TIIOR'S Note: The American Museum's Asiatic Zoological Expedition left New York in March
It was financed by the Jesup Fund
1916, for zoological exploration in the province of Yunnan. China.
American Museum, by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Bernheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney M. Colgate, Messrs.
I'.owdoin. Henry C. Frick. C'hilds Friek, Lincoln Ellsworth, and Mrs, Adrian Hoffman Joline.
Borup Andrews, and myself.
Edmund
Heller,
Yvette
uiincl .if the expedition consisted of Mr.
Mr, Heller is a collector of wide experience, and his principal work was the collection of small mammals.
To his energy and perseverance was due the fact that the Museum secured an especially repreMrs. Andrews, who was in charge ei all
sentative collection which has arrived in excellent condition.
Hi,
photographic work of the expedition, was especially fitted through a long study of color photography,
which formed an important part of that phase of the work. My own efforts were devoted to the general
direction of the expedition and the hunting of big game.
Muring the year spent in the field the expedition traveled 2000 miles on horseback, and camped in 108
diiVercnt localities, at altitudes of from 1500 to 15,000 feet above sea level, along the borders of Tibet
and the Burma frontier. About 3000 specimens were collected, consisting of 2100 mammals. S00 birds.
Ten thousand feet of motion pictures were made, ton photographs, and 150 1'aget
ind -mi reptiles
of the

natural color negatives.

While in tie field, the expedition was assisted very materially by the following gentlemen, without
would have been impossible to carry on the work, and it is a pleasure to acknowlperation
edge lute the indehtedncss of the American Museum and our personal obligations to them: the Director of
foreign Affairs of the Chinese government; M, (icorges Chcmin Hupontes, Directeur de
du Yunnan, Hanoi, Tongiteration de la 'onipagnie Francaise des Cheruins de For de l'lndnchii
kmg M Henry Wilden, Consul de France, Shanghai M. Kraemer, Consul de Frame, Hongkong; Mr, Howa t,l Page, Standard oil Co., Yunnan Fu
Hon. Paul Reinsch. Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordi- Republic; Mr, II. li. Evans, British American Tobacco Co., Hongkong; Rev. William
lot!
lie
Ralph Urierson. Esq,. Tetigyueh; Herbert Ooffe. Esq,,
Rev. A. Kok, Li-chiaug-f u
H.B.W Consul General, Yunnan-fu; Rev. H, R. Caldwell, Yenping; Mr. C li, Kellogg, Fuchow,
China; ami tie- Beneral Passenger Igenl Canadian Pacific Railroad, Hongkong
it

'

PICTURESQUE YUNNAN; TYPES OF CHINESE AND

NATIVE RACES; PAGODAS, AND TOMBS
1

DUOTONES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY YVETTE BORUP ANDREWS

The

worked

Expedition of the American Museum, 1916 1917, nude* the leadership of Mr. Boj
remote parts ,.f the province of Yunnan, China, where no white man had
n het'ore. It hrought
back to New York a record of the country, the people, and of the work .if the expedition,
in the shape of 10,000 feet of motion picture lilm, 150 Paget natural
color plates, ami M0 black ami white negatives

Asiatic Zoological
in

THE GATE OF CHOU-CHOU

and second

All of the first

or mor.
in

;,

class cities in

Some

Yunnan

of tie-

are surrounded by high

walls probably

a fairly good state of preservation.

They

arc-

all

walls,

ami arc entered through four

were

buill in tie- Middle Ages, ami are

loopholcd for riflemen or archers, and

formidable defense, except against artillery. The gates, like the

temples, almost always are surmounted by dolphins

even today offer

still

II

%l

"1=1

u&%

"IU

>
2

=,8o
leg:

z
o

s a
.a
i

MP
5
H

- !

i-Ul

IPs

I*JJ

A CHINESE

MOTHER WITH HER TWO CHILDREN

declining in the
of binding the feet of girl children is probably
happily in
almost universal. Little girls less than eight or nine years old play
holding their tortured feet. In
the streets, bui as they grow older, they sit on the doorsteps, their faces twisted in pain,
Yunnan not even the women of the coolie class are exempt, and one sees them hobbling about in the fields, barely able

Note the bound

feet of the

coast provinces, but in

to

walk on

528

Yunnan

their peglike feet

woman.
it

is

still

The practice

A GORGE OF

THE YANGTZE RIVER

rssrs

.5
g Z

-g
OC

UJ

h z
m-Oz

*"

S c

I s

f | * &

Iiiil
So

"illi&t

'
=i

1 5

1 1 J

; s

* J11

.| s

]l|

-s

o a

49 '?

S=g

<

41 I|j

l
Z
z

Jlflhi
= a 2
<

V 5

3 "

-5

2 g

'

2^1

l:
E

if*

I |

Hi

mil.

uj (-

,_

r;s

^ a

is

en

llage of Hui-yao.
left is

the entrance to a cave which

Bandits killed in tho

Just under the bank at

by a large colony of bats

city of Yenping, Fukieu Province. The city was attacked by rebels

for several days a reign of terror ensued during which many Chinese were
The missionaries (assisted by Mr. Andrews, who happened to be there at the time) carBed Cross work, bringing the wounded to the Mission Hospital. Through the efforts of
the missionaries a terrible massacre was prevented.
China is infested at present with bands of
brigands, composed largely of soldiers who have deserted or have been expelled from the army

and bandits, and

killed.

ried on

536

Permanent Agriculture and Democracy

AS SUGGESTED BY THE SITUATION

By

E.

L.

phrase "permanent agricul-

Til E

ture"

i-

discussion

the

cont ribution to

real

of

rural

affairs

recent time, expressing the idea that

in

we must

be able to maintain out

31

Ives

B A

mines much of the life and h ilization,

in which the scale of living 1- reduced
to the lowesl terms for the mass of the
people, in parts of which human beings
may be worth less economicallj than
1

same time that the

producing power for
all coming generations.
This phrase is
important both because it demands the
facts ami also because it sets ideals for

and the

the future.

statement

on the planet

at the

retains

earth

its

is

It

highest expression

tin'

the
our brother's keeper
It
suggi -1
brother ho is yet to come.
altruism, ami the
perfect
the
st

being

of

truest

Sometime

socialism.

in

the time

ernment

when

concei

tin

with

coincides

tin-

d ot

goi

the people on the land are

of

the

<

Ihina

is

of

vast

pie,

mercial sense,

Far
from

have recently returned

East.
Far East, where, with King's
sympathetic book, Farmers of Forty
'enturies, in mind, ami n ith opportu
cities to learn something of the rural
the

republic,

China

in a

feu part- of the

received certain impressions,

ami the reflections therefrom

air

the

subjects of this address.

(

lima

1-

tural phase,

people

and

of the population
in

still

still

under

to

adapt

reflection of the

rural

situa-

tion.

At the same ime, Ihina i- a land in

which great numbers of people live conI

in

middle-class

com-

itself

itality

sover-

the

to

a ra< ial

om

and endui

probably the greatest

human
problem on the planet. Its agricultural

anei

or rural status

went

pi

ta1

1-

the fundamental fact

problem.

in tin-

china filled with the ex

wonderful centuries.

to

ion of

its

tvas to find at

last

an exhibition of per-

manent agriculture.

Here

is

solved the

maintaining
Here also is
have been solved the problem of
apparently,

of

the greatest

possible yields, of the best

disposition

of

aci essories

'

which poverty rather than

comfort-earning
deter1917

human

waste,

of

the

closest utilization of the land, the best

conservation, the elimination of the nn-

thing like

stantly on the verge between sustenanci

and want,

"

its

current ways of the world,

said to

said to b

farming, the public polity must be

largely

n d

the fertility of the earth.

it

as eighty-five per rent

1-

trying

problem,
in

chal-

of stimulating

resources,

plex of marvelous

situation in

unnumb

land of

culture ha- been developed

I

1-

leng ot the agricultural status of the

country in the twentieth century, when
expressed in terms of human beings.

eignty,

tin-

The mere

situation

concern of mankind.
It has been said that permanent agriin

imi.

ideal- undeveloped.

history, stagnant in the occidental

primary

the

which government

beasts of burden, in

does not reach the social and economic

need- of the pO] iidat ion. and in huh

will

government,

be the greatest concern of

CHINA

IN

L E V

1-

It

final

difficult

rural
for

and someli fe,

indn idualism.
an occidental to

of

judge any situation in the Orient

ffi
must
approach the subject
largely
before

Promotion

thi

II

Bb

of

Agricultural

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

:,:;s

from the objective point of view,

remember
a

thai the oriental

may

vet

live in

subjective civilization.

My

first

and

land,

impression was of waste

impression grew con-

this

stantly in spite of all the dissuasion of

The smaller the

friends.

divisions of

wastage of the
In the best-tilled parts of
partitions.
the coastal plain, possibly ten per cent
of the land sometimes is wasted by mere
land, the greater is the

embankments and
of the land also

division lines.

is

Much

taken by the grave

produce supplies, and to maintain the

fertility of the earth while producing
them; and yet the measure of agriculture is not the yield, nor is it the maintenance

of the greatest number of

people on a given area of the earth's

surface.

Nevertheless,

it

just this

is

assumption on the part of both agricultural

the

and economists that

publicists

of

test

that

number
lying

agricultural

the

sustain

it

of

excellence

greatest

people which

is

present

in

fallacy

is

possible

the under-

discussions.

mounds, and the unoccupied land near

may be left in such small and irregular

The greatest v ield of agriculture is the

human result, not the maintenance of

areas as to be utilized with difficulty.

given numbers.

King writes that he was -amazed at

amount of efficient human labor

In the interior are vast shaven hills

and mountains, swamps and flats due

to uncontrolled streams and lakes, semideserts under no kind of effective con-

One

impressed with the barrenness of the country, although the fields

themselves when cropped may yield
well or may not.
One is impressed
everywhere with the merciless skinning
trol.

is

of the land to get every last fragment

He

of fiber and root for fuel.

has never

seen such sacrilege of the earth.

the

cheerfully given
live

You

well

know

ing physical

with

vasi

It is

more

likely to be a

and social sense, however well

it may meet the penury of the present.
has
no
large result in it, no state
It
policy, no bountiful provision for the
It is true that definite public
future.
plans of conservation are now under

way, as in forestry, and in some places

they are beginning to
lent

not

work out excelmodern and

results; but these are

recent

adaptations or movements and

the result of the historical experi-

ence of

The

duty of agriculture

is

men' grind-

the slender margin of

may have been

fication of the

the classi-

ranks of society by Con-

in the scale of four,

fication

works

those

On

unless such classi-

itself

who

out

practice

in

handle

actually

the

day
land.
a
and food, there can be no satisfactory
basis of five cents a

agriculture.

We
ci

are not to overlook or to deny, of

use.

manual

the

many

highly

agricultural

developed

practices

of

the

Chinese and their neighbors. The Occident undoubtedly has much to learn
from these patient toilers who for tens
of centuries have produced supplies for
such crowding millions and have still

maintained the producing power of the

Their patience, persistence, and

earth.

elimination of
tials.

all

frills

the heavy yields in

and unessen-

many

places,

the painstaking care to the smallest de-

Ihina.

first

toil,

fucius, placing the farmer only second

practice of waste, looked at in the

national

the slaving labor that

the mass of the folk on the land, when

people by millions give themselves for
five cents a day and food.
It does not

In fact, it is
quite the opposite, for it looks only to
the present need and does not consider
the future.

cents

fifteen

the skin-and-bone existence for

profit,

matter what

tion of natural resources.

wage of

daily

or

required, the long hours of

Much has been said about the use

and conservation of resources in China,
whereby the last fragment is saved
but this is in the nature of private
scavenging and is not public conserva:

for a

and food,

cents

United States currency, without food."

is

to

tail,

all

inspire one's admiration:

it

is

PERMANENT AGRICULTURE AND DEMOCRAt

time thai

these

receive

pie

recognition before society

now projecting

the

human

progress.

taking

is

wo are

yet

larger

larger

results

Perhaps their painsmost apparenl in the saving

waste and the application of
it to the land
but one cannot think
that this method will he the final practice in any highly developed society.
We arc not to solve the excremenl prob-

human

of

on

lem

scavenger

the

the raw material

now

larly

that \\c

carriers of disease.

applying

l>a-i>.

the land, particu-

to

waste

i"

i-

disposition

settled.

the

for

land,

human

when

waste been

seweragi

Yet the orien-

method cannot hi' accepted as even

an approximate solution of the probyel proved that human
Not !lem
tal

it

waste

capable of producing the best

i-

ields.

For the most part, the areas under

cultivation in China are in,, -mall to
allow a man to express himself on them.
ike him a slave to mere hand

and

labor,

doom him

condition

to

hope of personal
The problem
advancement.
o this respect, i- to produce the
ha-

thai

in

little

it

same or at leasl sufficienl supplies ith

fewer men. with men of more powi r,
more capital and turnover in the busience
u

-i

more

ei

The acreage

invention

in the-

ireely

capita,

onomic

to the
u

says

ami

command, more mastery

their

and

at

of the
soi ial

urately

3tated.
i

more than two

nut

pass

will

secure

can

tion

"(

production

in

the counl ries

their

phase.

rural
rural

populaadditional

sufficienl

means of
more masterful han-

the person, by

machinery and

dling of resources, in sustain the entire

population
speculal

mn

can
ai

be

little

tin- epoch.

more

than

is

prob-

It

able that greal fertile areas of the earth

remain relatively sparsely -'tiled

will supply the congested parts.
e shall farm tin' seas.
Ine
Perhaps -' nthetic chemistry will contribute something to the solution of the
Vet whatever the final soluproblem.
tion, we mii-t assume that the surface
ields musl always
of the earth and its
have significance, and that a certain
large part of the race must -

and

d;i\

arts Of keeper-hip.

Probably

we assume
crease in

the earth.

we make
thai

mistake when

he presenl

population
Bui

is

to

rate of in

continue on

population

if

is

to in-

such an extent that all the

people ale In he reduced In e\i-tence

rease

to

.ill
one can say i> that the
farmer should nol he so reduced sooner
Certainly the man on
than others,
whom the maintenance of the race depends should nol also hear the burdens

and Hi" penalties of the

race.

How tn secure to the farmer

China or elsewhere the propel

person

second edition

every

in

will

or tranthe
againsl

considered
ilization.

For

regions.

any country, indictment

should he brought againsl government.
A good part <>f the population in such
countries as china eventually will he

it

temporary

only

are

sitory,

of

>ur presenl

<

possibly

agricultural

famine

the

l,

the

Whether the remaining

ill
o the principle employed in the
manufacture of commercial fertilizers
or other treated and
lined products,
and ii"t en the principle of the stable.
Probably nowhere has the problem of

awaiting reclamation or al leas! better

utilization, with the hare lull-, and also
with what seem in lie inadequate 3 ields.
f
Famine is an expectation in soi

utilized in the indusi ries

[f

Vet

impressed, in parts of the intewith the ureal extent of land

Mich

used

be

is

rior,

know its relation to

Such practice will

not appeal to western people-,

\\

one

in

539

uncultivable mountain land."

is

King

that then'

acres per

more than one half of which

-o that he can afford

for his business

lem.

It

is

in

lucati

very complex probi

omplished

in

country like China withoul pulling up

THE AMERICAS MCSECM JOI'RXAL

540

and the civic

It must be a process of adjustment and growth that works itself out
slowly. Whenever you touch agriculture,
the very runts of society

order.

you touch the foundations of society.

means
agriculture
in
Education

and better holdings. There are

persons enough who would vote public
I'u nds
for the farmer if he be kept in
his proper sphere and disturb not the
larger

established order of things; yet the in-

troduction of even practical agriculture

means that the farmer

into the school

is

not to remain where he

and that

is,

the present subdivisions of the earth are

adequate to

likely to he

not

men

with

more vision ami more personal power.

It

my

object to suggest the

bringing aboui changes or

not

is

Mays

of

what

incidentals

might

improvements in the agriculture of China that

would lie presumption. I approach the
subject with no desire to criticize the
Chinese or to offer them remedies or
call

panaceas,

rather

but

terms

to

of

evaluate

in

With

Chinese themselves I

lie

greatest
to learn

the

Occident,

the

situation

am

in

sympathy, and my attitude is

what their situation, as a great

school of experience, suggests for us.

The bearing

of the situation

maintenance of

on the

ture

el'

to the

constitution of the civic order in China.

Agriculture has such relation in any

country, hut the relationship

marked

larly
si

is

particu-

China, where the con-

in

itution of tlie

dentl]

body

politic

know
I

If the

it,

is

ye1

evi-

rural, or at least not industrial,

not a democracy, however

be the piece of political

machinery that may have been devised.

In the Far East

a German of
how the war

asked

office-holding class

the

would end. He replied that it would

end by governmental changes and revolutions

the

in

countries.

different

asked what would be the nature of the

change in Germany, to which he replied
that there would he no change in his
country for the reason that it is at
present so democratic that no change
then asked myself whether
is needed.
men mean the same tiling when they
talk about del
Apparently we
iraey.
are glibly confusing many ideas under
one catchword.
When a monarch is overthrown, we
hail the revolution as an instance of
democracy yet the people may be as
far from democracy as nadir is from
I

Contrariwise,

zenith.

when

king

is

up we deplore the defeat of democyet democracy may be only stabilized thereby.

Democracy is not a form
of government.
It is a constitution of
set

racy

society that allows each

is

member

Freedom

to de-

needs

much

as

it

peo-

democratic people, but

so
it

Freedom is
should be self-discipline.
a condition antecedent to democracy

may

forms of society, democremoved from anarchy.

<>f all

racy.
is

Neither

farthest
is it

popular

politics.

mental questions touching the consti-

tient
a gift.

anybody.

Democracy

You

cannot give

It

preparation.

must be won. by paIt

is

result,

not

is primarily a sentiment
sentiment of personality. It is the

Democracy

people

democracy.

cannot be bestowed.
to

be ever so free politically and yet

tution

read in a press despatch the other

day that Germany had now become a

No

restraint

only

it

Micii ty.

and

discipline

not constitute

not democracy:

is

only release from restraint.

ple

bring to your attention certain funda-

is

and where, also, the element of time

has worked out certain results: therefore
use my reflections in China to

i>l'

days.

five

German people
leaders alone know it.

may

hen there

perfect

motion.

to see that the agricul-

China has direct relation

space of

velop his personality to the full and to

participate in public affairs on his own

democratic

society

We come now

democracy, the change having taken

place within a

wonder whether the

PERMANENT AGRICULTURE AND DEM0CRAC1

expression

the

of

feeling

everj

thai

person, whatever his birth or bis occupation,

develop

shall

the

have the opportunity to take

motive is individualism on

hand and voluntary

part,

[ts

to be placed

is

in the most advantageous environment.

Overhead domination not delegated by

de

be obviated or elimi-

i"

i-

nated.

Democracy
and

rests on living conditions

opportunities.

civic

"ii

rooted in the daily

whai

in

life,

It

is

man

able i" acquire in goods, in his intel-

is

progress, in what he

lectual

is

compe-

ted

and at liberty to think, in his

freedom of movement, in his expression

of himself.

Democratic society expresses itself in

in government and other

many ways:

action,

national

education, in

in

reli-

some pa rl icula r
ial
ordei
democracy is a form of
government is like saying thai religion
is a form of worship.
Democracy i> a
A democratic societ}
state of society.
gion,

To

in

say that

can exist only on the basis

"l'

enthusiastic public service.

active ami

Essentially

sen ice i- voluntary, yel il may be

required of the few who do not volunthis

This service is far broader ami

deeper than military service alone.
teer.

