General Chemistry 1

Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

MOLE CONCEPT

Mole: Latin word for pile

Equivalent to 6.02 x 1023 particles or the Avogadro’s number

Molar mass is equivalent to the mass of one mole of a substance.

Ex.: 1 Mole H = 1.01 grams/mole
1 Mole C = 16.00 grams/mole

Example 1. How many grams of Zinc are in 2.45 moles?

65.37 g/mol of Zn
mass∈grams of Zn=2.45 moles Zn ×
1mole

mass∈grams of Zn=160 grams

or simply,
grams of Zn=2.45 moles ×65.37 g/mol
mass∈grams of Zn=160 grams

mass∈grams=no . of moles × Molar Mass

Example 2. How many moles of Fe/ Iron are in 150.0 g?

mass∈grams 150.0 g
n= = =2.686 moles of Fe
Molar Mass 55.85 g / mol

mass∈grams
n=
Molar Mass

GRAMS MOLES NO. OF PARTICLES

Example 3. How many atoms are present in 25.2 grams of Barium?

mass∈grams 25.2 grams
n= = =0.183 moles Ba
Molar Mass 137.27 g/ mol

no . of atoms=no . of moles × Avogadr o' s number

no . of atoms=nN
no . of atoms=0.183 moles ( 6.02 ×10 23 atoms )
no . of atoms=1.10 ×1023 atoms of Ba

no . of atoms=no . of moles × Avogadr o' s number

SOLVE:
What is the mass in grams of 2.305 x 1020 atoms of Iodine?

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 General Chemistry 1
Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

MOLAR MASSES OF MOLECULAR MASS

O2 O + O Atoms
O2 + O2 O + O + O + O Atoms

1 mole of O2 = 2(6.02 x 1023) atoms/ mol

= 12.04 x 1023 atoms/ mol
Mass of O2 = 2(16.00) grams/mol
= 32 g/mol
1 mole of P4 of Phosphorus
= 4(6.02 x 1023) atoms/ mol or 2.408 x 1024 atoms
= 4 moles of P atoms
= 4(30.37) mass in grams or 121.48 grams

Example 4. What is the molar mass of ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH?

C : 2 x 12.01 amu = 24.02 amu
H : 6 x 6.06 amu = 6.06 amu
O : 1 x 16.00 amu = 16.00 amu
46.08 amu Molecular Mass
46.08 g/mol Molar Mass

Example 5. What is the mass in grams of a molecule of CH3CH2OH?

46.08 grams
mass∈grams= 23
=7.6454 ×10−23 grams
6.02 ×10 molecules(Equivalent ¿1 mole)

Example 6. For a sample of CO2, 24.6 moles of O2 was found to combine with carbon. How many moles of
carbon is combined with this amount of oxygen?

x 24.6 moles
C + O2 CO2
1 mole 2 moles

Let x be the number of C moles combined with O2

1 mole C x
=
2moles of O 24.6 moles of O

24.6 moles of O(1 mole C)

x= =12.3 mole C
2moles of O

Example 7. In commercial fertilizers, phosphorus is present as P 2O5, phosphorus pentaoxide. What is the
mass in grams of O2 combined with 21.2 grams of P?

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Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

Grams of P Moles of P Moles of O Grams of O

21.2 g
Moles of P= =0.684 moles of P
30.974 g/mol

Using ratio and proportion, let x be equal to the number of moles of O2

5 moles O 2 x
=
2moles P 0.684 g /mol
x=1.71 moles O2

Mass of Oxygen=Molar Mass × Mole

Mass of Oxygen=16.00 ×1.71
Mass of Oxygen=27.36 g

SOLVE:
Find the molar mass of Table Salt, NaCl and Calcium hydrogen phosphate, Ca (HPO4)2

Example 8. How many atoms of H are there in 6.08 grams of (NH 4)2SO4?

