&'%#($%)*$+")#,)-.+/0/1)2#3)245)*/.

+/0/1)*67)*$+")8#9:

:4 !"#$%

!"#$% &'(#$: .I

)*+,%-. /+0 !"#$% &'(#$. 1.1

!"#$: 
*)*+,(* %&'(

. 50! 6 H+  !"#$ %&' ()*+ ,-*./.0 )$ 10 2 3/4!

39 = 7*86 + H+
: :&;<6
CH3COOH=CH3COO-+H+
HCl = Cl- + H+
. 50! 6 H+  =*>50! %&' ()*+ ,-*./.0 )$ 10 2 7*8?!
7*86 + H+ = 39
: :&;<6
NH3 + H+ = NH4+

OH- + H+ = H2O
9( / 1'"2 345'678$. 2.1
:7*86 39 :A)*HI! JK@ :$H< 39 /7*86 :.-*@G 10. BA C$!< 7*86 39 D< 1EF5 39 / 7*86 :.-*@;A!
BH+ = B + H+ 6 HA=A- + H+
: :&;<6
CH3COOH/CH3COO- ; HCl/Cl- ; NH4+/NH3
1'"2 9( :;'<*8$ .3.1
7*8?! TU HA1/A1- :.-*@;&A HA1 3/4! D< H+  N*#5O! BAPQ R"S NM 2 7*86 39 1'*L5A!
HA1 +A-2 = A1- + A2H
: HA2/A-2 :.-*@;&A A-2
: A5'B CDEF PH 1'4= % >?-@.II
: >?-@. 1.2
TU mol.L-1 3H D< YZ5[ )(!FA! \]^ _I! `.05A!. H3O+ )(!V %&' W5S ,-*< N&X 10
D>O(8 a*HA! b()6 c d*HKA! 3H ef gYZKA! h.#A! \]2 N*/H58! 6 *i 14-10 mol.L-1
. log :.k(*l&A! :.m*[A! :A!"A! N*/H58* nAo pH jA! (!"#< ( S.SORENSEN )
: :+PHA* pH[ PH jA! *$ [H3O+]! 5 10-2 mol.L-1 q.r :LLsI! 1.A*t/&A :u>@A* pH jA! pH[
pH = log [H3O+]
. mol.L-1  *y@' zH< N&{! x H3O+ )(!FA _I! `.05A! w.#[ W]A! )"HA! :+PHA! \]2 x [H3O+] 1;v
[H3O+] = 10-pH
: :.A*5A! :+PHA! |$*E :+PHA! \]2 U

: :}rP<
: ~.A*5A! ~.-*I! ~A&{! z5HO o
[H3O+]1= 1.0 .10-2 mol.L-1: ~(".^! (&0 39 N&X: N?! N&{!
[H3O+]2= 3.98 .10-3mol.L-1
: n[O*;[! 39 N&X : *;A! N&{!
: "@$ N&X 1EA pH jA! :/.+ =*>r DEv
PH2=2.4 PH1=2
: :.5@A!
wEHA! [H3O+] +*@ PH jA! "[!` */&0 BO6 H[ !]2 PH2 > PH1
[H3O+]1>[H3O+]2
. .t
. pH>7 *^ :.8*8?! 1.A*{! pH<7 *^ :./4! 1.A*{! c pH=7 *^ :A"5HI! 1.A*{!c 25C :("A! "@' o


A5'B CDEF pH 1'4=. 2.2

. ,-*./.0 1'*L5A :.-*y@A! :A*4! nA]0 c .O>0?! )(!V `.0 "["t5 />[ ,-*< N&X pH 7*.+ U
. :&fI! :+"A! >r c ,-*< N&X pH 7*.#A *5#[ *.&/' 1/H5>O
: :O&I! JV!EA! :f8! pHjA! 7*.+ -6
N&{ pH :/.+ N* "["t5 /> ( ~.A*5LA@.LA! c N/.5<zA! (6c ~5O*.&^!: 1;< ) :O&I! JV!EA!
. ,-*<
: *OA ( BBT) N/.5<zA! (6 ]Q: N*;<
. pH<6.0jA :u>@A* L6 . pH>7.6 jA :u>@A* (61 3G4HD8$
.N/.5<zA! (6 p*fHO! :#f@< %/>[ W]A! [6.0 ;7.6] N*/&A :u>@A* Q6-

$%&'(% )# *+, -.% $&+'% $/01 2 3&+.% 4 5/&'% 6781 3&+9 pH  ! "# : pHjA! (
pHB' % *7 HIHJ "# pHB' % 5/E "FG. ( 1 *0D&'% ) *0C%&A% pH B' % *7 !:0;' *<+='% >+, ?@=A%
. ?HKE 5/LM
: :P#- pH *@O%&M pHB'%  .N
0'% X:Q# E U=:# X:Q# ) WI:Q# )# R<S:# TE:PF'% :P7@'&C U+# &V :P#-PH
Ua# 3&+9 pH 0M ]^_% `7QI. ?:\<# pH B'% *7 U@=I ( YZ'% "# [&;-#
(2*0D&'% ). ?HKE 0.05 *<S/ "# *HM
234-)15
. 4.30 *70'% i% :P# pH'% cdI eKf a# g&+9 hP=1: 3b#
4.25 pH 4.35 :pH B'% *7 $&FS *70'% jkV lQK
:  ! "#$ %$ &' ()*+.III
: ,-./ &' % 012 &'. 1.3
. ?/%:m% */n 6L1 H;, S2E S1 W'&+9 hP=;'
pI&1bIg% q7m 3&+9 : S2
C2=10-2mol.L-1

WE/Ho% /&+F' 3&+9: S1

C1=10-2 mol.L-1

3&+.%
Zr:P'%

PH2=3.4

PH1=2

pH'%

: 3&+9 F' [H3O+] Zr:P'% nst

[H3O+]2=10-3.4=3.98.10-4mol.L-1
[H3O+]1=10-PH1=10-2mol.L-1
. v& qw &^C xA% 4 +r n:dPI HCl %utf [H3O+]1=C1 : S1 3&+.%
( yS ,LS ) HCl(g) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) +Cl-(aq)
. z={ qw &^C xA% 4 aZ n:dPI CH3COOH %ut [H3O+]2<C2 : S2 3&+.%
( yS c| ,LS) CH3COOH(l)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)
: xA% 4 aZ n:dS %ut L={ AH q7m% $&FI
AH(aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) +A-(aq)

: xA% 4 +r n:dS %ut I& AH q7m% $&FI

AH(aq) + H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) +A-(aq)

,-./ "#$ % 012 "#$.2.3

.( 25C) ?/%:m% */n 6L1 H;, S2E S1 W'&+9 hP=;'

PH2=10.8

(Na+(aq)+OH-(aq) )y&In&-'% }%xA 3&+9: S1 3&+.%

C1=10-2 mol.L-1
Zr:P'%
PH1=12
pH'%

/01234/ ()* +,"-.' !"#$%&

: 3&+9 F' [OH-] Zr:P'% nst

( CH3NH2(aq) ) W#! bA 3&+9 : S2

C2=10-2mol.L-1

[H3O+]2=10-10.8=1.58.10-11mol.L-1
[OH-]2=10-14/[H3O+]2=6.3310-4mol.L-1
[OH-]2<C2

[H3O+]1=10-PH1=10-12mol.L-1
[OH-]1=10-14/[H3O+]1=10-2mol.L-1
[OH-]1=C1
NaOH(s) H2O Na+(aq) +OH-(aq) : v& O! &^C xA% 4 +r ~;I NaOH %ut
CH3NH2(aq) +H2O(aq) = CH3NH3+(aq)+OH-(aq) : z={ O! &^C xA% 4 aZ ~;I CH3NH2
. 67185 359 1: 3-;-<-= 3> ?1@+.IV
. A;BC5 DE485 % A<F!G DE485 3H?4I. 1.4
:1 d1
601. :@0A% xA% 4 WE/Ho% /&+r ]| "# 240mL *M%uM p'u E WE/Ho% /&+r 3&+9 "# 1.0L :
. 2.0 >+, -~;C 3&+.% pH :P# pHB'% *@O%&M
. Vm=24L.mol-1 &A% m% *M:P'% E:\ 4 k1
xA%E q7m% WM ,LP'% *'n=# lPr!.1
H3O+(aq) +Cl-(aq)