We

days of vast organization,

live in

yet organization

mocracy,

now

i-

not

the basis of de-

net as organization

i-

prevailingly understood, which

is

at

least

the power to control ami to

mands.
the

Here

failure

what

lies

of

the

movement

make

de-

must consider

present

planet, hut there

say that the farmer

fundamental
tin-

before

gain popular bear-

-hall not

ing when

of

Society

the

is

democracy,

in

fact

yet

Agriculturists

must -peak the truth, lie i- the fundamental fact not merely because he
produces supplies, but because to him
I

i-

delegated the keepership

and

him are we

to

the earth,

id'

to look for the inter-

pretation of the earth

our civic

in

rela-

deeper and much more

Tin- ifundamental relationship than the contribution of any extent of organization,
however perfect in it- constitution,
which i- concerned primarily with class
tion-.

,i

interests.

Jus! now we hear much about the

fanner'- attitude toward the greal af-

confronting

fairs

There

us,

All

have

heard

projected

point

id'

Let

me

consid-

from

the

view either of class organiza-

or

tion

are

is

the criticisms

erable criticism.

industrial

give you

organization.

formula:

The farmer is part of his environment, matching himself into his bachground, perhaps unconsciously, much
as

bird

ii

is

quadruped.

matched, or n U
His /,lnn of operation, his

farm-management,

is

mi expression

his sil iiiilimi in nature: he has

il

mil because H

it

radically In unit

other person.
in

ability,

In-

fits.

.1-

will

operation so far

oi

practically onl] one

is

range of the people that lives da] bj

day m actual contact of subsistence
with the earth.
This range is the
fanner.

public service on

The person

the other.

and

ability

II

of

worked

cannot shift

mm

tin- advice of
Ac himself develops

modify

his plan

he "'". but

of

ttir plrni

motive, a- displayed to the public, i- to

or to control situations

always must fit his place in the environment; mi great change is possible
unless his natural conditions change:

rather than to serve.

he does not make his conditions.

labor

in

democracy:

it-

make demands
I

have said that democracj

of

ditions

situations

are

daily

primarilj

planet on which

we

rests

living.

Our

those of the

subsist.

The

can'

of the plane! condition- our existent

Manv

on

e.

persons and classes of persons are

directly delegated to the care of the

farmer
range,

exemplifies,

what

"adaptation."
mliiiit

nun/

the

in

naturalist

The

human

the

knows

as

His situation does not

of compromise, and tti

not tie understood till Iniilnrs.

publicists, officials,

and

-eouence- of

others.
tlii

formula,

if

THE AMERICAS ME SEEM JOURNAL

:>r.'

is

it

All the ad-

rue are tremendous.

farmer that does not recognize his necessary adaptation to his

rice given the

environmeiri

useless;

is

and

useless ad-

It is of no advantage
is harmful.
rail against the farmer any more
than against the wind or the rain. It
is idle to try to apply to him the pressures that are exerted on corporate

poultry, grind

management

the

staples,

is

consequence

of small

him or to condemn, to
him or against him, ex-

either to praise

take sides for

cept so far as
a man.
crises,

it

may

When, under pressure of great

we radically change the condi-

farmer works,
we must allow him time to readjust
himself: he must take account of the
in

He

may

reasonably expect

weather and soil and human forces.

needs not favors, but conditions

that will allow

him

The

operate.

to

conditions within which he

works cannot be changed, but they can
be modified in some ways and he can
make new adjustments within certain

natural

limits: these possibilities he begins to

understand, and they are parts of his

problem as a farmer: when the ecoconditions
are
outside
nomic
or

ment and stimulation,

the modifications must be

such as will match the natural limitaIn

if

the

expected to adopt them.

present
crisis,
our public

he

To

the hour.

output

is

a cer-

is

the need of

talk about doubling the

some

department,
considering limitations and particular
issues at stake, may be nonsense.

The

in

special

cohesive force which

''labor

is

'

we know

does not contribute, in

method,

ganizational

quite the contrary.

as

to

The

its or-

democracy:

force

we know

as "capital" does not contribute, in its

corporate capacity, to democracy

quite

These forces exercise or

usurp powers that inhere properly in
they practically govern
government
classes, more or less independently of
otherwise.

the general public weal.

They

are forced

in self-defense because

to take action

government does not act. It is often

said that we have too much government. In
ernment.

we have too little govof what we know as

fact,

Much

government

only compromise or the

is

balancing of

forces

between different

tactions.

The

changed,
tions,

increase of

affect his spirit as

tions under which the

latitude that he

An

dependable percentage in the

brought about by proper adjust-

tain

to

It

of the farm scheme

to be considered.

vice

business.

and send it
same time: and

into Hour,

it

to the Allies all at the

to

great and abiding contributions

democracy are made by the vast midand by the rural people who

dle classes

arc not organized for the

purpose of

agencies must understand and recognize what reasonably can be required

securing collective or mass advantage.

hi adage that appearances
It
is

of the farmer

are deceitful.

omit

ma\

those connected with our agricultural institutions and agencies.

I

ing

From
many of

am

this

caution

do

afraid that their advice

ways sound.

We

mental.
but

in

It

is

not

is

not

al-

likely to be depart-'

always need the specialist,

the present crisis

we

arc also in

urgent Deed of the generalist, who sees

the agricultural situation as a whole.
It

is

alls!

for the

to

we can double our

poultry
but

department-

easy enough
say

that

product under an emergency,

need other tilings than

we now

poultry.

One cannot

feed

grain

to

be

wish to add that they

Persons manag-

misleading.

corporate,

industrial,

labor,

and

professional affairs have a certain air

and habit of presentation. The farmer
operating his farm may not have this
lie has nothing to present.
He
air.
max be following a plow in the hacklot, unshaven, trousers in his boots,
working until the work is done even
though the clock points to five. Perhaps he would not discuss politics or
civics or religion, at least not until he
knew you; but. good or bad, he has
worked out the management of his

PERMANENT AGRICULTURE AND DEMOCRACY

lie knows why.
He
will listen to your advice; then he will
lie is hard
go on with his plowing,
x
Tact-,
fan-,
againsl
real
paper
facts he accepts them, and a.

farm, and he thinks

>i

ingly.

5Tou

himself

is

may

Bearing

these fundamental

established

na-

the

in

some of the popular

tin'
farmer become
was out of the country

when war was proclaimed, bul

stand that everybody who had
voice

am -mv

of

of situa-

.me else can change.

It is simple enough to change an outside or commercial condition in rela
tion t" the farming occupation; it is
quite another matter to exp
farmer to accept it mile-- other essencondition- are changed to meet
the price of

it.

any product, while

may lie necessary in times

does not add fertility to the land, or
it

dollars

billion

by war

r-

time

unless we have
statement of outgo.

the incre
-.id-

To

of

191'

over I'M

-ay that

added

to

is

pri'

To

-a\

rali-ai in.

mid

ii

to -late

that

of farm prod-

II

in

loOSeh

;t

advise the use of less milk in

it does not take the cm
-id. 'ration

that

.an

To

I."

steam and

i-

establish

not

production oiih on

"iil\
a

machine

am

merely stating his

A- illustration, let
cut

charge that he

The farmer
the commercial

in

sense,

Now and

income.

farmer may buy and

sell

without

producing, or even speculate, but

is not farming.
The producing
becomi
1
1

"ri h"

pat ion

is

this

mer-

the c

in

'.

i.

the returns from his work.

His overgo back into

ami the ne\t generation has the
me of the most amusing statements
have heard is that reported of an inplus

likelj

i-

to

fluential

financier to the effect thai

must now take the farmer

The

him.

idea

in

we

hand and
the

that

i-

farmer is becoming too powerful and

make- too many demand-.
For the
last
ten years and more, public men
ganize for protection, and the farming
people have been shown the results that
aized labor

industrj

as

et

use
si

soon

this

as

dan

om

of alarm

ad\

and

tin

those

farmer

is.

anywhere

on of organizahe only follows the precedent of

industry and commerce. Thi-

touching

that the

oil'

the

problems

r.

labor

not deare as

acts

rator.

on

tion

weapons of industry and commerce are then turned against them-

selves.

parties, does not take into consideration

fundamental

proiit

but

then

who have

mi-e or agreement between co

the

make

-topped by turning

disci

the

to

profiteering.

is

"

save

the cow

am

am

his

iew as those of

war

represents

one fador
t

iv\

to

same

the

at

the

to

that

farmer:

the

natural situation.

control

sheep or a horse
a herd of -wine.

the hab-

affect

of

fending

other citizen:

much

that

the

ulture.

public

neither the farmer Dor an\

tions that

is

e:

fundamental

single

You understand

much open

This
tin' farmer is the one
population that caim.it

made no account

this advice

change

since

the

in

apply advice.

its

cannot

promise or

under-

advising the fanner.

fell t"

futile,

part

tial

of

toward

ridiculous.

method, which

political

method

of things,

attitudes

is

by argument.

The

mind

it

him, but he

like

for

rest

This is well expressed in Warren- recent statement following a long

hearing on the ost of milk, that there
v. n ua\ of making a cow protion.

fa

in

considerations,

ture

nol

the regulation must

13

which

The

the farmer
the

old

is

pi-.-, nt

d to discipline

bul another

disposition

-so

expn
old

as

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

.1

automatic thai the farmer must be

kepi where he belongs.
In

Eact,

very

little

politically.

however, agriculture is yei

organized commerciallj or
Former attempts have

We are watching the two movements now before US with new interit is yet too early to measure their
It is now charged
accomplishments.
thai farmers are withholding the sowing of wheal in order to hold up the
In the first place, there is no
prices.
organization of farmers that can control the wheat situation; and if any
number of individuals reduced their
own production they would be playing
into the hands of the heavier producers
failed.

est

or of handlers.

It is

impossible for farm-

maelstrom. So far as I know. I have

been alone in advising that we withhold
the commercial and political organ-

The movement of
me and will be inme so long as society

izing of agriculture.

the time

against

is

creasingly against
is

founded on commercial enmities; yet

If such
1 must still hold.

think that
organization
I

necessary

is

lects

perform,

to

become

not

in

order to

he office that government neg-

perform

hope that it will

permanent movement to

control affairs in the separate interest

of

farmer: yet one must express

the

sympathy

which cermovements arc

for the objects for

tain powerful organized

now contending.
Agriculture may

not have had the

should have had, but

ers to control their production as

support which

facturers control their output.

man sows more or fewer
a

has not had organized opposition. As

soon as it begins to make collective de-

manuWhether
acres

of

know what his crop

unpredictable conditions

wheat, he does not

be:

will

the

make the wheat crop are too many.

Organization for commercial offense,
or even for defense, is indeed a danIt is dangerous in itgerous weapon.
that

dangerous because it forces

government into compromises, and also
because it relieves government of its
plain obligations; it is dangerous because it sets one part of society against
another. In agriculture it is especially
dangerous: it has here all the danger
that it has in any other realm, and.
besides, it cannot change a single natural condition.
I have hoped that the
correctives of such commercial inequalself; it

ities as

is

may

exist in rural affairs

would

arise in the action of society as a whole,

that legislatures

and statesmen on their

own motion would apply

the remedies,

without pressure and therefore without

compromise.
I
have been willing to

it

it

mands,

so soon will all other interests

it.
The results on our
democracy may be dangerous and far-

begin to oppose

The incompetency of organization to

accomplish in agriculture what it has
been able to accomplish elsewhere may
be

illustrated

Farm

the

in

field

of

labor.

labor cannot be organized on the

same
dominate it on the farm there is
a natural day; the plants and animals
are governed by this day at any time
the weather may change the whole situation moreover, most of the farm labor
is also capitalistic, for the owner and
basis of other labor, nor can the

ideas

family are the operative organiza-

his

Hired labor

tion.

pail

<>f all

is

the labor:

minor

relatively a
it

is.

or should be.

ma\

resident labor except such excess as

be needed in certain kinds of harvest.

Much

of

the

labor

hired

is

the

in

The

process of acquiring ownership.

mass

remembering that we are here trying in develop a democracy and hoping

that we may eliminate the antagonisms

cannot apply to the rural situation; or

of differing interests.

tricts, the

farmer

labor and

set

wait,

have preferred
even that the rural interests should undergo disadvantages rather than that

we

-h.

th

agriculture

to

th.

if

movements

they arc

pletely

into

forced

his

organized

of

labor

into the rural

will

simply hire

disless

business more com-

nature-farming
re

of

aericulluiv

am

PERMANENT
where

the sufficiency of

is

LTURE AND DEMOCRACY

GRICl
soun

as a

ii

of supplies, together with the satisfac-

and opportunities for comfortable

and advancement thai it offers
Considered
those who engage in it.
from this angle, the agriculture of
China is nol satisfactory and therefore
tions

living

most

successful:

not

is

agriculture,

considering the world as a whole,

neither satisfactory nor successful.

is

place

as i" the

On

society.

comprises

substratum

beings hose necessity

for

come the

to

On

rulers.

artists,

farm class

itself

rulers,

in

co-

artists,

coordinate rather than

class

needs: this

the

is

and

capable of

thinkers,

directly

racy

from

strata

lateral

subordinate,
will

provide

to

leaders, thinkers,

affairs,

leaders,

human

of
is

the other basis, the

is

factor

producing

higher

subsistence

which are

operating

agriculture in

ni'

the one basis, the farme]

related

American

to

civil

agree thai we cannot have a democ"ii the tenner basis, Inch is

he
t

theory

of

class.

You

the
will

farmer

thai the

subordinate or peasanl
new Letter understand
is

the fundamental fact

demo

in a

On

the

one

basis

anny, stratified social

name

the

resl

oligarchy,

aristocracy,

-\

autocracy,

arrogancy,
stems,

\\

of the government.

tyr-

hatever
<

But

poetry.

does not

ii

division of

tions,

and

it

on the land. ..ii sui h

and such an ease of ai
-i-

it
and such freedom
new ownerships and combina-

as

to sell

ill

allow

it

in his

the

sure him the economii

dom
man.
the

to

make

This

man

is

is

the

farmer

bui

to

own name, ami

in- '-t

and

civic

bound

piece of

as-

free-

of himself as

equivalent to -;n ing thai

more important than thecrop.

mi landlordism quite
no aristocracy
is
:

so difficull to dislodgi

the aristocracy of land.

Landlordism

not agriculture; the agrarian ques

tions in the different countries are not
is

agricultural
a

However

questions.

ma\ he

pic

the land

part

id'

few

families

polil ically,
is

held by

free

large

if

relatively

and beyond their reach,

democracy.

thai people cannot he a

The world
ih'i

rest

ies ot

territorial

of

troubles

largely,

the iniquil

and

in

the

presenl

mostly, mi

fact

land confiscations and

The

expansion.

world

nun- at this moment to wrest

Germany I hope I'm- Germany's

is

from

good
the usurpations of feudalism and to
give hack to the people some of the
powers ami initiatives
pose

to

which we sup-

people arc horn.

all

These man}

statements have come

reflection on the situation in

my

We

this

Iishing

of

idyls

There

and

so hateful

develop himself and to partake in all

affairs, not to be merely a mudsill on
which a superstructure may rest.

quiring

the

to

shall net he

hereditary

rest

the contrary.

permanent

to

says that in China our

is ample
maintenance of one person. \o
man should he sentenced to one sixth
id' an acre id' land.
While democracy rests on the land,

China.

man

rling

land,

out of

rai

I.-,

every

that

sixth of an acre of good land

The fanner should have

man to

>ei

belongs

notion

istic

and chained

equal privileges with any ether

mean

ei

shall he a farmer, or thai in the

future -tale ef society ever} man shall
own sustenance. This social-

other basis rests the possibility of free

institutions.

i,

raise In-

the

>n

de

man

Yi>u

idea.

this

for the

This brings us to a statement of the

two theories, or at least the two practices,

Bj

are told that

has

'lima

think

that

serious difficulty

h ith

agriculture:

the most

i-

Ihina.
f the agriculture of China
is
permanent, then there is no outlook for
Chinese people except thai the}
shall remain just what they arc
The
same remark can he made for other
<

the

people-.

agriculture

of

this

type

is

to

the final prai

l-

p<

mi
I

ice ol

mankind, then there is no prospecl of

advancement and progress for the race
as

whole.

We

musl

distinguish

sharply between permanent agriculture

ami stationary agriculture.

MAJOR GENERAL

A.

W. GREELY

UNITED STATES ARMY, RETIRED

Commander

Polar Expedition, engaged in scientific work, 1881-84, at Lady

His expedition attained the "farthest' north" of that time and discovered the most northliy only one explorer. Peary.
Enlisting in the Civil War. where he was thrice wounded, he reached the rank of captain and of
Appointed in the regular army, he was the first etdisted man to reach the grade of
brevet major.
hrigadier general, hccninihg u< < s^.\ -I\ chief signal officer and major general.
In addition to being the
author of main scientific publications, he has constructed more (has twenty thousand miles of telegraph
lines, including war lines in Cuba, China, and the Philippines, as well as the system of four thousand
miles of aerial, cable, and wireless lines in Alaska.
In recent years his ad ministration of San Francisco
rel
f
leratiom al the tin
the earthquake and fire, and service as military ambassador at the coronation of Kin- Immi-i
,a
leii important items among the duties that have fallen to him.
In connection
with his interest in the flora and fauna of polar lands, see pp. 358 to 425, Vol. II. of Three Tears of
...
in- personal work on the plants and animals of C.rinncll Land
of

the

Internationa]

Franklin Bay.

erly

hind

the latter achievement exceeded in thirty-live years

region, show u

Environments

Terrestrial Life in Polar

By

VITA

A.

W. G R E E

and engrossing is the tishaking the

I.

tanic struggle now

foundations of ci\ ilization,

invoh ed the sun

rerj

wherein is
world-wide democracy, which i- stunted
in growth and threatened with extermination by an environment of irresponi

sible

often

autoi

nature presents

Set

rai

i"

similar aspects

the

of

forms of

of various
ti-ml their

the survival of their

I

the

scheme

Dr. C.

gist,

zones outlined

ions

adverse

conditions

suitable

for existence

life

is

e\

The

thereof.

controlling influi
plant

ire

confined

seems
to

the

Amern

such

as b

Within

tent where the

the

Musei m

\\

polar environment

thai most,

31

and indeed

herein

ai

is

cer-

opmeni

and perpetuation impossible.

and heroic storj o
3
companions discloses the inabilof man. even n ith perfei
ii-

ity

his

ti

Antarctica.
lowest

in

on the ire-clad con!

Thereon, indeed, are to be

the

and

scantiest

hardiest

the ameliorating influi

quantities the

species

these Burvive only with

views

An

tain points all forms of life find devel-

found

polar zon
the readers of the

Journal.
While the

b a

millions of squa

irticle "ii

subject, although

the

however,

and

to
I

tin-

h ithin

segregating

Eactors in

idem

life, yet

importance.

ous floras and fauna-, but also the ab-

on

land

of

and tropical regions represenl exceed-

biolo-

moisture and temperature with the vari-

in

ii

largely

several

hi

of

m more
sen e, thi
upon the studies and
competent scientists along this or
parallel lines of polar phenomena.
\- is well known, certain extended
ii

are clearly

thi

solute dep

y< iai

petuation of animal, human, or plan!

