1. Whatisthefunctionofdrainageinhighwaydesign?

Shouldweconsiderit,why
orwhynot?(citeexamples)
Whenrainpours,theroadbecomeswetandrainwaterinfiltratesthesoil.Whenthesoil
hasabsorbedallthewateritcanhold,poolsmayformonthesurfaceofthesoiland
mayleadtofloodingifnotpreventedandmanaged.(CHAPTER6DRAINAGE,n.d.)
Highwaydrainagesystems,intheformofgullies,drains,culverts,soakaways,and
surfacewatersewers,collectsurfacewatertoalleviatefloodingandprotectroads.
Designingdrainagesystemscanpreventinjuryordamageduetohazardoussurface
water,keeptheroadasdryaspossible,preventblockagesthatcanresultinheavy
trafficandinaccessibility,andensurethatsurfacewaterescapesthefreewayand
pavementasquicklyaspossible(HighwaysDrainage,2016).
InthecaseofthePhilippines,theuseofdrainageishighlyencouragedandrequired.
AccordingtoadatabasedontheMediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan
(20112016),thereareatotalof2,778,692hectaresoffloodproneareainthecountry
andonly579,264hectaresofthesearefloodprotected,whichisonlyaround21%.
OneexampleoftheeffectsofpoordrainageinhighwaysisMetroManilasheavytraffic
duringthunderstorms.MajorityoffloodploneareasintheMetroarelocatedin
topographiclowsandareaswherecreekoverflowsandstreetflooddoesnotdrainfast
enoughtoremovewaterfrompavements.Asidefromthisproblemcausinghassleand
inaccessibilitytoMetroManilasurbanroads,theMetroexperiencesparalyzingtraffic
problemscostingthePhilippinesPhp2.4Bperday.ProjectNOAHproposedsolutionsto
thesetrafficproblems,oneofwhichistheconstructionofwelldesigneddrainage
structureswhichchannelswatertothecreeks(Reyes,2015).

2.Whatistherelationshipofhydrologyandhighwayengineering?
Itiscommonsensetoknowthatonecannotbuildaroadonafloodedland.Whenthis
kindofproblemarises,thehighwayengineerhastoconsiderhydrologicfactorsin
choosingthelocationofhisproject.Hydrologicfactorssuchasnumberofstream
crossings,sideslope,andnaturaldrainagecharacteristics,areconsidered(CHAPTER
4DRAINAGEDESIGN,n.d.).
Afterknowingtherightlocationtobuildtheroad,ahighwayengineermustthen
considerotherproblemslikeslopeerosionwhichcanbepreventedbycontrollingthe
dischargeofsurfacewaterandknowingthehistoryofrainfallinthearea.Theriseof
surfacewaterfoundonlakesandrivers,andtheintensityofrainfallbecomefactorsof
impendingfloodsinroads.
3

Highwayengineeringrequiresnotonlyaneffectivepavementdesignbutalsoan
efficientdrainagesystem.Thedesignofdrainagesystemswhichcontroltheflowof
waterinhighways,minimizetheflooding,drainthesurfacewater,andmaintainthe
functioningoftheroad,isbasedonhydraulicsandhydrologywhichisthesciencethat
encompassestheoccurrence,distribution,movementandpropertiesofthewatersof
theearthandtheirrelationshipwiththeenvironmentwithineachphaseofthehydrologic
cycle(Perlman&USGS,n.d.).Withoutsufficientknowledgeintheeffectsofsurface
water,groundwater,andotherfactorsinhydrology,ahighwayengineercannotplanfor
adrainagesystemthatisappropriatefortheclimateandgeographyofthesaidarea.
Onegoodexampleoftheuseofhydrologyinhighwayengineeringisthedesignand
evaluationoftheMetroManilaFloodControlProjectWestofMangahanFloodway
(1986).Themainobjectiveoftheprojectwastomitigatedamagefromfloodcausedby
therisingwaterlevelofthePasigRiver.Thefloodwaywasbuilttolimitthedischarge
fromPasigRiveranddirectexcesswatertoLagunaBaythroughadesigneddrainage
system(Co,n.d.).Theproject,whichrequiredthestudyofhydrologyandthephysical
featuresoftheareaduringtyphoonsandtheuseoffloodgatesanddikes,enhanced
thelivesofpeoplelivinginMetroManilaparticularinPasigCityandTaguigCity.A
beneficiarysurveyalsoresultedina94%responseregardingtheimprovementin
accesstomarketandbasicservices.

3.Citesomeexamplesoneachitem,whichwecanfileagainstDPWHincaseof
damageduetodrainage?
Oneexampleoftheuseofdrainage(1)isthedrainagesystemalongtheJoseAbad
SantosAvenue(JASA),particularlyalongthe150meterstretchalongtheDolores
intersectionandflyover.Theprojectcurrentlyneedsamassiveoverhaulaccordingto
theCityGovernmentandDPWHduetotheinabilityoftheroadtomanageflashfloods,
causingmotoristsandvehiclestobestranded.
Anotherexampleoftheuseofhydrologyinhighwayengineering(2)isthestudyofthe
hydrologicfactorsoftheproposedLRTLine2projectunderDOTC.Underthisstudy,
theDOTCcollecteddatafromtheexistingdrainagestructuresalongtheproject,flood
levelforRailwaygeometricdesignpurposes,andlocatephysicalcharacteristicsof
watershedareasandwaterways.Thefindingsfromthefieldinvestigationandstudy
providedthenecessarydetailsforthedesignandconstructionoftheLRTLine2project
anditsdrainagestructures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

CHAPTER4DRAINAGEDESIGN.RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t0099e/t0099e04.htm
CHAPTER6DRAINAGE.RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/r4082e/r4082e07.htm
Co,C.E.Projects>MangahanFloodwayandthemetromanilafloodcontroland
drainageproject.RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www.ctie.co.jp/english/service/projects/02/project10.html
HighwaysDrainage.(2016,February13).RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/streetsandhighwaymaintenance/drains
Perlman,H.,&USGS.Whatishydrologyandwhatdohydrologistsdo?Retrieved
August11,2016,fromhttp://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html#HDR2
reserved,A.rights,&Publishing,S.(2015,August5).JASAdrainagesystemsneed
massiveoverhaul.RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/localnews/2015/08/05/jasadrainagesystemsne
edmassiveoverhaul422944
RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www.dotc.gov.ph/images/Public_Bidding/CivilWorks/Rail_Sector/2014/P2.396M_L
RT2/gbb/gbb5_hydrological%20and%20drainage%20investigation%20report.pdf
RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://www2.jica.go.jp/en/evaluation/pdf/2010_PHP179_4.pdf
Reyes,R.(2015,November19).ProjectNOAHBlog.RetrievedAugust11,2016,from
http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/2015/11/09/streetfloodsinmetromanilaandpossiblesolu
tions/

Aggregateisacollectivetermforthemineralmaterialssuchassand,gravel,andcrushedstonethatareusedwitha
bindingmedium(suchaswater,bitumen,Portlandcement,lime,etc.)toformcompoundmaterials(suchas
bituminousconcreteandPortlandcementconcrete).Byvolume,aggregategenerallyaccountsfor92to96percentof
Bituminousconcreteandabout70to80percentofPortlandcementconcrete.Aggregateisalsousedforbaseand
subbasecoursesforbothflexibleandrigidpavements.Aggregatescaneitherbenaturalormanufactured.Natural
aggregatesaregenerallyextractedfromlargerrockformationsthroughanopenexcavation(quarry).Extractedrock
istypicallyreducedtousablesizesbymechanicalcrushing.Manufacturedaggregateisoftenabyeproductofother
manufacturingindustries.Therequirementsoftheaggregatesinpavementarealsodiscussedinthischapter.
Desirableproperties
Strength
Theaggregatesusedintoplayersaresubjectedto(i)Stressactionduetotrafficwheelload,(ii)Wearandtear,(iii)
crushing.Forahighqualitypavement,theaggregatesshouldposseshighresistancetocrushing,andtowithstand
thestressesduetotrafficwheelload.
Hardness
Theaggregatesusedinthesurfacecoursearesubjectedtoconstantrubbingorabrasionduetomovingtraffic.The
aggregatesshouldbehardenoughtoresisttheabrasiveactioncausedbythemovementsoftraffic.Theabrasive
actionisseverewhensteeltyredvehiclesmovesovertheaggregatesexposedatthetopsurface.
Toughness
Resistanceoftheaggregatestoimpactistermedastoughness.Aggregatesusedinthepavementshouldbeableto
resisttheeffectcausedbythejumpingofthesteeltyredwheelsfromoneparticletoanotheratdifferentlevelscauses
severeimpactontheaggregates.
Shapeofaggregates
Aggregateswhichhappentofallinaparticularsizerangemayhaverounded,cubical,angular,flakyorelongated
particles.Itisevidentthattheflakyandelongatedparticleswillhavelessstrengthanddurabilitywhencomparedwith
cubical,angularorroundedparticlesofthesameaggregate.Hencetooflakyandtoomuchelongatedaggregates
shouldbeavoidedasfaraspossible.
Adhesionwithbitumen
Theaggregatesusedinbituminouspavementsshouldhavelessaffinitywithwaterwhencomparedwithbituminous
materials,otherwisethebituminouscoatingontheaggregatewillbestrippedoffinpresenceofwater.
Durability
Thepropertyofaggregatestowithstandadverseactionofweatheriscalledsoundness.Theaggregatesare
subjectedtothephysicalandchemicalactionofrainandbottomwater,impuritiesthereinandthatofatmosphere,
henceitisdesirablethattheroadaggregatesusedintheconstructionshouldbesoundenoughtowithstandthe
weatheringaction
Freedomfromdeleteriousparticles

Specificationsforaggregatesusedinbituminousmixesusuallyrequiretheaggregatestobeclean,toughanddurable
innatureandfreefromexcessamountofflatorelongatedpieces,dust,clayballsandotherobjectionablematerial.
SimilarlyaggregatesusedinPortlandcementconcretemixesmustbecleanandfreefromdeleterioussubstances
suchasclaylumps,chert,siltandotherorganicimpurities.

Aggregatetests

Inordertodecidethesuitabilityoftheaggregateforuseinpavementconstruction,followingtestsarecarriedout:
Crushingtest
Abrasiontest
Impacttest
Soundnesstest
Shapetest
Specificgravityandwaterabsorptiontest
Bitumenadhesiontest
Admixtures
Amaterialotherthanwater,aggregates,orcementthatisusedasaningredientofconcreteormortartocontrol
settingandearlyhardening,workability,ortoprovideadditionalcementingproperties.
Whyisadmixtureused?
Overdecades,attemptshavebeenmadetoobtainconcretewithcertaindesiredcharacteristicssuchashigh
compressivestrength,highworkability,andhighperformanceanddurabilityparameterstomeettherequirementof
complexityofmodernstructures.
Thepropertiescommonlymodifiedaretheheatofhydration,accelerateorretardsettingtime,workability,water
reduction,dispersionandairentrainment,impermeabilityanddurabilityfactors.
TypesofAdmixtures
ChemicaladmixturesAccelerators,Retarders,Waterreducingagents,Superplasticizers,Airentrainingagentsetc.
MineraladmixturesFlyashBlastfurnaceslag,SilicafumeandRicehuskAshetc
Asphaltisamixtureofaggregates,binderandfiller,usedforconstructingandmaintainingallkindofroads,parking
areasbutalsoplayandsportareas.Aggregatesusedforasphaltmixturescouldbecrushedrock,sand,gravelor
slags.Inordertobindtheaggregatesintoacohesivemixtureabinderisused.Mostcommonly,bitumenisusedasa
binder.Anaverageasphaltpavementconsistsoftheroadstructureabovetheformationlevelwhichincludes
unboundandbituminousboundmaterials.Thisgivesthepavementtheabilitytodistributetheloadsofthetraffic
beforeitarrivesattheformationlevel.
Asphaltpavementreferstoanypavedroadsurfacedwithasphalt.HotMixAsphalt(HMA)isacombinationof
approximately95%stone,sand,orgravelboundtogetherbyasphaltcement,aproductofcrudeoil.Asphaltcement
isheatedaggregate,combined,andmixedwiththeaggregateatanHMAfacility.TheresultingHotMixAsphaltis
loadedintotrucksfortransporttothepavingsite.ThetrucksdumptheHotMixAsphaltintohopperslocatedatthe
frontofpavingmachines.Theasphaltisplaced,andthencompactedusingaheavyroller,whichisdrivenoverthe
asphalt.Trafficisgenerallypermittedonthepavementassoonasthepavementhascooled.
Abituminoussurfacetreatment(BST),alsoknownasasealcoatorchipseal,isathinprotectivewearingsurface
thatisappliedtoapavementorbasecourse.BSTscanprovideallofthefollowing:

Awaterprooflayertoprotecttheunderlyingpavement.
Increasedskidresistance.
Afillerforexistingcracksorraveledsurfaces.
Anantiglaresurfaceduringwetweatherandanincreasedreflectivesurfacefornightdriving.


Historically,BSTshavebeeninusesincethe1920s,primarilyonlowvolumegravelroads.BSTsareincreasinglyin
useasapreventativemaintenanceprocedureonflexiblepavementsofgoodstructure.
Purpose
ABSTofferspreventivemaintenancefromtheeffectsofsunandwater,bothofwhichmaydeterioratethepavement
structure.BSTscreateanewwearingcourse,aswellasawaterproofcoveringfortheexistingpavement.ABST
makesitmoredifficultforwatertoenterthebasematerial,andpreventingfreezethawdamageforthoselocations
withbelowfreezingtemperatures.
BSTsalsoincreasethesurfacefrictionofthepavement,duetotheadditionofthecoveraggregate.Thiscombatsthe
effectsofraveling,whichcanmakethepavementslipperyandstoppingdifficult.ABSTgivesgood,grippingtexture
tothepavementsurface.
BSTsshouldbeappliedtoadistressfreetomoderatelydistressedpavementsurface.Atwotofouryearservicelife
iscommon,whilefiveyearservicelivesareachievable.
ConcreteismadefromAmericanmaterialssuchaslimestone,rockandwater.Concreteisalsothemostused
manmadematerialintheworld.
Concretepavement'slifecanrangeanywherefrom2040years.Butwhenyoufactorinannualmaintenance,asphalt
pavementcancostfourtoseventimesasmuchmoneytomaintain.Thissavesyoulongtermonrepairand
maintenance