HCl(g) + H2O(l)

: 7=PQA% WE/Ho% /&+r q7m *a%HPMg% ?nA% *7r lQK!.2

vg
n0= V =0.01mol
m

HCl(g)

,LP'% *'n=#

H2O(l)

: yH0P'% 3EH d1!.3

H3O (aq) +

Cl-(aq)

x=0

n0

?nIZM

*'0P1g% *'m%

n0-x

?nIZM

(mol) *a^;'% *'m%

xf

n0-xf

?nIZM

xf

xf

(mol) *a%HPMg% *'m%

( xf ) Ua^;'% yH0P'% E ( xmax ) U7,(% yH0P'% W=S.4

xmax=n0 = 0.01mol: # H.% ,LP'% ULP #H;, U7,(% yH0P'% >+, -
[H3O+]f=10-2mol.L-1: pHB'% *7 "# Ua^;'% yH0P'% >+, -
. xf = [H3O+]f.V= 10-2mol: Ua^;'% yH0P'% $&FC
: *P;'%
. yS ,LS &V xA% 4 WE/Ho% /&+r qw 3% ,LS $utf xmax=xf $! P;PQ1
: 2d1
m% 7F1f 1.05 PCbr pI&1bIg% qw "# v=1.00ml 7K f v0 = 500ml ^P=O *+&K 4 lFQ1
:0PQS $! it :P;1 E :P# pHB'% X:Q# C :781f -.% 3&+.% 61 H=M. :@0A% xAM /='% R it p'u H=M
. pH=3.10 : H;C pHB'% *7
. xA% E pI&1bIg% qw WM m% ,LP'% *'n=# lPr!.1
CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)

:7=PQA% pI&1PIg% q7m *a%HPMg% ?nA% *7r lQK! .2

( !0=1g.ml-1 x7+' *7m% *+PF'% ) n0=

CH3COOH(aq)

,LP'% *'n=#

H2O(l )

m
M

!.v

d!0.v

=M = M
n0= 1.75.10-2mol : H
: yH0P'% 3EH d1! .3

H3O+(aq)

+ CH3COO-(aq)

x=0

n0

?nIZM

*'0P1g% *'m%

n0-x

?nIZM

(mol) *a^;'% *'m%

xf

n0-xf

?nIZM

xf

xf

(mol) *a%HPMg% *'m%

:( xf ) Ua^;'% yH0P'% E ( xmax ) U7,(% yH0P'% W=S .4

xmax=n0 = 1.75.10-2mol: ?nIZM n&&# ( lIkA% ) xA% $( pI&1bIg% qw &V H.% ,LPA%
. *a^;'% ^P'K it + E *a7F'% *+7_% $! >+, 3&+.% pH /%:0PO% 3HI
[H3O+]f=10-3.1 =7.9.10-4mol.L-1 : pHB'% *, lQK
xf = [H3O+]f.V0 : yH0P'% 3EH lQK
xf=7.9 .10-4.0.500=4.0.10-4mol
. xf < xmax U7,(% yH0P'% ", z+P Ua^;'% yH0P'% $! K1
nf(CH3COOH)=n0-xf=1.71.10-2mol: *a^;'% *'m% 4 pI&1bIg% qw *7r $! p'kr K1
: *P;'%
*'m% 4 =# H%&PS S%&;'% E },LPA% )7C (nEH9)yS c| ,LP'% P'M E +r p+^PQI H.% ,LPA% $! P;PQ1
. *a^;'%
A;BC5 DE485 3JKH . 2.4
>@=I E "  ' Z#:1 E Ua^;'% yH0P'% *<Q1 >7QI %HIH %/%H0# :=1 U7,(% yH0P'% )# Ua^;'% yH0P'% *1/0# ! "#
: *='M
( % ) *M&a# *<Q;M >@=S $! "FGE ( 0<" 1 ) 1 E 0 WM ?/&-9 UV E ?HKE $EHM ^;, h=M Ua^;'% yH0P'% *<Q1. yS $&FI 3&~P'% $C "=1 $r %ut. yS c| 3&~P'% $&FI "<1 $r %utW0MQ'% Wd;'% : 3P#
"=1=100% : WE/Ho% /&+r qw 3&+9
"=2.3.10-2=2.3%: pI&1bIg% qw 3&+9
67185 359 D1BLI 3.4
WVg% 4 /&@PI $! yS c| 3&~P' "FG V !