American

re-

persona]

of

and limited

life

Man Merriam,

forth noi onlj

sulting from

or to secure

spi

ol

distinguished

set

eithi

life

own domination

naturally arc tinged with opinions

ingly

I.

observations during three

sei

Somewhat akin i" this ruthless war

mankind i- the never ending

of

life:

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

The

extenl and distribution of these

regions,

desolate

unvisited

yet

as

by

man, have been made known through

the

of

investigations

Dr. William S. Bruce.

the

in

lished

Magazine
that

polar

An

expert,

article, pubGeographical

sets

forth that at

1906,

in

polar

Scottish

time the unknown areas of the

regions
aggregated
7,550,000

square miles, practically equal to the

area of the continent of North America.

These unvisited areas have not demore than oil. nod square miles

creased

The unknown

since that date.

cover

the
Arctic regions
square miles.
The

seas

id'

1,330,000

unknown regions
within the Antarctic circle aggregate
6,320,000 square miles, of which area
the continent of Antarctica includes

5,470,000 miles, the rest being ocean.

The continent of Antarctica, which
in size the combined conEurope and Australia, virtu-

approximates
tinents of

ally covers all

land areas of the south

polar zone, and

it

presents the most

adverse environment for

life

the land surface of the earth.

alone that
sterile,

its

forms on
It

is

not

ten thousand miles of

practically

inaccessible

coast

an always stormy, ice-encumbered

sea, Inn that the continent itself has an
average elevation estimated at more
than double that of any other. It rises
sharply from the frozen ocean to the
central ice plateau, at an elevation of
ten thousand feet or more surrounding
the South Pole.
The whole continent
is buried by an almost
unbroken sheet
faces

of glacial neve, hundreds,

sands, of
lation

are

above the

if

not thou-

Here and
monotony and deso-

in thickness.

feet

there the extreme

relieved
ice of a

by the projection
barren peak in the

interior, or by the ice-free face of high

sheer precipices along the sea

The

\delir Land,

The

average

100 miles from the pole.

annual

temperature

is

thirty

de-

the year along about two thousand miles

The annual
temperature at the South Pole has been
estimated roughly at forty degrees beof the Antarctic Circle.

low

zero.

Scott,

it

may

be

recalled,

when hundreds

of miles from the pole,

experienced for ten consecutive days in
March (our September) an average

temperature of sixty-eight degrees below freezing. Violent gales, with winds

of fifty miles or more an hour, are frequent and prolonged, under which the

snow

enormous masses, bury-

drifts in

ing the whole country.

As to south
polar climate in general, Nordenskidld
says: "'rite study of the climate and

known

Antarctica

of

glaciation

us

to

has

new type

is

nent.

The Antarctic climate

prevalent

by

its

cold

in

whole contiis

distin-

summer, beyond

comparison the coldest

The

made

of climate,

which
guished

the

in

world."

impossibility of life existence or

survival under such conditions is evi-

dent, save for the hardiest

and most

tenacious forms.

may

It

be mentioned that the Ant-

Cambrian, Devoand Permian periods pertain, so

made known, largely to

arctic fossils of the

nian,

far as has been

oceanic forms, those of the land being

few in

species.

It is interesting that a

wondrous forms of life,

perhaps the richest of all oceans, should
encircle a continent that has never
known man as an inhabitant. Equally
absent are forms of animal terrestrial
life
and of land birds.
Flowering
sea filled with

plants are likewise lacking.

That

it

was not always

the rocks of
the

front.

practically impossible temperafor the

sustenance of terrestrial
life "ii the continent of Antarctica are
indii .-it'll l>\ the climatic conditions of

tures

above zero about

slightly

grees below the freezing of water and

this is the approximate temperature Eor

so is read in

Antarctica, and through

discovery of coal near the South

Pole.

The recurring changes

of this

continent in past ages have been beautifully referred to by Dr. Hedley, who

"By the light of the magician's

lamp we watch the summer of the
cycles dawn.
The glow of life returns,
saiil

TERRESTRIAL LIFE IX POLAR ENVIRONMENTS

549

these adverse conditions thai the world

mosl conspii uous vegetation of

\dehr Land."
Antarctic mosses usually -ro in clumps with an occasional
midst.
Sometimes moss
hepatic in the
and lichen- form a -mall tundra, which
i- used as a nesting place by skuas and
'The luxuriant growths of these
gulls.
mosses and lichens in penguin rookeries are significanl of their origin and

now

continuance.

melts,

ice-mask

the

At

mantle.

last

green

Kink

pling brooks, of singing

soming

and of

flowers,

spreads

comes of

vision

of blos-

glades

Eoresl

rip-

in

the heart of Antarctica."

adds elsew here: "At presenl

Antarctica lies dead and cold under its
It
white winding sheei of snow."
is
Bui

lie

confronts.

It

that

is

interesting to note, in passing,

to

an American polar artist F.

the world is indebted for

Stokes

\V.

the earliest collection of Antarctic fos-

the

tic

mosl
sists

They were only

dozen

in

Weller

Professors Stuarl

importance.

and T. W. Stanton identified three of

is claimed
them as Cretaceous, and
i1

that

the correlation of

they establish

the Antarctic beds w ith the

"Middle or

Upper

beds

with

the

Cretaceous

India

tropica]

iitiiret ica

those

of

ice-clad

In tin- e

..pinion

with

of

ted ion

Dr.

to be

is

T.

II.

.!

noted the

n-eii.

the

of

Shackleton Expedition, 1901 1909. Be

reports thai experiments sho\i the lack
of vegetation due noi to the poverty of
the

Antarctic

bui

soil

to

the

severity

the

Seott

lasi

expedition

there

were rare instances of life of the lower

red
green moss, tinj insects
and blue springtails which hibernate
'Taylor
in or near the moss beds.
relates that they were normally "frozen
stiff in a thin film of ice, adhering to
orders:

When the stone was

summer sun. and the ice

the stones.
to the

moved aboul

the springtails

until the -mi lefl

In

Adelie

fresh-water

tom-,

I,

-l

mi Ited,

'The terrestrial

found

oi

among

life

terrestrial

life

i-

con-

insects

these

islands

is

the Kereiielen group, latitude

in

twelve

degrees south, more than

hundred mile- north of the

Antarci

ic

forty-nine

sponding

in

le,

a ith

in

noi

hi

latitude

.one

Maine

\n

rn

nexed to France and occupied as a

whaling station, the Kerguelens have
n the field of tentative, hut

not suc-

cessful colonization as a stock

Horses, -hep. and hoe- u

while unfortunatelj

,.|v

rabbits,

ounl

imported,
rat-,

have invaded the island through

etc..

visit-

lake-

Mawson found

algae,

and

There

also on Gaussberg,

bacteria,

in

dia-

rotifera,

were

mosses,

and lichens, the

Mr. Henry Bossiere, who passed fii

teen months on the group, furnishes
the following information as to the various

form-

there:

"Nowhere

tree, bui

of

terrestrial
i>

lasi

on red sandstone being "an example of

single

|.

It

has large roots, suitable for

fuel, and
itleafy branches
times to the heighi of fifteen to twenty
inch,-.
It
i- the main
forage for the
-took. Sheep and hoe- ea ( j|
1
greal
-vv

as

found

life

to he -ecu

over verj extensive area- there

-row- an Antarctic forage plant, cal'ed

acoena. which resembles the pit
the plant which i- used by whaler- for
tea

them."

;md.

protozoa,

microscopic.

-cult-.

almosl entirel]

in- -hip-.

of the climate.
In

t-

and vegeIndigenous human and anitation.

mal life is missing, although there are
\ isitors
from the sea
'The most favorable environment for

of

Southern India." What vasl sjeologii a]

changes since the time when climatic
conditions associated the life forms of

ins

eye-visible

Zone, yet the life of those ishlllds

Dum-

ber, hnt they proved to be of geological

sils.

Tm\

have been found also.

Subantarctic islands offer a less hostile environment than doc- the intaxi

and the horses have no other

food lor six month- of
Allyear.

relish,

1.

THE AMERICAN MCSh'CM JOURNAL

great clusters, sometimes being three

in

dying out,
the rabbits make their burrows
as
amongsi these bunches and destroy the
Similarly the well-known Kerroots.
guelen cabbage is steadily disappearing, except on the islands and high
land unoccupied by the rabbits. Moles
Among the
and field mice abound.
numerous insects are wingless flies,
feet

in height.

is

It thus appears
etc."
most fertile and favorable
land presents extremely

ants,

spiders,

this

that

This plant

subantarctic

limited life forms.

Let us turn to south polar lands

about four hundred miles nearer to the
continent of Antarctica.

The

known

best

of these islands

the standpoint of life

This land

Georgia.
est to

is

is

from

perhaps South

of especial inter-

the American Museum, which ob-

its important Antarcthrough the American

Expeditionof
1912. With this
Museum
expedition a young but well-known

tained therefrom
tic

collections

naturalist, Mr. B.C. Murphy,

Brooklyn Museum, passed four

American
of the

months in researches on this island, and

from him certain data of much interest
have been obtained. Indigenous animals
are wanting, but man has introduced
horses, rats, and reindeer, all of which
thrive

in

wild state.

The

Crozets,

Kerguelen Land, and other snow-covered austral islands have no land birds
of any kind, hut in South Georgia is to
he found a land species peculiar to the
island, a titlark

The
restrict

(Anthus antarcticus).

severe climatic conditions closely

vegetation.

In

striking con-

but fifteen flowering species are known.

The most
that

days

using

pecially near tin- sea.

is-

to the ad-

named

I"

fleas, beetles, flies,

May

flies,

ami swarms of springtails. The freshwater lakes are devoid of fish. Considering the climate, it is remarkable that
so

much

terrestrial life exists.

suggestive paragraph in Mr.

Mur-

phy's narrative happily illustrates the

environment.
He says: "All summer
long hundred-ton ice blocks fell thunderingly from a beautiful valle\ glai iei
neai- by."

South Georgia has a typical AntarcThe average temperature

tic climate.

for the year is but slightly above the

freezing point.
1,

all

On January

(our July)

1913, half an inch of ice formed on

Gales are
the fresh-water ponds.

Ifrequent and violent, the winds exc

ing at times one hundred miles an hour
and averaging nearly forty miles an

Snow

hour for an entire month.

in

every

able

the austral

much

vantage of the wild horses of the island.

An earthworm, a mite, and rock spiders
are found.
Among the insects are to

there arc greal

Eorests,

for beverage purposes, calling

it

days out

togams abound to the number of perhaps two hundred species, hut the vascular plants scarcely reach a score, and

is

u "Kerguelen tea" from the island

where it was first used. It is a rosaceous plant (Acoena adscendens) , with
round, red flowering heads, and its
hardiness is evident from its frequently
pushing itself up to the air and to the
sunlight through beds of snow.
A vigorous tall tussock grass (Poa
fldbellata) is extremely abundant, es-

trast with Labrador, where, in a latitude corresponding with South Georgia,

land has not even a single shrub. Cryp-

attractive plant to the eye

which American whalers in olden

made familiar to the world by

sleet,

month
id'

of the year,

six

there

or eohl rain.

contrast

with

is

and on

falls

five

either snow.

What an unfavorArctic

conditions.

anywhere and everywhere!

phenomena
later number of

Possibly the north polar

may
the

be discussed in a

Journal.

Map

f.f

tones in which fox farming i- feasible in the United

excellent, and the Transition Zoni

life

where conditions are

Why
A

Ami

we are prone
first

frit

to

led

E A R B
United

he East were hut

Since

protei tion

elements, -km- of animals

oi

"I'

tin-

fur-

tin-

fori

came Wesl

others which

the important

of

Su

Biological

population

need

States

for

of

forgei

the

>

of

part played by the fur industry.

man

Bureau

the exploration and devi

X<>rth

Till'.

NED

tj

considering the factors which

of the

Furs?

LITTLE-KNOWN INDUSTR1
OF FUR FARMING

Biologist,

IXto

Own

Not Raise Your

FEW FACTS ABOUT

pace, ami

source of supply was welcomi

French ami

\-

the

world increased, the

kr]it

new

in

the

'I

English explorers

N.'u

World

have been in demand for clothing, and

when no longeT an actual
ssity, because displaced by woven materials,
held their own in the esteem
of mankind on arc. nut of their beauty.

dians
fur,-,

were ignorant of the value of

ami hence an enormous profit was

fore

pushed boldly into the wilderness,

Marco

way

against

tin"'

whose

Polo,

narration

traveler,

of

Lr rv;it

his

wanderings
furs,

and the

trading companies then

formed

thrilled the world, told

<>f

-""ii

discovered that the In-

braving

all

turist.

North
traders,

difficulties

ami paving the

the 1' adventurous agricul-

for

Many

of

tin- firsl

settl d

iunded by the fur

\:

t"

whom

the Canadian

prov551

THE AMEL'ICAX MUSEUM JOURNAL

owe their

inces

on

start

road to

tlic

Today

business of fur trading

the

an important factor of our commerce.

is

American

North

furs

approximate value of sixty

an

million

marEngland

annually

keted in the United States and

have

vance of the farmer, they are followed

into almost inaccessible regions by the

prosperity.

Although the Euro-

dollars.

trapper,

who

urged on by the stimu-

is

lus of high prices.

fore, that

many
less

It is evident, there-

demand

for furs before

supply can be increased by

propagation.

this

artificial

pean war has decreased the demand to

the

years will exceed the supply, un-

To meet

these conditions a

new

in-

of

fur

The mink was one of the first fur be!

the -lair of New York titty years ago.
temper

il

be<

dangerous

to

handle

some extent, exports from the United

dustry

Slates alone during the fiscal year ended

farming,

June

30, 1916,

amounted

nine million dollars.

to

more than

glance

at

the

is

ing animals

the
1

domesticated.

mals were once

consumer, and at the

ordinary

-nine

lime cause wonder that there should he

a

fur-bearing animal

As

matter of

hearers

is

still

fact the

.-teailil\

in existence.

number

decreasing.

farther into the wilderness by

of fur

DriveD
tile

ad-

of

fur-bear-

Generally

in captivity.

market reports dealing with furs and

num-

raising

speaking, fur-bearing animals are easily

giving figures showing the actual

ber of skins handled will surprise the

up that

springing
or

there

is

every

All
in

our domestic ania

reason

wild
to

state,

believe

and
that

Fur-bearing animals in the stricter sense of

the trim l.elonj; to the families of carnivores
the
1

Mnsteliila',

Canidai'

and

Ursid.-e,

which

embrace

weasels,
martens, sables, badgers, skunks,
wolverenes, otters, sea otters, fo\es, wolves, ami
hears; and the families of rodents which include
beavers, muskrats, squirrels, and marmots.
In a
broader sense the lerm applies to all animals which
yield pelts used in the preparation of marketable
the

NOT RAISE YOUR OWN FURSf

117/}"

animals now

be

are readil]
of

ai

captivity.

this

new enterprise,

Experiments have

o\i n

furs.

ried

on for some years, until

ith

at

suitable for d
the

have

been

-i

i<

tested

which

those

partly tested

marten,

lie

this

for

have

silver fox
in

$30

ing

man]

been

doned.
as

to

predict

in

January,

1917

mi

days

those

ii

was

and,

Lat<

ov

ill''

to

busi-

a]

industry,

h ber

it

lias

id.i1

proved

those engaged

more than
in

it.

fur bearer peculiar to the Western

skunk,

in

the

tts

dium length
a

pression,

d<

has

orable,
etor]

animals bring-

live

After being

re\ ived

found
mosl

ultimate success with

also.

is

lVi

-'-II

unprofitable and

Hemisphere, the

fox,

sufficient!] conclusive in

nimals

lounty,

money-making

been

onl]

Expi riments,

.)-.

in

pair.

ii

ame

purpose are the

fisher, otter, blue

have been

<

and

breed

period of financial

parts of the United States and Canada.

Among

ineida

<

seem

and of these

ation,

successfully

fur

fifty yi

undertaking, the skins being

America

ank, and

-i

bred

dark brown

nearl]

is

ion.

Aboul one half the

STorth

of

ers

bi

country was the

this

high priced and the

with good results.

I

Ii

in

qi

assured, while others are being

fur

man

bi

li

their

aise

fur

mosl durable as well as mosl

lie

beautiful.
in

\\

in

oft,

and also an oppi

:,:,:;

wild

thi

ol

Persons

fond of pets

eess

Their dispositions as well as

tamed.

tions

may

eventually

wild

finesl

specimens being

United

States,

is

the

glistening black fur of meis

very attractive and

ready sale notw ithsta

ipped

i.i

the United

lias

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

long

thai

causes

use

commonly

was

districts,

well-settled

in

tried

Brst

domestica-

for

Today

tion aboul thirty years ago.

number

skunk breeders

of

the other

all

breeders of fur animals combined.

pretty animal

This

of

reporl

were

in

months

simjililies

the

for

The trade

in

it.

amounts

remaining

during the severe winter

ilen

its

as pleasing a

Its habit of

work of caring
skunk furs alone

the United States to three

in

million dollars a year, slightly exceeding in value the

mink

The

mal

the

all

pioneers in
until

farming had

fur

were able to send

which year

in

1910,

London

to

pelts bringing

shipment of twenty-five

an average price of more than thirteen

hundred dollars each.

fact

became public

that

many

engage

a- this
As si
was only natural

others should he anxious to

interesting and

this

in

it

mone\ he

invest all the

uliial

and mortgage

profit-

Not only did the private

able business.

farm

his

to obtain

hail

more,

and con-

is

hut

which

is

tinued up to the outbreak of the Euro-

found

nearly

in

and

States

fox.

parts of the United

all

This

Canada.

fox

is

melanistic color phase of the red

Vulpes),

upper

in

parts

fos

fill's

191

ill

rife

when the demand

I.

for

diminished greatly, and specula-

tion, for a

time

at least,

slopped.

lur-

ing this period price- were greatly in-

are

flated, so that in the fall of

by
remain as

producing the

and most

usual,

speculation became

pean war

which the red hairs of the

black, while the white hairs

entirely

replaced

rarest

Skins

valuable of fos pelts.

id'

the

tiller

grade- are valued at from one thousand

In

fifteen

at

live stock.

new permanently domesticated

the silver or silver-gray

more

The value

million dollars, or twice that of

ordinary farm

there

foxes,

half silver black.

than

Agri-

id'

1913,

ranches stocked

with twenty-five hundred

imln

industry.

Another American fur-hearing ani-

for

of these ranches was placed

they

makes quite

easily,

pel as a kitten.

l-land

that year v'^

in

monopoly

moved

Commissioner

the

culture of the

tamed and, aside

easily

is

the

coun-

in this

greater than thai of

i-

try

This animal, so

even

found

fade to

to

it

reddish brown color.

ranch-bred cubs

six

1913 good

month.- old brought

from eleven to fifteen thousand dollars

A- was inevitable under such
a pair.

much

conditions,

dearly bought experi-

twn thousand dollars each.

ence was gained, resulting to the good

Breeding silver foxes has been suc-

..I'

carried

cessfully

mi

years

Prince

"l-e here in

in

and

first

about

1894

pair- of silver

runner of

number
l-land

of

capital

sufficient

staying powers to remain

in

or

the busi-

and

of the

there

United

are

fox

most of the Canadian provin

ranch on
in

Edward

present

territories of the

built

who had

lanada, as well as in sev-

At

ranches
inces

mere northern

eral of the

Slates.

on for

those

through ignorance and carelessness in

Hencehese matters was eliminated.
i

fourteen states and

forth,

with

The

price-

for

United State-.

Prince Edward

and

slocked

Foxes,

great

percentage of the losses coming

large

l-land.

with

proved the

industry

in

healthy

return

the
the

to

stock,

development

of

moderate
and

steady
fos

farming

two
lore-

that re-

Without doubt, when properly manmay become a profit-

aged, fur farming

able

undertaking.

