TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

1338 ARLEGUI ST. QUIAPO MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MAMAGAT, ZEN CHRISTOPHER

MELLENDREZ, GELLIE MARIE
ORBESO, DIVINA
RIVERA, DANIEL
VIERNES, MARIA CAMILA ROXANNE
VILLANUEVA, RICHARD

2/4/2016

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Bad water is harmful for you, but safe water is advantageous to life. Water is the source
of almost everybodys well circulation, important for agriculture, industry as well as for ones
existence. Water is life.

Without clean water of enough quality and quantity, moderate

development is impossible. Eight-ounce glasses of water should ones individual needed to drink
everyday (U.S. Centres Base on Disease Control and Prevention/CDC). However, many
individuals cant comply with those studies, because of lack of source of freshwater, especially at
remote and faraway areas. Because of this, many got some sort of problems in their health;
Dehydration, diarrhea, cholera, arsinecosis are some of those (United Nations Children
Fund/UNICEF). Worst as that sounds, its far from complete list. There are also health menaces
related to water contamination, other specific bacteria and viruses and chemical pollutants.
Disposal of toxic chemicals, long lasting transportation of some pollutants, and contamination of
water bodies through disposal of muck sewage and stormwater are some of the major causes of
water quality degradation (Klein and others, 1975). It has been unambiguous displayed that
water with good quality is vital to sustain the socio-economic development. The ecosystem of
water is being threatened extensively worldwide by a sort pollutants as well as harmful way of
land-uses and water-management undertaking. According to those facts, water quality can no
longer be taken for granted. There are many elements that can come to play: the potentiality of
contamination, unknown good water quality, etc. unknown to many, municipalities can supply

water and also there are many types of suppliers that can supply it but are those water have the
quality that can meet the standard of the user and the safe standard level? The project is all about
analyzing or to be exact, detecting the standard quality of the water. Aside from detecting the
quality of water, it also has the capacity of monitoring the water quality within that area.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Many concerns about health related issues because of inadequate quality of water.
diarrhea because of unspecified quality drinking water is widespread (Hesperian, 2012) and
dehydration from diarrhea is one of the most common causes of death for children all over the
world (World Health Organization/WHO). Blood flukes also known as schistosomiasis or snail
fever is a disease that can infect an individual through the skin after washing, wading or
swimming in contaminated water (Hesperian, 2012). Contamination of water supplies can
happen at the very source of water. There are many cause of water contamination, including
some chemicals and minerals that are naturally take place like arsenic, radon, uranium, etc., local
land use undertaking like fertilizers, pesticides, etc., sewer overflows or extrication of
wastewater (U.S. Centers Base on Disease Control and Prevention/CDC). The presence of
contamination in water can arise some possibilities to adverse health effects, including
reproductive problems, neurological problems and gastrointestinal illness (U.S. Centers Base on
Disease Control and Prevention/cdc). Many other problems can occur from using unspecified
quality of water; industrial and agricultural subject is at the undermost while the health related
cases is at the utmost.
OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN
To identify any contaminated areas.

 To detect any signs of deterioration in water quality.

To identify any water bodies in the water system that does not meet the qualification of water
quality standards.
To prevent diseases caused by unspecified quality of water as possible.
To prevent any setbacks related on water quality in any industrial and agricultural subjects.
To build or to form natural water quality conditions.
To help the places which have the natural sources of water (river, well, spring, etc...) enable for
them to detect if the water that they used was safe.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The primary importance of this project is naturally because of the necessity of verifying if
whether the tested water quality is suitable for some intended uses. Everyone deserves good
quality water with no setbacks that need to worry. As it said, good quality water is a limited
resource, important for agriculture, industry and humans life, without it sustainable
improvement and development in life will not be possible. People sometimes get our drinking
water from lakes and river so, if one detects any contamination on it, it should immediately have
someone to take some action, because as important as it is, it should be protected.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of this project entails only on creating a full-functioning water quality detector
with features of also monitoring. It will be capable of detecting and examine water and able to
identify the standard of it which can help to identify if whether the tested water quality is suitable

