of Agricultural Engineering and Lani AE 211: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS HANDOUT ON MOHRS cCiace . ERGY GRAPHICAL METHODS 2.6.1. Mohr’s Circle ‘A German scientist Oto Mohr devised a graphical method for finding out the normal and shear qressts on any interface ofan element when itis subjected to two perpendicular stresses. This method is explained as follows: 2.6.1.1. Mohr's circle construction for “like stresses” Refer to Fig. 2.7. Steps of constmuction: " a, ama * °. a NA x | Y g, @ o Fig. 27 1. Using some suituble cule, measure OF and OM eq oo, and, respectively on the axis OF 2 Biscct LM at 3. With as centre and NL or NM radius, draw a circle 4 Atte centre N drav a line NP at an angle 29, inthe same direction as the normal to the Blane makes with the direction of 6, In Fig. 2.7 (a) which represents the sess system the normal tothe plane makes an angle @ with the direction of 6, in the anticlockwise, direction, The line NP therefore, is drawn in the anticlockwise direction, $:_ From P, drop perpendicular PQ on the axis OX. PQ will represent t and OQ 6, Now, from stress diagram NP = NL PQ = NP sin 20 = (Eqn. 2 Similarly, 00 = ON +NQ= cos 20=0, (Eqn. 2.6) Also, from stress circle, tis maximum when and, (Eqn. 2.7 a) Sign conventions use (0 Im order to mark + in stress system, we will tke the clockwise shear as positive and ‘ansiclockwise shear as negative. Gi) Positive values of + will be above the axis and negative values below the axis, j (iii) Gis in the anticlockwise direction, the radius vector will be above the axis and @ will be reckoned positive. If @ isin the clockwise direction, it will be negative andthe radieg| vector will be below the axis, | Y () Tensile sess will be reckoned positive and will be plowed to the right of the origin 0, — Compressive stress will be reckoned negative and willbe ploted 10 the left ofthe origin 0,2.6.1.2. Mohr's circle construction for “unlike stresses” rocedure will be followed except that 6, and 6, will be ‘construction is given in Fig. 2.8, tmay be noted that 0. IF it is to the right of ©, Inease 0, and 9, are not lke, the same ps measured to the opposite sides ofthe origin. The: the direction of , will depend upon its position with respect to the point the direction of 6, willbe the same as that of 0, es Mohr’s circle construction for two perpendicular direct stresses with state of simple shear Refer to Fig, 2.9. Following steps of construction are followed if the material is subjected to stresses 6, and o, along witha state of simple shear: y & Fig 2 1. Using some suitable scale, measure OL = 0, and OM =, along the axis OX. AtL draw LT perpendicular to OX and equal to t,,. LT has been drawn downward (as per sign conventions adopted) because ,, is acting up with respect to the plane across which 6G, is acting, tending to rotate it inthe anticlockwise direction and is negative. 3. Similarly, make MS perpendicular to OX and equal to, but above OX. 4, Join ST to cut the axis in N. 5. With Nas contre and NS or NT'as radius, draw a circle. 6. AtNimake NP at angle 26 with N7'in the anticlockwise direction 7. Draw PQ perpendicular to the axis. PQ will give + while OQ will give o, and OP will gives, Proof. Let the radius of the stress circle be R. Pp Then, R= (NE +17? =]RsinB=LT =, Naw 00 = ON+NO= ON + Reos (20-8) = ON + Rcos 26 cos B + R sin 28 sin B 6, +9, Similarly, sin 28 ~ t,, cos 20 (as per eqn. 2.9) The following conctusions ean be drawn from the stress citcle: (When P coincides with V, 6, attains the maximum value. Oyqu = OV = ON + NV NV = NT and, NT? = NEP + LT? (nay (OF 6;) is known as major principal stress. 205 ©, cma) = Symes tan 20 = tan B (as per eqn. 2.10) (ii) When P coincides with U, 6, atains the minimun value, Se in) = OU = ON - NUE NS = NT and NT? = WE + Lr* Saimin) (OF 82) is known as minor principal stress. $505 ©, iin) = Oy gi) |= 90° + Br2 (iil) When 28 = B+ 90°, atains the maximum value, w2.6.1.4. Mohr’s circle construction for principal stresses Refer to Fig. 2.10. The following are the steps of construction + @ o Fig. 2.10 1. Mark OL and OM proportional to a, and ¢, 2. At Land M, erect perpendiculars LT = MS proportional to, in appropriate directions. 3. Join ST, intersecting the axis in N. , Since 1 = 0, MV represents the major principal plane, P coinciding with V. Similarly N ‘represents minor principal plane, P’ coinciding with U. 6, +9, +R, where Ris the radius of the circle, ON + NV Similarly, (where, B = 20) An altanative Aerivatior 3.3 Principal Stresses and Maximum Shearing Stress ‘To determine the maximum value that the normal stress may assume as the angle 6 varies, we shall differentiate Eq. (3.1) with respect to @ and set this derivative equal to zero. Thus 6 = (0, ~ 6,)sin20-24,, €0520 = G3) Hence the values of @ leading to maximum and minimum values of the normal stress are given by Boe ae G4) tan®, TG, - 3) i ‘The two planes defined by the angles 8, ae called principal planes. The normal stresses that exist on these planes are designated as principal stresses. They are the maximum and minimum values ofthe normal stress in the element under consideration.‘The values of sin 26, and cos 26, may now be substituted in Eq, (3.1)10 yield the maximum and minimum values of the normal stfesses, From Eq. (3.4) we can write +h,-9,) 26, £0826, = a ise, er id VG, -o? +, We et From Eq, (3.1) we obtain ro Cry oy ‘The maximum normal stress is G7) ‘The minimum normal stress is G8) ‘These two principal stresses occur on the principal planes defined by Eq. (3.4). By substituting one of the values of 6, from Eq, (3,4) into Eq. (3.1), one may determine which ofthe two principal stresses is acting on that plane. ‘The other principal stress naturally acts on the other principal plane. By substituting the values of the angle 26, as given by Eq. (3.4) into Eq, (3.2) stresses ton the principal planes are zero. ‘To determine the maximum value that the shearing stress tT may assume as the angle @ varies, we shall ifferentiate Eq. (3.2) with respect to @ and set this derivative equal to zero. Thus is seen that the shearing wan : = (6, ~6,)00520+ 2r,,sin20 = 0 sf" G9) ‘The values of 8 leading to the maximum values of the shearing stress are thus +, -9,) v , ran 26, = G.10) J pol ‘The planes defined by the two solutions to this equation are the planes of maximum shearing stress. ‘ ‘Trigonometry provides: vi nu i 7 +h, -9,) 4, st 0828, = 2 - lee, =o, P+ (ty) 46, - oP + (Ey Substituting these values in Eq. (3.2) we find Fase = HYG, OF + Fy) sin20, 1p Here the positive sign represents the maximum shearing stress, the negative sign the minimum shearing stress. If we compare Eqs. (3.4) and (3.10), it is evident that the angles 28, and 28, differ by 90°, since the tangents ofthese angles are the negative reciprocals of one another. Hence the planes defined by the angles @)8, and 6, differ by 45°; that maximum normal stress, si also of interest to determine the normal stresses on the planes of maximum shearing sres, These ria’ ar gelined by Ea. 3.10). If we now substitute the values of sin 28, and cos 28, in Ea, (3.1) for nono stess, we find the planes of maximum shearing stress are oriented 45° from the planes of o Tees ond ‘Thus on each ofthe planes of maximum shearing stress sa normal tess of magnitude 4(o, + a). | 3.4 Mohr's Circle sessile stresses are considered to be positive and compressive stresses negative, Thus tensile stresses are Plotted to the right ofthe origin in Fig. 3-3 and compressive stresses to the le ere ols cirle as been drawn asin Fig 33, the principal stresses ae represented by the line seg- ‘ments OG and OH. a0 determine the normal and shearing stresses on a plane whose normal vector is inclined ata counter- Soni aisle with the x-axis, we measure a counterclockwise angle equal to 26 from the damets: BD a Mohr’ circle, The endpoints ofthis diameter BD represent the stress conditions in the original x-y directions; ke they epresent the stresses 6,0, and +, The angle 29 comesponds to te diameter BF The covrdnate: of point F represent the normal and shearing stresses on the plane at an angle 6 othe x-axis. That isthe ‘normal stress ois represented by ON and the shearing stress is represented by NF- Fg. 33 Mohr’ circle for plane stress (assume o, > o,) COM fate 2012 AE.Tur Steet No.6: Quesfarwas G Example 2.8, Draw the Mohr’s stress circle for direct stresses of 65 MN/n?(ieiile) and 35 ‘Milne! (compressive) and estimate the magnitude and direction of the resultant stresses on planes ‘making angles of 20° and 65° with the plane of the first principal stress. Find also the normal and angential siresses on these planes. Solution. Given: o, = +65 MN/av, ‘ 9, =-35 MNim?, 8 = 20° and 65° Analytical method: Case 1: = SECS) 8-99 2299 = 53.3 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) 39) gin (2 20%) = 321 MNim? (shear) (Ans.) fot + = (a5 + G2 62.2 MN/m? (Ans.) esa tga 5 $231" (Ans) ae 5) Case 2: s, $29) os (2x 65°) = “17.1 MN/im? =TAMNa? (compressive) (Ans) SI > 2) sin (2 x 65°) = 38.3 MN/m? (shear) (Ans.) ae = 017.0 + 68.3) = 41.9 MN/m? (Ans) = 180° - tan" aes 114? (Ans) Graphical method: Refer Fig, 2.18. rl, ~es vn —-4 Comp.<~|-» Tensile Bs a WomeTUT SWEET nv UES Thaw No Example 2.12. Show that in.a‘sthined material sbifeted to ‘two-dimensional stress, 4 af the normal components of stresses on any nwo mutually pérpendicular planes is constant Solution. Let 6, and o, be the principal stresses. ; The normal stress (6,) on any plane at @ with the major principal plane, ‘ cos 28 2 2