1-ike

all

business

NOT RAISE

IIY
are looked

quired

place

t>>

favorable
failure

is

mi

ii

work

the

less

capital

sufficient

for,

is

carried

litions

Eor

include a

as well

I,

as

"II

//

choosing

ii

fur bearer

and

consideration

first

much

study of the

farm, the

climate, which has

id

least

tant.

mental

rainfall are impor-

moderate

ii

short hot

summer

not detri-

is

followed by n season of ErostA

if

weather during which the animals

new

their

coats.

fur

harsh,

make

shine injures
ai ter.

It

wooded

winds tend

lr\

in

and

olor

has been found that

to

har

in

where the greater

quired to secure

that

and

last

suggests

effort

re-

di

least

at

'In

is

Ii

evident that

care as

of

in better

manj

wild animals as

in

of

has in oui

ii

domesticated ones has been

Within

the case of foxes.

sixti

of the time the two pioneer fox breeders

of

Edward

Prince

Island

their

built

ranch they had eliminated the tendency

of the silver foxes to produce red pr

were sending

eny and

market

to

pelts in the world.

Eos

finest

so

ii

Eai

nli fur bearers.

is

should

strive

irding

perfect

to

some

to

\-

the
witl

as

11

is

very important

development of

finest

specimens of don

stoi

those which have been fed most wisely,

breeder's

plan i" discover

all

hi

and methods of

relative

The

ireeding.

n ild skins,

his

standard.

in the

ti

condition than the

grove

ling
That careful and selective br
will produce greatly improved stock in

the elements must of necessity be

fr

nei

then

is

midst

the

in

everj

ani-

and

shade during the middle

The farm

on

for the higher character of ra

furs.

ven.

timid

are

fox,

prefer to kee

the

in

located

coarser body covering.

d a

The

the
d

than that of furs from bare tracts of

country,

other

some
us

poultry, horses, and other farm animals,

in

districts furs are darker in color

more exposed regions and

the quality is softer and mon

than

re-

while excessive sun-

both

it

Eor thi

n es

do with the character of the

A long cold season and
produced.

I'm-

nt

is

an

quiet

mals,

of the

Eor the

site

R&

tion of n high grade o

individual traits of the animal.

I

In and sunn}

ii.

suitable

localitj

proper housing, and

"i

I'Ol

animals,

These condi-

to the nature of the special

kind

under

on

the

nd to result

ist

Un-

linn basis.

re-

is

the pr

ss

of

value of breed-

demand and

in

particular on the char-

of which are worn and imperfeel

coloring.
ality

Something of
for

\'uv

tl

Prolific

animals

to

ch

lice

11

judged by the quality of fur

quality of

by the native

course wo

ai

belonging

fur have

been

purposes than ordinary

fixed,

are of

How

Mah-tah, the


Bats of the Belgian Congo*
rent popular value, a welcome, addition
food supply;

mammals
Bv

Hum

negro',

on our planet adapted for flight

L A N G

E K B E R T

II

African

to tJu

ultimate scientific interest, the only

in

A M E

HA

('

P.

1 I

American Museum, which penetrated into

distance rit' from twelve hundred to two
the northeastern si'i-t ion of the lielgiun Congo fur
We present here some
thousand miles, was the gathering of larger mammals and birds.
results,
extremely
the
ii" of
minor
an
interesting collection of Chiroptera.
The
notes
many zoological expeditions that have entered a similar field in Africa, even the more sueeessful ours, have brought home only ten or fifteen of the commoner bats from the regions
usually in great haste. Our collection numbers about 800 specimens.
they traversed
In oiiler to mark an advance in zoological explorations, the authorities of the American
Museum of Natural History and the friends who helped support this expedition extended the
privilege of continuing well-organized research work over five years in one of the least
T In-

object

Kxpeditiou

ui' tin- I'liniin

cif

the

si

explored and most interesting regions of Central Africa. As this area usually is considered
should a kindly fate
the mosl unhealthful on the globe, much depends on physical fitness,
The
lei
one escape from the hundred and one chances of infection by tropical diseases.

makes even the

burden impossible, so that thouabundance of tsetse

sands of miles have to be covered on foot under disagreeable and adverse circumstances. As
the
moist
account
of
climate,
collections are especially
and
on
rains
daily
a result of the
Yet the specimens, exceeding a hundred thousand in number, arrived
liable to destruction.
Their
packing
in
of about sixty pounds
American
Museum.
loads
the
in perfect, condition at
flies

use of beasts of

nines the only mode of transportawas especially annoying, but. in the interior, porterage
For more than five years we were out of reach of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones,
tion.
and never heard a steam whistle or saw a motor ear. Tiif. AUTHORS.
1

BATS

from

known

Belgian

the

up

have,

the

to

very

Congo

present,

been

except

by a

little

few dry skins and skulls in museums.

Travelers report having seen hundreds.
or even thousands, roosting head down-

ward

regions of the

Eorest

But
Congo an

or migrating.

in the trees,

in the

may cover

Linsuspecl ing traveler

thou-

sands of miles on the beaten track with-

animals escaping

of
<

more than the noises

ever hearing

oul

he

(r

may
\,,i,

lection

of

1917,
Pis

,63

see

i,

Bj

uin

A.
B!l
Art.

J.

l.\

Distribution

thi
1

.,-.,11,11

'Jli

and

Hi

.!...,

i|,

nun

twentj nine

Ml

n cent

Herbert

Lang,

Uu. Nat.
XVIII. pp. 405and map.
pp. 405-478; Notes

list.

tii;iins

text

.'

>i\t\ ei-ht

are

approach.

Ecologj nf Central Afri196

Field Notes, pp.
publication deals with the

IT

,.
(

197

his

longo Expedition Col-

XXXVII,

Vol

XLIY

Systematic
,,i

Allen,

lhapir

\i

at

tew troops of noisilj

,u,

i,

Bats.

.,,,

Brat

.,

different

bats,

of

which

The
discovered forms.
newlj
record ot their life histories
J.

nt

p]

,,

,,1'."

phe hj

fee!

Mr Lang

hundred and fifty

in the somber

above the ground

From

canopies.

the

tales

tives or his porters, he

may

of

the na-

learn about

the devastation caused, often long ago,

elephants

by

nately
thai

stories

Unfortuman-eating leopards

buffaloes.

or
of

arried off children and attacked

women,
We know

are based

ften

on

facts.

two white men

during our slay killed within their very
boisterously
laughed
tents.
had
Both
at

of

at

least

the tales of the terrified natives.

To

show their courage they left their tents

open during the night. Rudely shaken
out of then- sleep, they had noi enough
time to

call

for

help,

so

quickly did

these leopards crush their skulls.

ihiIn
1

he

In

one case was the leopard killed by

armed

Our

sentinel.

excellent

relations with the na-

tives in the Belgian

illustrations.

,.,.,-, eld

monkeys,

passing'

Congo helped us

in

fill

sill
S-5SS

5 If s&l

h -s.a gag
5 85-aM

Sf?iS

si -81

|3

E -5|

OF THE BELG1

the search for rarer animals evi n more

than the cordial and kind assistance we

received Erom the officials horn

he

\im!

for bats, the lack of

CONGO

:,:,ii

Although hardly any

jected

we had

fortune to meel occasionally

as

ii-

i""
ai g(

to the

natives

small,
i

fame of bats
consider

spei

ii

mastiff

bats,

onl ribute

much
The

the

olonies,

as delicacies.

disagreeabl

lor

an

dneing herds of cattle

with dogs and chii
only ;is a meager substitute and wiilt annibalism
virtually
abolished
had
developed in these Congoi

groes

in

esi

keen

inter-

in the haunts of this

odd -nunc of food supply.
est

more

satisfac-

grasshop-

Mi, in

or

pers

The

aterpillars.

smaller species, inhabiting

holloa
or

rocky clefts,

rees,

aves,

on

are,

wi

li

ome

aumbi

of their greal

the

iii

her

igei

"bal

as

rs,

larger

and

villages,"

ii

in

he

finds fruil

bats hooked to-

gether

clusters

in

he

be-

lieves the
nol

i"

from the

wel

gel

daily rain, and

amused

hi

younger

the

thai

ing to cling out-

ones,

li;i\

side,

complain

Mam
pairs

and

others

singly

sleep

or

in

the

in

matter

no

how eautioush appn

chiseled

quickly emerges

snoul

from

its

restful pose between the soft

e

dark

the

twitching

ings,and

ears

and

twinklingi

informatio
tropin.
i

less,

in
i-iil

ewfruitbatsjust
take wing, and

conclude thai

nt> -

behind

all
1

the day.

uketfula of what

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

The
on

bats
a

make

splinter

choice
ill'

broiled over the

fire,

condiment

bul

as

morsels spiked
I.

singed

the bowels

pressed

and

left

oul

in

just

Meat and bones are

before serving.
crunched with delight. The canines of
insectivorous bats, which the natives

great care
lief,

the]

for, according to general bewould pierce the stomach,

Among

with sure death as a result.

Mangbetu the
(Molossidae)

king

as

Roasted

fat.

the

wrinkle-lipped bats

are ofteii

broughl

to

the

an especially dainty dish.

and arrayed in rows of five,
and ten on a rod, they
make a very welcome present
bul Should the donor
;

forget

to

needles he

break out
is

Suspected

of an intention to

All

their

guilty of the

gravest offense.

murder

BATS OF THE BELG1

sweep across

violence

\.f.

lie

ountry

al-

with

moisture-laden

the

accounts

the

for

vampires

atmosphere,

ripening

has,

In. h

of

(1

found

not

throughoul the year. L'pon these fruits

the t'nii bats depend entirely for their
sustenance, bul the) have to n o

'<

ii

and

Vfrica,

il

fame am

mi bats

all

over the orld.

Fruit

in

common

Erica ca

tricts

sueb

nual

and trees leafless

and the fields m
such

is

on

bul
of

ii

migrations,

effects

other kinds

frosts

appear

for a

ate

From

short tin*

of Africa

mbrellas

a dozen more
forms are known,
these
occur
everywhere as oc-

bat

When

;t

bat

eyes

from the glare

w- can *,.,

sleeping

1*

migrate.

the lookout for

changes
and

scarcit}
ilie\

bring

i" the fruit

abun-

north of the equat

are forced to

In the coastal disi ricts,

imported

hoM
fruit
;i-

make

This

and

resi-

Thus

fruit available at all times.

few fruit bats to become

dents.

Fruit

to

nearly

by
bats
t<>

Pteropodidae

Africa

and

tropi

the
;i

|>-

bats that onlj

importance
a

few
-

are the

whal they are at that time

south of the equator. Furthermore, the
essential features of the flora remain

tree- has altered the conditions -"

stricted

have

the

danger
i

ever, the cultivation of

;i

ver

the

leaves

dance of food supply,

allows

<>f

pea red.

seasonal

alternating

time

sun

of ill"
little

here

well-defined

Within

short

fore
.

about

ellllM

verj

khaki-coli

strag-

As

the

temper-

again and flowers

protect the bat

Inn

glers.

on

during

<>hl\

casional

heavj

of
in

gestsitself.
b

resl

uli

'

I'eu

ill-

barren

dition thai a com-

fre-

quent
in;i\

"shrubs

the

left

In

regioi

common,

and

intry

Mosl of these

leasl

have

lire>

fruit

are very rare.

every

scar-

after the an-

cest

eaten slowly across

kinds of

bats

Fruit

of course

is

are

by only

twenty-fiv<

cm

and

iiny
ii

uninter-

Eoresl

litcil

well-

uli

square

>f

ruptei

bt

than

mo

-c

id

dis-

forest

the

two hunand
fifty

Hi

inh;

in

covered

ruin

condil ions.
yel

uralh more

tfowhei

find

il.\

but

roosts

lished
a re rial

supply.

they,

yet

others, have helped to in-

all

crease the e\

eontinuallv

from South America,

however, the blood-sucking
smodontidse I. These are
in

more than

fruits

561

absent

steady temperature

aboul one hundred degrees,

n!'

CONGO

same over the entire eastern

the

southern
the

in

adjusting

it

Ethiopian

Bubregions

bats of these districts,

their

migraton

flights,

might easily escape the anpleasanl and

inevitable conditions of an-

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

within

thrin

range

fragrance

the

of

ripening

of

frail

throughout the year,

Inn

th.".

if

chose t"

country

trave] across

between

and

grees

north

the

regard to

migrations

regular

"laTge

and

and

record,

on

are

de-

of

observa-

positive

tions with

only

five

Although

equator.

no

degrees

five

south

flights"

num-

"great

ng

grounds of the smooth-faced "tomb-bat"

Taphozous
are over wide, steaming river beds.
Cts silver-gray bach

date

without

bers,"

the

in

belly,

or locality, are found

and

erect ears, short-haired, pointed muzzle,

relatively

descriptions

by various travelers,

occurrence

the

several species

of

Eido-

helvnm. Rousset-

lon

tus leachi.Roussett'us

Epomo-

agyptiacus,

phorus

wahlbergi,

Epomophorus
rus)

anu-

across the east-

and

ern

southern

portion of the Ethiopian subregion would

be

good reason to
migration as

suggest

the only

possible so-

lution of their pres-

ence throughoul

the

entire territory, where

they

wmild

have

to

starve should thej re-

main

in

one region

ring spread of
a

peli)

more than two

the largest

of

the

feet

makes

inseel feeding

tins

"haws

species

in

bat"

Africa.

[Sacco
Often

swoop across the village spaces,

ng short chirping or squeaking sounds as they eolne nearer in mnroonlighl

nights,

dozen

or

so

throughoul the year.

The

fruit-eating

l>ats are usually luiilt on a heavier plan

than their insect-feeding relatives, and
although thej grovi to a much greater
size, -oino \er\ small forms are on rec-

The head is nearly always more

elongate and the ears are mure simple,

ord.

with borders joining below.

ally

The gener-

more rounded wines have, besides

long thumb,

claw on the second

finger;

This enables them to use the

supplementary foot, when climbing
about the trees in search of fruit, and
h iing as

.'

as a

hand

while

CONGO

to help hold the fruit

When

feeding.

Kais are

THE BELG1

use

its

the

at

rest,

membranes

are

against

rain

as

the
sun.

these

stensible

often

folded

protei tion

.1

or

tl

'ontrarv

the

to

beha^ ior of insectivorous bats,

the larger fruit

when

bats,

let

loose in a room, fly against ob-

and

indows with the

same injurious
thej

highh devel-

nse orga qs in

rhe

anes

birds,

as

effect

lack

heir ing

tail

either

is

much reduced or entirely absent.

They also are devoid of
a

continuous caudal membrane,

birth upon their long
i
At any rate.
i

legs for steering.

them

Eor

means

of

onlj

is

from tree to
and nol an

travel

tree to obtain fruit,

importanl

factor

the rapid

in

and eager pursuit of

ing prey, as

the

in

sectivorous bats.
specialized

forms

Tli.

that

the

most

times dis-

at

unities

fast-fly-

ase of in-

them

place

successful
1

iuth

wider than

mammals and
son with the

n id

Such

lows or goatsuckers.
-

Ever] insect
i"

other

net.

death instantly by the sharp

i

li.

We

greatly

more or
nasal

less

easy

to

see

;!?--,

wireless

he fastest

among them.

time the

Thus

Their suc-

and cleverness in catching

and thi rapidity with
which the) masticated the tiny

cess

oul

that

calls

full flight were

through the mil
idence of
the stomach contents from specimens

shot

"ii

the wing.

They

and grind their prey

literally

cut

and mouth, but the

mouth are various

eyes,

appei

forth

among

in
t >

branches

'

arrow
as in those thai

thai

the

ndn

The

in

objects,

<

fly

as swallows, oj

to dust

of

proximity

the

and

as swiftl}

inded, as
flutter

aimless

aboul apparently

fashion

of

butterflies.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

II

KIM
wii

sofl

to

mes

inded,

thorough^

arc

'

ised

closed

in

indoWs
seemed

which have de-

ilanct

powi

n|'

this

zoogeographers

trui'

<)n

flight.

locomotion;

ffective

them

excluded

Erora

their conclusions, especially as certain

were believed to extend uniformly over Europe, Asia, and Africa.

species

Chiefly mi account of our long sojourn

in these regions, we were able to prove
that,

as with

just

birds of the

forest

ami birds of the plains, about twentyfive forms arc endemic to the rain forest ami about thirty to the open country.
Five others may occur everywhere
because they follow closely in the wake
of man ami live either in the native
plantations or in ami about human
dwellings.

Seme
are

by

their

of

the

however,

is

Central

more

fai

Asiatic

the

most

African

bats

than

interesting

relatives,

among
gigantic

which,
of

all

Malay flying-fox, which measfoot in length ami five feci

across its fully expanded wings.
On
bats, the

ures one

the other hand, the largest of African

the hammer-headed
bal
Hypsignathus monstrosus), measures
ami a quarter inches in length
anil has a wing spread of three feet
two inches. These arc the strangest of
the hats ami the male- are absoall

Chiroptera,
I

onl\ ten

lutely unique, not only

Imt

among

ture

males

at
is

all

least.

among mammals

vertebrates, in one fea-

The larynx

almost completely

of

adult

ossilieil

ami

tremendously enlarged that it actutills two thirds of the entile bod\

cavitv. crowding the heart and lungs
so

ally

OF THE BELG1

B ITS
ba< k

toward the

pi

l\

ic

region

COXGO

although

ip.

other

al

th

cords, of course, are also greath broad-

ned

mi

Further

proportion.

have one air sac on either

neck thai can be inflated a1
certain

Indeed,

frogs.

re,

so

sidi

the

old

The
to

set

nativi

males had

into

cause

I,

for

W hatever

their

rapidly

reiterated "pwok" or "kwok," thej are

fearless or dull of hearing
during the time they make this racket.
Thej would not mind even the detona
tion of a un. much less the flash of a

completely

seems

be designed

to

fungus than

live

th.ir

plump

bodies.

the

in

everything
produce con-

to

In

bats

their

manner

equalh

are

large

relatively

tin

feeding,

of

interesting
teeth

these
I

The hardened
mi

ruffles

in

nose

the pulp

loosen

tongui

the

manner

the

instead

of

probabh
a

inside the

of

In the n-anii

snout,

pig's

to

The

fruit

becoming

ees.
to
r.f

monkey

far-souncl-

resonating apparatus, but

rerberating sound.

of

to
ier

its

mail's of this species of bai

tinuity of noise rather

sun-

fr

everything

is

subordinated
In the how

famous

assured us thai

deaf.

the

complete!}

Alouatta

sunrise for the enjo) menl of the

females,

mai

eroak

to

re

will, as in

when

males were in full assembly, their

chorus made us think of a pondful of
nois\
American n
frogs, greath
and transported
these

no

In

the]

with

ih.ir

.l:irk

uing lump*
ghting

fur

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

\\

hen

retched out, assumes the form

si

of a spoon.

triangular, rasplike set

of papillae, conveniently placed near the

helps

hole face in front of the orbits

and

The mosl freipicnt ami greatesl wanderer anion-- African fruit bats is the

gather pulp and juices.

tip,

The

to

is

upper parts the channels reach as far hack as the ear. These
ami the lips function evidently as muscular pouches to squeeze oul the pulp
of the fruits. The oesophagus is so narrow thai only juices can pass.
This
fad offers an explanation for the greal
patches of fresh pulp often found toloose,

in

its

with

gether

remnants of spoiled

the

glandular pouch on each shoulder. lined

with stiff white hair, a distinction
marking only the adult males.

fruits underneath the boughs that appear to be used as their habitual dining
halls.

These hammer-headed bats occur

singly or in small flocks, rarely exceed-

(Eidolon helvum), which.