for intended use. This provides a remedy not only for those have natural sources of water
especially for those in the remote areas but also, for those with have a problem in recycling water
because of shortage.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of literature and studies after the through and in-depth
search done by the researchers. this will also present the related readings, related literature,
related studies, research design, statistical treatment, research setting, data gathering procedure
and instrument, flowchart and to fully understand the research lastly the definition of terms for
better comprehension of the study.
RELATED READINGS
San Mateo, Calif., Zaragoza, SpainJune 9, 2015at sensors expo today, libelium
announced the addition of ion selective sensor probes to the waspmote smart water sensor
platform, for increased sensitivity and accuracy in water quality monitoring. The wasp mote
smart water platform is an ultra low-power sensor node designed for use in rugged environments
and deployment in smart cities in hard-to-access locations to detect changes and potential risk to
public health in real time. Waspmote smart water is suitable for potable water monitoring,
chemical leakage detection in rivers, remote measurement of swimming pools and spas,
corrosion and lime scale deposit, fish tank monitoring and seawater pollution levels.
Libelium is also launches new IOT vertical kits. If you are exploring IOT possibilities
with a pilot project, setting up a demo to engage with potential customers or just comparing
technology options, time is the most important factor. we have created five different IOT vertical
kits addressing the most dynamic internet of things verticals and one evaluator kit to ensure you
get started in as fast as possible. These vertical kits are factory programmed; include a

visualization plugin in meshlium (only available in iot vertical kits) and five hours of technical
consultancy so that you can have a working project just by powering on the devices.
In libeliums product titled comparing the professional vs. the maker sensor lines for
agriculture and water monitoring portfolio is possible to find different ways or options to control
and measure agriculture and water parameters. on the other hand, libelium offers professional
solutions based in our own designed platform wasp mote: smart agriculture and smart water, in
short, we have designed two arduino based cheap alternatives for makers: open aquarium and
open garden that are distributed by cooking hacks libeliums open hardware division.
In this article, we will go through the main differences between them to help libeliums
customers to choose the platform that suits best their needs. so lets go start with the comparative
of libelium water monitoring products: smart water vs. open aquarium. Smart water is a wireless
sensor platform simplifies remote water quality monitoring. equipped with multiple sensors that
measure a dozen of the most relevant water quality parameters (temperature, conductivity,
dissolved oxygen, ph, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity and dissolved ions sensor probes
available), smart water is the first water quality-sensing platform to feature autonomous nodes
that connect to the cloud for real-time water control. Their sensors are available for both wasp
mote lines: plug & sense! Ready to deploy in final projects, and OEM to be embedded in a
third party product line just by powering on the devices.
A libelium released a video of use: this video represents of how to monitor the water
quality solution built for an end user: a fish farming business. In the video is featured the data
collected by libelium smart water sensors. In the dashboard is possible to see the data in different
formats: a mapping of the fish farm, real time data of the different parameters, and a data

comparison: current data vs. average data. The rests of the menus are explored in the video,
where the user can play with the data in different formats and is able to conduct more actions and
more decisions with all this data. The information of the different smart water censoring nodes is
available. It is possible to do filters according to different devices or devices groups: devices
groups can be selected and the application shows information related only to those kinds of
devices. It is possible even to select a specific sensor node and view details. All the parameters
that this particular censoring node is measuring are displayed.
RELATED LITERATURES (5 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS)

1. Daytime Water Detection Based on Sky Reflections

Robust water detection is a critical perception requirement for unmanned ground vehicle
(UGV) autonomous navigation. This is particularly true in wide-open areas where water can
collect in naturally occurring terrain depressions during periods of heavy precipitation and form
large water bodies. In the properties of water there is a one very useful thing for detecting, it is
that its surface acts as a horizontal mirror at large incidence angles. water bodies can be
indirectly detected by detecting reflections of the sky below the horizon in color imagery. The jet
propulsion laboratory (JPL) has implemented a water detector based on sky reflections that
geometrically locates the pixel in the sky that is reflecting on a candidate water pixel on the
ground and predicts if the ground pixel is water based on color similarity and local terrain
features. This software detects water bodies in wide-open areas on cross-country terrain at midto far-range using imagery acquired from a forward-looking stereo pair of color cameras

mounted on a terrestrial UGV. In three test sequences approaching a pond under a clear, overcast,
and cloudy sky, the true positive detection rate was 100% when the UGV was beyond 7 meters
of the water's leading edge and the largest false positive detection rate was 0.58%. The sky
reflection based water detector has been integrated on an experimental unmanned vehicle and
field tested at ft. Indiantown gap, pa, usa.