: d1
pHB'%  >@,!. c=1.0.10-2 mol.L-1 &A% jZr:S pI&1bIg% qw 3&+9 $I&P "I:dM :
. 3.4 *70'%
. 2.85 *70'% kI pHB'% $! K;C U0;'% pI&1bIg% qw }%:@ q=M 3E(% :d<'% it z1
*70'% kI pHB'% $! K;C ( CH3COONa(s) ) y&In&-'% }%&1bI% }%/&+M Tb'% :d<'% i% z1
. 5.26
: *KA%
. HI%ZPI pHB'% y&In&-'% }%&1bI% *C{t H;, 7;Mf 0;I pHB'% pI&1PIg% qw *C{t H;,
: cQLP'%
: U+I7r xA% E pI&1bIg% qw WM m% ,LP'% *'n=# *MPr "FG
CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l)

H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)

jg% 4 }/&@S *+7_% $utf [H3O+]HI%ZS P'M E pHB'% ;S K1 U0;'% pI&1bIg% qw *C{M
.( xf yH0P'% [LS/% ) W7'% it /Q'% "# v! :\<A%
c| jg% 4 }/&@S *+7_% $utf [H3O+];S P'M E pHB'% HI%ZS K1 y&In&-'% }%&1bI% *C{M
.( xf yH0P'% ;S) /Q'% it W7'% "# v! :\<A%
: *'n=AM nm% 3&~P'% YH7;1 l<Q'% %ko
MNJ OPQ
CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l) = H3O+(aq)+ CH3COO-(aq)

MNJ(R OPQ
. WVg% 4 ,LSf yS c| Ua7r 3&J r 3 H
*a7r *+ $]%&S *'K !
*a7F'% n%:C(% Zr%:S $! ;, P;I %kV E *a^;'% *'m% 4 PMS U0M pHB'% f pI&1bIg% q7m UaA% 3&+.% 4
$]%&S *'K 4 *+7_% $! 3&01 *PMD >0<S p'kr ( CH3COO-(aq) fH3O+(aq) f H2O(l) f CH3COOH(aq))?H%&PA%
. UF#;In
4 ?H%&P# S%&;'% E },LPA% 1r %ut *+7_ Ua7r 3&J 4
. UF#;In $]%&S *'K 4 *+7_% $C *PMD }7FM *a^;'% *'m%
:(KL85
*,:QM (1) :\<A% jg% 4 H ,LP'% $C B E A Wa7r W,&1 R0C S *a%HPMg% *'m% 4 *+7_% 1r %ut
A+B 1 C+D
: v1

. v1 *,:Q'% ;S it vnI 7^;M *'=L'% }#n-P'% ;PPC BE A "# r 7r ;PS ,LP'% /&@S 3
c| jg% 4 v2*,:Q'% HI%ZS it vnI 7^;M }#n-P'% nH, HI%ZS P'M E D E C 7r HI%ZPS &'% 6L1 4
A+B 2 C+D
: (2) :\<A%
. "#Z'% /E: *PMD >0<S *a7F'% *+7+' *'&A% Zr%:P'% $C v2 E v1 WP,:Q'% XEQPS #H;,
. *L&P# *a7F'% *+7_% $r E :^I T='% X&PQA% >+, "F'
( Qr) S!L85 MK=. 4.4
,LP'% :Qr zI:=S-!
. ( Qr) ,LP'% :Qr /%H0A% %kV >,HIf *m r 4 m% 3&~P'% ZG /%H0# nst ls f *a7r *+ *'K *O%/H'
: 1203. aA(aq) + bB(aq) = cC(aq) + dD(aq): ! "# $%&'! $() *+ $%&'! ,-. /,0

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n0-x

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A- (aq)

H3O+ (aq)



.^3b2 :! @?.,'!:c4 $%&'! {GI' ?Qg;! e-;!:'4 Hh!:'! Jy:K8';'-9

xf

xf

AH(aq)+ H2O(l) = A- (aq)+H3O+ (aq): c p@?.,9 AH  N @+,[ RCOOH *T? :U!:k!