"roussette"

unlike others, assembles

in

num-

great

sometimes completely covering

trees.
At Avakubi a Hock of perhaps
one hundred had taken shelter for the
day beneath the limb of a large tree,
where they were shaded by a ma-- of
epiphytic ferns and orchids and formed
one greal squirming mas.-.
Ever and
again one seemed to lose its hold in the
crowd, took wing, and booked itself
anew.
All the while they kept up a
chorus of snarling and scolding noises
that could lie heard a hundred yards
bers,

ing thirty, ami are most frequently seen

shortlv

after

when

sunset

According

leisurely

them,

stealing

too,

gOVernmenl

ripe

They

posts.

fruit

the

beneath

are especially

though the

dense

canopies;

hat's eyes are

fond of guav.as, mangoes, and sour sops.

They lake ipe bananas even from un-

alone could not lead to

derneath the roofs of houses where natives have stored them.

tive plantations in

One

of

the epaulei

franqueti franqueti)
its

vocal

sound more

like

bats

is

Its

efforts.

also

however,

do

musical whistles that

as

forests,

the

the

not

for,

al-

sigh!

large,

discovery.

damage

na-

to

West African

these

do

no!

trees,

ex-

there

negroes

any indigenous

plant
cept

its

hats cause no

Fruit

(Epomops
known for

calls,

is

it

guides them to the fragrance of

ripened fruit which is generally hidden

that

the

in

our experience

to

their strongly developed sense of smell

flapping across the rivers or open expanses of water.

We often observed

fruit

palm, the nuts of which

entice these little marauders.
oil

ring intermittently

Sweetish, acidulated, or juicy pulp

ness of the

their chief aim.

through the stillTogether with the

loud croak of the tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax), these are the most typical nocturnal sounds in these forested reYet. to our great surprise, not
gions.
a single European knew that he was
night.

listening to a hat.
reiterate.!

tirelessly

emitted

by

mammal.
little

bird

The high-pitched,
seems

note

rather

Questioning

than

natives

to

by
is

to

purpose, for they consider hats to

ill reply simply that it is

is

tastes

human

race.

Their devastations really are restricted

lint, of
to fruits of imported trees.
course, as the seeds are dropped to the
ground, the bats unwittingly contribute
to
i

and thus their

coincide with those of the

the

rees

distribution

of

valuable

fruit

beyond the confines of the planfor. under the favorable influ-

tations,

ence of the moist climate, these sei ds

readily sprout and grow into trees.

Hypsignathus

be birds and w

Since the larger species

bird of the night that eats fruit.

Here, too, only the male- produce the

monstrosus, Eidolon helvum, and Epo-

noise,

bul

their

vocal

larged

comparatively

popular

name

organs are enlittle.

Their

"epaulet bat" refer- to

mops franqueti) habitually move

as

large

-real

as

figs

quantities,
inip

or

guavas

we can

fruits

in

fairly

easily

imag-

fruit

hat-

BATS OF THE BELG1

play

propagatio

the

in

fruit-bearing trees.

am

pass

may even

It

sean

in

itr\

of

omnivorous man. their onh

enemj is a rather rare bal hawk Machcerhamphus) thai perches on high
(

1
r

uevi

hi

Lophomops)

that

relation

close

forms, the mos1 sur-

number

to

of

rested

bats

identh

e\

have made

wend

leopard

ii-

of

gave up

also

rov d

some even

of

We

thatch.
in the

this
in

houses,

in

stati

hollow

plaintive

had

Wi

ver

were especially

ami

to

make

with

us

sure

ol'

lie

slowly,

our way out.

rearm-,

the

jilence,

came

alive.

we

To

,.-,

the great terror of oui

Im,\ -.
he "deN M-" came down upon us.
Although the volume of whirring noises

mous, onh a i'e of ih,. bats

our
lanterns,
like
timid

done dared

to

inquire into
sturbanee.

ili\ id--,

tier

catching sonic with

few lucky

of had

Our
,

11.

cheered up. and we ourselves laughed

her.

irn the

daylight.
i-

,-

It

re-

eld

A- we
wondered
e could gel the bats: bul a- the
manifold echoes of our voices broke tin

to

encircled

su

numbers

the
a

at

e.

two Of OUT
trusted boys,^ awe and Choma

the

which i- not to be pictured

Quite
a- an abrupl mountain chain.
the contrary, it is only a rolling bush
country, about twenty-eight hundred
IVet above sea level, shidded n ith great
.Nile

within

natives

tlie

ol

urren

re,

heard

voices

mosl of

spectful distant

bats

for

the Ian- of

it

ire -

clinging

ii

num-

It

inch leaves no traces

\*

Tl

ictims.

curious hat that hangs jusl beneath the

Others were taken

two hut

ho\i

known

any

The pap

the

hy-

tb

sanctuan

real

tales

ceded hul
\

prising were

in

notablj

too

fissun

Vboul

Fair]

time skimming over rivers ami shooting about clearings or over the bus]
country in pursuit of its habitual prey,

so

mammals,

mile- from the co

cavern,

Eound

not

country,

ami their

raxes,

inha

harbor, as one might well guess,

thirl

figs.

ild

birds

ol

level

certain peculiar

bers of bats

the disseminal ion oi

for

mere

.v.;

these hills are

be an effecti

should certainly

ONGO

a-

sur

monkeys

similar agencies of

and birds, which usually receive all the

civ. In
in this line.
Eidolon helvum,
with its Hock- of thousands dropping
into

Jusl

we explained

to

them

that

he white man'- superstig

luck of Mr. Chapir to

i.li

were new

t"

kill

one

had had had luck, for we had

n

bats.

Noted
Bv

NOTHING
the

close

linguist

a blj

iim

.-

that

illI

n..

ii

of life and thai of

telling

sample of

lany.ia-r ami

hand

in

most

superficial

hand.

There

relat ives.

ic

obsei

thi

ii

ei

prii

and anothei

raveli d

as

he Shoshone,

But

Paiute.

.. ive

of

Not

potterj
"t'

Q1

10

without

ibes.

many

less

hed run

region where the

throw up

houses

l:" et

illages

their

potti

itivi

mot

ii;i

incipal

in

to

1.

in

Hi,

in

mpt

Thej

a,

affiliat ion

are

lat

similar

it

altei oat ive

The

in

ver;
I'l.iii

oi

his

la

mm Lai,

I,-

tionship terminology.

have

features

the

approaches
-ans have

loselj

in

their rela-

in

Thus, the;

quit.

jam. they

modern,
rocalh

s re

of

object of

my two

investigate

the

i.

relat ivi

imple

visits

Hopi

which

she

addresses

him.

to

at
i.

villages,

in,

I.

nomenclature

ter-

Walpi,

ind Shipaulovi, the

iduals

that

By

largely

relat ives
all

iri

this is

meant that
her

in

imli

'

Poi

bi

my

ex

fat h

father,

that

is,

methods

we
elatives,

refli

same clan as my

Middle mesa

all.

hese people have devi loped

ization.

ample,
the

boy will

ic

kinship

distini

and

clans;

ah

two

foi

;et

find

and

ing conclusions have been

drawn

Hail

alls.

ugh examination proved that

'I

latter

the truth.
,

they

at a ad

thi

numbei

thi

But for

Ian

ing

known

ii.ii.i,

ii

the
i

the theot

Shu

in

'Int.

ti

their

of

I.

lofted Out an\

was

ii

despair;

the Hopi, in July, 1915, and from

1916,

thi

Ian

<

to

they by any chance preserved

by
pi

ause

I..',

With

The

important

ilarlj

sper

Since

seemed

it

vith

highly develop, d

ta to test

Mexico.

tei

ives;

.oiisi.lcral.il-

heme,

si

hi

hip and

tl

elan system of

ith a

and anot

dians have

Earn

at

in

of

"loose"

"Kin

ii

connected one form

scholai

pub

thi

which

in

the

to

pe had just

tj

of the artist bj

into

omi

hands

his

tied

it

nrists in a desert

ii

to

ritei

this

Rivers'

I.'.

the Zuni,

t..

Hopi have

of

nt

li

or

1915

until in

thi

mat

attained the high watei

II.

minologj

tei

of the Indian

hand,

the othei

ii,

ami

iew,

spectacular ritualist

tlu-

ances that characterize

organized

looselj

Briti

of kinship

gnorant of
lest

prai

iew

present

Organization,"

uished

W.

of Dr.

Si, rial

small

primitive

Eroebei

thi

lei

that

on

most

the

ti.m

lov liest

life,

iny

-.ulisi-t

usin-j

roots,

he

American

munail

roving

the

game and

rep] esent

ined

[nvestigat ions ot

The

nil.

ema

Professoi

social organization,

practically

Plateau Shoshoneans

Hopi.

useum despatched

\l

received a powerful stimulus bj

and customs

of arts

poinl

in

Pa

e,

ican

hi

had

mi tin- point of

i.

dition undei

abundant evidence Eor the philologist's

the Eopi belong to the same

family

a
\

prob

,ii ibes of Utah, Malm, or Nevada,

finds

the

is

has

lie

Soul hwi

know

need mil go

.-iiltim-

L<> \V

II.

Hopi vocabulary the

the

In

thi

than the eontrasl between

mode

Hopiland

in
E R

more remarkabl

is

lnj'i

ill,

OB

I!

Ian,

my

mother's

MERICAN

THE
same clan as my

the

.-<-(-<n-<l

were found to be definitely

associated with certain elans, ami to deseend
not from father to son but Erom maternal
uncle to sister's son, or from elder to younger

class

widely

verj

distineuished by

in

but a

:il

obviously
is

as

in

no

for

felloe clans

Hut the climax

is

witnessed onlj a
During mj first stay
single ceremony, the Niman Kateina (Kachinai.
The llopi divide their ceremonial
I

reached

the designation of the paternal aunt's

female descendants, all of whom (through
females
are called "paternal aunt" to the
nth generation.
This, however, is really not
i

happiest

We

should rather say that

used

to

father's elan

ward.
by the

As

waj

The

from

.-Ian

iiiqii

Katcinas participating during the one sea

facts,

single term

is

his

theory

own generation downis

thus well borne out

in

the other.

The

impersonate ancestral spirits, and

cottonwood effigies of them, which they disformer

tribute at the elose of their performance, are

treasured

Niman

in

nates the

The
by the children as dolls.
"Home-going" ceremony termimummers' season. In the summer
was almost "surfeited with honey"

of 1916 I
eremonial way.
I attended two performances of the Snake Dance, saw the Flute
Dance, the Mamajau'to, and tin entirely
All of
anomalous Kateina performance.
i

proved

to

l.e

inextricably

clans, so the clans prove

!" intimately connected with ceremonial-

ism.

son and unmasked dancers

female member of the

data.

kinship

bound up with the

to

expressing the

of

denote any

other words, they do not nor-

mally pass out of the clan.

in

the

offices

Fu

brother.

differ

Tims, the son

not a cousin

is

"father,"

of the father.

who

relatives

point of age.

reason than that he

man

together
in

father's sister

English,
.it

some of the

iportant nt the religious fraternities

is

terms within a certain generation, they some

times

in

separate

hi'

whal might be considered ridiculous Lengths.

Not content with extending the meaning of

of the

But

performances.

;ic

But the Eopi carry this principle to

n.uiv

word.

JOURNAL

MI'Sh'I'M

brother, and

father's

This does not indeed apply to

all

the

these have been described

before, with the

NOTED
exception

season closes with the Niman.

..in

dance

illness.

For some reason M

pro

rning and

the

in

There can

bi

tion that so far as the populace at large

answered

it

theatrical

of

Katcina

special

.\SI>

L916

in

Hopi bad vowed to perform

a First mesa

I.

The ceremony began

ended about sunset.

Katcina

Bui

Hon

ac-

merits mhiu' consideration.

jl\

A- explained above, the normal

certain

IS

which

last-mentioned,

the

of

pi

plaza

Back

tators.

was

of

Tewa

tin

purposes

the

crowded with spec

stage the Katciuas

iveri

of

this

provi'd impracticable to in!

ded Katcina calen

arose.

It

Katcina dance after the

difficulty

to

have

farewell of

official

Vvoi se than thai

the Katcinas.

il

traditional Hopi notions of the fitness of

all

mighl

thai

some

medieval
comprises three

which

movi.

have shed

The

casuist.

luster

on

mesa

First

Walpi and Sicho

villages,-

are

inhabited

Hopi;

by

and

Now. the Niman

d.

mesa is alway
the Hopi ai g

celebi ated al
is ti

i1

I,

Wa

I.

ectoi

iolenl

hest,

bi

's

hand.

While they

relatively

mild

it

hold the ceremony

The

celebration of

final

si

that

in

passing

pinch

beating

from

ompleting

one

ach

the

till

side

ot

rough exactly the sann

ter this a third dance wa

same "act" was

repeated with intermissions of from twenty

to twenty

five n

it

In the afternoon

to

the

alignment would distribute gifts

the children in the audi.

at a time.
,

chair

big

animal, woven kilts

ith native designs, and a foxskin
hanging down at the back. Many wore arm
lets and had their arms and bodies daubed
white with pamt.
Each bad a collar of
dies.

chant,

their

tl

disting

on

The rank ai
senting some horned

of

pass along the line, sprin

li

Two unmasked

m. -nt.

ui

capers

The two unmasked

le

i-

drum, but the

greater ].art of the music was fui
the .lancers themselves, who held gourd rat
ties in their right hands and had turtle shell
rattles tied to one leg in such a
produce charactei istii sounds at each move

spi

and

II

the plaza, forming the arc of a circle, where

vigorously

ity.

vigor,

with

one man. whose mask was

drooping moustai

this

performers with corn meal.

klint; the

dancers,

left

in

dancers proceeded toward the wesl

meal, with which they liberally sprinkled the

In

the

were equipped

other and casting

now

line,

lostum.

feathered headdress.

in

were indulging

on the south side, and then the performers

withdrew to resl and remove then disguisi

wh

from that of th. o

he won- n shirt, trousers,

men

'

held

Kal

ceren

Ho'nau'6,

and

ime

'

fai

om
wand

capable.

ivas

the traditionally

na!

111

outside their

no Kati ina

yards eastward to the plaza of Hano

there.
Accordingly,
was performed there several weeks aftei
I

od

feathered

tended

teerest

ilre.l

an.

his

and the rank

and file began to chant, shaking their rattles
Without moving
and stamping one foot.
from their position, they would
directions,

I]

mate for the same

nil nun

bi

a line

instrument,

his

of the Firsl

ue thai

i-

it

beating

signaled

nan'.,

\ iman at Walpi
people

forming

tile,

The drummer took

began

and down with the utmost

Grand.

Rio

the

Ho

.lance.

where an offshoot of the

llano,

Tewa of

and

seat

execute

The dilemma "as overco

things.

single

in

on the north side.

was
tessai
Niman. But here
was logically absurd

after the

it

solemn entrance

three clowns,

who thenceforth

even when the dancers had

weie
ll..).

all

Tewa men. though

Theii

i.

clout,

address

had

ee
f

th.

they produced a

cipal

n to

..1

The.
ch

s|

wa-

crude

double

From

sheepskin.

top of the prongs dow

sent. .

their

costume consisted of
of rags and a

footgeai

daubed
and I. lack paint.
"the hoi

Malice

held the stagt

retired.

the

In the middle of the plaza

n

plant.-

little

doll,

then housekeeper.

aims seemed

t..

to symbolizi

From somewhere

clowns."

and

One of

be to gathi

ti

their prin-

llelwldn-ss

is

lllr

|i]r,l

L-rV

uf

Ill

in the Katcins danci jivei at the Tewa filiate of the First

bs the clow
ante Hopi.
The clowns maj be seen b( either side of the lin.v sprinkling

dancers

in

imitation of the ceremonial sprinkling cu toznar:

on sue!

asions

NOTED
much f
fair means

as

tiny

as

were able

eat

in

presence

the

gel

IN HOPIL

of

ensed
the)

Thi oughout

hai ior.

attempted

to

the

exeiti

he aftei a

mi] th

of

tit,

spectators, whether a1 the expense of the

They
seemed continually on the lookout foi tricks
If an old man had dozed off
of buffoonery.
of the clowns straightway
ran up to steal his ran.' am] bring

When another saw me

i

niv

him, he inn

liately

ami

vanta".'' ".roiin.l

in

demanded an indemnity,

tin-

dashed up to

I,

of

been

gious and

to

fail

to

supplil

bend nature

ligioua

in. li",!iat

asking

hei

hei

to the line of

to

intei

pn

ion

-,n/,-,

the ehief offender b)

arena

msomed with
n

general

the

of her relatives with well

ted

repeated!)

Nothing

gaiety.

ludicrous than

an.

thi

the

added

could

to

till

though

evi a

rfoi
I"

iii.il

man,

ma

pi iestl

head

the

undei

1,

hen

i'>,

throng of
mi

whati

hold
,

an be

a to tho fraternity

with tenfold

hut

ih.

t..

,,ut

tin illed

b)

tin

in

mi aning

tiate

beauty an,

th,

who are

beholders
secrel

vei

foi

to

hut

I,

the

who

solemnity

Homeric laugh-

In the
ter by th,- clowns' extravaganza.
dance described there was undoubtedly, over
and above an) other significance, a dominant
element of fan e and vaudeville but it seems
;

Similai scenes

a gift.

ritualism.

in

ii

hal
p.

SUpei nut

force

,,t'

ings

.-

group togethei

-lnit

stand
t

to the will of a

ii

won
ami

ti

eonductin,

hut the clowns

for hi- associates,
were not always allowed to have thin-- thi
own way. Wlu-n h.\ luul embarrassed Oni
the

I.

at,-

English
i

cere

other than magico

:

apiece

dancers

in.

ostensible objei

th.

had ion- ago

primitive

overemphasize the importance

t<>

1,

The)

v\

to

to theil

it

leveling a

broken
mo,

ha-

interpreter called

The tendency of most

monies.

of fifty cents sufficing tor him ami a nickel

,,t'

m)

regard

with

developed

li

audience, the dancers, or themselves.

"home."

then- victims.

to task b)

Cbex Kat.-ina. as

rhi

of the buffoons

the part

this dance, confirmed a

however, was only part of their

bi

573

pain on

when taken

the

entire audience.
Tliis.

VD

fear an.

b)

would then

or foul, which they

brazen-facedly

to

ritual-

that

likel)

holds

thi

he)

for

aie

<

coi

the

not

responding inter

most

seri

merely

relig

iginal

drama.

proper proportu

Bronze

Prehistoric
Hv

CIIA

South America

in

H L B S

certain

of

kinds

stone

or

mineral

would yield a metal on application of

advance in civilization

any that has folimplements superseded the

more clumsy and inadequate tools of stone,
and metallurgy became an established scirelatively as important as

lowed.

Metal

Bronze,

an

alloy

of

copper

and

tin,

is

obtained by smelting these metals together

in proportions which may be varied accord
inc.

1)

discovery of bronze and

its advantages over

copper were a matter of chance. It is pos-

the metals often found in copper

sible that

of the early bronze age were not intention-

added but were the result of smelting

impure copper ore. Later, when experience
had shown that the combination of copper

ally

with other metals yielded a product superior

ence.

The

E A

has seemed probable that the original

It

heat, maile possible an

W.

tc

the

nature of the product required.

of tin to copper makes a

addition

in

many ways

to

copper alone, the additions

were made purposely.