Authors:
Rankin, A.L.
Jet propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA
Matthies,L.H.; Bellutta, P.

2. Karst Water Resources Detection through Airborne Thermal Data: Mivis and Tasi-600
Imagery
The demand from water resources management authorities was increased in the last
decade given the direct impacts by human activities, which may cause an irreversible damage to
the local natural water balance in coastal and transition regions. The needs of useful tools for
monitoring, understanding and managing the water resource are an important responsibility to
local authorities for its sustainable use. Moreover, carbonate aquifers constitute a very important
thermal water resource outside of volcanic areas, although there is no detailed and reliable global

assessment of thermal water resources. An efficient evaluation and mapping of these resources
could provide a valuable supply for their management. Within this context the main aim of this
research is to define a processing methodology to assess the suitability of the high resolution
thermal airborne sensing for improving the water resource management by correctly identifying
and monitoring sea surface thermal anomalies in coastal areas due to karstic and thermal water
resources.

Authors
Simone, P.
Imaa, Tito, Italy
Angelo, P. ; Nicola, P. ; Stefano, P. ; Federico, S. ; Lorenzo, F.

3. Water Sensor with Optical Fiber

In optical-fiber networks, it is more important to monitor water which
seeps into splice enclosures. Because the fibers have residual stress at
splicing points, and when water is present, this adversely affects fiber
lifetime. A water sensor which has a simple structure for monitoring water at
splicing points has been developed. This water sensor causes optical loss

due to fiber bending when water seeps into splicing enclosures. The design
method using a fiber-bending model and sensor performance are described.

Authors
Tomita, S.
NTT Transmission Syst. Lab., Ibaraki, Japan
Tachino, H.; Kasahara, N.

4. A 3 Sensor Multipoint Optical Fiber Water Sensor Utilizing Artificial Neural

Network Pattern Recognition.
A multipoint sensor on a 1 km continuous length of fiber has been
investigated and proven to be capable of detecting the presence of air,
ethanol and water at each of three independent sensing points using OTDR
techniques. Artificial neural network signal processing techniques have
allowed the resulting OTDR signals to be accurately determined using
pattern recognition. Each of the u-bend evanescent wave absorption sensors
was developed with 62.5 /SPL mu/m polymer-clad silica fiber, which had its
cladding removed in the sensing region. Although the length of the fiber
used in this investigation was 1 km, longer or shorter lengths may be used

as required. Earlier results from a single u-bend sensor have shown that a
multilayer preceptor is required to adequately classify the data. Initial results
have shown that it is possible to train a network to recognize trends such as
ageing of the bare fiber when immersed in water, and therefore possible to
separate out such effects from genuine changes in the measured. It is
envisaged that a more sophisticated multipoint u-bend evanescent wave
sensor system will be developed, with the resulting complex signals being
processed using artificial neural network pattern recognition techniques. This
will result in the development of a 'smart system', with the ability to interpret
and separate relevant measured data from the data received from cross
coupling signals from external or interfering parameters as well as faults or
defects detected in the fiber.

Authors
lyons, W.B.
Dept. of Electron. & Comput. Eng., Limerick Univ., Ireland
King, D. ; Flanagan, C. ; Lewis, E. ; Ewald, H. ; Lochmann, S.

5. Zigbee-ready Wireless Water Leak Detector

To prevent water leak from causing damage, the use of centralized

alarming system consisting of several water leak detectors can be placed in
targeted areas. However, the installation costs for these types of alarming
systems are high, especially in already finished buildings since they require a
lot of wiring for handling of the alarming system. To solve this problem water
leak detectors that use the zigbee technology to communicate with a control
center have been studied and developed in this work. Thanks to the wireless
connection, the sensor is easy to place in any area where water leak
detection is desired. The wireless water detector system in the zigbee
network has a very high reliability and a long battery lifetime of 10 years.

Authors
Pettersson, A.
Dept. of Sci. & Technol., Linkoping Univ., Norrkoping, Sweden
Nordlander, J. ; Shaofang Gong
RELATED LITERATURES (5 LOCAL AUTHORS)

1. Philippines Water Thrilla in Manila

Frequent typhoons are proving a huge challenge for utilities in the Philippines to ensure
consistent water supply. and a quarter of the population still lack access to sustained potable
water, despite abundant rainfall and water sources. Jeremy Josephs looks at privatization
developments and how a water utility is expanding globally via Vietnam.
Manila may well have hosted the famous boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe
Frazier back in 1975, but more recently the capital city is part of a larger development in the
Philippines' water sector. The country's president, Benigno S. Aquino III recently suggested to
the inter-agency committee on the water sector that they come up with a master plan. He stated
that it should effectively address all issues and concerns relating to the water sector. And they
should do so fast.

Author
Jeremy Josephs

2. Waterborne Parasites: A Current Status from the Philippines

Despite the amount of awareness created, waterborne disease still poses threat, especially
in developing countries. Due to the scarcity of reported data on waterborne parasites, the
consumption of unsafe water prolongs. Thus, the occurrences of waterborne parasites from
various samples were investigated from one of the Southeast Asian country, the Philippines.

A total of thirty three samples, each consisting of twelve liters, were collected and
processed to obtain the sediment. Ten liters of sample each was processed to detect
cryptosporidium SPP. and Giardia SPP. Using an immunomagnetic separation method prior to
enumeration via fluorescence microscope. Meanwhile, the remaining two liters were cultured to
detect acanthamoeba and naegleria through microscopy examination and polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) analysis.

Author
Cristina C. Salibay, Julieta Z. Dungca, Hazel Al Tabo, Norbel Tabo,

3. Ph can be a Technology Exporter

The Philippines can be a technology exporter after having implemented the use of climate
change-readiness technologies like lidar, enabling competitive disaster preparedness and
agriculture forecasting. As the government has proven successful in its disaster preparedness
programs under the project noah and dream lidar (disaster risk exposure assessment for
mitigation-light ranging and detection), the Philippines is foreseen to become a technology
provider for other countries. In a little more than two years, we finished 18 major river systems
at a lower cost. From technology dependence, weve become technology self-reliant. In another
three years, we can be a technology provider, according to Science and Technology (DOST)
Secretary Mario J. Montejo. Were getting interests from those who want us to provide them

lidar, montejo added. One country that may avail of Philippines technology on disaster
preparedness is Burma. There are many countries like Burma that need a technology provider,
he said. A specific model for international collaboration on the countrys becoming a global
technology provider has also been suggested. A first world country like the United Kingdom,
which also assisted the Philippines in its disaster preparedness program, may finance a project in
a third world country while the Philippines provide the manpower and technical expertise,
Montejo said. DOSTs advanced science and technology institute (ASTO) has developed the
countrys own automatic weather stations (AWS), automatic rain gauges (ARG), and water level
sensors (WLS) for disaster preparedness that are far cheaper than the imported. Before we were
using imported sensors, now we have locally designed sensors that cost one-fourth of the
imported, he said.

Author
Melody M. Aguiba

3. Innovations in Water Leak Detection Technology

Water leaks can originate from many sources such as air conditioning units, cold-water
chillers, water supply and return lines, clogged drains, damaged skylights or windows,
construction errors, or even condensation drips. When it comes to minimizing business
interruptions, few companies give much thought to water as a culprit. In reality, according to one

study, water damage ranked second behind power outage as the leading causes of business
outage, accounting for 27% of the causes. In addition, anecdotal evidence suggests that there
may be insurance cost savings--both immediate and long term--from an investment in water leak
detection technologies. While water leak detection technologies have been around for years, new
innovations such as the use of non-conductive polymer cables provide significant advantages and
tremendous cost benefits, thus allowing more mainstream adoption, especially among critical
facilities with sensitive electronic equipment. We will examine the various emerging
technologies in water leak detection and highlight the typical requirements one should consider
in evaluating these solutions.