Grams of (NH4)2SO4 Moles of (NH4)2SO4 Moles of H No. of Atoms of H

Solve for the Molar Mass:

N : 2 x 14.01 g = 28.02 g
H : 8 x 1.01 g = 8.08 g
S : 1 x 32.06 g = 32.06 g
O : 4 x 16.00 g = 64.00 g
132.16 g/mol

Solve for the number of moles of ( N H 4 )2 SO 4

mass∈grams 6.08 g
n= = =0.0460 moles of (N H 4 )2 SO4
Molar Mass 132.16 g/mol

Ratio of (NH4)2SO4 to H = 1:8

Let x be the no. of moles of H

x 8 moles H
=
0.046 moles( N H 4 )2 SO4 1 mole( N H 4)2 SO4

8 moles H
x=0.046 moles (N H 4 )2 SO 4 ×
1mole ( N H 4 )2 SO4
x=0.368 moles of H

Find the number of atoms of H

no . of atoms=no . of moles × Avogadr o' s number

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 General Chemistry 1
Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

no . of atoms=0.368 moles × ( 6.02× 1023 moles /atom of H )

no . of atoms=2.22 ×1023 atoms of H

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITIONS

Mass of Element
% Element = ×100 %
Total Mass of Compound

Example 9. What is the percentage composition of Na 2CO3 (Sodium Carbonate)?

Na : 2 x 23.00 g = 46.00 g
C : 1 x 12.01 g = 12.01 g
O : 3 x 16.00 g = 48.00 g
Molar Mass = 106.01 g/mol

46.00 g
% Na= ×100 %=43.39 %
106.01 grams

12.01 g
% C= ×100 %=11.33 %
106.01 grams

48.00 g
% O= ×100 %=45.28 %
106.01 grams

SOLVE:
A sample of a liquid with a mass of 8.657 g, was decomposed into its element and gave 5.217 g C, 0.9620 g H and
2.478 g O. What is the percent composition of the compound?

CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL FORMULA

1. Empirical Formula (EF): or the simplest formula, gives a relative number of atoms in each element
of a compound.
Ex.: HO, CH2, CH

2. Molecular Formula (MF): gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a
compound.
Ex.: H2O2 EF = HO
C2H4 EF = CH2

3. Structural Formula: shows how atoms are linked together in a molecule

of a compound.
Ex.: CH3COOH

Determining the Empirical Formula

Example 10. An unknown sample was found to be with 3.60 g C, 0.61 g H and 38.07 g I. Find the
empirical formula.

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 General Chemistry 1
Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

mass∈ grams 3.60 g

moles of C= = =0.300 moles C
Molar Mass 12.01 g/mol

mass∈grams 0.61 g
moles of H = = =0.604 moles H
Molar Mass 1.01 g /mol

mass∈ grams 38.07 g

m oles of I = = =0.300 moles I
Molar Mass 126.90 g / mol

C 0.300 H 0.604 I 0.300 =C H 2 I , empirical formula

0.300 0.300 0.300

SOLVE:
A compound was found to have 73.9% of C, 4.14% of H and 21.89% of O. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
(Hint: Let the total percentage be equivalent to a 100 grams)

Determining the Molecular Formula

Example 11. For a compound with an empirical formula of CH 2I, determine the molecular formula if the
molecular mass is 281.86 grams.

Find the EF Mass:

C : 1 x 12.01 g = 12.01 g
H : 2 x 1.01 g = 2.02 g
I : 1 x 126.9 g = 126.9 g
EF = 140.93 g
Mass
Molecular Formula Mass 281.86 g
= =2
Empirical Mass 140.93 g

Conclusion: Molecular Mass is twice the Empirical Mass

MF = 2 (EF)
MF = 2 (CH2I)
MF = C2H4I2

Example 12. In the analysis or organic compounds, a common technique used is to burn the compound and
collect the CO2 and H2O formed.

A Compound contains C, H and O. Combustion of 21.36 mg yields 32.02 mg of CO2 and 8.74 mg of H2O.
The molecular mass of the compound is 176.1 amu. What are the EF and MF?

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 General Chemistry 1
Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

12.01 g
% C ∈C O 2= ×100 %=27.29 %
44.01 grams

2.02 g
% H ∈ H 2 O= ×100 %=11.21 %
18.02 grams

27.29 % mgC
Mass of C∈ product =32.02 mg× =8.74 mg of C
100 mgCO 2

11.21 % mgC
Mass ofH ∈ product=8.74 mg× =0.98 mg of H
100 mg H 2 O

Mass of O=21.36 mg compound−(8.74 mg C+ 0.98 mg H )

Mass of O=11.64 mg

mass∈grams 8.74 g
millimoles of C= = =0.728 millimoles C
Molar Mass 12.01 g /mol

mass∈grams 0.980 g
millimoles of H= = =0.970millimoles H
Molar Mass 1.01 g /mol

mass∈grams 11.64 g
millimoles of O= = =0.728 millimoles H
Molar Mass 16.00 g/mol

C 0.728 H 0.970 O 0.728 =3(C ¿ ¿ 1 H 1.33 O 1) 3=C 3 H 4 O3 , empirical formula¿

0.728 0.728 0.728

Find the EF Mass:

C : 3 x 12.01 g = 36.03 g
H : 4 x 1.01 g = 4.04 g
O : 3 x 16.00 g = 48.00 g
EF = 88.07 g
Mass
Molecular Formula Mass 176.1 g
= =1.99∨2
Empirical Formula Mass 88.07 g

MF = 2 (EF)
MF = 2 (C3H4I3)
MF = C6H8I6
GASES
From the Flemish word, “chaos”, dubbed by Van Helmonth

Properties of Gases:
1. Large volumes (low density)
2. Volume changes to the volume of the container
3. Shape changes to the shape of container
4. Easily compressed

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 General Chemistry 1
Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

5. Rapidly mix
6. Exert pressure
7. Expands when heated

Four variables that will describe a gas:

1. Pressure, P
2. Volume, V
3. Temperature, T
4. Number of moles, n

PRESSURE
 is a unique property of gas
 compressibility or expandability
 is due to the collision of walls of the container

Pressure = Force per unit area or P = F/A

Atmospheric Pressure: In 1642, Torricelli discovered that there is pressure exerted in a Mercury or Hg in
disk. Under normal conditions at sea level, it has a height of 760 mm of Hg or 1 atm. Height of Hg varies
with altitude.

1 standard atmosphere = 760 mm H at sea level

1 standard atmosphere = 760 torr

SI Unit for pressure: Pascal or Pa

1 Pa = 1 newton/meter2
1 atm = 101, 325 Pa
1 atm = 101.325 KPa

DIFFERENT GAS LAWS

I. BOYLE’S LAW: by British Robert Boyle

At constant temperature and moles, as pressure increases, volume decreases. There is an inverse
relationship as a law of nature.

1
V∝ → PV =k
P

Note: It is an approximation and most accurate in low pressure and high temperature.

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Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

Ideal Gas: gas which yield with constant P and V as product no matter what the pressure is. It
behaves perfectly.

P1V1 = P2V2

Applications: Breathing Mechanisms

Example 13. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 250 mL at a pressure of 760 torr. What will the
gas occupy if its pressure is reduced to 700 torr.

P1V1 = P2V2
(760 torr) (250 mL) = (700 torr) (V2)

( 760 torr ) ( 250mL)

V 2= =271.46 mL
700 torr

II. CHARLES’ LAW: by Jacques Charles, first to fill a balloon with Hydrogen and solo balloon fly in
Paris
At Constant Pressure and no. of moles, Volume  Temperature
As Volume Increases, Temp, inc. (T  KE)

Absolute Zero: lowest possible temp.; represents the zero point in OK

Kelvin Scale: Absolute Temperature Scale.
00C = 273 K K = 0C + 273

V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 00C or 273 K ; 1 atm or 760 torr

SOLVE:
1. A 10.0 mL sample at 250C is cooled at constant pressure at 00C. What is the new volume?
2. At what pressure must a 300 mL sample of oxygen at 200C be cooled at constant pressure so that the volume
will be 200 mL.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN GASES

2 V H2 + 1 V O2 = 2 V H2O
1 V N2 + 3 V H2 = 2 V NH3
1 V H2 + 1 V Cl2 = 1 V HCl

Volume is not always conserved. Reactant volume ≠ Volume of the Product

Volume combined are in small whole numbers.

III. GAY LUSSAC’S LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES

The volumes of gaseous substances that are conserved and produced in a chemical reaction are in
ratios of small whole numbers, provided the volumes are measured under, the same conditions of
temperature and pressure

Example 14. What volume of Oxygen will measure 250C and 760 torr is required to rest 2.0 L of
Methane measured under the same condition of T and P.

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Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

Let x = equal to the volume of Oxygen

x 2 LOxy gen
=
2.0 L of Methane 1.0 L of Methane

( 2.0 L Methane ) (2 L oxygen)

x= =4.0 L Oxygen
(1.0 L Methane)

IV. AVOGADRO’S PRINCIPLE

Under conditions of constant T and P, equal volume of gases contain equal number of molecules.

Since equal number of moles = equal number of moles  V

V n, at constant T and P
V = kn

V1 V2
=
N1 N2

Constant V at STP: 22.4 L, Molar Volume

Example 15. What volume will 14.0 g of Nitrogen gas occupy at STP?

1mole N 2
n=14.0 g N 2 × =0.500 moles of N 2
28.0 g /mol

Let y = volume of Nitrogen gas

y 22.4 L
=
0.500 moles 1 mole

( 22.4 L ) (0.500 moles )

y= =11.2 moles
( 1mole)

V. IDEAL GAS EQUATION: P, V, T, n

Boyle’s Law: V  1/P at constant n and T
Charles’ Law: V T at constant n and P
Avogadro’s Law: V  n at constant T and P

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Combining:
1 PV
V ∝n T∨ =nR
p T
Ideal Gas Equation
PV = nRT, R as a universal gas constant

atm ∙ L
R=0.082 at STP
mole ∙ K

Using the Ideal Gas Equation, derive R, the universal gas constant.

SOLVE:
1. What volume will 0.89 moles of Nitrogen gas occupy at 300C and a pressure of 0.72 atm?
2. Calculate the no. of moles of gas in 50.0 L at STP.

Combined Gas Law:

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2

SOLVE:
A sample of He is at 760 torr, 200 mL at 350C. What must be the temperature if pressure is 740 torr, and
volume is 300 mL?

¿ the Ideal Gas Equation: PV =nRT

Since:
mass∈ grams
moles=
Molar Mass

mass∈grams
PV = RT
Molar Mass

Mass RT
Molar Mass=
PV

SOLVE:
A 2.00 L flask contains 3.11 grams of gas at 684 torr and 230C.
Find the Molar Mass.

Mass RT
Molar Mass=
PV

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Mass RT
Molar Mass=
V V

RT
Molar Mass=d
V

Molar Mass P
d=
RT

SOLVE:
Find the density of a gas is 1.34 g/L at 250C and 760 torr.

VI. GRAHAM’S LAW OF EFFUSION

Diffusion: Physical Properties of Gases (Ex.: Fragrance of a perfume)
Effusion: Gas pressure escape from high to low pressure and escape through a small opening.

1
Rate of Effusion ∝
√ d

Rate of Effusion of Gas A Density of Gas B

Rate of Effusion of Gas B
=
√
De nsity of Gas A

Rate of Effusion of Gas A Molar Mass of Gas B

Rate of Effusion of Gas B
=
√
Molar Mass of Gas A

Example 16. Gas A, Carbon Dioxide has a molar mass of 44 g/mol while Gas B, NH 3 has 17 g/mol.

44
√ 17
=1.6 , NH 3 effuse faster by 1.6×than C O 2

QUIZ: What volume will 1.02 g of ammonia (NH3) occupy at 30 0C if its pressure is 720 torr.

VII. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

Developed by John Dalton. In a mixture of gas, each gas in the mixture will contribute to the
pressure. It exerts a partial pressure independent of the other pressure of the different gases.

Pt =Pa + Pb + Pc …+ Pn

Where: Pt is the total partial pressure

Pn is the partial pressure of the component gases.

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Example 17. A misture of N2, O2 and CO2 are confined in a container. What is the total pressure
given the partial pressure of N2, 200 torr; O2, 250 torr; CO2, 300 torr?

Solution: (200 + 250 + 300) torr = 750 torr

n1 RT n2 RT n3 RT
P 1= , P 2= , P 3= ; Pressure depends upon thenumber of moles present
V V V

Example 18. A mixture of gases in a 5.0 L vessel at 30 0C consisted of a 0.025 moles N2, 0.030
moles H2 and 0.050 moles O2. Calculate the total and partial pressures.

Given:
V = 5.0 L
T = (30 + 273) K = 303 K
n1 of N2 = 0.025 moles
n2 of H2 = 0.030 moles
n3 of O2 = 0.053 moles
L∗atm
Pt =
(
( 0.025+ 0.030+0.053 ) moles 0.082
mole∗K )
(303 K )
=0.54 atm
5.0 L

L∗atm
PN =
(
( 0.025 moles ) 0.082
mole∗K )
(303 K )
=0.124 atm
2
5.0 L

L∗atm
PH =
(
( 0.030 moles ) 0.082
mole∗K )
(303 K )
=0.149 atm
2
5.0 L

L∗atm
PO =
(
( 0.053 moles ) 0.082
mole∗K
(303 K))=0.263 atm
2
5.0 L

VIII. MOLE FRACTION (x)

Mole fraction is the fraction of the total number of moles of a gas

Na
X a=
N total

Where: X a is the mole fraction N total isthe total number of moles of a gas
N a isthe no . of moles of A

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0.025moles 0.025
XN = = =0.23
2
( 0.025+ 0.030+ 0.053 ) moles 0.108

0.030
XH = =0.28
2
0.108

0.053
XO = =0.49
2
0.108

Total Mole Fraction s h ould be ≅ 1 .

P a= X a P t

P N =0.23 ( 0.54 atm )=0.124 atm

2

P H =0.28 ( 0.54 atm ) =0.151 atm

2

PO =0.49 ( 0.54 atm )=0.264 atm

2

Pt =0.539∨0.54 atm

IX. VAPOR PRESSURE

Example 19. A student generates oxygen gas in the lab and collected it by water displacement
method. She collects the gas at 25 0C until the level of water inside and outside the flask are equal.
If the volume of the flask is 245 mL and atmospheric pressure is 758 torr. What is the partial
pressure of oxygen in the “wet” gas mixture at 25 0C.

Patm =Poxygen + P water

Poxygen =Patm −Pwater

Given:
P atm = 758 torr
P water at 25 0C = 23.8 torr

Poxygen =758−23.8 torr=734 torr

Calculate the no. of moles and mass given the data above.

X. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP: GAY – LUSSAC’S LAW

Pressure∝ Kelvintemperature
P=kt

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Chemistry 16 Lecture Unit 2

P
=k , constant
T

P1 P2
T = T
1 2

SOLVE:
The pressure in a hair spray can is 4.0 atm at 27 0C. If the can is thrown into fire, what is the gas pressure
when the can temperature increases to 402 0C?

XI. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES

Based on the ideal gas law, developed by Daniel Bernoulli in 1938.

Postulates:
1. Gases are composed of particles such as atom or molecules.
2. The particles are every small.
3. The particles move very rapidly
4. The forces of attraction between particles are extremely weak (moving independently)
5. Collisions are perfectly elastic. Kinetic Energy before and after collision is constant at a given
temperature.
6. As temp. of a gas increases, particles move very rapidly (T ∝KE)

STATES
Property
Solid Liquid Gas
1. Relative volumes of
Large volume Small Volume Small Volume
a sample at different
(Low density) (High density) (High density)
states
2. Dependence of a
sample in the Volume changes to
Fixed volume Fixed volume
volume of a container
container
3. Dependence of a Shape changes to shape Shape changes to filled
Fixed Shape
shape of container of container part of container.
4. Ease of compression Easily compressed Nearly incompressible Nearly incompressible
Mix more slowly than
5. Ease of moving Rapidly mixed Negligible mixing
gases

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