Strictly

speaking,

the

term

"copper"

be applied to all implements which

contain ninety-six per cent or more of this

should

combination which not only is more fusible

than copper alone, but also harder and less

metal, the remaining four per cent being a

therefore more suitable for

varying proportions, with occasionally some

sulphur and less than two per cent of tin.

malleable,

it

is

casting and more useful for

making imple-

Cupper and tin are reduced quite

which requires a greater
of heat to separate it from its
me than it was possible to obtain by primiIn the hands of the ancients
tive methods.
these metals are responsible for what is
generally known as the Bronze Age of culments.

mixture

Such

two or

of

alloys

come

easily, unlike iron,

category, although

application

as the tin

much

more other metals

under
in

the

in

accidental

exceptional cases, such

and copper ores of Cornwall,

larger proportion of tin

may

be acci

dental.
It has been affirmed by

some that bronze

could not be produced by smelting a copper

ore

containing

tin.

Kxperiments with the

PREHISTORIC BROXZE IX SOI

Cornish

tin-copper

opinion

smelted

as

so

proportions

produce

as

proporl ion of

tin,

othei

ments bj

preparing
[n

in

claimed

to

of

hole

refuting

statement

stone

tin

which he

bj

The metals

copper ore

:i

possession of considerable mi

The

absei

ems to prove that

was derived from an oxide rather
than from the native metal.
the

tin

Bui n

the historical e> ideni

is

the

nishes

the

interesting

eai

which

chemical,

with

mosl

The

question.

the

nisi

Ij

pos

that the Indians were acquainted with

tivelj

making

..1
I

bi

they "worked with

us that

tells

fur

on

data

tate

completely

Furthermore,

yield nothing but copper.

differ

composition and indicate the

in

that

such ores will

that

presence being

it-

mosl cases.

ii

conjunction

and

bronze resulted

tin n

the

the

remarkably

the

in

mi

when primitive man smelted

containing

state

indisputably

proved

Pro

of

possibility

mi the part of the inhabits

also.

primitive

in

illoj

have

elude

to varj

thii

from which they came.

ate

and obta

thai

tin

these

smelted

he

this

and

the

furnace

:i

merely

consisting

form,

was found

jects

high as

such

Gowland 2 answered

ground,

metal

in

contain a sufficient

eliminating

ithout

be

would be impo

it

the

tin

bronze;

form

to

nil

the

to

mixed

of copper and

although the ore might

led

could

to

only

onsisl ing

have

ores 1

nom

thai

AMERIC

Til

hi-

metallic ores within the reach ol

historian

[nca

mineral vein or

the ground, in a

Ores
ates,

oi

found are as

so
i

he mosl

easily

m metals
with

verj

primitive "hole

the

in

ground" fur

the

nace above mentioned.

Now

imple

the

bronze which have

numbers

found

places within

much

pire have caused

difference of opinion

and discussion us t.> whether the mixture of

copper and tin contained in them
accidental.

tional or purelj

which

opper

tl

ii'1

among

i:nn.

these

other impui

found

is

.is

othi

woi

ds,

tin

ities,

in

such

these objects

in

by

analysis, or were the two metals separately

and
ob

je<

..i

With
lem,

:i

smelted

prod

ii

view

ing a

with

>^;.-t li.-i

to the solut

for

Ph

s.-uiii.'

port

ol

of

Alfred

tin

.Tenkin,

Mu

these ob

iii

an
.

in

/'..

published

mines,

\v.

Copper :m.i It- Alloys

Gowland. /out
B)

Mr

in

Prehistorii

situ

his duties

on

Artt

thai

di

los

thi

were acqi
per mixture and employed it to give hard
ess fi their instruments and :uiin.
Pathei
i

Barba's intimate relations with the Indians

should give great weighl

Another circumstance that should be taken

consideration

liis

have
nn.i

account

in

estimating

the great probability that

is

parenl

the

known

his

n living at the

in

facts

must

In. linns

time of the C

In ins

|uesl

ire,

'

ii

his day.

chapter on

gives the following, which

with the findings of the

well

tin

he

modern

analysts
"in
"Not fai
margin of the
Chucuyto Lake, tarward tl
1 1

In this he stati

Uetales.

the

Natural History' and for the Peabodj

was

ng district

and who combined with

of pries! thai of the office of directoi of the

of

of

tun.-."

.ii.'lit

seventeenth centui

in thi
i.

this prob-

Museum

American

the

ated

oppei and

Bolivia have

the

lonso Barba, " nose pai ish

into

172 analyses

made

the

bronze objects from Peru and

been

in

Peruvian em

the boundaries of the ancient

John Lubbock, the

who states thai

to Sii

mentioned thirty

such large

in

burial

prehistorii

in

is

Early

was often called

in South Amer-

m;
"In the Pentateuch, excluding Deute
bronze, or us ii is unfortunately translated,
brass,

nts

tin

bi

trea

bj

wrote,

Europe us well us

in

an

difficulty

little

brass

rule oxides

the towns

this metal

Wissler,

In

Mori

Book

Morey.
-

rples

II

chnp

XV

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

which the Indians in the time of their Ineas
worked and afterwards were continued by
The veins are large and the
the Spaniards.
metals rich of their kind; from among them
some ores are also taken containing much
silver, and all partake of some copper, and
on account of this mixture this tin is more
showy and hard. ... In the hills of Pie de
Gallo of Oruro there is much tin, although
nut known b\ many, and because no silver,
which all seek, is found there, they pass

them by."

The

mentioned by Father Barba

localities

are in Bolivia on the shore of the great

Titicaca

From

or

Lake

no great distance from

at

other evidence also,

Bolivia was rich in tin.

This

clear

is

it

is

it.

that

particularly

interesting in view of the fact that the pro-

portion of objects of copper containing tin

South America increases from north to

in

south, reaching its

maximum

in Bolivia

high plateau region of Peru.

the

in

and
This

by the analyses
made for the American Museum, which
-how that of fifty-one objects from Chepen,
observation

northern coast region of Peru, but

the

in

supported

is

contain more than a trace of

five

and

tin,

only one of these more than four per cent of

and

metal;

that

Trujillo, also

objects

eight

of

from

the northern coast region,

in

none contains traces of tin.

On the other hand, of sixteen objects
from Cuzco, in the high central plateau region, all except one contain tin, averaging

and one half per

five

cent,

and

fifty-nine

objects from Bolivia are of bronze, averag-

and one half per cent of

ing nearly six

tin.

Tin would appear, therefore, to have been

made

use

where

it

of

was

especially

in

easily obtained,

those

and

districts
it

at once

becomes of interest to discover whether the

co]. per ores of Bolivia contain tin as an impurity,

found

are

or

in

close proximity

to

tin ores.

Although works on metals and mining are

not prolific in analyses of Bolivian copper
ores, the writei was able to collect enough
information to convince him that the old
bronze implements could not have been made
ii\
smelting impure copper ores. Tin- opinion
1

was confin
Bj Mr. H

by

'

reporl

M. Atwater,

spent much in, M' 111

coppei mi- inn!
.

ii

Bolivia

inn!

>

of about five

Mr. Atwater has

ifamiliar with
in Hint coun-

copper mining

hundred

assays and analyses of Bolivian

ores none of which showed tin.
Another fact which seems to preclude the
accidental theory of Peruvian bronzes, is
that analyses of seventeen specimens from
Tiahuanaco, a village of Bolivia, showed
twelve of them to be of bronze, with an
average of six and a half per cent of tin,
coj. per

while

the other five objects which are

clamps used to hold the stones of buildings
together contain no tin whatever. We must
believe either that these were purposely so
made or that they were the result of accident.
Two more clamps from Tiahuanaco,
analyzed in 1905,2 also were found free
from tin, while four other specimens analyzed at the same time contained six and a
half per cent of tin.
Only one theory can
be advanced to explain the absence of tin
in these clamps and that is that they are
very much older than the other objects from
Tiahuanaco which have been analyzed that
they were made before the discovery of
bronze. This seems exceedingly improbable.
Bronzes from Argentina and Chile present another phase of this problem, since
these countries have no tin deposits. It has
been supposed by some archaeologists that
the bronze objects found in Argentina were
imported from Bolivia, but the discovery
later of furnaces, melting pots, molds for
cast in",
and slag in the ancient ruins
makes it certain that the bronzes were cast
on the spot. Did the prehistoric peoples of
Argentina and Chile work tin mines of
which we are ignorant, or had thej' discov-

copper ores containing a high perof tin of which nothing is now

known, or did they obtain their tin ..I' their
The latter theory
northern neighbors?
seems most reasonable. It has been argued
ered

centage

by Professor Gowdand that when

discovery was made that metal

1011

the localities where these stones or ores oc-

and that while these localities

centers
the
must have been
naturally
whence the metal was supplied I" others, ii
does not

tlic

irriiii'i.l

llnil

tin-re

follow necessarily that the largest

number of metal objects were made always

near them, since the crude metal often

does not cxi-t

-Adricn de
Before
,i

ml

niviir

;M be

a<

in

mii-!i

idental,

the

many

curred;

in or

in

for

btained simply by
heating stones of a certain color and weight,
there was bound to be a large production in
useful purposes could

proximity Unit their mixture

the

Smithsonian

Mortillet,

Arrival
Instil.,

of

Bronze in Smith America

"<<' Ri P
Europe m
pp 261 <. Washing

1907,

NOTE ON TEXAS LAND SNAILS

would be m. i. u at object of barter which
would be worked into useful

among

ruins of

Machu Picchui which was

ere.

of the most important

..

ma. I.,

Shown

has

large piece of tin was found

iir

thai

in

ancient

ruined

piece of pure tin apparently had

red

consid

proport

nearly pure

This
of Desais

column

than

pieces

of the

l:i

in

ii

he -mi ne

Dauphini and in the

Spei imens
ad6n e.
i

much

these

seem

variation

less,

Such
of

quantity
into

tin

when

ted out

melted together.
in

writing of

It

has

found

tin

artist

bronze objei

i
i

he

Roman

and the many statues

at

'onsul

(lj

<

alio

provide

ot

hi.

.i]

of

to.

the

those

now

prettj

foun.l

ii

hi

tli.

ii

ii.

Machu Picchu

..t'

lag
n,

tina where

the

Since they had no

dealing with this metal.

contain consi.lerabl.

pecitilly

is

which show that

the analyses,
ts

Father

hai

mpia

and Delphi, that the ancient- could not be

supposed to possess the skill of moderns in

..I'

in

the

the

Lysippus, the three thousand bronze

turn

Barba that the Indians knew

...mi. nunin
n ith eoppei to
implements;

Uexander made by the celebrated

as

consideration

inquire into the conditions under which

copper and

in

was

statements

explain

the

Peruvian bronzes.
Finally,
taking

these things were ma.le and the behavior of

tin.

while the third

c.pper.
to

in

of

ea

first

...

like

analysis to con-

tain in the

in

spoons or pins which have no cutting edge;

but this argument entirely loses force when

we

Plact

are

difficulty, in-

taken from the pedestal, shaft, and capital

often contain a

chisels

the

in

eiug -li"

the Place

in

'i

others

mo

But even

always overcome this

South America have adduced as their chief

reason for that belief the fact that such
oi

Analysis

be

while

tin

opper.

account for the bronzes found

knives

to

ha rir

ap by the Peruvians and kept for making

bronze, sliees being cut from it when Deeded
by the ai
Those who have advocated the accidental

smaller percentage of tin

bronzes

their

the

discoveries
city.

copper, one of the

the

BBculties to be overcome.

'

where.

in

their

and molds
all

kni

impuritii

composition of

lie

tii
all

eon-

fo

copper or.-

he belief that the

accidental theory of the production of an

Note on Texas Land Snails

E

Bj

ATM

i:

medical department of

Oklahoma

Infantry

rom the train to

great

many

I),

parts

of

the

trip-

us

mesquite

A B B

i:mt

cantonmi

snail

shells

on

In

their

.nig
'

well as to the

bushes.

i;

marching

was

it~

'nit

sun,

"even

the

The infantry marched

ground; and over tin- prairie wh

fantry had not marched we saw the
dinging to the grass and weeds,
tachod to the

columns of fours

in

ong

'

lower
places

'
march.
weeds by the men
I

in

tie-

line

of

brushed off the

the front rank-, and the

THE AMERICAN Ml

578

merciless "hobs" of the other soldiers ground

the fragile sheila into the prairie sod and
Mill,

the dual of their fossilized univalve

bivalve

and

elal Lves.

forming an important

the peculiar habits of

fortunately

it is

them

In see

considered

when properly prepared,

delicacy

>

species, but un-

For centuries Eucertain

forms

salad.

enjoy snail
ropeans
have
to

tllili.i

some

not practicable for all of us

their native surroundings, or

in

M JOURNAL
I then punctured

and

the epiphragm of one of the other two

placed

all

three specimens in a dry cup in

The next morning the one that

my
had emerged while immersed had escaped,
neither
of the other two had emerged.
but
locker.

read about snails of various countries

article of diet, and of

We

Sl-I

shell in just six minutes.

and a giant snail ( Strophoehe Has ovatus)

from southeastern Brazil, which has a shell
about six inches in length, commands a place
Some of
in tin- markets of Bio de Janeiro.
the forests of Africa afford species of Achashells ten inches long and live
These giant forms rarely descend

Before noon, however, these two "poked their

horns out" to see what was going on in the
outside world, but, evidently disgusted with
the view, they soon retreated into their shells

ami sealed the entrances. In the afternoon,

six other specimens which had been in my
linker several days without removing their
epiphragms, emerged and, without much
crawling about, cemented themselves to the
sides of the till, to my shaving box, and to
other articles in the locker.

I think that the

may

be accounted for

tma that have

activity of the snails

in trees.

by the humidity of the atmosphere, which

to

he ground except to deposit their eggs.

really

had never before seen "weeds blossoming snails," my curiosity and desire for
Brat-hand knowledge led me to make such
observations as conditions and opportunities
would permit. Through specimens submitted
to the American Museum of Natural History,
these snails were identified as belonging to
ill in ill US il< ulltaliis Say,
and to
the species
It
the varieties mooreanus and patriarcha.

As

/.'

is

many

believed by

that this species

because

turnal in

its habits,

between

eight o'clock in

it

is

noc-

rarely is active

the morning

and

sunset, unless cloudy weather prevails.

My

however,

observations,
that

lead

moisture, rather than

the mollusk

from

its shell;

me

to

believe

darkness, lures
for immediately

after a bard shower I found that none were

cemented
jects,

to the weeds, rocks, or other ob-

but

that I saw were crawling on

all

great

when

by

these

observations,

im-

mersed three living specimens in a cup of

water, and one of these emerged from the

the sun shines just after

knocked in the dorsal side of the shell just

behind the animal's body, came out through
the broken place and crawled about, but died
within a few hours without having attempted
to form an epiphragm or to repair the break
in Hie shell.
This experiment was performed
about half -past nine in the forenoon; by
four o'clock both snails were dead and considerably dried.

For some time after our arrival at Camp

Bowie I had no time for photographing the
on the vegetation; when matters so
shaped themselves that I might have found
time, the snails within walking distance of
camp had been so reduced in numbers by the
drilling of the soldiers that it was a rare
snails

many

thing to find as

the ground.

Prompted

is

an autumnal shower, for the clothes in my

locker were damp the day after the rain.
Two specimens, each having a large hole

on one weed.

as three individuals

I regret that it thus

was im-

view showing the

"weeda blossoming snails."i
possible

for us to get a

characteristic
sheila collected by Mr. Crabb belong to a group of land molluscans (Bulimulidse)
Yucatan and Vera
and tei
rate South America, and of outlying faunal limits that extend to
They have many representatives in Central America, and are found also in the West Indies,
although here perhaps restricted more narrowly to the Caribbean group of islands; extralimital species
arc found under favorable circumstances as far north as Arkansas and Texas, and the genus on the
emails i parts of California. The Bulimulhhc embrace a family of shells conveniently
we
COS

'The

of tropica]

Cruz.

thi
sections (POsbry) according to the smooth, wrinkled, or ribbed stirfac
prairie weeds
s,
ies whose numbers elicited the picturesque comment that "the
Texas," claims quite extended areas of habitation from southwestern North Carolina to
dealbaUU
the
B.
is
Texas.
It
... central
Missouri, to Kansas, ami southwet to Alabama and
Say, ami is found very commonly in central ami southern Texas, living in dense hordes in the mcsquite
Like most of its congeners, it
wintering in the earth and summering upon the bushes.
ml, lions, and when under the stimulus ,,f 1, numbly it swarms, like an apparitional

separated

'

into

three

The

horl

blossom snail-

tin- the herbage of the

warm

plains. L.

1'.

GRATA!

MP

M useum
Sinci

the last

Journal

issue of the

the

following

Ami

the
//

Museum

an

1.

Fellow,

Mrs.

Tl

Theo-

rable

collet

"

Walt Kulm.

Mrs.

William

Messrs.

X. Doubleday,

A. Gi

S.

Barton L. Keen, fsador Koplik, Stanle;

La Dow, A. Edward Lester, l>. Thomas
Wm. Weslej New, Stanle
ge Sender, and Cecil P. Stewart.

are

and the

also

studies

literary

of the

mo<

l/.

J.

s,

Willock,

Scott

'i

l.'ni"

>

ih

cial

and ethnoli

tit!.-

value.

peoples

oi

,,i

and Through

Asaph Allen,

rears of active

3ei vice as

after tv

resigi

ordei

in

study of

to

of the scien-

ditoi

increasine;

ver

tl

<

'I I.

to

thi

tution.

in the order of

Mows:

ornithol-

The following

curator.

is

an extract from the resolution passed by the

sommittee <it" the Museum at its

publicati

meeting of October

in

25,

rgi

Peary, U.

.-

Bird

N.,

S.

Dr.

nard

I]

Robert

E.

C.

Vilhjalmur Stef:
and the Honoi

ton,

Tihe has

ShackleRoosevelt.

follov o

thi

the

re

tit-

ii

the subjects dealt with by his contributors.

Be was
thus more than editoi
rat hei a leadei in
be
in
rated
the /'
ii

turi

Mn eum

No

in

vember.
tic

lei

an

.
1

en

I"

than ideal, since with a natural

there was con
ness for the
_r

little less

<

N.,

Baron

appreciation of

.lit.pr.

Mn

Lieutenant

|"
.

tl

Bashford

Dr.

Koahl Amundsen, Hear Admiral

Dr. Allen's valuable

".

Fel-

the

been only ten

Moncheur,

Liudovic

is

that

There havi

bestow.

..in

th<

Bonorary

ioi

ogy, of which he

election to

Museum,

bimself

ie\ ote

publications of the American

tific

The

Wilderness.

lowship

.InF.r.

i.

of his well-known

Hunting

seiim

Dk.

Among some

_.. a,

John G.

Mr.

and

Masson.

habits

life

Moore,

Dr.

merelj

Dr. E. Santley But-

Davis,

E.

in the
of -i" "

urn

ings based on these travels are not

Bewitt,

B.

P.

South Africa resulted

to

'

ions

His writ-

Mr-.

rs,

George

Brewster,

Edwin Mastin,

-I.

T>r.

hall

manj hunl

Musi

moi

I/-

Mrs. Charles

ler,

bird

In-

Mi. George Notman.

the

in

wit.

'i

Notes
in

Mr. Donald B. MacMillan, the Arcexplorer, gave an account on November

1

of the difficulties ami

during

foi

dai

rding

harac

tl

ter

'/

Dr. F. E.

I. 'it/,

tebrate zoology

of the department of inverof

the

was appoint

Museum.

American
I

Dr.

Allen, begin-

of the count)

Eskimos, with

whom

the expedition

lished cord

Captain

A.

