Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

7

Internal Forces

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Chapter Objectives
Method of sections for determining the internal
loadings in a member
Develop procedure by formulating equations that
describe the internal shear and moment throughout a
member

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Chapter Outline
1. Internal load Developed in Structural Members
2. Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

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7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

The design of any structural or mechanical member

requires the material to be used to be able to resist
the loading acting on the member
These internal loadings can be determined by the
method of sections

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7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

Force component N, acting normal to the beam at the

cut section is the normal/axial force
V, acting tangent to the section is the shear force
Couple moment M is referred as the bending moment

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7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

Procedure for Analysis

Make an imaginary cut through the point

Decide which section to perform analysis
(Section with least number of unknown is one without
support reactions)
If both sections have more than 3 unknown, determine
the structures support reactions first by drawing FBD
of entire structure/beam
Draw FBD of the section/segment
Solve N, V and M act at the section with the 3 EOE
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7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

Equations of Equilibrium
Moments should be summed at the cross section
If negative result, the sense is opposite to those
shown in free body diagram

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Example 7.3
Determine the internal force, shear force and the bending
moment acting at point B of the two-member frame.

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Solution
Support Reactions
FBD of each member
Member AC
MA = 0;
-400kN(4m) + (3/5)FDC(8m)= 0
FDC = 333.3kN
+ Fx = 0;
-Ax + (4/5)(333.3kN) = 0
Ax = 266.7kN
+ Fy = 0;
Ay 400kN + 3/5(333.3kN) = 0
Ay = 200kN
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Solution
Support Reactions
Member AB
+ Fx = 0; NB 266.7kN = 0
NB = 266.7kN
+ Fy = 0; 200kN 200kN - VB = 0
VB = 0
MB = 0;
MB 200kN(4m) + 200kN(2m) = 0
MB = 400kN.m

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7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

Beams structural members designed to support

loadings perpendicular to their axes
A simply supported beam is pinned at one end and
roller supported at the other
A cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at
the other

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7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

Procedure for Analysis

Determine support reactions acting on the beam

Determine the number of segments/sections needed
and section beam at each distance x along the beam
Segment must be between concentrated forces
Use the EOE Fy = 0; MB = 0 to obtained V and M
Plot (V versus x) and (M versus x)
Convenient to plot the shear and the bending moment
diagrams below the FBD of the beam

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Example 7.7
Draw the shear and bending moments diagrams for the
shaft. The support at A is a thrust bearing and the support
at C is a journal bearing.

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Solution
Support Reactions
FBD of the shaft
Fy 0;V 2.5kN
M 0; M 2.5 xkN.m
Fy 0;
V 2.5kN
M 0;

2.5kN 5kN V 0
M 5kN ( x 2m) 2.5kN ( x) 0

M (10 2.5 x)kN.m

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

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Solution
Shear diagram
Internal shear force is always positive within the shaft AB.
Just to the right of B, the shear force
changes sign and remains at
constant value for segment BC.
Moment diagram
Starts at zero, increases linearly to
B and therefore decreases to zero.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd