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Technical Report
NWU-CS-05-09
June 14, 2005
Dong Lu
Abstract
An information service stores information about the resources and services within a
distributed computing environment and answers queries about it. This dissertation
presents the design of several important components of the Relational Grid Information
System (RGIS).
The query rewriting component handles the challenges originating from the powerful
features of relational algebra - some complex queries may be too expensive for RGIS.
We have developed several query rewriting techniques to trade off the query time with
the number of results returned. These techniques make it feasible to provide the
flexibility and power of a relational data model in a GIS system while controlling the
costs.
The topology generation and annotation component helps to evaluate the performance of
such information servers. GridG is a synthetic grid generator that can generate annotated
Internet topologies including routers, IP links, and end systems. GridG is the first
synthetic grid generator that follows the power laws of Internet topology while
maintaining a clear hierarchical network structure. We also discovered interesting
relationships among the power laws.
The transfer prediction component is responsible for predicting the update transfer time
accurately in a real time manner on the overlay network. We developed a novel TCP flow
rate monitoring and prediction framework that can predict serial as well as parallel TCP
flow rates accurately with low overhead.
Effort sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Grants ANI-0093221, ACI-0112891,
ANI-0301108, EIA-0130869, and EIA-0224449. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect
the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF).
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my ($arch, $OS, $numcpu, $cpuspeed) = @_;
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sub ARCHandOSandCPUrule {
my ($arch, $OS, $numcpu, $cpuspeed) = @_;
#add rules here
#example rule: Intel arch can't support more than 4 CPU/host
if(($arch eq "IA32") || ($arch eq "IA64")){
if($numcpu > 4) {
return 0;
}
}
#example rule: Max num of CPU is 1024
if($numcpu > 1024) {
return 0;
}
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Yes
Select OS concentration Is user rule satisfied?
percentage P.
Select dominant Arch and proper Yes
dominant OS for the LAN. Select memory and disk size
according to number of CPUs.
Apply promotion probability and
Select Architecture for the host rate functions.
on the LAN.
Yes
Is user rule satisfied?
If the host arch has been changed
to dominant arch, change the
host OS to dominant OS. Yes
Yes
/74>"/ 68D(.,3.M=z3z>C8KF
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sub promotionProb
{
my($numcpu, $maxcpu, $mincpu) = @_;
my $pp100;
$pp100=100*($numcpu-$mincpu)/($maxcpu-$mincpu);
return $pp100;
}
sub promotionProb
{
my($numcpu, $maxcpu, $mincpu) = @_;
my $pp100;
$pp100=100*sqrt(($numcpu-$mincpu)/($maxcpu-$mincpu));
return $pp100;
}
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"
-
select
“Find 2 hosts with Linux that h1.insertid, h2.insertid
together have 3 GB of RAM” from
hosts h1, hosts h2
where
h1.os=‘LINUX’ and h2.os=‘LINUX’
and
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=3072
> @>
%
> A
SELECT
h1.distip, h2.distip SELECT
FROM H1.DISTIP, H2.DISTIP
hosts h1, hosts h2, iplinks l1, iplinks l2, routers r FROM
WHERE HOSTS H1, HOSTS H2, IPLINKS L1, IPLINKS L2, ROUTERS R
Query Manager
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=1024 WHERE
and Rewriter H1.MEM_MB+H2.MEM_MB>=1024
and h1.os=‘LINUX' and h2.os=‘LINUX'
and ((l1.src=r.distip and l2.src=r.distip AND H1.OS='LINUX' AND H2.OS='LINUX'
and l1.dest=h1.distip and l2.dest=h2.distip) AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L2.SRC=R.DISTIP
or (l1.dest=r.distip and l2.dest=r.distip AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP AND L2.DEST=H2.DISTIP)
and l1.src=h1.distip and l2.src=h2.distip)) OR (L1.DEST=R.DISTIP AND L2.DEST=R.DISTIP
and h1.distip<>h2.distip AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP AND L2.SRC=H2.DISTIP))
and l1.BW_MBS>=100 and l2.bw_mbs>=100 AND H1.DISTIP<>H2.DISTIP
SCOPED BY r.distip=X AND L1.BW_MBS >= 100 AND L2.BW_MBS >= 100
WITHIN AND R.DISTIP = X;
100 seconds;
SELECT
R.DISTIP, H1.DISTIP
FROM
SELECT APPROXIMATELY HOSTS H1, IPLINKS L1, ROUTERS R
h1.distip, h2.distip WHERE
FROM H1.MEM_MB>=512 AND H1.OS='LINUX'
Canned Query and
hosts h1, hosts h2, iplinks l1, iplinks l2, routers r AND L1.BW_MBS >= 100
WHERE Query Manager AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP)
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=1024 and Rewriter OR (L1.DEST = R.DISTIP AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP))
and h1.os=‘LINUX' and h2.os=‘LINUX' AND R.DISTIP IN
and ((l1.src=r.distip and l2.src=r.distip (SELECT
and l1.dest=h1.distip and l2.dest=h2.distip) R.DISTIP FROM HOSTS H1, IPLINKS L1, ROUTERS R
or (l1.dest=r.distip and l2.dest=r.distip WHERE
and l1.src=h1.distip and l2.src=h2.distip)) H1.MEM_MB>=512 AND H1.OS='LINUX'
and h1.distip<>h2.distip AND L1.BW_MBS>=100
and l1.bw_mbs>=100 and l2.bw_mbs>=100 AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP)
WITHIN OR (L1.DEST = R.DISTIP AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP))
100 seconds; GROUP BY
R.DISTIP
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2)
ORDER BY
R.DISTIP;
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"
-
SELECT APPROXIMATELY
h1.distip, h2.distip
FROM
Canned Query and SELECT
hosts h1, hosts h2, iplinks l1, iplinks l2, routers r
H1.DISTIP
WHERE Query Manager FROM
h1.mem_mb+h2.mem_mb>=1024 and Rewriter HOSTS H1, IPLINKS L1, ROUTERS R
and h1.os=‘LINUX' and h2.os=‘LINUX'
WHERE
and ((l1.src=r.distip and l2.src=r.distip
H1.MEM_MB>=512 AND H1.OS='LINUX'
and l1.dest=h1.distip and l2.dest=h2.distip)
AND L1.BW_MBS >= 100
or (l1.dest=r.distip and l2.dest=r.distip
AND ((L1.SRC=R.DISTIP AND L1.DEST=H1.DISTIP)
and l1.src=h1.distip and l2.src=h2.distip))
OR (L1.DEST = R.DISTIP AND L1.SRC=H1.DISTIP))
and h1.distip<>h2.distip
AND R.DISTIP=X
and l1.bw_mbs>=100 and l2.bw_mbs>=100
AND ROWNUM <=2
SCOPED BY r.distip=X
WITHIN
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100000
Number of
10 Results 10000
1000
Query Time
1 100
10
0.1 1
0.0001 0.001 0.002
Selection Probability
1600
p=0.000005
1400
1200
p=0.00001
1000
Number of 800
Results
600
400
200
0.1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of Hosts
60
10K HOSTS
50 50K HOSTS
100K HOSTS
40
Time (Seconds)
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
)-39,[O:>C8GF#<;-398KF]
6000
10K HOSTS
5000 50K HOSTS
100K HOSTS
Number of rows selected
4000
3000
(0.1, 2)
2000 (0.1, 10)
(0.1, 14)
1000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
)-39,[O:>C8GF#<;-398KF]
"
-
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& 5 sD 5 : 5 . e D t [e : t ye Ct . t
s tUs M ytCt "] s y ] s y yCy t t ytCt
100
(out of
Original Query Time time)
Scoped+Approximate
1 Query Time
0.1
2 4 8 16 32 64
Number of Hosts Searched For
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70 70
60 60
Average
Number of LANs
50 50
time
Time (Sec)
40 40
30 30
Average time
20 per LAN 20
10 10
Average number of LANs Tried
0 0
2 4 8 16 32 64
Cluster Size
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-
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With update load
0.25
0.2
Without update load
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10 100 300
Number of Concurrent Users
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2.5
Time (Seconds)
1.5
Target Deadline
1
0.5
( s ] y 5D3/9>C)-HqH-3 (.H-72A4)-3
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Mechanism
2.5
2
Time (Seconds)
0.5
j s ] g5K3/>)-HrH-3(H-74A2)-3
Climbing Climbing+Hard Limiting Estimation Estimation+Hard Limiting
Mechanism
250
200
Time (Seconds)
150
100
50 Target Deadline
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Climbing Climbing+hard limiting Estimation Estimation+hard Limiting
Mechanism
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Correlation Coefficient R
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Slowdown
FSP
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10
1
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Slowdown
SRPT
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FSP
FSP-E
10
1
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1000
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Slowdown
10 PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
FSP
FSP-E
1
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Slowdown
10
1
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SRPT
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FSP
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Slowdown
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Job Size Percentile (R=0.7322)
1000
PS
SRPT
SRPT-E
FSP
100 FSP-E
Slowdown
10
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Job Size Percentile (R=0.9779)
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" E " Gf@OQB " D G@RBPK H" %?GLBPO ! @ !L" O " @y9'; I 9 H OQB " Oy<'O`K0B0O@ "kM BPGt@ !L" B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG> " @
" G@ E YZB0G 4 B0S D#E " ] ]<* !L" @ E < N "M <A@2< D O ".M BPG"BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG= " @WBPO u<'BPGLKPY D O "kM BPG@ !L"
M B0O N.D OQO\B09'G:9'; * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@lY <'G MM BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iGLOBPG
" N @\B09iG ] ] F
e9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG " @O " E [ " O @R9yOQ@ D M Yu@ !L" O@ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'GuV " @ H"." G * e+ I 9 H O\B " <'G M
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @aT?<AG M @R9[ " E B,;+Y19 DLE * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{V " G N ! u< E 7 " N ! <'G#B0O
TL<AO M B0O N.D OQO ".M
B0G " N @RBP9i< 37
G ] - $] "M#" %?G " < 3 B0Gve9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09iG< " @d<'G M # " E B% N <A@RBP9iG< " @<'O<s= E 9 N ".M D#E "
N 9iG M DLN @\B0GLS<sO " @ D " G N " 9'; * + e %@ E <'GLOQ; " E O H BP@ ! B0G NkE " <AO\B0G#S I 9 H O\B " OV " @ H"." Gu@ H 9 ! 9'OQ@RO ]
4 9 E 1" < u=#K " T BPGXe9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09i>G " @aT @ !L" N KPB " Gf@ % E OQ@ E " @ D " OQ@\O _ M <A@2<CT;9iKPK09 H".M VY
F
< _ E " @ D " O@aT5@ !L" G _ T " @ N T D =:@R9 / ?@ ! BPOO " @ D " G N " ;9 E uO< EQD G ] * ! BPO
K " @\O D O " [A<'K D <A@ " 9 DLE * + e ~V " G N ! < E 7 " N ! <'G#B0O VYt= E "kM B N @RBPGLS1@ !L" @ E <'G#OQ; " E @\2B " 9';
Kj< E S " E * + e @ E <'GLO; " E OV?<'O ".M 9iG@ !#" @ E <'GLO; " E @RB " 9';
@ H 9uO u<'K0K " E * + e I 9 H O<'G M @ !L" G
N 9 v=?< E B0GLSW@ !L" = E ".M B N @ "kM @RB "H B,@ ! @ !L" < N @ D <'K@ E <AGLOQ; " E @R2B " 9A;@ !L" K0< E S " E @ E <'GLO; " E OBPG
@ !L" E\D G ] * 9WS D < E <AGf@ "." ;8<'B E " [A<'K D <A@\B09iGqT EQD GLO H" E " E " = " <A@ "kM <'=L= E 9 2B u<A@ " KPY T `@RB " O F
V " @ H"k" G " < N ! =?<'B E 9';?G#9 ML" O.T'YUB " K M B0GLS{@ !L" OR< " G D WV " E 9'; * + e t@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @RB09'GLO
O N <(@\@ " E "kM <A@ M B " E " G@@RB " O M DLE BPGLS9 DLE " = " E B " G@RO ] Gv@R9'@R<'K H"! <a[ :!
"
EQD GLO
9iG =L<A@ ! O ]
# " E B % N <A@\B09iG " @ H <'O M 9iG " @\9 ; DLE @ !L" E [ " E BP;+Y
@ !#" N 9 EQE " N @RG " O\O`9';9 DLE = E 9i=59iO "k) M * + e
V " G N ! u< E 7 " N ! <'GLB0O :T <AG M @\9 OQ@ E " G#S'@ !L" G<'GL<'KPYUO\BPOqV?<'O ".M 9iG B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG " @<'G M e9 E
E " K0<A@RBP9i! G " @ H BP@ ! Kj< E S " E * + e I 9 H OQB " O ] # " E B % N <A@\B09i" G " @ H <AO N 9'G M DLN @ ".M 9iG @ H" G@lY
K0<'G " @ | <'VG#9 ML" O.T{9iG " GL9 ML" 9iG 9 E @ !H" OQ@ " E G GLBP[ " E OQBP@lY N < v= D O <'G M 9'G " GL9 ML" <A@
|7] " D O ".( M 3 E B M 46* <'G M O N =XB0G@ ! BPO`O " @WV " N < D O " V59'@ ! <'=L=#K0B N <A@RBP9iGLO E " @ D B E " < D
@ !L" Gf@\B N <A@RBP9iG V " ;9 E " @ E <'GLO; " EQE B0G#S " " N @RBP[ "M <A@R< ] D#E O NkE BP=#@@ E <'GLO; " E ".M < O " E B " O9'; %?K " O
E <'GLS'B0GLS; E 9 _ dYU@ " O@R
9 3 dYU@ " OBPG:O " @ D " G N " <'G M E " N 9 E ML".Mt" < N ! @ E <'GLO; " E @\2B " <'O
@ !L"sI 9 H M DLE <A@\B09iG ]
GLKPB0G " [A<'K D <A@RBP9i
G " @dO " E [ " O@R9 " ['<AK D <A@ " 9 DLE D <AK <(@RO E " <'KL@RB B " * +e %@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @
= E "kM B N @RB09'GZ; E < "kH 9 E 7 ]' " E <'G M 9uK,Y N ! 9U9iO " %L;+@lY)K0<'G " @ | <'VZGL9 ML" OkT<'G MM 9 E <'G M 9
=?<'B E B0GLS@ H B N " T E " O D KP@\B0GLSuB0G M BPOQ@\B0G N @RBP[ " =?<(@ ! O ] " D O " D <'K2<A@\O@\9v9iGLBP@\9 E @ !L"
=?<A@ ! O;9 E < M DLE <A@\B09iG 9';<'V9 D @' M <gYUO ] DLE B0GLSv@ !L"W" = " E B " Gf@ H" E <AG M 9vKPYO " G M <
# F
%?K " 9';{O\B " / 9 E / 9 E / D O\B0G#S>O N =<AO <:@ " OQ@ N <'O " @\9 N 9u=?< E "uH B,@ ! @ !L"
F
= E "kM B N @RB09'G E " O D KP@ ] sG#K0B0G " ['<AK D <A@\B09iG0 " @ N 9iG@R<'B0GLO = E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO ]
O D#E = E B0O\BPGLS!%LG M B0G#SXB0G E " N " G@ * e+ N 9iGLG " N @\B09iG N ! < E < N @ " E Ba<A@\B09iGB0O@ ! A< @ * e+ I 9 H
O\B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @< E " OQ@ E 9iG#SiKPY N 9 EQE " K0<A@ "kMq]* ! B0O{O " N @\B09iG " =LK0<'B0G#O@ !L" = L! " GL9 " GL9'GqT
= E 9g[UB ML" OyG "kH < M#M BP@\B09iG?<AK " =LK0<'G?<A@\B09iGLOs;9 E B,@aT " =LK0<'B0G#O H{! YBP@ N <'G K " < M @R9
0B GL< N.NkDLE <A@ "
* +e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @RB09'GLO.T?<AG M 9 D @RKPB0G " O < G "kH = E ".M B N @\B09iG
<'=#= E 9< N !q]
"!$# %'&)(+*),.-/(+*),.*
^! <'GLSLT " @<'K D - H <'G?<'K,Y ".M @ !L" N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'GLOV " @ H"." G:@ !L" * e+ I 9 H N ! < E < N @ " E B0O@RB N O 9';
B0G@ " E " O@aT7BPG N K D M B0G#S I 9 HM DLE <A@RBP9iG<'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @aT I 9 HM D#E <A@\B09iG%<'G M OQB " T<'G M%I 9 H
O\B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] * !L" Yt=59iB0G@ "kM 9 D @@ ! <A@s@ !L" O " N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGLO< E " ;8<'B E K,Y N 9iGLOQB0OQ@ " G@
< N.E 9iO\Os<AK0K @ !L" B E @ E < N " OkT<'G M O ! 9 H < OQK0BPS ! @G " S<A@RB,[ " N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iG:V " @ H"." G M DLE <A@\B09iG><'G M
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @aT{<O\K0BPS ! @v=9iOQBP@\BP[ " N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iGV " @ H"." GrOQB " <'G MpM DLE <A@RBP9iGqT<AG M < O@ E 9iGLS
N 9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iGV " @ H"." Gv@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @d<AG MI 9 H OQB "'] * !L" Y< E S D " @ ! <A@@ !L" OQ@ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G
V " @ H"k" G I 9 H OQB " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{BPO@ !L" v9iOQ@ BPG@ " E " O@RB0G#S9iG " <AG Mm" =LK0<'B0G "kM BP@B0G1@ !L"
;9iK0KP9 H BPGLS H <aYCO ]
021436587:9<;>=<9 * +e pO\K09 H OQ@2< E @ N 9 D K M N < D O " OQ9 " N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGmV " @ H"k" G I 9 H O\B " <'G M
D H
I 9 H E <A@ " - ] * !#"1M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG9'; * + e I 9 H O\B " Oy;9iK0KP9 H O< =59 H" E Kj< H T H{! B N ! T7BPG
D :! H
=?< E @.TA@ " K0KPO D O
@ ! <A@
@ !L" u< Q9 E BP@lY`9'; I 9 H O7< E " O ! 9 E @ ] <'K0< 7 E B0O ! G?<'G^T " @7<'K O ! 9 H".M @ ! <A@
# @?9'; @ !L"H" V E " Kj<A@ ".. M * +e =L< N 7'" @RO H" E " @ E <'GLO; " E "kMM DLE BPGLS O\KP9 H O@2< E @ ] * ! BPO2B v=LKPB " O
0.9
Cumulative Percentages
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Correlation Coefficient
4 B0S D#E " ] + e 4 9'; N 9 EQE " Kj<A@\B09iG N 9 " N B " G@RO
V " @ H"k" G I 9 H OQB " O`<'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @`BPG
" = " E B " fG @\Oe9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G0 " @<'G M # " E B% N <A@RBP9iG0 " @ ]
@ ! A< @'u9iO@ H" V E " K0<A@ "kMXI 9 H O " G ML"kM B0GO\KP9 H O@2< E @aTV " ;9 E " * e+ ! < M ; D K0KPY9i= " G ".M BP@\O
N 9iGLS " OQ@\B09iG H BPG M 9 H TqK " < M BPGLSu@\9 @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ DLN ! K09 H" E @ ! <'G H 9 D K M V " =59iO\OQB0VLK "yH B,@ !
<W; D K0K,Y9i= " G H B0G M 9 H`] 9 H" [ " E T5<A;+@ " E " KPB2vB0G?<(@RB0G#S`@ !L" % E OQ@ 9'G " O " N 9iG M 9';<AK0K @ !L"I 9 H OkT
@ !L" Yt;9 D G M @ ! <A@`@ !L" O@ E 9iGLS N 9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iGZV " @ H"k" G I 9 H O\B " <AG M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ E " u<'B0G "kM
OQ@ E 9iGLS ]
7 = 9 * !L" D O " E O< E "" OQ@\B2u<A@RBPGLS@ !L" D G M#" E K,YUB0GLSVL<'G M#H B M @ ! Tf<AG M @ ! D O@ E <'GLO8
; " E\E B0GLSVLBP' D H
S %?K " O{9iGLKPY H{!L" G
@ !L"`" OQ@RB <(@ ".M V?<AG M#H B M @ ! B0O N 9 E\E " O\=59iG M B0GLSiK,Y1K0< E S " -
]
* !#" O " < E " @ H 9:[A<'KPB M E " <'O\9'GLO.T
V D @`@ !L" Y= <aYtV " B0GLO D N B " G@ ]<%" N K0<'B2 @ ! <(@ v9iO@
D O " E O M 9sGL9A@ " O@R2B u<A@ " @ !L" <g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! V " ;9 E " @ E <'GLO; " EQE B0G#S M <A@R< ] 4 DLE @ !L" E v9 E " T
@ ! <A@@ !L" N 9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG= " E O\BPOQ@\O " [ " G H{!L" GWBPGLBP@\Bj<'K O\KP9 H O@2< E @ B0O E " v9 [ ".M O D S'S " O@RO@ ! <(@@ !L" E "
D OQ@V " O\ 9 " 9'@ !#" E " N ! <'GLBPO vO{<A@ H 9 E 7 ]
|" @abcO N 9iGLO\B ML" E @ !L" N 9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iGV " @ H"." G I 9 H O\B " <'G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @vBPGx9 DLE " = " E B
" Gf@\O ] 4 BPS DLE " ] mS'BP[ " Os@ !L" NkD D K0<A@RB,[ " M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RB09'G ; D G N @RB09'GLO +
e 4 O 9';@ !L" N 9 E\E "
Kj<A@\B09iG N 9 " N B " G@ " < E OQ9iGqbcO
T H{!L" E "" < N ! B0G M BP[UB M D <'
K
[A<'K D " BPO N <'K N.D K0<A@ "kM ; E 9
! " $#%& (')*+,&!#%-(.0/(+,!213!54
#%-(.0/(+,!67986:(;<+=!5 +=!1?>@ @A5BC4D+=!D E
-
!53' 2 B+)<76 E4554 76 1?> 74E (! 54 /((!07$E8*+= +=! 5 /(!:9 D<;=4E')+=!E4>9?2 E
@& C +=!BA&A * +=!,C E (7 ED% A5 0+ DBEFD EFDG@&--4 /:AEH8JIE +=!@D+)601 +)D +)4 ('32A5 4
; C AE $ E B (!@ 7 K '=+,!5ML '= +=!5 E+34$CE(:7 & D$A5 1 BEFD 5FD &!@(D@ ! 4 ;
8* +)N 9E'= ?'=+,!ECO' 2 /:(')* CP
46
F
12000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
TCPFile
flowsize
size (KB)
B0S #D E " ] - * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @{[ " E O D O I 9 H O\B " %?K " O\B " H PB @ ! 3 E B M 46* ]5* E <'GLO; " E O< E "
4
V " @ H"k" G 9 E @ !H" OQ@ " E G GLBP[ " E O\BP@lY1<'G M0
E Si9iGLG " <A@RBP9iG?<'K | <'V ] CBPGLSiK " * e+ I 9 HoH B,@ !