Radclyffe

ning his administration of the work November

and

1.

illustrate. 1

talk

his

Then. lure

Roosevelt

appointed Honorary Fellow of

Natural

"

his

ivs
in

of

the

nrnitli..;

life

histories

taken

.Is

in

Frank M. Chapwhich wen

1

r.

Peruvian coast and

cli-

'

the

loftj

The

final

keen

animals.

of

l"'.

the features of the

be was an enthusiastic student

boj

li

Southi n

address by

mber

thi

History, of which

mate and

When

"Thi

been

lias

gave "The

and the Caribou,"

with some splendid
Id

foundland.
ence, Colonel

estab-

be following week,

Dugi

made
xliil.it

22,
bi

Mi.

!'

Mr.

"as

An

drews told much that was new concerning

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

non-Chinese people iu the
province of Sunnan, where few white men

mained in Petrograd

have ever been, and showed numerous riue

views and motion pictures of the region explored, the various types of inhabitants, and

civilian relief

many

of

tribes

the animal

He

Museum

will pass the next

two mouths in France

and England.

On the evening of November 15, Prof.

Henry Fairfield Osbom delivered an address
on "The Origin and Nature of Life" at the
anniversary celebration of the New York
Academy of Medicine.

Mr. Ludlow Griscom, 2d Lieutenant of InMr. II. E. Anthony, 1st Lieutenant

fantry
.

James P. Chapin,

of Art and the American

rank of major in the United States Army

and on November 14 he departed for Europe.

have been in training camp at Plattsburg,

have received commissions as follows: Mr.
Leo E. Miller, 1st Lieutenant of Infantry;

of Field Artillery; Mr.

ad-

of Natural History, has been assigned the

American Museum, who

the

the

Dr. Bashford Dean, of the Metropolitan

Museum

Five of the members of the scientific stuff

of the department of mammology and orof

continue

which were worked out during

the summer.

life.

nithology

to

ministration of the plans for military and

1st

of Infantry; Mr. Carlos D.

Mr.
2d Lieutenant of Infantry.
discom has been assigned for duty at Leon
Messrs. AnSprings, Texas, December lo

Lieutenant

Empie,

In early November the thirty-ninth anniNew York Microscopical Sowas celebrated with a public exhibit
held in the American Museum of Natural
versary of the

and Empie at
same date.

Chapin,

thony,

Camp

Mr. Miller
Mr.

Jersey, on the

Xev,

has

History.

received his assignment.

yet

no1

ciety

Dix,

the 308th Field Artillery, stationed at

Camp

Dix.

A new

book, The American Indian,

Mr. G. K. Noble, who in June, 1917, was

appointed research assistant in herpetology
at the American Museum, has been granted
an eight months' leave of absence to com-

An

Introduction to the Anthropology of the New

World, by Clark Wissler, curator of anthropology in the American Museum of Natural

vian collections of

be

><

>

iewed in a later issue of the Journal.

Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson, secretary of the

National Association of Audubon Societies,
is in charge of a newly established department of birds in Country Life in America.

has been received from Dr. Herbert

Word

Spinden, who has been for some months

exploring in Nicaragua, that he is shipping
.1.

begun on the PeruHarvard University.

plete research previously

History, has just been issued from the press

inn-las C. McMnrtrie, New York. It will

of

Several of the municipal depart-

ments had important exhibits of microscopical methods and results, showing the progress
and development of microscopy and its wider
use in the arts, manufactures, and sciences.

Joseph Connolly, of the department of invertebrate zoology, has become a member of

collection of ethnological

and

Dr. A. A. Allen, assistant professor of ornithology at Cornell University, is conduct-

archaeologi-

specimens from that region to the AmerAt the time of writing Dr.
ican Museum.

cal

Spinden was on
River to

his

Mauagua.

way up

He

ing a similar department in American For-

the San Juan

estry.

reports an exceed-

The model

ingly wet season, which has made exploration very difficult and excavation almost inipossible.

Hi.

'

C-E. A.

WlNSLOW, curator

of the de-

partment of public health of the American

Museum, professor of public health at Yale
University,

and

scientific

Vale.

Journal of

most

of

the.

to Eussia, returned to this

about the
his

the

with

members of the American

Red Cross Mission

countrj

of

editor

together

Bacteriology,
other

tal,

first

duties at

The business

of

the

November and

Museum and

at

Mission

re-

staff of the

of a temporary military hospion a plan of construction in which the

hospital units are convertible into dwelling

houses, has been set up in the workshops of

the American

Museum

of Natural History.

was designed by Mr. H. F. Beers, superintendent of construction of the American

It

Museum.

Among

the interesting acquisitions in the

department of geology is a seventy-pound

mass of telluric iron from the island of Disco,
Greenland, which was purchased near the locality by Dr. E. O. Hovey when on his way

home from Etah

last

summer.

MUSEUM NOTES
An

on of the

is

patterned

on

the

aquarium building.
By the exp
the aquarium i- to bi
Gate Park, adjacent to or adjoining the

dedication of the new

New

Mexico.

after

thi

in

building

ission

liuri b

Bock

style of architecture said to

.-i

be one hundred and

fi

years older than the

ft v

A notable

missions.

California

is

no

The

old

58]

was the

01

by well-kn

be nndei

to

is

ment, supei inten

maintenam

pense of

including Robi

Walter Ufer, and

and frontier lore.

November
eom

Tl

tended from

iions to [ndian p

dwellings.

cliff

ently.

_l

to

ertSj

-.

As the entire quarter of a millio

28,

Francisco

address

an

was very desirous

hart

department of anthroj
on "The Opportunities of the
iiiii."
and by Mr. X.

the

aquarium,
nonpolitical control,

who spoke on

"I.

is

should

it

an

>

Association

ei

Dis-

the

Ad-

I>r.

Hart on

Wai

Pittsburgh

the

Museum

of the California Academy, of

Eoi

ets in

28 to Januarj

b}
which this end could be
accomplished, and he had practically aban-

burgh

"ill prot

chairman, and

Pitts-

Dj

W.J.

ttee on

which gr

Museum,

L,

the

in

ill

me

long
-

iii-

the

tin

l.-i

Chai

effieii

Field,

were placed

in

the

to establish,

and

eopj

Mr.

.].

It

was

Califo

ish

it

to

ost

thropic citizens of San

name

will

which

his

ever he held

philan-

I'

in

aquarium

It

and

will havi

breadth of

vis

-,,000,000.

maintenance of the
ith a photograph
a

dire, -tor-

should he w

containing an account

founding and

success

lit

tion met Mr. Steinhart's approval,

Station.

of

n n.

Sciences would probably be willing to accept

the management of the aquarium i-

museum in
1919.
The new

of Georgia marble, and, exclusive of the

porticoes,

<

old

situated south of Twelfth Street

is

revived.

was broken
e

Jackson Park by August

is

nun

Dr.

that

be ready foi

thi

building

of

arrangements.

-n

of

from the New

ship

set

thi

mm

in

<

Linhart,

pected that the new Field

foi

Eer

..i

rei

sity of Pittsliui gl

tin

8. B.

of

of

idi

Holland, director of
is

Institute

University

the

thrgugh

the transfer of
gie

and

igy,

under

be

recently he had

t'ntil

doned the pro

The Ami

the

ogical

the Southwest."

vancement

of

t]

iscover anj

it

h&\

will

iseum was

('lark Wissler.

l>r.

into the building,

put

ai

rid

Tl

represented bj

by the

for which
ndmenf voted by

revision

others, on subjects inspired by Indian. Spanish,

met

be

ill

of Sat

city

ion of the

it

of

manage-

the

lei

^cadenrj
.

"Steinhart

the

Aquarium" and

Ei

the dedication was an exhibition of paintings

of Ins will,

public health of

realrj

tl

department of
-inn em1

blessing in disgui

the corner stone.

are not only econthe

stand-

point of hygiene.

been provided for

[gnatz Steinhart,
-i

is

bequeathed

Maj

who died
15.

in

at

the will oi

salories

bit

othing except

Thi

to the California

Although sugar furnishes

per unit of cost than any other

ergy.

Academy

of

fata,

The same is true of

and too large an an

I.

utter

en

and other

TEE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

582

may moan

stances

in

deficiency

The

terials.

cal

body-building

published

ma-

by Professor

Sherman and Miss Lucy A.

c.

11.

necessary

results of a study of 102 typi-

dietaries,

city

correspondingly great

Gillett,

bring this fact out clearly. The food purchased by each family for the period of a
week was weighed and analyzed. The families were then divided into four groups ac-

Tokugawa
Odoshi,"

crest,

of the style "Murasaki

is

imperial

or

purple

and

cord,

is

signed by a famous maker of armor, "Mioehin Shikibu Ki Menesuke, tenth year of

month" (1697).
Other
"Sotome Iyetada" (six"Unkai Toshinao" (early
seventeenth century), and "Kashiu ju Munehide Baku" (sixteenth century). The gift is
Genrokn,

twelfth

signed

pieces

tire

teenth

century),

cording to the proportion of their total food

energj derived from fats and sugars. In the
first group 26.7 per cent of all food energy

valuable as a well-preserved reminder of the

came from these two sources, in the fourth

It was found that the
group only 16.7.
amount of iron furnished by the diet varied
inversely with the proportions of sugars and
fats, and that in the first group, which used
most fat and sugar in proportion, the amount
of iron obtained was less than the minimum

into

sugar, and more vegetables

we

present crisis

the

war

and

less

fruits,

shall help to

in

win the

form health habits for the future.

The

we use

If, therefore,

needed for health.

library of the

indebted to

the

American Museum

generosity

Mills for a rare and valuable

of

is

Mr. Ogden

first

edition in

Latin of the Do Bry Peregrinationes. This

work includes, in two handsomely bound volumes, nine parts, covering travels in the

Many
and extending into Africa.
add to the beauty and usefulness of this unique edition, which was compiled by Theodorus De Bry, a German en-

Orient

illustrations

feudal times and customs so rapid l\ rele

gated to the background when Japan came
contact with modern European arma-

ment.

The

made by Mr. N.

trip

C.

Nelson

to the Indian River country of Florida in

tlie

early

summer

of

brought out
regarding the an-

1917

some interesting facts

The trip
cient culture of that region.
was undertaken in response to a letter from
Dr. E. H. Sellards, state geologist of Florida, regarding some shellmounds which were
being cut into for road building material,
thus affording excellent opportunity for in-

Mr. Nelson

spection of the refuse contents.

and the two in

company visited a group of interesting sand
mounds of Indian origin on the shores of
Lake Jackson, not far from the capital city.
called first on Dr. Sellards,

Later Mr. Nelson spent a brief time working

and artifact-bearing deposits

in the fossil
at the

much

discussed archaeological station

near Vero, on the east coast.

number of

graver and publisher of Frankfort-on-Main,

with the assistance of the geographer, Richard Ilakluyt. These travels were published

shellmounds along the Indian River were also

London, Part I bearing the date 1598.

e.xt reme value of a work of this charac-

observations on the composition and struc-

Re-

exposed section broken pottery and other

in

Tin'
ter

cannot be emphasized too strongly.

searches in geography, anthropology, zoology,

and kindred sciences are

all

dependent upon

such sources of information, while the rarity

of the book makes

it

a prize which only a

tVu institutions possess.

AIk.

to

the

MisiiAi.t.

('.

American

Lf.fferts has presented

Museum

four

complete

Japanese armor mounted on effigies

and accompanied by helmets and weapons.
Tie- suits are of fine handwork, inlaid with

suits of

gold

ilies

and

lit'

turies,

silver, and decorated with the

m!I known feudal lords and famsixteenth and seventeenth cen-

the

tine

piece

of

armor,

bearing the

examined and
Hill, three

at

one of these, near Oak

days were employed in making

ture of the mound, and in picking

artifacts.

The following

is

from the
point

of

by the examina-

chief interest brought out

tion: that the

the

earliest inhabitants of this

site apparently did not make pottery at all,

while those of the long middle period of its

growth made only undecorated pottery, and

who lived on the mound during the last

those

days of

its

occupation

made ornamented

pot-

The ornamentation consisted solely of

a stamped checker pattern impressed on the
ware.
The possible implication is that we
tery.

have here a center of origin for a particular

type of pottery decoration which occurs
sporadically as far
nessee,

away

as Alabama, Ten-

ami North Carolina.

the object of promol Lng

and Increase

pi otect him

ests in

Society"

"t

.,

and

v,

for

en

tj

,110

1.

Nev

of

president

George

hon-

ita

..

John

Pj irn eton CJniver

1.1'

bonds

hi

s'-iiptions

i'iIin

board of

tru

\i.

employees

it-

inn g, innuiii.

1
1

Museum War

an:

th

''

tii

preparation
meet- Tuesday

be

dei 01 at

specimens, suitable

lass

ei

enings and

ceramics, will be held

half

kilter

made

dents have
"in

lieve

that

During

lle.enilier.

more than three thousand

11

theii

the exhibit ton

stu-

specimens

the

of

use

and the Museum authot

k,

Mu

the American

in
el'

in

be

Lties

:i

fessor

1.

I.,

Bet

of bringing this rich field to the attent

of an even largei number.

ague gave

The

pygmy

of the

thei

Elephas p

lull lived several veals at the Xe\v

York Zoological Park, is being prepared by

Mr. .lames L. Clark fur exhibition in the
American M usi um.

at rast
b
the
bull elephant of enormous proportions which
v ill occupj the central position in Mr. Carl
LI

and

i-t

The

At

meeting of the National

Audubon

Museum on

October
bird

ali

made

Mr. Bollo

bj

II.

for

tising the aiUSiCall

the

Museum ami

entrance of the

1.

lai

ge

ters

".nil

South \ami Mr. Beck gave fascinating

the

pie

animal

'leer,

taken

life
'a

Mr.

bj

surroundii
e

lost

in

s|

tin-

Yellowstone

ami

11

mam

I,,

,,,

by Mr,
on display just
1

putting

through

it

collect ion

p appeared in their

bown
fear undei

ancestors

Lng such an important

at

al

part

th

is

play

the

year- tin- original type ha- exist

1.1111

of China.

feet

eluding

in

Unusual rodent forms are

the

long, togt

black
bei

flying

" Lth

Bquirrels,

huge

rats,

of the mole.

in

of mice

ti'

of strange appearance,

tion which they receive from the go

Ln

tl

represented

all

k-.

of the p resent barnyard foul which

heart

Norman M
em

shown.

previously

and mountain

natural

Expedition to

Tin-

lem

hibited a series of motion pictun

placed

jungle fov

Ch

not

has been

In

hall.

l.ii il-

11I

'i

pheasants ami peacoi

d

Follow Lng these was ex

taken.

National

of

adver-

Ln

the

to

em

Lai

This

exhibited near the

a eml.h

111ll.it inn

ml

nin

III

mm

are
v est

tead of in-t

in

ai

the maintenanci

Tin po

ous committees.

Beck

sueeess

a
1

Bp

course of the

ami

on

Artist

some splendid views of oceanic

29,

life,

the

iends
lil

the war relief work carried on by the vari-

china, conducted

Societies held in the auditorium

of the American

'

in

was

affair

but

ically,

Museum's Asiatic Zoological

of

In

Fl

mal- Obtail

the shoulder.

at

.1

which Pro-

way. netting toil:

Til

Akeli

E.

only six feet high

vi

to

the ballroom of the Hotel

li

ervici

in

erously donated,

Congo

elephant.

(representative of the type of

.1

L2,

Bernys

'in

was given

meiit

'

>kin

November

rand

bi

he assistance of

the evening of

is

means

be the

ill

of the

in

Chisels

paper, and

wall

text Lies,

<

foi

activi-

its

ial

Museum

be

Belief Asso-

0]

American Museum, an exhibition of designs

inspired by

I-ellli

of

tei

rican

of the edui ational

part

'

insti-

of Mr. Ad) mil

at

ciation ha

\s

The

fund.

at

Lnstallments from

iii

n-it

ami Mr.

University of Minnesota.

tin'

endow mi

11

of

Vincent, president

E.

purchased also $20,000 worth of the

ovi a,

It

Lty,

>

Grier Hibben, president

and

lmet

{<

,s:;

The American Museum has

Lssue.

tution has l.een enabled to receive bond sul>-

"National Educators C

orary vice pre idents are

sity,

;r

life

Lid

si

United state-.

tlic

titled tin-

VOTEL

SEl M

I//

With

The eh

am

pnill llks

LnCludl

varieties hitherto undescribed by zoologists.

u-eiim Libertj

total

2o0 for

I.

nan

om

subscriptioi

foi

the

are also included

in

the exhibit.

he sheep,

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Wk
from
(Vol.

length the following extract

quote at
a

paper by Dr. Frank M.

XXXVII

of the American

Chapman
Museum

bia, ami, as with the Santo Domingan Crossbill,

we are forced to conclude that the
original introduction took place when different climatic conditions prevailed in the areas

tions of recent years.

If the bird were a Red Crossbill, its
presence, even in a West Indian island,
would not be so surprising. This latter species nests as far south as the Alleghanies of

concerned.
The fact that Loxia megaplaga is more
nearly related to the European than to the
American White-winged Crossbill, does not,
of course, imply that it has descended directly from that species.
Its characters of
comparatively large bill and short wings are
shown by many island-inhabiting races, and
they doubtless indicate parallelism in development rather than direct descent from the
physically nearest form."

tlinn Georgia, and its accidental oceurrence in the Bermudas proves its ability to
reach an island well removed from the near-

written by a

L917):
"Dr. Abbott's discovery that a race of the
White-winged Crossbill inhabits the pine
Eorests of the higher mountains of Santo
Domingo, is one of the ornithological sensa-

est

mainland.

The White-winged Crossbill is not known

to nest south of northern New York, and,
even in winter, it has not been recorded from
south of Virginia. Its fortuitous occurrence
in the West Indies is, therefore, not now to
Nor does it seem probable that
be expected.
under existing climatic conditions, a bird of
the Canadian Zone would thrive in the
tropics, even at an altitude of 4000 feet, if
introduced there.
If this be true, it follows that Loxia has
adapted itself to life in the Subtropical Zone
through, not a sudden, but a gradual climatic change. Such a change we know to
have accompanied the wane of the last
Perhaps, therefore, we are
Glacial Period.
warranted in assuming that the climatic conlit
.us which brought the Musk Ox to Kentucky, tlic Walrus to the vicinity of Charlestun, Smith Carolina, and the Great Auk as
far south as Ormond, Florida, are also responsible for the original occurrence of the
i.

White-winged Crossbill in Santo Domingo.

The pines which had preceded it, and
which may also In- considered as boreal insouthward by the Ice Age,
vaders filler.
offered the food supply the bird's habits require, ami in its insular home it has been
stranded, after the causes to which its presence is due have disappeared.
I

It is not implied that the existence of

Loxia in the greater Antilles indicates a land
connection between these islands and the
southeastern
niteil States.
We have seen
that the Red Crossbill is of recent occurrence
in Bermudi
id it is therefore well within
tin
nf
probability to believe that
bounds
during the time when the Glacial Period
forced the White-winged Crossbill far below
its present range in North America, it might
have occurred fortuitously in Santo Domingo.
The ease is, in a measure, paralleled by
that of the Andean Horned Lark (Otocoris
nip, stris in regrina >.
Here we have a species
I

tionable
the

boreal origin confined to

Savanna of Bogota, in the Temperate

f the Colombian Amies.
Its nearest

relative

ceivable

is

found

thai

Mexico. It is not conpioneer ancestors of the

in

the

mi have crossed the wide

ween that country ami Colom-

The

following

is

quoted from

"It

is

very strange

around right up

.et

how

the

birds

in the front line.

stay

After a

bombardment the other morning,

which was the worst we had experienced for
terrific

six months, a skylark soared up from 'noman's-land' and gave us a lovely song, almost
partridge
as soon as the firing ceased.
flew over our parapet one evening and settled in 'no-man's-land,' quite unconcerned by
The blackbirds give a lovely
the rifle fire.
concert every morning and evening you can
just catch a snatch of in temporary lull of
the firing."

This comes in a letter from the western

front:

"On the river Anere about 600 yards from

the trenches, there are numbers of coots and
moorhens, who are apparently entirely oblivious to the tremendous battle all around
them. Before the 'push' they were about 400
yards from our front line trenches opposite
Thiepval, and in front of our field guns."

Ami

this

from the neighborhood of Lens:

"All through the night the battle of the

guns went on ami the sky was filled with the
rush of the shells and the moon veiled her
face from this horror which made a hell on
But in a little wood a nightingale
earth.
sang all through the night, in a little wood in
the curve of a crescent of guns, which every
shell flash lit up with white light so that the
delicate tracery of the houghs and branches
was ruffled and the tin) green leaves were

tremulous.
In the heart of that thicket a
nightingale sang with trills and flutters of
soul;, trying to reach higher notes, to rise
higher in its ecstatic outpouring, then warbling little snatches of melody."
Similarly, birds on the

are

said

to

return

Macedonian front

calmly

to

their

usual

haunts as soon as the firing ceases, little disturbed by the tremendous artillery discharges that deluge their homes with shot
and shell. (From Current Items of Inti rest,

a letter

member of the Canadian Expewho was on the firing line in

ditionary Force,

Henry Oldys, Editor.)

HAMMER-HEADED BAT

i\m:.\

Abrams, H.

85
I

79.

H.'I|m-i,,],.--v,

Malum.'

of VOLUME XVII

Jl

215, 211

Nalh

i.

191
2

A.- So.

All.

ii.

[ndians,

i.

195-6

Zoological

Expedition, 144-.")

Fran

Boas,

:159

have Known, l-i

501
Ambrosetti, Juan I!
Ann rii ac Anthi opologi al A oi
Ann rican As o. iatioi
Alligators

Boussac, P

iafl

ioi

rjo

Bradyptu, 9
tion,

Society,

American Ethnologi

Hniiulri-tli.
r

80

76

Breton,

<

lircwst.T.

n.

Fr-.l.

I'

17

MiiM-um

i.r

lenora] Geors;.- T.

lienors

liav.-

Ki

Lori..

Tl

K.li

Brittox, Mks
Bronze,

N.\tii.\niki.

ii!,
1

11

Inderson, A
Vxi'RKws. i;.,\ riiAiMi.v, Little-Known
I

from

Barnum,

...

|.

rl

*l

i.lualitv

Buffalo BuJ
Buffalo So.

Cretaceous

Butler, Alb.

\n.lr.-wv

Mammals

1,0,

()

Triii perament,

kets for,

I-

581
.

-J77
:>.

Am.Hk

/.i,..1.i.m

:il

i:\l". hli.il,

111"

rabbit, 71

Campbell, William

Bahr, A

Bulky,

i.

Ii

Perm.-,

racj
.-.

i.

Central Text
Karnliarl.

Uarringer.

Basket

.1..
1

in win.

il

J
I

..II

119,

584

Afri,

-J

BB0W2?,

v.

INDEX OF VOLUME XVII

Charts, health. 42
.,

Kommota

eft.

American

0/ "" tfortt

Preparedness Exhibit, 76

ill. inical

'hiii.-\

Brothers,

255. 256

n:t. K., To South America for Bird

(in m:
Study, 268 73
George K.. 150, 151
Children's Mus.-nm of Brooklyn, 360
Reminiscences of a Founder
I'liiivn:, .lusi.i'ii II

Cliorrie,

AmiTii'tin

of Hie

Museum, 285-7

Joseph H., 354

Oholapus, 9
Christman, E. S., 502

te,

t'hulili.

II.

Ti'l.'l'hoto

Natural History,

491-4

Daniel Giraud, 424

Miss Margaret H., 424
Ellsworth. Erasliis W., 204
Ellsworth, Lincoln, 144, 524
Elliot.
Elliot.

Emmons, George

T.. 149, 579

Empie. Carlos 1)., 355. 420. 579
Entomological Society, 80
Kohirl'u*. 417

Two Fur

Eskimo, Alaskan, 149

Espeletia, 20
Eulacbon and lis Kindred. The. 205-6
Evermann, Barton Warren, 581
Evolution of the Human Face, 377-88
Excavation of lit- Aztec Ruin. 85-99
Exhibits. 76, 78, 70, 148. 151, 274-6, 357, 360,

Lens in. 57-63

York, 215

Historj Olub of New

Oitj
Clark, B Preston, 147
11 vim, C11. k.;i. Akciiihami.
lems an.l Their Solution,
(.'lark, .lames L., 504, 584

Seal Prob-

497-99

420, 423. 500, 584

280

Clingfish,

The Dawn of History, 299

lot 1.1 11
302
Co.'kerell. T. D. A., 80
Coleman, Laurence V., 280
279, 289-91, 420-21
Coles, Russell J
and Mrs, Bidney M, 144. 524
Colgate, Mi
College of Physicians and Surgeons, 356
Comer, George E., 346
Congress of Americanists, 501
Connolly. Charles, 355
Connolly, .Joseph. 580
Conservation of Our Food Supplies in War Time.
2 95 ws
Conservation of Wild Flowers, The, 350-2
1

New

Ekblaw. W. Elmer. 346, 500

Electrochemical Society, 76
Elephant, group. 358; p> gmy, 584

EschericB, Walter, 420

502

152. 423, 424,

in. 'innlogr.-ipln

The

Ecology

268, 269. 277, 279, 3(55,

473, 500, 502, 504, 584

419.

421-3. 461,

Experiment Station. Montana Agricultural College,

Cope, E. D., 207, 417

Corn, ill Montana. 357; foods, 420; Mandan, 500
Cornell Bioloci.-al Expedition, 422
Cornell I'nn.Mlv, -J 5 4, 278, 422, 423, 580
Coin product- K. lining Company, 420
i.o
i'ciiii;
u, A I'.ufl'alo linlliiglit, 343-5; A Note
on Texas Land Snails, 577
Henry E., 216, 276, 502

423

('ran

M. D. C, Creative Textile Art and

American Museum, 253-9

i-fobd,

th<

Fabbri. Alessandro, 76, 77, 150, 213

Ferri, Laurence, 355
Field Museum of Natural History, 152, 406,

581
Finlev. John H., "A Garden
l-'in
John J., 355
Fisher,

(i.

Chyle, "Gopht

Every Yard,'

Pulli

Florida

291-3
Fisher, G. Clyde, 152, 289, 359
Fishes. Congo, 148, 421; eulachon,

205; a bibliography of, 216; clingfish, 280; food, 421;

South American, 502; aquarium, 504
Flenrv, Andrew, 256
Flight of a Meteor, The, 25-8
Florida, turtles, 289-91; shellmounds, 582
Flowers, season of wild, 303-18; conservation of,

350-2;

Crawford, M. D. C 151
Creative Textile Art and the

in

Fischer. Heinrich,

of

summer, 359

American Muslim

253-9
Crocker Land Expedition, 346, 359, 419, 500
Crocker Land Expedition Home, 365
Culture and Ethnology, 422
Curtis, Edward S 115, 118, 119

357; values, 581-2

Ford. James B 144, 147
Forest Products Laboratory. Madison. Wis.,
Forestry and the Paper Supply, 341-2
forgotten Naturalist, A, 211-12
Deer from Argentina. A. 207-11

Cutting, K. Fulton, 148

Fossil

fossil
Fossil,

Dean liashl'ord.'2 13, 2115, 501-502, 579. 580

Dearikirn, Neh. Wliv Not Raise Your Own Furs,

551-5
420

207-11;

Virginia,
De Witt Clinton High School, 215
Diatryma gioantea, 417, 418
|ii,kii;m,\ Mar\ Cynthia, Winter in the Woods
and Field- of Massachusetts, 41-56; The Jack
Rabbil in California, 71-5; Season of Wild
303 31 Flowei
Dickerson, Mary C, 502
r.

fossil.

George B., 276

Hiuo-anr ti-trtch" and "Tvrant."

Dill,

the Aztec Ruin,

at

5-13; Mono-

luck lulled. 419

i::r,

.l,u,iii.i.

lii-im.Ti.-

Raymond L

12,

169-179

Richard, collection from Matabele Land,

i

i:

Farming

Ostrich

in

South Africa,

367-75
A.
i

iv uiit,

Radclvffe. 358,
Natal, 215

504

French National Committee. 278

flick. Childs, 78, 144, 524
frick. Henry. 144, 147, 148, 524
"
Fuertes, Louis Agassi:
Fur Seal Problems and Their Solution, 497-9
'

Gallup. Miss Anna B., 360

(iann. T.. 195, 201, 202
i. .mien
in Every Yard. A," 267
Gardens. War, 278
Gaunt, James, 80
Gay, Frederic P., 80
Gem Mining in the United States Tourmaline
and Turquoise. 65-9
Geographical R.i-i.w. 279
Giant Eocene Bird, A, 417-18
Giant Munzanitas of Clear Lake. California, The,

399-402

422, 502

Ditmars,
Hodge. Cleveland H., 148, 502

'.....

in South Africa, 141-2

trees. 78; man, 141-2; deer, 207-1]
skull. 278; sponges. 360; eggs,

Osh, 421.

ii

Man

man

352
Davis, William T 39-40
Davison, Henry P., 147, 148. 359
Dan
of History, The 299-302

Gilm, ,.','. 0. W 76
Giraffe and Sea Horse in Ancient Art, 489-90
Gleason. Herbert W.. 152
Glimpse into the Qui, lma Country of Southern Bolivia.

407-15

Goajiro Indians, 15, 17

57&

Gobiaox, 280

Museum,

Goby,

Jonathan, 502

iv.-

Go.ldard. 1'linv Earle, 422. 495, 502

Gophei Pulling" in Florida, 291-3
Gorgas, Surgeon' General. 276
'

Eastman,

Cit \i:i.ks

Ii.,

Giraffe and Sea

Ancient Art. 489-90

I

S .149. 216, 502, 504

Horse

Gould. John. 424

Granuek. Walter, and W. D. Matthew. A Giant
Eocene Bird, 417-18

INDEX OF VOLUME XVII

Grant. Madison, 340, 501, 502

Gbataoap,

L.

States

.li.lin...

Gem Mining

P.,

Tourmalin!

in

thi

and Turquoise, 65-9

356

Il.ri

Mr-. Adrian Hoffman

u;
The

Bulachon

tnd

1'

Kiniir. d
Juflliard, A.

D.,

1M

17,

n.

.'

Kelly, Albert
K.-rami.-

'

Kin. Yam.

rank

Birh. Recollection

sol

77

579

Bird,
mi,

I. in llr...

York, 360

19

580

_ 1,

Mass
Jordansmiihl,

12

from

122

k\.

Mrs. E.

79

I!

H.

Iinnil

Hei

mam

William Tod
213

.",

Little

York

Known Mammals from

7-

::77

270.

Sfiii,

'

502

207,

of X.-

i.-t>

Long,

rn is

'i

Mr-

J.

79

A.

ii

ii

Bipt
Hitchcock B
Hopkins. CorL'i-

Hornadai

422

R..

Wii.i.ivm

Wihl
Hornaday,

261

Life,

"

T..

The War

Americ

for

A..

l.rii-

-'

502

Frank

Turkey

Buzzard,

Losl

His

n.iiiman.

k.

>i

on of

Our Food Sup-

579

148, 502,

E.,

The
7-63

Telepl

M, ('Unlink. Normal

Howard, Through

K,

irrison J.,

thi

34G

Howard. 502
i

//

Indian,

270

ouis,

421

...

215;

'...ajiro.

Motilmi.s.

MacNeal, B
''

17:
Maniiliardl,

[selin,

Spread

of

Agriculture

is

America,

'"

Adrian

Jack Rabbil

Alfr.d.

".1

in

47.

18,

Tecbnolog

of

19

Matthew

Matthew, w.
111

Ireland,

I..

titute

aformation about,

15,

Temperament, and Geni

Individuality,
I

age-societies,

17; Parajuano,
Hnlal-a. :157
Qui.

1"..

17:

:i0.

11; A
Matthew, V

584

i>

In

ll

'

'

California, Ti
,

147
i::.r.s

Jaeger, Chri

Jakes,

Walter

James, Walter

B..

w.-iril

Diseases

B.,

Janin, Albert

Jesup Fund, 144. 524;

collection,

215

of

Africa,

"7

W
1

Prehistoric Urn.

nth

Afm-a,

INDEX OF VOLUME XV 11
77. SO. 148. 149, 212.

;.-,

70,

Meeria.M.

17

"

'

Members.

213, 214. 276,

584

1.

270.

2 12,

419, 500, 579

ear
ot

35;;.

Hart, The Giant

<-'.

Jla/;n,it;,

584; Zoological Society, 76, 79, 287,

581; Microscopical Society, 580
Nicaragua Expedition, 151, 277, 421
Nichols, Herman Armour, 280
Nichols, Hobart, 420
Nichols, John T., 148, 149, 213, 280, 502
Xisliimura. Miikolo, 79, 256
Noble. G. K 580
Note on Texas Land Snails, A, 577
Noted in Ilopiland, 569-73
Notes on Florida Turtles, 289-91
Noyes, A. A 80
Obermaier, Hugo, 222
<>(,, unci!.

Oiujys,

421

L49, 277,

Mi

6,

Life,

</

Society

the Plata,

ii

Yu

Ostrich Farming in South Africa, 367-7E

-atan,

of

TuPalseontological Society, 76, 80

191-204

Morley, Sylvanus G 279

MiO-kis Karl II.. Discoveries at the Aztec Hum,
100 70; Explorations in New .Mexico, 461-71
Morris, Karl II., 213
Mers.-. Herbert N., 252
Morton, Mrs. Paul, 79
Motion liietures. "How Life Begins,' 79; of mi.

Sperm

American
Mi lrill, William

A..

Wild Mushrooms as Food,

Mon-

Aires, 277, 504;

Museo National in Buenos

tevideo. 504

Xacinnal. Rio de Janeiro, 277, 504; PauSao Paulo. 277, 504

Museum Notes, 76-80, 117-52. 212-16, 276-80,
II" 24, 500-4, 579-84
153-60
Museum ot the Peaceful Arts, 76

Museu,

lista.

Mushrooms. Wild

As

Food, 323-31

Natalobatraehus btnebergi, 214

Uademj

.in, ,,,0

Sciences,

of

500;

Advisory

Association of
'oiiiinitti-e on Aeronautics, 356
Societies, 487. 584; Council of Defense, 270. 205; Geographic Society, 78, 423;

Audubon

-ii; Kescarch Council. 356;

i-.i-orpark si
Consei ation Society, 584
Educatoi
Xaluial Hi t..n Mi.- mi o Mendoza, Argentina,

Nelson, Fthelyn
L03

G.,

Camp

Life in

New

Mexico,

N ('., Excavation of the Aztec Ruin. 85Kentucky and Her Cave Men, 221-33

N'i.i.s,.n.

99;

77, loo, nil, 213, 279, 581,

"Neptune," Relief Ship, 359
\ n
\, chseologj
The, 100-101

''.

Jersey
,.-.,

77. 80, 148, 214, 221,

354, 355, 358, 360, 500,

..02

Svl.YANI's GRISWOLD, The

loom,

5-13

489

85, 148, 354,

P.,

582

Pine Barrens, The, 245-52

Camp Life in. 103-14; Explorations

401-71

Natural History

Ecology,

Academv

of

491-4

Medicine,

354;

Aeademv

213 856; Aquarium, 360, 501,

Sciences
Botanical Garden 278. 350. 351. 352,
-,.
5n4; School of Agllorli.ulli.ial Soeietv
riciillnre
17:;i',n
27
State
i"i
College -I!
State Oonser-

ol

581;
:

277

The "Ostrich" DinoThe

dition Home. 365

Osborn. .Mrs. Henry Fairticld, 359, 501

Osborn, William Church. 501
"Ustrirh" Dinosaur and "Tyrant" DinoS

Morgan, sir Henry, 17

r

Bird Music,

500

13

Paper

M,

of

.23

nt" Dinosaur, 5-13;

357

BABBINOTON, Forestry and the

Supply, 341-2
Barrington, 77, 279, 355, 356
Morirun ((.-in Collection, 67, 68

MOOBE,

in.

.old.

ui

Molilalia Agricultural College.

New

t:

Us-

Now

:;oo

Meaning

ami E i;,lulit,n

Ornitholeates,
Irnithological

52, 360, 423, 502

Lower New York Bay, 352-3
ill
John Purroy, 501
Mnnrheur. Baron Luilovic, 579
ilt,no,'hiiii)is, A Cretaceous Horned Dinosaur,

Tin-

o,

(tritiiii

Jliraeei
Uitchel,

\,l on,

Mai-.joi-i,.,

Henry.

u|.,-,,.

343,

352,

501,

1',-ah-

Titian Ramsay, 211

Pearson, T. Gilbert, 347, 487, 580

I'earv, Robert K 346. 579
Perkins, George W., 354
Perman'en

Permanen

INDEX OF VOLl ME

VII

Albert
Tlli.M -,.N

Sanborn, E

I-

ll

|l

15

172

lieu-ion.

su

Santa IV Mii-eum. 5-1

Sehiui.lt

Heinri.
52

Schurtz,

196

li

15-2:!

..la.

In

S.-ar.-h
,1-.

197

fu

Troxell

149

I.

279

re

shannon. Howard

J.,

-; "

-J7-;

-jii:.

Autumn

tfigratio

42

Shearwaters. 41!l

152.

'I

214.

27(5

W.

i,.l.

-Hull,

(.

['red

.:

i'

Travel \
.

\\.lll.

Wester

..Hi

152

H..

ami

Histrilnition

/'

ii

Illinois.

I6,3i

Birds of th

27s

Variation.
(i

2H-J

IH5;

Sum.-

ttm

13

it.",.

J.,

Skinner, Alan
M
P
129 3
Smith, Mai. d!
Smith. St, -wart A

Smyth,
SimiK

IC\ .iliitinn

\\

Land, 577

ihl

Lit'.-

lli.-li

S,

2C.1

Th.-,

i,i;

the

i.r

IVarhu

Pi

Washington
Watkins,

255

opp.

ii

IrviiiL-

.-

II

Laura

3(50

I...

i"

21

Spinden.

Hi .1:111
Agriculture

in
in

Spread
-'i
An
Travel
Western Venezuela. 15-2:t; Am.-ri
15-122
Th.-.

in

of

ri.H-T-iii.

WlDMAN.N

Wild Mushroom-

27*

Fried)
Stein. William. 417
St.-inhart. Ismatz. 5*1
St. -in.

In

Phelps and Olivia Phi

.in..-

274

42

I.VKK.

Wisslor. (Ii

Woodward.

421

Thomas

Life

life

Mi-s

Polar

Some Birds

ol

of

'

Kn\ ironm.-m

Temp,

Ann

117

Yellowstone.
in

An

I.

Wright, A

Textile.

of

\.

Exhibit

Talgai skull, 278

TelephotO
Terrestrial

The New

15

P iblic Health

Exhibit

76

).

212. 245

ittner.

Mm

i.

Yunnan. Pictnresqu,

Individuality.

Natural history
1

N3
v.17

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&

Medical

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