:H#M' f
: N;+<

Qr f #

A*

x final
xmax

H 3O +

xf
c.v
f

AH ! f

Qr f $ K $

"

4 xmax # c.v
' .c & ' .c
c(1 * '

1#"

!.c

: q?';!
!, Hel;'0 x?C Hh!:'! JAJ z2'9 $%&'! {GI' ?Qg;! e-;! H) 8';'-[
.{9 Ne 1Q?3?T! S:b'! H:T0 ! >99%w2% $Z K>104 $() *+:5C>+

!"#$: 
*)*+,(* %&'(

$%&'  !"#.V
: .)/0( 1#2(# 345%(# 1.5
)MN!OPQ H3O+ ?@!+AB$!C# BD#@E F: G@%H I+; 80: J$K)L 7 /!*(# 25C $=: >*=(# .)/0( PH<(# 6)!7 89:;
. [H3O+] =10-7mol.L-1 : 25C RB$(# $=:
H2O T/_# `&a .)[# Fb#D 6)S;- TU F:)5Q ^$H \]' 6)S; A TU BAD VW0K G; X2&2%Y >")!/!O DPZ .)[#
H2O(l) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) : !()%(# (D)W[# dZA H2O 6)Sc# A
. .)/0( 1#2(# 345%()& PE)e[# f)gh# i F:)5%(# #2M 8/jK
(%)*" +,-%."# (#/0# 2.5
. qB#P_# RB$& p*Z d0W%K A Ke $ %H 3O ' &( %OH # & : 7kW()& I=: lWK .)/0( GDB)m(# .#$n#a !")[# F!()o# FO i
: !()%(# 7kW()& I=: lW[# pKe B#$*[# !0/: X)eSc A 3(2O F/W%j+
. pKe=14.0 \)Z 25C RB$(# $=: r!s pKe=-logKe
T(c)

25

50

100

Ke

0.1110-14

1.0.10-14

5.5010-14

55.210-14

: pH<(# t0S 3.5

E/!?D C&7
AB C&7

A&%&' C&7

PH=1/2pKe

( /$%&' ) %89%:;*" pKa 7 Ka 12)3# 45#6. 4.5

 / $%&' 189%:;" Ka 12)3# 45%6 <=>?@ .1
: F4m(# 80: V%4Q .)[# i HA T/_# Jku# $=: ^$H G2(# F:)5%(# (D)WY
AH(aq) + H2O(l) = A-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

: 7kW()& 89WKA( HA/A- ) !")=z0( Ka v@/_# w&)x 8/jK F:)5%(# (D)W[ dZ#@[# \y#@%(# w&)x

%$ %& &%H O & : ?): F4m& A;

'

Ka $

'

%AH &
.T/_# W!e{A qB#P_# RB$& h' d0W%K h Ka
: >0K )/O ( HA/A- ) !")=z0( pKa<(# 3(2O |PW+ A

%!"# &

KA = 10-pKA

%A &%H O &
#

Ka $

G;

pKA = - log KA

CH3COOH(aq)+ H2O(l) = CH3COO- (aq)+H3O+(aq) : 1 J)zY

%CH COO &%H O &

#

Ka $

'

%CH 3COOH &

pKa = 4.75 A Ka=1.810-5 : 25c
Ka $

%NH 3 &%H 3O ' & : 7kW()& 89WQ NH +/NH !")=z0( v@/_# w&)x: 2J)zY
4
3
'

%NH &
4

. pKa=4.8 A Ka=1.6.10-5 a 25c $=:

pKa 7 pH F5 1GH?"# .2

%A &%H O & )
Ka $
#

'