Author
Cam Rogers

4. Equipment to Monitor Rain, Water Levels Installed

Cebu, Philippines - the department of science and technology- 7 has installed nearly 100
units of automatic rain gauge sensors and water level monitoring systems in various flood-prone
and strategic areas in central Visayas. DOST-7 director, engineer Edilberto Paradela, said the
equipment will help local government units monitor the amount of rainfall in their respective
areas, especially those experiencing frequent flooding. The rain gauge sensors and water level
monitoring system is aimed at helping government agencies in providing information on the

amount of rainfall in their area for them to alert residents in low-lying areas for possible flooding
and landslides, Paradela said during yesterdays AGIO forum. He said the devices encompass
the range of meteorological sensors that can detect hydro meteorological information and
agricultural data and not solely on disasters. All ARGS will collect rainfall data simultaneously
without human interference and send the data automatically every 15 minutes from remote
sites direct to dosts headquarters for study and analysis. The devices, which are funded by the
national government, are solar-powered, making them more resilient to power disruptions during
typhoons.

Author
Kristine B. Quintas/JMO (The freeman)

5. Sensor-Equipped Bouys Deployed to Guard Water Quality in Batangas

To monitor and quickly assess water quality in Batangas, the department of science and
technology (DOST) unveiled a new initiative called sentry or sensing environmental parameters
through telemetry during the celebration of dost IV-As 52nd anniversary in MataasnaKahoy,
Batangas last NOV. 20. Sentry is a system which deploys devices for real-time automated data
acquisition to help avoid fish kill and other adverse effects of poor water quality.
These devices are sensors which come in the form of catamaran-type buoys. To be
gathered are data on the waters acidity, turbidity, and total suspended solids or particles larger

than two microns. The first of these sensors, launched during the said occasion, is installed along
Lipote River which had fallen prey to water pollution coming from the upstream. The sensor will
serve as a virtual round-the-clock sentry that will stand guard over particles flowing from the
upstream which will pollute the river. These data will be transmitted, on a per hour basis, to a
website which consolidates all other water quality information gathered from various monitoring
agencies. Data-logging and communication technologies are provided by DOSTs advanced
science and technology institute. Among others, sentry is also capable of warning concerned
regulatory agencies if a particular data is nearing its critical level. It can also disseminate
bulletins and advisories from the department of environment and natural resources (DENR),
bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources (BFAR), and environmental management bureau
(EMB) to local government units (LGUS), fish cage owners and other stakeholders. sentry is an
initiative of the regional offices of DOST, DENR, BFAR, and EMB, as well as Batangas State
University which handled the design and fabrication of the buoys, Mataasnakahoy LGU, and
Pusod inc. an organization devoted to the protection and enhancement of ecosystems in the
Philippines.

Author
Rowena Cristina l. Guevara
RELATED STUDIES (5 AUTHORS)

1. Panchito Water Cherenkov Detector Water Studies for the Lago

Collaboration
Water Cherenkov detectors (WCDS), which are part of the lago
experimental array, are being built in the cities of Riobamba, Quito and
Cumbaya in Ecuador. In order to increase the sensitivity and efficiency of
these devices, it is necessary to ensure that the water used as radiator
media absorbs as low as possible the UV light due to the incident particles
and produced by Cherenkov Effect. To do this, we built and used a device
that allows us to measure the attenuation length directly. Water samples
purified by different techniques are analyzed. Some characteristics like
absorbance, refractive index, conductivity and cost are studied. we attempt
to simulate the Cherenkov effect in Fluka, we report our findings and perform
a comparison with results from previous reports of lago sites elsewhere, and
with other experiments that use WCD technology.

Authors
R. Quishpea, M. Audelod, M. Calderonc, E. Carreraa, D. Cazara, D. Guerrerob,
C. Mantillab, O. Martinezb, S. Vargasb, N. Vasquezb, C. Velasquezb, for the
lago collaboration

2. Geant4 Based Simulation of the Water Cherenkov Detectors of the Lago

Project
To characterize the signals registered by the different types of water
Cherenkov detectors used by the Latin American giant observatory project, it
is necessary to develop detailed simulations of the detector response to the
flux of secondary particles in the detector level. These particles are
originated during the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. In this
context, the lago project aims to study the high energy component of
gamma rays bursts (GRBS) and space weather phenomena by looking for the
solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRS). Focusing on this, a
complete and complex chain of simulations is being developed that account
for geomagnetic effects, atmospheric reaction and detector response at each
lago site. In this work we shown the first steps of a geant4 based simulation
for the lago WCD, with emphasis on the induced effects of the detector
internal diffusive coating.

Authors
R. Calderna, H. Asoreya, B, L.A. Neza, for the lago collaboration

3. Layered water Cherenkov Detector for the Study of Ultra High Energy
Cosmic Rays
We come out with a new design for the water Cherenkov detectors that
are in use in various cosmic ray observatories. This novel design can give a
significant improvement in the independent measurement of the muonic and
electromagnetic component of extensive air showers. From such multicomponent data an event by event classification of the primary cosmic ray
mass becomes possible. According to popular hadronic interaction models,
such as epos-lhc or qgsjetii-04, the discriminating power between iron and
hydrogen primaries reaches fisher values of ~2 or above for energies in
excess of view the mathml source with a detector array layout analogous to
that of the pierre auger observatory.

Authors
Antoine Letessier-Selvona, Pierre Billoira, Miguel Blancoa, Ioana C. Maria,
Mariangela Settimoa

4. A Water-Based Neutron Detector as a well Multiplicity Counter

We narrate the performance characteristics of a water-based neutron
detecting multiplicity counter for the non-destructive assay of fissile sources.

This

technique

could

substitute

or

supplement

existing

3he-based

multiplicity counters. The counter is a 1.02 m3 tank containing pure

deionizer water doped with 0.5% gdcl3. It has supremely reflective walls and
eight 10-in. pmts mounted at the top. An unshielded source well of 19 cm
diameter, mounted at the top and center, extends 73 cm down into the
detector. The counter was evaluated using low intensity 252cf and 60co
sources, and a fast pulsing led to simulate higher intensity backgrounds. At
low gamma ray intensities (~200 kbq or less) we narrate an absolute neutron
detection efficiency of 28% and a 60co rejection/suppression factor of ~108
to 1. For sources with high gamma ray intensities, the neutron efficiency was
22%1% up to a 60co equivalent activity of 4 mbq. The detector background
event rate, primarily due to muons and other cosmogenic particles, was
found to be constant over a period of almost three months. The minimum
detectable neutron source intensity above background was 3.1 n/s, assuming
a one-hour data acquisition.

Authors
S. Dazeleya, A. Asgharib, A. Bernsteina, N.S. Bowdena, V. Mozina

5. High-performance Size Exclusion Chromatography with a Multi-wavelength

Absorbance Detector Study on dissolved organic matter characterization
along a water distribution system
This research examined the associations between dissolved organic
matter (DOM) characteristics and potential nitrification occurrence in the
presence of chloramine along a drinking water distribution system. highperformance size exclusion chromatography (hpsec) coupled with a multiple
wavelength detector (200280 nm) was employed to characterise dom by
molecular weight distribution, bacterial activity was analysed using flow
cytometry, and a package of simple analytical tools, such as dissolved
organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and total
disinfectant residual were also applied and their functionality to indicate
water quality changes in distribution systems were also evaluated. Results
showed that multi-wavelength hpsec analysis was useful to provide
information about DOM character while changes in molecule weight profiles
at wavelengths less than 230 nm were also able to be related to other water
quality parameters. Correct selection of the UV wavelengths can be an
important factor for providing appropriate indicators associated with different
DOM compositions. DOM molecular weight in the range of 0.20.5 kda
measured

at

210

nm

correlated

positively

with

oxidized

nitrogen

concentration (r = 0.99), and the concentrations of active bacterial cells in

the distribution system (r = 0.85). Our study also displayed that the changes
of DOM character and bacterial cells were significant in those sampling

points that had decreases in total disinfectant residual. Hpsec-uv measured

at 210 nm and flow cytometry can detect the changes of low molecular
weight of DOM and bacterial levels, respectively, when nitrification occurred
within the chloraminated distribution system.

Authors
Huiping Huang, Emma Sawade, David Cook, Christopher W.K. Chow, Mary
Drikas, Bo jin
DEFINITION OF TERMS

For better understanding of the study, the researchers gave several terms that were
defined conceptually and operationally as used in the study.

Water Detector- for detection of damage caused by water/flooding, consisting of a basic

device and a water detector (always mount sensors at a position at which damage caused by
flooding would occur first).

Wireless Alarm System- a wireless alarm system depends upon radio frequency to transmit
and receive signals from the home alarm system. these types of systems are easier to install and
generally preferred by homeowners because they do not involve running wires in the home. all of

the sensors are wireless as well and these components can be used as additions to wire alarm
systems to create a hybrid alarm setup.

Flood Sensor- a component detects the presence of excessive water so that it can alert the
monitoring station of a potential flood concern. the flood sensor is often placed near the water
heater since that is the most likely area for flooding to occur. other common places for flood
sensors include: in or beside a basement sump pump pits to alert you of a defective or nonfunctioning pump before your entire finished basement gets flooded; behind the washing
machine to alert if a hose has burst.

CHAPTER 3
METHADOLOGY
This chapter shall discuss some methods usable for the study and what is suitable for it to
use in response for some of the Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1 which is directed to the
ability of this design to decrease some of the problems related to agriculture, industry and health
with regards to the water quality. Thus, this portion of the study specifies in the method of

research used, research design, statistical treatment of the data, research settings, data gathering
and the management of the instrument used.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
It is needless to accentuate the importance of water in our life. Without water, there is no
life. Water for different purposes has its own necessity for composition and purity. Each body of
water needed to be examined on a common basis to confirm its suitability. The types of
examination could vary from simple field testing or laboratory-based instrumental analysis. The
analysis of water quality is a very exacting and time consuming process. And a large number of
quantitative analytical methods are used for this purpose; therefore, the researchers adapted some
theories of measuring water quality enable to arrive to simple and portable way of measuring the
quality of water. The researchers adapted the theory of measuring the water using ph indicator
which is arguably first theorized by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. Ph indicator is substances, usually
a weak acid or base that changes color depending on the Ph of the solution it is mixed with.
Indicators often made from plant extract. The process of using liquid ph indicator first is to add
the number of drops of the indicator solution to the sample, and then simply match the reaction
color that emerges with the corresponding color of the color chat that is included with the
indicator. Finally, just read off the Ph value.

indicator name

pH
color

pH
color

Malachite green
oxalate

0.0
green

2.0
green-blue

Brilliant green

0.0
yellow

2.6
green

Eosin yellowish

0.0
yellow

3.0
green fluoresc.

Erythrosine B

0.0
yellow

3.6
red

Methyl green

0.1
yellow

2.3
blue

Methyl violet

0.1
yellow

2.7
violet

Picric acid

0.2
colourless

1.0
yellow

Cresol red

0.2
red

1.8
yellow

Crystal violet

0.8
yellow

2.6
blue/violet

m-Cresol purple

1.2
red

2.8
yellow

Thymol blue

1.2
red

2.8
yellow

p-Xylenol blue

1.2
red

2.8
yellow

Eosin, bluish

1.4
colourless

2.4
pink fluoresc.

Quinaldine red

1.4
colourless

3.2
pink

2,4-Dinitro phenol

2.8
colourless

4.7
yellow

4-(Dimethylamino)
azobenzol

2.9
red

4.0
yellow/orange

Bromochlorophenol
blue

3.0
yellow

4.6
blue/violet

Bromophenol blue

3.0
yellow

4.6
blue/violet

Congo red

3.0
blue

5.2
yellow/orange

Methyl orange

3.1

4.4

red

yellow/orange

Bromocresol green

3.8
yellow

5.4
blue

2,5-Dinitrophenol

4.0
colourless

5.8
yellow

Alizarin sulphonic acid

4.3
yellow

6.3
violet

Methyl red

4.4
red

6.2
yellow/orange

Chlorophenol red

4.8
yellow

6.4
purple

Litmus

5.0
red

8.0
blue

Bromocresol purple

5.2
yellow

6.8
purple

Bromophenol red

5.2
orange/yellow

6.8
purple

4-Nitrophenol

5.4
colourless

7.5
yellow

Bromoxylenol blue

5.7
yellow

7.5
blue

Bromothymol blue

6.0
yellow

7.6
blue

Phenol red

6.4
yellow

8.2
red/violet

3-Nitrophenol

6.6
colourless

8.6
yellow/orange

Neutral red

6.8
blue/red

8.0
orange/yellow

Creosol red

7.0
orange

8.8
purple

1-Naphtholphthalein

7.1
brownish

8.3
blue/green

m-Cresol purple

7.4
yellow

9.0
purple

Thymol blue

8.0
yellow

9.6
blue

p-Xylenol blue

8.0
yellow

9.6
blue

Phenolphthalein

8.2
colourless

9.8
red/violet

Thymolphthalein

9.3
colourless

10.5
blue

Alkali blue

9.4
violet

14.0
pink

Alizarin yellow GG

10.0
bright yellow

12.1
brown/yellow

Indigo carmine

11.5
blue

13.0
yellow

Epsilon blue

11.6
orange

13.0
violet

Titan yellow

12.0
yellow

13.0
red

BELOW IS THE ILLUSTRATION OF THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Input

Process

Output

Methods
Materials
SAMPLE
(WATER)

Equipme
nts

Strategie
Seminars
s

Feedback/
evaluation

Process

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The figure 2 shows the conceptual framework of the study. Using the illustration of the
Theoretical Framework that can be asserted that the water can be classified or detected enable
for the user to be lull before usage. The detector will provide a reading if the sample (water) was
safe or unsafe. If safe, the tester will classify the potability and the usability of the sample. If
unsafe, the tester will find the possible distillation of the sample for further usage.

Input

Process

Output

POTABILITY
SAFE
USABILITY
Seminars

WATER
UNSAFE

USAGE

POSSIBLE
DISTILLATI
ON

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the gathered data and analysis being conducted on monitoring the water quality on
different area, different samples has been collected to get the general finding in knowing the pH

level being circulate on the different areas and also the electrochemical on it. The main goal of
this chapter is to show the features and the results collected by the features being discuss on this.
The pH level, in which the main application is to detect and to measure the acidity, neutrality or
the basic of the water is being used in order to gather data and samples on different areas.
Electrochemical reaction, any process either caused or accompanied by the passage of an electric
current and involving in most cases the transfer of electrons between two substancesone a
solid and the other a liquid.

In measuring the pH, some samples are being gathered to see the variation of the acid and base
of the water, to show that the water in different areas changes in different time.
Here are some of the samples and the difference of each other as the time changes.
This sample was being taken early in the morning, having a pH level that varies from 6 to 7 in
which has a less acidic going to normal level of a pH.

This show the measured data ranges from 7.22 down to 6.86 that indicate that the water on
that time is not yet basic, it also shows the electrochemical level from 0.78 to 0.76.

This show the measured data ranges from 7.02 down to 7.58 that indicate that the water pH
level rise, it also shows the electrochemical level from 0.83 to 0.86.

This show the measured data ranges from 7.15 down to 6.93 that indicate that the water
varies at a time, it also shows the electrochemical level from 0.78 to 0.76.

This show the measured data ranges from 7.05 down to 6.86 that indicate that the water
varies at a time, it also shows the electrochemical level from 0.77 to 0.76.

This show the measured data ranges from 6.80 then reaches 7.19 pH level then down to
6.92 that indicate that the water varies at a time, it also shows the electrochemical level from
0.82 to 0.76.

As the time goes by, the pH level of the water from where the previous sample was being
collected changes from less acidic to high level base that reaches 11 that was almost near to
14. The data below shows the changes of the pH level as this

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
We conclude that the Water Quality Detector that we have created was successful because of the series
of experiments that we have conducted. Since we got the anticipated values that we expect before
conducting those, thats why we can say that the Water Quality Detector was working.

Creating a Water quality Detector was definitely hard but absolutely fun, because of the knowledge and
experiences we gathered. We can also conclude that every materials in creating Water Quality Detector
was very important it can cause a damage and malfunctioning if a certain materials was not properly
connected and programmed. Thats why we should handle every material with care.

We also learned

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