* +e pV D " E O " @ ] %" u< ML" OQB2vB0Kj< E 9iVLO " E ['<(@RB09'GLO 9iG:<'K0K5@ !L" '9 @ !L" E =?<A@ ! O H" O@ D M B ".Mq]
3.5
y = 9E-05x + 0.7246
3
R2 = 0.9992
2.5
Time (sec)
1.5
2 Noise area
γ
1 β
0.5 α
0
γ
0 5000 10000 15000 20000γ 25000 30000 35000
B0S " ] F
File size (KB)
<AGLOQ; " @\B " [ " O O e I 9 H O\B " H BP@ ! BM ] E O< E " V " @ H"." G 46* * E <'GLOQ; "
9 E D#@ E!H" OQ@ " E G E GLBP[ E " E O\BP@lYx<AG E M D E Si9iG#G " <A@RBP9iG?<'K | <AV ] E CBPGLSiK "
4 * 2 * + 3
9 H H B,@ ! * + e * e+ I
V D " E O " @ ] %
" u
< L
M " OQB2vB0Kj< E 9iVLO " E ['<(@RB09'GLO 9iG:<'K0K5@ L! " 9'@ !L" E =?<A@ ! O H" OQ@ D M B ".Mq]
5 3
'< O@ L! "`3 )g/$ /\$ B0G@ !L" %?S DLE "'] * !L" GL9'B0O " < E " <`B0O M D " @R9`OQ@R< E @ D = N 9iO@ROd<'G M @ #! " E " OQB M D <AK
O\K09 H QO @2< E @ " " N @aT ML" O N.E B0V ".M V " K09 H`] * !L" K0BPG " < E u9 ML" K: <aY1G#9'@ ! 9iK M BPGm@ !L" GL9iBPO " < E " < ]
F
N K09iO " E K09U9 7 <A@ 4 B0S D#E " ] O ! 9 H O@ ! <A@7@ !L" @R9'@R<'K * e+ I 9 HpM DLE <A@\B09iG9 E %LK " @ E <'GLOQ; " E
@R2B " N <'GzV "tM BP[UB M#".M B0G@\9%@ H 9=?< E @RO @ !L" OQ@R< E @ D =z9g[ " E !L" < M <'G M @ !L"t" " N @RB,[ "tM <(@2<
@ E <AGLOQ; " E @\2B "'6] " E " = E " O " G@@ ! BPO{<'O
C
]
C
H{!L" E " B0O
@ !L"+* e+ I 9 HM D#E <A@\B09iGqT'B0G N K D M BPGLSV59'@ ! OQ@2< E @ D =v9g[ " E !#" < M <'G M M <A@R<@ E <'GLOQ; " E
@R2B " T
BPO@ !#"+* e+ I 9 H O\B " 9 E %LK " OQB " T<'G M BPO@ !L" OQ@2< E @ D =v9g[ " E !#" < M T{ H ! B N ! B0G N K D ML" O
< D @ !#" G@RB N <A@\B09iGt@RB " <AG M @ !L" E " O\B M D <'K7O\KP9 H OQ@R< E @ " " N @W<'O ML" O N.E BPV "kM V " PK 9 H`] B0Os@ !L"
OQ@ " < M YO@2<A@ " <AOQYu=C@R9'@\B N * e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @BPG 4 B0S DLE " ] - ]
3 BP[ " G @ D <(@RB09' G ] iT H" N <AG " <AO\B0K,Y ML"kM DLN " @ !L"" = E " O\OQB09iGu;9 E @ !L" e X@
* + ! E9 D S ! = D @
B0G 4 B0S DLE " ] -v<'O
C
C
]
H{!L" E " C
BPO @ !L" e @
* + ! E 9 D S ! = D @.T <'G M TWT < E " @ !L" OR< " <'O{B0G @ D <A@\B09iG0 ] ]
67 % / )+;>1 7 1 3 5 D H
7
9<;>=<9 9 / <(@ ! BPO.T " @<'K 9 =59iBPGf@ ".M 9 D @@ ! <A@BP@@2< 7'" O * e+
O\9 " @\B2 " V " ;9 E " BP@\O@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ E " < N !L" O "@ D BPK0B0V E B D ]<
OQO D vB0GLS:O " K " N @RB,[ " < N 7 G#9 H K
".M S " G@\O
e _ T * + e H BPK0KCO " G M E 9 D S ! K,Y 1 =L< N 7'" @ROdB0G@ !#" D GLOQ@R<'VLK " = ! <'O " T
H{!L" E " BPOd@ !L" KP9iO\O E <A@ " <'G ! M B0O< N 9'GLOQ@R<'G@#"%$ -'& ] * ! B0OdG D V " EN <'G1V " OQB0SiG#B% N <'G@
SiBP[ " G:<vKP9 H K09'O\O E <A@ ( " ] * ! B0O ! <'=L= " G#OV " N < D O "`H BP@ !
e _ T?OQK09 H O@2< E @ H B0K0K^9 [ " E O ! 9U9'@
D :# H
<'G M>M E BP[ " D =
@ !L" K09iOQO E <(@ " 9 EEQD G>9 D @9'; E " N " BP[ " E H B0G M 9 H`] ^! <'GLS#T " @s<'K - O ! 9 H".M
@ ! <A@`@ !L" " <'GZK09iOQO E <A@ " BPGt@ !L" B E @ E < N " OBPOsV " @ H"k" & G# !
G ]
<AG M ] ];
OQO D vB0G#S
@ !L"
K09iOQO E <A@ " B0' #
O ] #T<'G M" < N ! =?< N 7'" @vB0O ] _ T E 9 D S ! KPY _ M <(@2< ! <'O@\9tV " O " G@
V " ;9 E " * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ E " < N !L" O " @ D B0K0BPV E B D ]
"d"
< vB0G "kM! D G M E "kM O9'; | B0G D u< N ! BPG " O 9iG`@ !L" 9 E @ !fH" O@ " E G GLBP[ " E OQBP@lY N < u= D O
0.9
0.8
Cumulative Percentages
0.7
0.6
0.5
The Simple Program
0.4 GridFTP+SCP
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Overhead (second)
4 0B S D#E " ] e+ 4 9A; T@ !L" QO @R< E @ D =o9g[ " E !#" < Mq] [ " G~;9 E @ !L" O\Bu=LK " N KPB " Gf@ AO " E [ " E
@ !L" E " B0OO@2< E @ D =9g[ " E !L" < M K0B 7A" K,Y N < D O "kM VY1@ !L" E " O\B M D '< KqOQK09 H OQ2@ < E @ " " N @ ]* L! " OQ@R< E @ D =
9[" E !L" < M O9';
O N = <'G M 3 E B M 46* < E " DLN ! Kj< E S " E ]
<'G M 9iG7Kj<'G " @ | <'Vv<'G M ;9 D G M @ ! <A@<'KPK#9'; @ !#" H" E " D O\BPGLS
e _ ]* !L" E " ;9 E " TfBP@B0OKPB 7'" KPY
@ ! <A@ v9iOQ@ * e+ N 9iGLG " N @RBP9iGLO " = " E B " G N " @ ! B0O{O\KP9 H OQ@R< E @9g[ " E O ! 9C9'@ " " N @aT5<'G M V " N < D O "
* + e nBPG OQK09 H OQ@R< E @ M 9 " OQGqbc@ D O " V?<'G MCH B M @ !:H" K0K}T?@ ! BPO E " OQB M D <AKOQK09 H O@2< E @ " " N @ N <'G>V "
@ E " <A@ "kM <'O`<'GL9'@ !L" E 7 BPG M 9';dOQ@R< E @ D =t9g[ " E !L" < M T B0G N 9 E =59 E <(@ ".M BPG <'O`<'V59g[ "'] * ! B0O N <'G
<'K0OQ9 1" =#Kj<'BPG H{! YB0G 4 B0S D#E " ] Z@ !#"
Ov;9 E @ !L" O N =p<'G M 3 E B M 46* @ E < N " O < E " DLN !
OQ@ E 9iGLS " E @ ! <'G@ ! <A@{9';@ !L" O\Bu=#K " = E 9iS E < ]
* 9y[ " E BP;+Y@ ! <(@d@ ! B0OdB0O7@ !L" N <'O " B0GvS " G " E <AK5;9 E @ !L" OQB2v=LK " <'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO H BP@ ! 9 D @9'@ !L" E
OQ@2< E @ D =u9g[ " E !L" < M OkT H" D O "kM @ !#" M <A@2< N 9iK0K " N @ ".M B0Gve9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG< " @ ]$%" M B M K " <AOQ@O @ D < E "
K0B0G " < EN.DLE [ " %L@\@\B0GLS<'G M N <'K N.D K0<A@ "kM ;9 E " < N ! O " @{9A; M <A@2< ] 4 B0S D#E " ] WO ! 9 H O @ !L" e+ 4
;9 E @ !L" O " yO 6] * !#"" " N @9A; E " O\B M D <'KfO\KP9 H OQ@R< E @B0O 9iV[UB09 D O
BPG@ !L" e+ 4 T H{!L" E "dH" O "." 9g[ " E
? OQ2B v=LK " * +e o@ E <'GLOQ; " E O ! <'O< [A<'K D " " @ D <'K79 E K0< E S " E @ ! <'> G ] ] 4 9 EN 9v=?< E B0OQ9iG
= DLE =59iO " T H" <'KPO\9m=LKP9'@@ !L" + e 4 9' ; ;9 E <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO@ ! <A@ E " @ D B E " < D @ !L" G@RB N <A@\B09iGtBPG
@ !L" OR< " 4 B0S D#E " T?GL< " KPY 3 E B M 46* p<AG M Le+ ]
O@ !L" + e 4 B0G M B N <A@ " O.T5<v@lYU=LB N <'K ;9 E
O DLN ! <'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'GLOB0 O DLN ! K0< E S " E @ ! <'G@ ! <A@{9A;
@ !L" O\2B v=LK " <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iG ]
!
"!"! & - $( % (+* &-
*
N 7<
* !L"A* +e xV D " E PB OGL9A@O " @;9 E = E i9 V " O H{! BPK " @ !L" 3 E BM 46* %@ " OQ@\O
H " E "M 9iG "
H BP@ ! < M D OQ@ ".M V D " E O\B " O ]
= D @]
9[ " E B,;+Y @ ! <A@@ !#" K0BPG " < E u9 ML" KBPO[A<'K0B M ;9 E v9iO@ G@ " E G " @=L<A@ ! OkT 4 BPS DLE " ] WO ! 9 H O
*
@ !L"
19';q@ !L" KPB0G " < EN.DLE [ " %L@Q@RB0G#S;9 E @ !#"M <A@R<WB0G e9 EQE " K0<A@RBP9iG " @<'G M # " E B% N <A@\B09iG " @ ]
@ B0O N K " < E @ !L" v9 M#" K ! 9iK M Oy;9 E V9'@ ! 9 DLE O\Bu=LK " N K0B " G@<'G M O " E [ " E Td<'G M <'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO
O DLN ! <'O{O N =:<'G
M 3 E B M546* x@ ! <A@ E " @ D B E " < D @ !L" G@RB N <A@RBP9iG ]
&#
2
CDF of R for a Simple Program and (SCP+GridFTP)
0
10
−2
10
−3
10
−4
10
−5
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
F
R
F
" @ ] %" N ! 9iO " <uO u<'K0K = E 9iV "H BP@ ! O\B " _ <'G M < VLB0S'S " E = E 9iV "yH B,@ ! OQB " _ T #
<'G M = E ".M B N @ ".M @ !#" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ 9A;@ !L" 9'@ !L" E * e+ @ E <'GLOQ; " E OBPG%@ !#" @ E < N "A] 4 BPS DLE " ] !
O ! 9 H O @ !L" + e 4 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ " = E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E ;9 E 9 DLEE " O D KP@\O VfY I 9 H OQB "'] @? 9'; @ !L" #
= E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E O< E " V " K09 H @? ]
* !#" + e 4 OO D SiS " OQ@@ ! <(@d@ !L" E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E ".M B N @\B09iG " E\E 9 E <aYW;9'K0K09 H @ !#" G#9 E u<'K M BPOQ@ E B
V D @RBP9iGqT?OQ9 H" D O ".
M @ D <'G@RB0K " @ D <'G@RB0K " =LKP9'@RO @R9@ " OQ@@ ! BPO ] 4 B0S DLE " E " v5S @@ GL9 E u<'KO ! 9 H O
0.9 1M
2M
0.8 3M
4M
Cumulative Percentages
0.7 10M
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
!
Relative Prediction Error (%)
4 B0S #D E " ] d
e+ 4 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ " = E ".M B N @\B09iG " E\E 9 E ; 9 E e @
* + ! E 9 D S ! = D @ H BP@ !:M B " E " Gf@ I 9 H
O\B " O ]
9iG " "1 <u=#K " ;9 E @ !L"B@ @ =LKP9'@ ] G <'Ku9iO@
<'K0K N <'O " O.T H" N <AG %L@7<OQ@ E <'BPS ! @KPB0G " @R9@ !L" O " =#K09'@\O
H BP@ !
1 " 'T H{! B N ! @ " K0K0O D O@ ! <(@9 D#E
E " Kj<(@RBP[ "" E\E 9 E B0O
<'K2v9iOQ@
<'K H <aYUOGL9 E u<'K ] 9 E u<'KPBP@lY
9';= E ".M B N @\B09iG " E\E 9 E O !L" E " BPO`V9'@ ! O DLE = E BPO\B0G#S <'G M "1 @ E " " KPY D O " ; D K ] G =?< E @RB N.D K0< E T H"
N <'G>OQ2B v=LKPY " OQ@\B2u<A@ " @ !L" [A< E Bj<'G N " 9A;@ !L" E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E ".M B N @RBP9iG " E\E 9 E <AO H" " <'O DLE " <'G M
= E "kM B N @aT<'G M @ !#" G D O " @ ! BPO
BPG#;9 E <A@\B09iG`O@ E <AB0S ! @\;9 E H < E M K,Ys@R9 N.E " <A@ " N 9iG % ML" G N " B0G@ " E [A<'KPO
;9 E 9 DLE = E ".M B N @\B09iGLO ] " B0GLS<'V#K " @R9 N 9u= D @ " < NkN.DLE <A@ " N 9iG % ML" G N " B0G@ " E [A<'KPOB0O[UB,@2<'K@R9
D! H
D O\BPGLSW= E ".M B N @\B09iGLOdB0G <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGLO ? ] * B2 " O " E B " OV?<'O "kM = E ".M B N @R9 E O N <'G1V " <'=#=LK0B ".M @R9
" G ! <AG N " @ !L" = E ".M B N @\B09iG
< NkN.DLE < N Y'T <'O N 9g[ " E ".M B00 G " N @RBP9iG ] ]
G = E < N @RB N " T H"vM 9iGqb @ ! <a[ " @\9O " G M @ H 9
= E 9iV " O ] GLOQ@ " < M T H" N <'G%O " G M @ !L" Kj< E S " E
9iG " 9';7@ !L" @ H 9= E 9iV " OkT E " N 9 E M BP@\OOQ@R< E @\B0GLSu@R2B " T @ !#" @RB "`H{!L" G<'O DLN !tM <A@R<m<'O@ !L"
O\B " 9';^@ !L" O <AK0K?= E 9iV "H <AOO " Gf@ <'G M ; D KPK = E 9iV " bcO %LGLB0O ! B0GLS@RB "A6] %" N <'KPK O DLN ! <W= E 9iV "
7 . 0
< 4 $'* $ / ]
4 9 E u9'OQ@1=L<A@ ! OkT @ !L" K0< E S " E @ !L":I 9 H O\B " B0O.T @ !L" VLBPSiS " E @ !#" OQ@R<'G M < E MzML" [UB0<A@RBP9iG
+=4 +O95', A5 ; ! (D E4 59 7C56 @.6*
EC
EC
! 4
EC!540 E! N44E'32
'=+=!E 7@B+=!$6
0.8
0.6
0.4
Y Quantiles
0.2
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
#
X Quantiles
4 B0S D#E " ] D <AGf@\B0K " @ D <AGf@\B0K " =LK09A@9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E H B,@ !I 9 H \O B " /
<'S<'BPGLOQ@O@2<'G M < E M GL9 E <AK M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG ]"@ @ =LK09'@v9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ " = E "kM B N @RB09'G " E\E 9 E ; 9 E I 9 H O
H BP@ !M B " E " Gf@OQB " O{K09U9 7 O{<'K2v9iOQ@B ML" Gf@\B N <'K^@R9 @ ! B0O+%?S DLE "A]
0.9
0.8 1M
2M
Cumulative Percentages
0.7 3M
4M
0.6
10M
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 −4 −2 0 2 4
10 10 10 10 10
Standard Deviation (in log scale)
0.9
0.8
Cumulative Percentages
0.7 1M
2M
0.6 3M
4M
0.5 10M
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10
COV of File Transfer Time (in log scale)
9';@ !L" @ E <AGLOQ; " E @\B2 "'] 9 H" [ " E T N 9iGLOQB ML" E 4 BPS DLE " ] #T H{! B N ! O ! 9 H Oy@ !L" e+ 4 O9';@ !L"
N 9 " N B " G@9';['< E Bj<(@RB09'G e # 9';@ E <AGLOQ; " E @\B2 "'] " E " @ !L" N 9iG N K D O\B09'G BPO@ !L" E " [ " E O "
;9 E v9iOQ@=?<A@ ! O.T#@ !L" VLB0S'S " E @ !L" %LK " BPO.TC@ !L" O <'KPK " E @ !L" e # 9';@ !L" @ E <'GLO; " E @\B2 "'] * ! BPO
3 0
" O\O " G@RB0<'K0K,Y " <'G#O`@ ! <A@`BPG /*,$ )+&'/ @ " E uOkT @ !L" [A< E B0<'G N " 9A;@ E <'GLO; " E @\B2 " 9'; I 9 H O H B,@ !
Kj< E S " E OQB " O< E " < N @ D <AK0KPYuO u<'KPK " E ]
O 1" =LKj<'BPG ".M BP
G " N @\B09i< F
G ] - ] <AG M ] - ] T H" G "."kM @ H 9y= E 9iV " O H BP@ !M B " E " Gf@dOQB " O7@R9
ML" @ " E vB0G " @ !L" OQ@ " < M YvOQ@R<A@ " * + e X@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]6 G " [UBP@R<'VLK,YiT I DLN @ D <A@\B09iGLO9'; I 9 H @ E <'GLOQ; " E
@R2B "! <A=L= " G%9iGt@ !L"M YUG?< vB N G@ " E G " @aT<AG MZ! <a[ " O ! 9 H G @ !L" vO " KP[ " O`B0Gt@ !L" OQ@R<'G M < E M
ML" [UBj<(@RB09'G H"s! <a[ " D O@ O "k" G ] * !L" O "I D#N @ D <A@RBP9iGLO< E " @ !L" u<'B0G N < D O " 9';@ !L"" OQ@RB <(@RB09'G
" E\E 9 E 9';OQ@ " < M YOQ@2<(@ " * +e %@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] CB0G N "I 9 H O H BP@ ! K0< E S " E OQB " O< N @ D <'KPKPY ! <a[ " K " OQO
3 0
['< E Bj<AG N " BPG /*,$ )+&'/ @ " E vO.T " O@R2B u<A@\B0GLSyOQ@ " < M Y OQ@2<(@ " @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D O\B0G#S Kj< E S " E I 9 H O H B0K0K
N " E @2<'BPGLKPY>V " v9 E " < NkN.DLE <A@ "A] G @ !#" 9'@ !L" E ! <AG M T= E 9iV " O H BP@ ! K0< E S " E I 9 H O< E " v9 E "
F
" = " GLO\B,[ "A] * ! BPOsK " < M O D O@\9 @ !L" O " K " N @\B09iGt9A;d@ H 9= E 9'V " OQB " Os9'; _ dYU@ " O`<'G M #
_ dYU@ " O{<'O ML" ;8< D KP@= E 9iV " OkT H{! B N !1H" ; "k" K^BPO< E " <'OQ9iG?<'V#K " @ E < ML" l9 V " @ H"." G " OQ@RB <(@RB09'G
< N.NkDLE < N Y
<'G M = E 9iVLB0G#S N 9iOQ@ ]
+
+
'
U@2<A@\B0O@RB N <'K{OQ@R<'VLB0KPBP@lY9 E N 9'GLO\BPOQ@ " G N YB0Ou9iG " 9';@ !#" u9'OQ@uB2v=9 E @2<'G@ N ! < E < N @ " E B0OQ@\B N O 9';
@ !L" G@ " E G " @<'G M BPO@ !L" V?<AO\B0Os@ ! <A@ u< 7'" OB,@s=59iO\OQB0VLK " @R9= E "kM B N @ * e+o@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @9iG
@ !L"H B ML" < E " <uG " @ H 9 E 7 ]
S'9C9 M D G ML" E OQ@2<AG M B0G#S19';7O@2<'VLBPK0B,@lY H B0KPK <'K0OQ9 !L" K0= D O@R9 < 7A"
ML" N B0O\BP9iGLOv<'V59 D @= E ".M B N @\B09iGOQ@ E <A@ " SiB " OkTO D#N ! <'O @ !#" ; E "@ D " G N Yx9';< N @\BP[ " = E 9iVLBPGLS<'G M
9i=#@RB <AK@RB " O " E B " O= E ".M B N @\9 E O ]
<uSiB,[ " G E 9 D @ " 9g[ " E @\B2 "'] ;d< E 9 D @ " B0O= E " [A<'K " G@aT @ ! <'G
@ !L" 9iVLO " E [A<A@\B09iG:9';7B,@<'KPK09 H O D O
@R91= E ".M B N @@ ! <A@BP@ H B0K0K V " D O ".M <'S<AB0G ] " E O\BPOQ@ " G N YtB0O@ !L" ; E "@ D " G N Y 9'; E 9 D @ " N ! <'GLS " O ]
* !L" @ H 9 " @ E B N Oy< E " GL9'@ N K09'O " K,Y N 9 EQE " Kj<A@ ".Mq]
< O\9iGqbcO N 9iG N K D O\BP9iGLOy< E " @ ! <A@ G@ " E G " @
=?<A@ ! O{< E "s!L" <a[CBPKPY M 9vB0G?<A@ ".M VY< OQB0GLSiK " E 9 D @ " TLV D @ @ ! <A@ @ !#" @RB2 " = " E B09 M O9g[ " E H{! B N !
:
E 9 D @ " O= " E O\BPOQ@O ! 9 HH B ML" ['< E Bj<(@RB09'GqT E <'GLS'B0GLS; E 9 O " N 9'G M O@R9 M <aYCO ] 9 H" [ " E T ?-9';?@ !L"
Gf@ " E G " @`=?<(@ ! O
< O\9iGZOQ@ D M B ".MZ! < M E 9 D @ " O@ ! <A@s= " E OQB0O@ ".M ;9 E M <aYUO`@\9 H"."7 O ] e ! B0G#9 Y
;9 D G M @ ! <(@ E 9 D @ " N ! <'GLS " O@ " G M @R9 N 9iG N " G@ E <(@ " <A@{@ !L"`".M S " O9';@ !L" G " @ H 9 E 7 T5G#9'@B0GmBP@\O
( = D H
QV?< N 7 V59iG " ] 9 D @RB0G#S OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@lY1B0O{@ !L" VL<'O\BPO9';9A@ !L" E OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@\B " O 9 EN 9iGLO\BPOQ@ " G N Y ]A ;
@ !L" E 9 D @ " B0O N ! <'GLSiBPGLS ; E " @ D " G@RKPY
<AG . M @ D B N 7 KPY'TL@ !L" G:GL9v9'@ !L" E OQ@R<'VLBPK0BP@\B " O H B0KPK ! 9'K Mq]
, ! M ,
% > &
,J &
<'Kj< 7 E B0O ! G?<'GqT " @<'K<'GL<'KPY "kM OQ@R<A@RBPOQ@\B N <AK u9 LM " KPO ;9 E @ !L" 9'VLO " E [ "kMt" G M @R9 " G M G " @ H 9 E 7
= " E ;9 E <'G N " V?<'O ".M 9iG " @ " GLO\B,[ " =L< N 7'" @ lK " [ " 7 K @ E < N " O N 9iK0K " N @ ".M ; E 9 @ !#" = E B2u< E Y H" V
O\BP@ " ;9 E @ !L"'
@\Kj<'G@R.
< D < " E KPYv=LB N 3 <? " OB0& G -
]A* !#" Y N 9iG N K D ML"kM @ ! <A@G " < E VY
-
Gf@ " E G " @ ! 9iOQ@\O9A;+@ " G ! <a[ " <'K2v9iO@{B ML" Gf@\B N <'K M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG#O 9';9iV#O " E [ "kM @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ]
K
@ ! 9 D S ! @ !#" O\B " 9';@ !L" N K D O@ " E O ;9 E H{! B N ! @ !L" = " E ;9 E u<'G N " BPO B M#" G@RB N <'K{[A< E B " O1<AO1<
; D G N @\B09iG 9';@ !L" B E KP9 N <A@RBP9iGZ9iG @ !L"< Gf@ " E G " @.T N K D OQ@ " E OQB " OB0G @ !L" E <'GLS " 9'; @R9 ! 9i=LO F
H 9 E 7tH" K0K7;9 E <'GY E " SiBP9iGLO ]* !L" Y <'KPO\9;9 D G M @ ! <A@ " G M @\9? " G M @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @y@R9 ! 9iO@RO
9';+@ " GZ[A< E B "kM VfY>K " OQO@ ! <AG < ;8< N @R9 E 9';d@ H 99g[ " E @\B2 " O N <'K " O9iGt@ !L" 9 E M#" E 9';Eu<'GY @ " GLO
9'; vB0G D @ " OkTs<'G M @ ! <A@@ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ H <'O=LB " N "kH BPO " OQ@R<A@RBP9iG?< E Yp9g[ " E @\B2 " O N <'K " O19';
D G# H
O\2B vB0K0< E <'S'GLBP@ D ML" ] /
Y " E OkT " @v<'K " < vB0G "kM = " E ;9 E u<'G N " ; E 9 < H B ML" E <AGLS " 9';
N K0B " G@RO@R9y< H B ML" E <'GLS " 9';^O " E [ " E O <AG M ;9 D G M @ ! <A@V?<'G M#H B M @ ! @R9@ !L" O " E [ " E O <AG M O " E [ " E
E <'G 7 BPGLSiO; E 9 @ !L" =59iB0G@s9A;[UB "H 9';< N KPB " G@ H" E " E " u< E 7 <'VLK,Y O@2<'V#K " 9g[ " E @\B2 " ] D !H
" O ! <'GqT " @7<'KU<'=L=#K0B "kM @ !L" O " %?G M BPGLSiO
B0Gy@ !L"M#" [ " K09i= " Gf@9';L@ !#" ! < E ".M
<'O\OQBP[ " " @ H 9 E 7
" E ;9 E u<'G N " BPO N 9g[ " E Y
D H
OYCO@ " T H{! B N ! N 9'K0K " N @ ".M O " E [ " E = " E ;9 E u<'G N "
0.9 1.2
1.5
0.8 2
3
Cumulative Percentages
0.7 5
10
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
Time (seconds)
4 B0S #D E " ] de+ 4 '9 ;OQ@2<(@RB0O@RB N <'KPKPY O@2<'VLK " E " SiB09iG) 5 ;9 E QO @ " < M YlO@2<A@ " e x@
* + ! E9D S!
= D @ H BP@ !
M B " E " G @ ]
@ D <(@RB09'G ] ]
4 B0S DLE " ] uSiBP[ " O@ !L" e+ 4 9'; K " GLSA@ ! 9A;{<'K0K 5 O u9 ML" K ".M VY%O@ " < M YlOQ@R<A@ "* e+
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @; E 9 Je9 E\E " Kj<A@\B09iG " @ ] < N ! N.DLE [ " B0Gu@ !L" =#K09'@ N 9 EQE " OQ=9'G M O@R9<=?< E @\B NkD Kj< E
['<AK D " 9';L@ !L" N 9'GLOQ@R<'G@;8< N @R9 E ] G ML" E <'K0K M B " E " G@
['<AK D " O
9'; TAO\9 "M#" S E "." 9';#@ " v=59 E <'K
K09 N <'KPBP@lYBPO 1" C! B0VLB,@ "kMq]
O H"" = " N @ ".M T#@ !L" K0< E S " E B0OkTU@ !L" KP9iGLS " E @ !L" Od@ " G M @R9WV "A]
4 9 EyN 9 v=?< E B0OQ9iGX= DLE =9'O " OkT H" <'KPO\9 N <'K NkD Kj<(@ ".M @ !L" e+ 4 9'; e H BP@ !M <A@R<:; E 9
B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9i>
G "@ ] * !L" N 9 v=?< E B0O\9'GV " @ H"." G9 DLE OW<'G M ^! <'G#SLbhO E " O D K,@RO ?- O D S'S " O@RO D :# H
@ ! <A@ @ !L" @ " u=59 E <AKK09 N <AK0BP@lYBPGx9 DLE @ " OQ@ " G[UB E 9iG5 " G@vB0O; DLN !H" < 7A" E ] 4 9 E B0G#OQ@2<AG N " T
^! <'GLS;9 D G M @ ! <A@ " ?9'; e O< E " K09'GLS " E @ ! <'G= ! 9 DLE H{!L" G <'G M ?9'; #
<'K0K e O 1" N "."kM - ! 9 DLE O H{!#" G 6] G9 DLEE " O D KP@\O.Ti@ !L" @ H 9 N 9 E\E " OQ=9iG M B0GLSsG D WV " E O
M E 9i=u@R; 9 ? <AG M ? E " O\= " N @RB,[ " K,Y ] * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @BPG 9 D#E @ " OQ@\V "kM <'=L= " < E O@R9WV " K " OQO
OQ@2<AVLK "A] " O D O\= " N @`@ ! <A@s@ ! B0O M B " E " G N " u<aY>K0< E S " KPY M D " @\9@ !L" ;8< N @s@ ! <A@ K0<'G " @ | <'V
GL9 M#" Od9';+@ " GuV " N 9 " +
e 9 E VL<'G M#H B M @ ! OR<A@ DLE <(@ ".M T N < D O\BPGLSS E " <A@ I DLN @ D <A@\B09iGLOd9'; * +
e
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] @WB0O N ! <'K0K " GLS'B0GLS
@R9>= E ".M B N @ * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D G ML" E < ! BPS ! KPY M YUG??< uB N
" G[UB E 9'5G " G@ ]
"! *>, (+* % > &
, .&
<, $, *
GvB2v=9 E @2<'G@ @ D " OQ@\B09iGu<'Gv<'=L=#K0B N <A@RBP9iGW9A;+@ " Gv=59iO " OdBPO ! 9 H @ !L" * e+%@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @7[A< E B " OkT
<'G M TV " Y'9iG M @ ! <A@.T H{!L" @ !L" E <'G<AG?<'KPYf@\B N <AK M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG'v9 ML" K N <'GV " <'=#=LK0B ".M @\9 N ! < E < N
D G# H
@ " E B " BP@RO M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG ] <'Kj< 7 E B0O ! G?<'GqT " @<'K O@ D M B ".M <'SiS E " Si<A@ "kM* e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @
M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG
< NkE 9iOQO<'KPK M B " E " G@ I 9 H O\B " OV " @ H"." G " < N ! =?<'B E 9A; G@ " E G " @ ! 9iO@RO ]+* !L" B E
OQ@2<(@RB0O@RB N <'K?<AG?<'KPYUOQB0O7O D SiS " O@ROd@ ! <A@ " G M @\9? " G M<* e+%@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ N <'GvV " H" K0K v9 M#" K "kM <'O
D H
<KP9i?S GL9 E u<'K M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG ] ^! <'GLS#T " @<'K^[ " E B% "kM @ ! B0O %?G M B0GLSB0G -
]
UB0G N "1H"m! <a[ " <AK E " < M Y O "k" G " < E K0B " E @ ! <A@@ !L" E "m" B0O@ROOQ@ E 9iGLS N 9 E\E " K0<A@RBP9iGXV " @ H"." G
* + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @
<'G MpI 9 H OQB " T H" < E " @ !L" E " ;9 E " v9 E " B0G@ " E " O@ "kM BPGzOQ@ D M YUB0GLS@ !L"
* + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iGm9A;<=?< E @RB N.D K0< E I 9 H O\B " @ ! <'GBPG
S " @\@\B0GLS<AG:<ASiS E " S<A@ ".M
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG%< N.E 9'O\O <'KPK M B " E " G@ I 9 H O\B " O ] * !L" M <A@2<
; E 9 B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG
" @K " @RO D O M 9 @ ! B0O{<'G?<AKPYUO\BPO ]
{" N <'K0KL@ ! <A@dB0G B0O@ E B0V D @\B09i<G " @aTf;9 E " < N ! N KPB " Gf@ AO " E [ " E =?<'B E T H" E " = " <A@ "kM @ !#" @ E <'GL8O
; " E 9'; " < N ! %LK " -#T X@RB " O ] " ! BPOQ@\9iS E ?< "kM @ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@R<;9 E " < N !oI 9 H
O\B " A=L<A@ ! @ D =LK "']
2K v9iOQ@BPG " [ " E Y N <'O " T@ !#" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ! BPOQ@R9'S E < ML" v9iGLO@ E <(@ " Ou<