%AH &

% &

% &

% &
% &
%A & : !()%(# 7kW(# \]' }%=%j+
pH $ pKa ' log
%AH &
%$ %*)
& : ?): F4m&
pH $ pKa ' log
%!"'() &

Ka
A#
A#
A#
'
'
$
) log Ka # log H 3O $ log
) # log H 3O $ # log Ka ' log
H 3 O ' % AH &
%AH &
%AH &

&

&

I&J# KG 7 L%J# KG .3
L%J# KG !
JA$n# 80: Fu A c=1.0.10-2 mol.L-1 @[# N!OP%(# 5+ FR; ~Y >")Y J@0 i )Uc# TW& @0S &)%+
: )%(#
)3#
c = 1,0 ( 10-2 mol.L-1

pH

"*

pKA

Ka

CH3COOH

3,4

0,04

4,8

1.8.10-5

HCOOH

2,9

0,13

3,8

1.8.10-4

2.6106

H3O+ + Cl-

CH3COOH < HCOOH < H3O+ + Cl-

.  !" #$ %&' ( )*+, -)./0 123 !" 4 56789:; 8<+ =

: "89 ( 672, )  !" #$% &'() *+,-./0 12'3045
. 4(+;< pH:0" #4,

. -EF pKa D "72, 4C ?.3% @0" 1+A43B/0 Ka 1<!" =54> #4,

: GHI" 6
H79O P<Q CRS 7 c=1.0.10-2 mol.L-1 >' ?:+)/3 @AB C6, DE FG&E H<I ( @J KL M<J NL&/B
: >&/3


c = 1,0 ! 10-2 mol.L-1

pH

NH3

10,6

CH3NH2

11,3

Ka

pKA

0,04

6.3.10-10

9,2

0,20

2.0.10-11

10,7

"

NH3 < CH3NH2

8-&.T3 U&V DE 1 W&J, 5E, C:*E

: "8" ( 672, )  J4HI" #$% &'() *+,-./0 12'3045

. "72, pH:0" #4,

. K, pKa D "7EF 4C ?.3% @0" 1+A43B/0 Ka 1<!" =54> #4,

1+A43B0 1+H4HI" L 1+M!" 1(N0" O/EP QR4S. 5.5

1T4;0" 104!" .1
: _`&a ]Y^ U[\ A/B X:G&T*<3 XZ$'

pH & pKa % log

#B $ XYK3
#A$

PH=pKa : b7 X3&"

#B$ & 0 ' #B $ & 1 ' #B$ & #A$ :cde

#A$
#A$
.1204U 1(F VWPR >&/3&L7 i3 j$)' W&J ?:+)/3 &07&fE !" ?:+)\ cg0 X3&" h24 (
pH<pKa: X:B&*3 X3&"
#B$ (0 ' #B $ (1 ' #B $(#A$ :cde
log
#A$
#A$
.1204E0" ?X 1+M!" 1(N0" >&/3&L7 i3 j$)' W&J ?:+)\ DE [+, !" ?:+)\ cg0 X3&" h24 (
pH>pKa: X*3&*3 X3&"
#B $
#B$)1 ' #B $)#A$ :cde
log ) 0 '
#A$
#A$
.1204E0" ?X 1+H4HI" 1(N0" >&/3&L7 i3 j$)' !" ?:+)\ DE [+, W&J ?:+)\ cg0 X3&" h24 (
log

pH<pKa

pH=pKa

pH>pKa

O/E.T !

O/E.T J4HI"

[B] <[A]

[B] >[A]

[B]=[A]

pH

Xl3&m3 XAR3 N0U\ nop :XkaYE

PQ90 nop q-&Q C!K/f0 ( A/B) X:G&T*3 Xl3&m3 XAR3 X$)K'
7 X:s!" XAR<3 X0r' XlfT3 8o\ U[0 Xl3&m3 XAR3 nop
. pH3 X3`9L X:J&J XAR<3 X0r' XlfT3
50%= W&Jv3% = !t<3 %: 5:TtT' Nu&Z\ 9TQ

[ B ]= [ A ] : cde

PH=Pka

1)/Y" Z["$0" \/] ^+2_P.6.5

: `4a)
DE _)o y:sB7 z {0B&*0| = }3&*3 (z )oZE %&E ~&*3 (z -R3 H<I H7 ( NsBz 8&l/w :L&B,3 2wxB
.H<I C+ be H!:\E7[3 8U,
.ikaY\ &' fA\ FoK\ c, H7&a aY\ d&E
c<3))sw c<3 ~&*3 (7z8U c<3 )#k0 H7 lB (:1bcdY"
)A c<3 }3&*3 (7 (H!:\E7[3 8U F<

!"#$ %&'( )#*+

i3 c, K0 247 5KE c<L H!:\E7[3 8U, )#k0 nJ3 XK:lu fa :7'(.0"

:cde c<3 ( c&A</(X:J&J,7 X:s=) c&/A
1+H4HI" 1(N0" L 1+N!" 1(N0" h+c ( g/J4H ) 1+A43> e] 6f42] #/Y" Z[4$0"
. ?A4T i/j k #4(/.l #4)0 4C
:%&' NE i<Q&A\ X3-&KE
HIn(aq)+ H2O(l) = In- (aq)+H3O+ (aq)

#In $ XL&/+ Dg HIn /In- X:G&T*3 C6, DE

#HIn$
*

pH & pKi % log

. H< pH X!:ZL >&/3&L 7 Xl3&m3 XAR3&L j<K/0 c<' y&g3 h2wx0 123 c<3
pH>pKi+1:cg07 In- W&J c3 4 H< c3 iTE7 X:l<V, Cg.\ In- , #In $ + 10 !
#HIn$
*

pH<pKi-1: HIn !" c3 4 H< c3 iTE7 X:l<V, Cg.\ HIn , #In $

#HIn$
*

1
10

5674" 8* 9,*  :7;" 4 (0 $ %&'()#* ,-."/#& ()0"/1" (234" !"# pKi-1<pH<pKi+1
. (J(KL6M" %)K3* )CD(74 E74" FG#4" :(HI :(<" "=> ?@A "=B
,-$ .#

/*01$ 4

pKi
pKi-1

pKi+1
 !"#$
%&'(

pH

2345$ 67$8#$ ,9:

67*8#$

Pki

Orange de Mthyle

3,7

,-$ .#

;*<93=$ *>

3,2 4,4
rouge

Vert de
bromocrsol

4,7

Rouge de mthyle

5,1

jaune

3,8 5,4
jaune

bleu

4,8 6,0
jaune

Bleu de
bromothymol

7,0

Rouge de phnol

7,9

rouge

6,0 7,6
jaune

bleu

6,8 8,4
jaune

Phnolphtaline

/*01$ .#

9,4

rouge

8,2 10,0
incolore

violet

. 2A@C pH B#$ ?@A*95$ ..VI

N/O4" J B". 1.6
. \4 ( c) W1" ,-./#4" 5-LX Y Z[@#X (T(UV V ) PQ :7R S/(L*:J B"
. d7L* ,-./X e] aU(UV :7R %KU"& _/(L6$ (`Q /(L1" ab(-@-4" c34" (. "]^ !
. d7L* ,-./X e] a`Q :7R %KU"& _/(L6$ (U(UV /(L1" ab(-@-4" c34" (. "]^ !
: S/(L1" Z2(fX  V gh: N/O4"
K>104: (-7. !
. (L/U !
.( %6(j kl2(fX m! d 2 ) " -i !
!"#$: 
%-n/H#4" Zb(U4". 2.6
*)*+,(* %&'(
: %-4"1" %)-j4" /o6V

@AK*9 4+
2R*S0
2T&U
@CPHB#$

D@A*9 4+
L$@+
MNO*PQ
: p/H#4" :.Xq4" 3.6

. /O-n4" Y Ca W1" _,-./X Va \@Hi PQ :7R l[* D@A*9 :7R r`6 !

. :7;" Y /#* pHx4" s(t! '(nA* /@u ZtA vi /K)1" w(1" C-`6 !
. Cb _,-./X e=4" aU(Uy" :7;(& %i(zA4" {| !
9,1" pH %@-} ZHA6 Vbx4 %@-} Z. Z!V 8* \6V ~- a`@" :7;" ?72 aU(Uy" :7;" (-h' X gA6 !
. %)0"1"
. ph=f(Vb): Vb J(`1" aU(Uy" :7;" Hi %4M & 9,1" pH k"FGX Z[ e=4" S/(L1" z3* U/6 !
0(#4" C/LX. 4.6
HA(aq)+ B(aq) = A- (aq)+BH+(aq): %-4(#4" S/(L1" Z2(fX %4m(L* Z!V 8*
9,* ) (* 32 B(aq) aU(UV :7R %KU"& HA(aq) a`Q :7; T(UV PQ S/(L* :l 0(#4" )z#
. kl2(f#@74 e/#-*-#U
: %(A#* %/#*-.#A4" kl*(L1" %4(" _=> Y
. %i(zA4" Y aU(Uy" :7;" (. "]^ ni(HA)=nE(B)
. %i(zA4" Y a`@" :7;" (. "]^ ni(B)=nE(HA)
?@A*95$ EF 24G1$ ,9: 20$&H. 5.6
m4" :7R %KU"& 6([M" PQ :7R S/(L*: 1:([*
ca= ? J va=20ml:D@A*95$ 4I$
!"#$: 
*)*+,(* %&'(

cb=20.10-2mol/L:@AK*95$ 4I$
(1 %)-j4" ):PH=f(vb) S/(L1" z3*

:S/(L1" Z2(fX %4m(L*

-

CH3COOH(aq)+ OH (aq) = CH3COO- (aq)+H2O(aq)

14
13

:S/(L1" z3* %O}(3*

12
11

V<W: PHB#" ",#: ( 0<Vb<11ml)w,"-

10
9

PHE=8.3

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

10

VbE

15

Volume v e rs (mL)

1

PHB# !(f* FGX:( 11<Vb<13ml)w,"^ :-4 Kn& l-7} ",# Vb>13mlw,". % i %@-}
N/O4" Y kl2(f#1" X 0(#4" 32:0(#4"
%K)6)0(#4" %K)6 E 8#4. %/#*-.#A4"
Vb(ml)
: (> 32 $ (J(KL6M"
: W(#4(& ni(CH3COOH)=nE(OH-)
C a=12.4mmol/L
CaVa=CbVbe
PHE=8.3 : XY*8C#$ UPF PH w(1" '7. :7R %KU"& 'm(O34" :7R S/(L*: 2:([*
20

14

cb= ? J vb=20ml:D@A*95$ 4I$

13
12

ca=4.10-2mol/L:@AK*95$ 4I$
(2 %)-j4" ):PH=f(va) S/(L1" z3*
:S/(L1" Z2(fX %4m(L*

11
10
9
8
pH

pH

7
6

PHE=5.5

NH3(aq)+ H3O+(aq) = NH4+ (aq)+H2O(l)

4
3
2
1
0
0

10

VaE

15

20

: 0(#4"
ni(NH3)=nE(H3O+)

Volume vers (mL)

2

C a=22mmol/L
CbVb=CaVaE
: S/(L1" z3* ?72 0(#4" %K)6 5-LX %)/ o
ZA'$C5$ Z0*5$ 2[A@O-

g v! "

dpH
dv

: !"#$ &'($ )*+-

: 89: g v ! " dpH  !" #$% &'()* + !'( ,-. /+)01. 230 45!67
dv

. g v ! " dpH <=. ><?*. 4()@. AB6C DB)$E. 45;0

dv

. DB)$E. F(FE. G6= HI)$. J)<*E!: ,- )*. . DB)$E. FW J6=X PH 4<9K L6=. MNOC J)P Q( GR STU DB)$E. F(FE. S!)+ G6=+ HI)V G6$9.
PHE=8.3: (34;9a6. ) ]6^. J6=\ 45!67 _(60)`(Y Z[ J6=\ &'()*+: J)E+
[ 8.8- 7.2 ] Jcd('$. '[R c [ 8.2-10 ] b9.)EB J693.: S!) HI)$.

3 

!"#$: 
*)*+,(* %&'(





 



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