D KP@\2B v9 M <'K M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iG 6 ] * ! B0OO D SiS " OQ@\O@ ! <(@B,@BPO= E 9iV?<'V#KPYGL9'@d; " <AO\B0V#K " @R9 v9 ML" K K09'GLS
@R2B A " * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ D OQB0GLSOQ2B v=LK "M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iGLO ]
" N < D O " @ !L" N 9iK0K " N @\B09iG9'; M <A@2<%;9 E " < N ! N K0B " G@ (O " E [ " E =L<'B E K0<'OQ@ ".M O " [ " E <'K ! 9 D#E O
9 E " [ " G~KP9iGLS " E T H" O D O\= " N @
@ ! <A@m@ !L" D KP@RB u9 M <'K ; " <A@ DLE " <aYpV " =?< E @RB0<'K0K,Y M D " @R9
@ !L" N ! <'GLS " B0GG " @ H 9 E 7 N 9'G M BP@\B09iG#O M D#E B0G#S @ !#" " <'O DLE " " Gf@ = " E BP9 Mq] * 9 [ " E BP;+Y@ ! BPO
! YU=59'@ !#" O\BPO.T H" @ E Yt@R9:OQ@ D M Y@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG D O\BPGLS O D VLO " @RO9A; " < N !%M <A@2<AO " @ ]
O D V#O " @ N 9iG@2<'BPGLO D#N ! K " OQO M <A@R<m<'G M N 9g[ " E O`O ! 9 E @ " E " <AO DLE " " G@sK " GLS'@ !q] Gt9'@ !L" E
( =
H 9 E M O.T H" ! 9i= ".M @\9 %?G M O D V E " SiBP9iGLO sB0G " < N !M <A@R<'O " @7B0G H{! B N ! @ !#" G " @ H 9 E 7 N 9'G M BP@\B09iG#O
< E " E " Kj<A@\BP[ " KPYuOQ@R<'VLK " <'G M @ !L" @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@R< N <'G
V " V " @Q@ " E v9 M#" K "kM D GLB u9 M <'KPKPY ]
(
@B0O{[ " E Y ! < E M @R9u= E "kML" %?G " <'G 9'=#@RB <'K^K " G#S'@ ! 9 E M <A@2<vO\B " ;9 E O DLN ! QO D V E " SiB09iG#O =
@R2B " <AO H" < N @ D B E "M <A@R<.89 E H <'K 7 @ !L"sM <A@R<'O " @ 9vB0G "] * !L" = DLE =59iO " BPO@R9 O " S " G@ @ !L"
H{! 9iK "M <A@R<'O " @BPG@R9< D KP@\B0=LK " O D V E " SiB09iG#O'9 E B ML" G@\BP;+YmO " S " G@V9 D G M < E B " O9iGLKPB0G "]B4 9 E
" < N ! O " S " Gf@.T H" %L@{@ !L"`M <(@2< H BP@ ! O " [ " E <'K<'G?<AKPYf@RB N <'K M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iGLOkT?<'G M
" [A<'K D <A@ " @ !L"
Si9C9 M G " O\O{9'; %L@ D O\BPGLS
1 ]
9 vBPG "M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG %L@Q@RBPGLS
<'K0Si9 E BP@ ! ;9 E * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ! <'Os@ !L" ;9iKPK09 H B0GLS
DLE
] " K " N @`<u@ E < N " 9'; * e+n@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @<8O "@ D " G N " 9'; " '< O LD E " " Gf@\O;9 E <u=?< E \@ B kN D jK < E
I 9 H OQB " 9iG
<=?< E R@ B kN D Kj< E G@ " E G " @?= <(@ ! ]
] LG BP@\Bj<'KPB " @ !#" O D V E " SiB09'GuK " GLS'@ ! Tf<'G M O " @@ !L" QO @2< E @<'G Mu" G M =9'B0G@d9';@ !L" O D V E " SiBP9iG
@R9.<'G M #T E " OQ= " N @\BP[ " KPY ]
- ] BP@@ !L" O D V E " SiB09iG M <A@R< H BP@ ! <'G:<'G?<AKPYf@RB N <'K M 0B O@ E BPV D @\B09iGqTC<'G M N A< K .N D Kj<A@ " @ !L" A[ <'K D "
4
9'; 1 ]
F] G .N E " <'O " @ !L" O D V E " SiBP9iG:K " GLSA@ ! VfY> #TL@ ! <(@BPO.T 7A"." =>@ !L" OQ@R< E @=9'B0G@<'O ; E 9 @ !L"
= E " [UB09 D O`O@ " =^TV D @BPG N.E " <'O " @ !L"" G M =9iBPG@`VfY( ]<4 9 E @ ! BPOsG "kH O D V E " SiBP9iGqT%L@
@ !L" M <A@2< H B,@ ! @ !#" <'G?<'K,YU@\B N <'K M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG v9 M#" K<AS<'B0G^T^S " @<1G "kH [A<'K D " 9';
1 ]
* !L" < M D O@ " G@S E <AG D Kj< E BP@lY N <'G:<'K0OQ9 V " N ! <'G#S ".Mq]
]| 9iSy@ !L" O@2< E @=59iB0G@aT " G M =9'B0G@aTC<'G M [A<'K D " 9';
1; E 9= E " [CBP9 D OO D V E " SiBP9iG ] {" O " @
@ !L" O D V E " S'B09iG>K " GLSA@ ! @\91V " #T<'G M O " @@ !L" O@2< E @=59iB0G@9';@ !L" O D V E " SiB09iG:@R91V "
9iG " Kj< E S " E @ ! <AG
@ !L"`" G M =9'B0G@{9';@ !L" = E " [UB09 D OO D V E " SiBP9iG ]
:!
2
CDF of R for Different Distributions
1
0.9
0.8
Cumulative Percentages
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 normal
uniform
0.2 pareto
lognormal
0.1 exponential
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
R2
4 B0S D#E " ] e+ 4 9'; 1 ; 9 E %L[ " N 9<v9iG M BPOQ@ E B0V D R@ BP9iGLO ;9 E * +e z@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ N ! < E < N
@ " E B.<A@RBP9iGt9iGZO " S " G@ ".M @ E < N " O ];* L! " O\B " 9';d@ !L" %?K " B0O; 0/ dUY @ " O ] @ !#" E I 9 H OQB " O
O ! 9 H OQ2B vB0Kj< EE " O D KP@RO ]
!] 3 9@R9vOQ@ " =)-v<'G M E " = " <A@<AV9g[ " = E 9 N ." M LD E " T D G@RBPK
<AK0K M <(@2<u=59iBPGf@\O{B0G@ !L"M <A@R<'O " @RO
< E "s1" < uBPG ".M^]
" O " S " Gf@ ".M <'G M v9 ML" K %L@Q@ ".Mz" < N ! =?<(@ ! I 9 H O\B " @ E < N " B0G B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG " @
D O\BPGLS@ ! BPO7<'KPSi9 E B,@ ! ] " @ !L" G N 9iGLOQB ML" E "kM @ !L"
1 M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG;9 E " < N ! 9'; I 9 H OQB " <'G M
<'G?<'K,YU@\B N <'K M B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG ]* !#" e+ 4 O9A;L@ !L" ['<AK D " O
9'; 1 ;9 E " < N !I 9 H O\B " <'G M <'GL<'KPYf@RB N <'K
M B0O@ E BPV D @\B09iG< E " O ! 9 H GXB0G 4 B0S DLE " ] ] @yB0O N K " < E @ ! <A@;9 E @ !L" %L[ "uM B0O@ E B0V D @\B09iG#O H"
N 9 v=?< E ".M T@ !L" GL9 E u<'K M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RBP9iGV " OQ@<%L@RO@ !L" * e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ M <A@2< ] 9 H" [ " E T
5 005 3
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @sB0O 3 3 $ ) 35$ T5O\9<uSiBP[ " G>GL9 E u<'K M B0OQ@ E BPV D @RBP9iG ! 9iK M O;9 E 9iGLKPY:< = " E B09 M
9'; @R2B " V " ;9 E " B,@ N ! <'GLS " O @R9<'G#9'@ !L" E 9iG "A]* ! B0OG#9iGLOQ@R<A@RBP9iG?< E Y V ".! <g[UBP9 E B0O E " u< E 7 <AVLKPY
( =
O\2B vB0K0< E @R9`@ !L" " =9 N ! <'K?V ".! <a[UB09 E `=?<A@Q@ " E Gu9A;qK09i< M 9iG ! 9iOQ@\O7@ ! <A@ H" 9'VLO " E [ "kM BPG " < E KPB " E
H 9 E7 ]D! H
G#
<'O "kM i9 Gx9 DLE O@ D M Yx<AG M = E " [UBP9 D O E " O " < E\N ! T H":! <g[ ":M#" [ " K09i= ".M <'G Mx" [A<'K D <A@ "kM D
<'K
<A@ROkT`<= E 9'@R9'@lYU= " E " <'Ks@\B2 ">* e+ @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ = E "kM B N @RBP9iGoO " E [CB N " ;9 E M B0O@ E BPV D @ ".M
<'=L=LKPB N <(@RB09'GLO ] D <'K2<A@\Om< N @\BP[ " KPYO " G M O9 D @ M D <'K
< N 7'" @RO@R9V " G N ! u< E 7 <=?<A@ !^]D @
< D @R9 <A@\B N <'K0K,Yv< M D O@RO{BP@\O E <A@ " @\9 N <'=#@ DLE " @ !L" 5 9iGm@ !#" =L<A@ ! <'G M @ !L" E " ;9 E " @R9vB0G
B2vB " B0G@ E\D OQBP[ " G " OQO H BP@ ! 9 D @K09iOQB0GLSuOR<v=LK0BPGLSu< N.NkDLE < N Y ] * !L" V " G N ! < E 7 B0GLS1@ " N ! G#B @ D "
B0O ML" O N.E B0V ".M B0G " N @RBP9iG ] - ]
D <'K
<A@ROBPO M B " E " Gf@s; E
9 <'K0K @ !#" = E " [CBP9 D Os<a[A<'BPKj<'VLK " VL<'G M#H B M @ !t" OQ@RB <(@RB09'G:@R9U9iKPO
O DLN ! <' D H
O <(@ !?| 9< M 9 ! ] 4 B E OQ@.T7B0GLO@ " < M 9A; " OQ@\2B u<A@RBPGLS NkDLE\E " G@u<g[A<'BPKj<'V#K " V?<'G M#H B M @ ! T
D <'K
<A@RO= E ".M B N @\O * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ B0Gn@ !L" G " @:O ! 9 E @>= " E B09 M 9';@RB "A] " N 9'G M KPY'T
D <'K
<A@RO u9'GLBP@\9 E Od@ !L" =?<(@ ! O <AG M @ ! D O N <AG E " @ DLE G
<W= E ".M B N @\B09iGmB ".M Bj<A@ " KPY ] @ @2< 7A" O
D <'K
<A@RO7K " OQO@ ! <'0 G uO7@R9`SiB,[ " <s= E "kM B N @RBP9iG9iGv< " G@RB D u< N ! BPG " T H{! BPK " B,@7@2< 7A" O
<A@ !?| 9< M @ " G#O
9';CO " N 9iG M O
@\9 M 99iG "" OQ@RB <(@RB09'G;9 E <=L<A@ !q] D <'2K <A@\O M 9iGqb @O " G M = E 9iV " O
D =9'G%<m= E ".M B N @RBP9iG E " @ D " O@aTBPGLOQ@ " < M B,@ u9iG#BP@R9 E O@ !L" =?<A@ ! <'G M O " G M O9 D @ M D <'K
< N 7'" @RO
< N.N 9 E M BPGLS @R9 @ !#"M YCGL< uB N OR< v=LKPB0GLS E <A@ " < M D OQ@ " Gf@<'KPSi9 E BP@ ! <AO M#" O NkE BPV "kM V " K09 H`]
<'G M @ !L" D G M#" E K,YUB0GLS9i= " E <A@RBPGLS OQYUOQ@ " ]* !L"H{! 9iK " OYCO@ " H 9 E 7 O<A@<'=#=LK0B N <A@\B09iG1K " [ " K ]
* !#" G " @ H 9 E 7 O " GLO\9 E O " G M O9 D @ M D <AK < N 7'" @\O<A@W< O " KP; < M D OQ@\B0GLS E <(@ " <AO ML" O N.E B0V ".M
B0= G " N @\B09i= G ] ] ] @ E " N 9 E M O@ !L" O\B " O`<'G M @ E <'GLO; " E @\B2 " O9A; " < N ! = E 9iV " B0G " < N !ZM D <'K
< N 7A" @ ] n!#" " G v9iGLB,@R9 E B0GLS
M B " E " Gf@ * e+ N 9'GLG " N @RBP9iGLO.T
O " E B " Oy9';= E 9'V " E " N 9 E M O
< E " u<'B0G@2<AB0G "kMq]
#! "'* e+p@ ! E 9 D S
* ! = D @= E ".M B N @\9 E B0G@ " E ;8< N " O H ,B @ ! V9'@ ! @ !L" G " @ H 9 E 7 O " G#O\9 E '< G M <'=
=LK0B N <A@\B09iGLO ]$n!L" G " [ " E <'G <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGuG ".".M O <W= E ".M B N @RBP9iGqTfBP@O " G M O < @ D " E v
Y @R9@ !L" * +
e
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E "kM B N @R9 E T?<'G M @ !L" = E ".M B N @\9 E "C" NkD @ " O@ !L" ;9iK0KP9 H BPGLS5
] < E O " @ !#"<@ D " E Y>; E 9 @ !L" <'=L=LKPB N <A@RBP9iGt<'G M S " @`=?< E < " @ " E OsB0G N K D M B0GLS1@ !L" ML" OQ@RB
G?<A@\B09iG<'G M %?K " O\B "']
] 4?" @ N ! @ !#" M D <'K2< N 7A" @ M <A@2<mO " E B " Os;9 E @ !L" LM " O@RBPG?<A@RBP9iGt; E 9 D G ML" E K,YCBPGLSmG " @ H 9 E 7
O " GLO\9 E ]
; GL9vO " E B " O " B0O @RO.T < = E 9iVLBPGLS= E 9 N " \O O{;9 E @ !L"`ML" OQ@\B0G?<A@\B09iGBPO OQ@2< E @ "kMq]
- ]
=L=#KPYZ<m= E ".M B N @RBP9iG=u9 ML" K TqO DLN ! <'O v9g[CBPGLS
<a[ " E <'S " 9 E /
qT @\9:= E ." M B N @`@ !L"
N.DLEQE " Gf@@ E <'GLO; " E @RB " O;9 E " < N ! 9';@ !L" @ H 9u= E 9iV " O{B0Gm@ !L"`M D '< K2< N 7A" @ ]
F] 4BP@d<`K0BPG " < E7N.DLE [ " <'O ML" O NkE B0V ".M B0G @ D <(@RB09'G ] <'G M N <'K NkD Kj<(@ " @ !L" * + e %@ ! E 9 D S !
= D @
;9 E @ !L" SiB,[ " G %?K " O\B " D O\B0G#S @ D <A@RBP9iG; ] ] =#@RBP9iG?<'KPKPY'T N 9v= D @ " < N 9'G % ML" G N "
B0G@ " E [A<'K D O\B0G#SvG#9 E u<'K0B,@lY1<AO\O D u=#@\B09iG#O ]
" @ " OQ@ "kM O " [ " E <AKd= E ".M B N @\B09iG)v9 ML" KPO;9 E OQ@ " =!-#TB0G N K D M B0GLS B0G@ " E [A<'K l< H < E " v9 [UBPGLS
<g[ " E <'S "
/
T "1 =9iG " G@RB0<'K H" B0S ! @ ".M u9g[UB0GLS<a[ " E <AS " /
<'G M OQB2v=LKPY D O\BPGLS
@ !L" K0<'OQ@u[A<'K D "A]
G
/
B0OuO\BuBPKj< E @\9<"u9g[UB0G#S<a[ " E <'S ">"1 N " =C@
@ ! <A@u@ !L"
/
N 9v= D @ " OBP@RO<a[ " E <'S " 9g[ " E 9iGLK,Ys= E " [UB09 D O
= E 9iV " [A<'K D " O H BP@ ! @ !L" O\< " O\<u=#K0B0G#S B0G@ " E [A<'K ]
/
H BP@ !H BPG M 9 H O\B " H 9 E 7 O
V " O@9'GW<a[ " E <'S " B0G`9 D#E "1 = " E B2 " G@\O ]$ " V " K0B " [ " @ ! <A@
@ ! BPOB0OO\9 V " N < D O "M DLE BPGLS " < N ! 5 TU@ !L"" G M @\9? " G M* e+@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ B0OV " OQ@ v9 M#" K "kM
H BP@ ! < GL9 E <AK M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RB09'G ] 4 9 E < GL9 E <AK M BPOQ@ E B0V D @RB09'G H BP@ ! GL9O " E B0<'K N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'GqTC@ !L"
" <'GB0O@ !#" V " O@= E "kM B N @R9 E =59iO\OQB0VLK " T?<'G 0 M
/
" OQ@\B2u<A@ " O@ ! BPO ]
-
Applications
OS kernel NIC
4 B0S D#E " ] - EUYUO@ " < E\N ! ,B @ " N @ DLE " 9'; D <'K
<A@RO ]
*
- - 7$* 0 (
$ -/(+*J , M>&-
* !L" E " < E " @ H 9 H <aYCO@R9 ML" N.E " <'O " @ !L" 9g[ " E !#" < M N < D O "kM VfY
@ !#"M D <'K2< N 7A" @`= E 9iV " O ML"
N.E " <'O " @ !#" O\<v=LK0BPGLS E <(@ " 9 E ML" N.E " <'O " @ !#" OQB " 9A;
@ !L"`M D <'K2< N 7A" @ ]
F
O H" M BPO NkD O\O ".M BPGC " N @\B09iG" ] T " < N !C G@ " E G " @=?<A@ ! O ! 9 H OOQ@R<A@RBPOQ@\B N <AK7OQ@2<AVLB0KPBP@lY>BPG
* + e %@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ ] 9 H" [ " E T " < N ! =L<A@ ! B0O M B " E " G@B0G @ !L" K " GLS'@ ! 9';5BP@ROE ]* !#" E " ;9 E " T
B0GLO@ " < M 9'; D O\BPGLSv@ !L" = " E B09 M B N OR<v=LK0BPGLSv<'K0S'9 E B,@ ! D O "kM VY
= E " [CBP9 D O * e+p@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @
u9iG#BP@R9 E B0G#S1; E < "kH 9 E 7 OO DLN ! <AO D H
?- T H" ML" O\BPSiG ".M <:OQB2v=LK " <'KPSi9 E BP@ ! @R9 M Y
G?< vB N <AK0KPYm< M D O@@ !#" OR< v=LKPB0GLS E <A@ " @R9u@ !L" =L<A@ ! bcO 5 ]:4 9 E OQ@R<'VLK " =?<A@ ! O H B,@ ! KP9iGLS " E
5 T H" O " G M ; "H" E = E 9iV " O.T H{! BPK " ;9 ED GLOQ@R<'VLK " =?<(@ ! O H BP@ ! O ! 9 E @ " E T H" < M <'=#@@R9
BP@RO M YCGL< uB N O VYOR?< u=LKPB0GLSy@ !L" =?<A@ ! v9 E " ; E " @ D " G@RKPY
] * !L" <AK0Si9 E BP@ ! B0O
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O " N 9iG M O ?BP;B,@ N ! <'G#S " O V " @ H"." G `<'G M ;CT 7A"." =@ !#" N.DLEQE " Gf@BPGf@ " E ['<AK U9'@ !L" E H BPO "
ML" NkE " <'O " @ !L" B0G@ " E [A<'K ] G GLK0BPG " [A<'K D <A@\B09iG " @.T iT ; H" E " O " @@\9V " @? <'G M
-
@? ]
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@ !L" H B0K0Kq;8<AK0KqBPGf@\9v@ !L" GL9iB0O " < E " <v<'OO ! 9 H G>BPG 4 B0S DLE " ] ] 9 H" [ " E T5@ !L" GL9iBPO " < E " <vBPO F
M B " E " G@s;9 E " < N ! ! G@ " E G " @y=?<A@ ! T <'O M B0O N.D OQO "kM BPG" " N @\B09iG= ] - ] @`B0O`< ; D G N @RBP9iGZ9';dK09iOQO
E <A@ " <AG M D G ML" E KPYUBPGLSV?<'G M#H B M @ !^] DLE <AK0Si9 E BP@ ! ;9 E ML" @ " E vB0G#B0GLS B,@ B0O
] " @< LM " ;8< D KP@BPGLBP@\Bj<'KUO\B " ;9 E @ !L"{M D '< K
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" EQE 9 E O< E " LV B0SiS " E @ ! A< G1<@ ! E " O ! 9'K M {T#<'G MuH BP@ ! @ !L"
OR< " O\PB SiGqT H" B0G NkE " <AO " @ !L" = E 9iV " OQB " V Y) _ " < N !q]
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<A@RO E <'G " F
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[A<'K D <A@\B09i0G " @ ]
DLE ML" @R<'B0K ".M E " O D KP@\Oy;9 E " < N ! =?<A@ ! < E " <a['<AB0Kj<AVLK " " K0O "H{!L" E " 9
] * 9 O D < < E B " DF H
@ !L" ;9 E @ ! B0O N ! <'=C@ " E T H" D O " @ !L" ;9iK0KP9 H B0GLS= " @ E B N O ] / " <'G " E\E 9 E BPO N <'K NkD Kj<A@ ".M VY
<g[ " E <'SiB0G#S<'K0K9';s@ !#" E " K0<A@RB,[ ":" E\E 9 E O ] 4 9 E <'G D GfVLB0<'O "kM = E "kM B N @R9 E T{@ ! B0Ou['<AK D " O ! 9 D K M
-
V " N KP9iO " @R9 " E 9SiBP[ " G " GL9 D S ! @ " O@ N <'O " O ] " N <'GO "." @ ! <A@vB0Gx9 DLE " [A<'K D <A@RBP9iGBP@BPO
@ D BP@ " O u<'K0K7BPG"v9iOQ@ N <AO " OkT<'G M%H" O "." <'G E 9 D S ! KPY " @ D <'K= E 9i=59 E @\B09iG9';{=59iO\B,@RB,[ " <'G M
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B0O@ !#" <a[ " E <AS " 9';
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E " K0<A@RB,[ "" EQE 9 E ] " N 9iGLOQB ML" E B,@ @ !L" u9'OQ@B2v=9 E @2<AGf@ " @ E B N B0G " [A<'K D <A@RBPGLS@ !L" = E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO ]
/ " <'GmO@ ML" E\E BPO@ !L" OQ@R<'G M < E M1ML" [UBj<A@\B09iG19A; E " Kj<A@\BP[ "" EQE 9 E H{! B0K " " <'G
BPO@ !L"
B0OV " N < D O " V59'@ ! KP9iGLS " E " <'GZB0G@ " E [A<'K<'G M O u<'K0K " E " <'GZOQ@2<AG M < E MM#" [UBj<A@\B09iGt9A; " E\E 9 E
2B v=LKPYv<O@2<'VLK " =?<A@ !q]
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!
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0 12 33 4526 22-78 26 00 26 29: 26 08 9;06 :-7
1 0< 92 26 02 26 07 26 07 26 0< 1:6 ;;
8 07 88 4,26 1=0 26 18 26 13 26 3=0 08-1=6 1
; 00 17=6 3 4,26 28 26 0: 26 08 26 13 7=06 39
3 08 80 4,26 2; 26 12 26 09 26 1< ;<6 79
9 09 08< 4526 2-7: 26 0: 26 0; 26 1: 3<6 0<
7 09 012 26 2;< 26 8-33 26 1< 26 ;-1 1=06 <-7
< 0; 3=0 26 2-1=0 26 01 26 2:-3 26 09< 3=01=6 9;
: 0< 12-7 4,26 0; 26 07 26 0< 26 89 3=06 32
02 0; 1: 4,26 00 26 0: 26 0; 26 80 0<26 07
00 0: 002 4526 289 26 0< 26 00 26 1; 1<6 37
01 03 89 4526 28< 26 0; 26 2-7< 26 0< 13<6 09
08 07 3: 26 28-3 26 12< 26 09 26 1; 8-1=6 18
0; 01 186 3 4526 201 26 292 26 2;-1 26 2<-1 8-126 :-7
03 08 1< 4526 2:-3 26 0<9 26 0; 26 80 3=006 88
09 0< 022 4526 2-1< 26 09 26 00 26 1=0 3;86 73
07 0: 72 4526 2<8 26 282 26 2<8 26 07 3;86 98
0< 0; <0 4526 2-79 26 2-13 26 2-79 26 03; 311=6 12
0: 0: 71 26 1=0 26 8< 26 1: 26 8: ;<6 8:
12 07 32 26 00 26 01 26 0; 26 01 :-7=6 13
1=0 08 80 4526 29< 26 2<-1 26 2<-1 26 07 1;96 38
11 09 08-3 26 2-11 26 0< 26 0; 26 1=0 186 :8
18 0; 89 4,26 01 26 09 26 08 26 1: 0:;6 2;
1; 0; 3=0 4,26 03 26 0; 26 03 26 88 3;-1=6 8;
13 01 1; 4,26 02 26 02 26 01 26 1; 3:6 ;0
19 0< 0;< 26 22-18 26 0< 26 08 26 11 196 7;
17 01 ;< 4526 29< 26 00 26 2:-1 26 0: 09-3=6 <9
1< 03 008 4526 2-12 26 02 26 2<: 26 03 33=6 <-3
1: : 0<0 4526 2-79 26 292 26 2-7: 26 07 9-31=6 38
82 0< 12< 4526 29-1 26 2:-3 26 2<< 26 0< ;26 32
80 7 1 4526 20< 26 01 26 2:; 26 07 1:6 2:
8-1 02 13 4526 290 26 28; 26 290 26 08 31=06 09
88 08 88 26 11 26 13 26 13 26 13 ;-186 73
8; 09 0;0 4526 2;0 26 01 26 00 26 0: 196 22
8-3 0; 3=0 4,26 0; 26 07 26 03 26 8; 9226 9-3
89 09 1; 4526 2;: 26 0; 26 02 26 12 ;<06 37
8-7 0; 8-3 26 2-13 26 01 26 2<: 26 0; ;-3=6 <-3
8< 0: 007 4526 2-3: 26 2;-1 26 290 26 08 77=6 2<
8: 08 8; 4526 2-37 26 2;-3 26 2-3< 26 01 9;86 <;
;2 08 3< 4,26 08 26 203 26 01 26 17 786 88
;0 0< 12< 4526 2-73 26 00 26 2:: 26 1=0 17=6 :-7
;-1 00 3=0 4526 298 26 28; 26 29; 26 08 <026 38
;8 00 073 4526 2-31 26 2<-1 26 2-78 26 03 13=6 7=0
;; 0< 92 4526 2:-3 26 2-7< 26 2:-3 26 1=0 373=6 <0
;-3 03 3< 26 0; 26 12 26 0< 26 1=0 17=6 9;
;9 00 32 4526 2-73 26 28< 26 2-73 26 09 <;<6 8:
;-7 0; 89 26 08 26 07 26 02 26 1< 0;<6 <9
;< 03 1; 4526 2:: 26 1; 26 0: 26 8< 1;6 :-1
;: 1=0 <9 4526 2<-7 26 03 26 00 26 13 826 1<
32 0: ;-7 4526 2;-1 26 07 26 01 26 18 1;6 <2
4 F
B0S D#E " ] E ".M B N @RBP9iG " EQE 9 E O@2<A@\B0OQ@\B N O;9 E GLK0BPG " [A<'K D <(@RB09'G. " @ ] 6* * BPO@ !L" E 9 D G M
@ E BP=@RB2 " V " @ H"." G@ !L" @ H 9%O\B,@ " OvBPG(uBPK0K0BPO " N 9iG M O.Td<'G M / " <AG G@ " E [A<'K{B0O @ !L" <g[ " E <'S "
B0G@ " E [A<'K @RB " V " @ H"." G M D <'K
< N 7'" @RO1BPGO " N 9iG M O ] / " <'G " E\E 9 E BPOv@ !L" <a[ " E <'S " E " Kj<A@\BP[ "
" E\E 9 E H{! B0K " " <AGp<'VLO " E\E 9 E B0O@ !L" <a[ " E <'S " 9';@ !#" <'VLOQ9iK D @ " [A<'K D " 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ "" EQE 9 E ]
/ " <'GO@ ML" E\E B0O@ !L" OQ@R<'G M < E MML" [UB0<A@RBP9iGm9'; E " Kj<A@\BP[ "" E\E 9 E H{! BPK " " <AG:<AVLO OQ@ M#" E\E B0O@ !L"
OQ@2<AG M < E M:ML" [UBj<A@\B09iGm9';
@ !L" <'V#O\9iK D @ " [A<'K D " 9'; E " K0<A@RB,[ "s" E\E 9 E ]
- F
1
mean error
0.9
mean abs(error) 0.8
1
0.9
0.8
P[mean err < X]
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 mean error
0.1 mean stderr
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Mean error
1
0.9
0.8
P[mean abs error < X]
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 mean stderr
0.2 mean abs(stderr)
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Standard deviation of relative error
1
0.9
0.8
&#
Mean absolute error
B0G@ " E\E\D =#@ ML" K0<aY<'G M @ !#" OYUOQ@ " VL<'G M#H B M @ ! <'KPK N <AG < " N @G " @ H 9 E 7 V?<'G M#H B M @ !v" O@RB
<A@\B09iG ]6* !L" Y N 9v=?< E ".M =?< N 7'" @{=L<'B E M B0OQ= " E O\BP9iG<'S<AB0GLO@=?< N 7A" @{@ E <'B0G V?<'O "kM <'K0Si9 E BP@ !
<'G M N 9iG N K D ML".M @ ! <A@ =?< N 7A" @{@ E <'B0GmVL<'O "kM <AK0Si9 E BP@ ! uO< E " K " OQO O " GLO\B,@RBP[ " @R9@ !L" E " O\9iK D @RBP9iG
9';@ !L" OQYUOQ@ " @RB2 " E <'G M K " OQO< " N @ "kM VfY B0G@ " E\EQD =#@ ML" K0<gYUO ] * ! B0OB2v=LK0B " O7@ ! <(@ ! BPS !
OQYUOQ@ " K09< Mm! <'O{G " Si<A@RB,[ "`" " N @RO9iGV?<'G M#H B M @ !
" O@RB <A@\B09iG1<'K0Si9 E BP@ ! vO ]
" E <'GW@ !#"" = " E B " G@RO9'; GLKPB0G " ['<AK D <A@\B09iG " @79iG7Kj<'G " @ | <'V^T H{! B N ! B0O
@lYU=LB N <'KPKPY
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@ ! <A@+ e K09< M <a[ " E <'S " O H" E " [ " E Y ! B0S ! 9iG`@ !L" u< N ! B0G " O H" D O "kMq] @?o9';U@ !L" < N ! B0G " O
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G ] H" N 9v=?< E ".M
D G# H
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@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @9i G 7Kj<'G " @ | <'V BPO v9 E "M YUG?< vB N @ ! <'G ^! <'G#S;9 D G Mq6] * ! B0OO D SiS " OQ@\O@ ! <A@79 DLE
= E "kM B N @RB09'G H 9 D K M = E 9'V?<'VLK,Y M 9V " @Q@ " E BPGZ < u9 E " @lYU=LB N <'K T^K0B0S ! @\KPY
K09i< ML".MZ" Gf[UB E 9i5G " G@.T
<'G M @ ! <A@ D <'K
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E 9iV D OQ@RG " O\O9'; D <AK <(@ROBPO E " Kj<A@ ".M @R9s@ !L " * + e V " G N ! < E 7 B0GLS<'=L= E 9< N ! V " BPGLS D O ".M H"
< E " " <'O DLE BPGLS1@ !#" <A=L=LK0B N <A@\B09iG @R9 <'=L=#K0B N <A@RB,9iG1@ E <'GLO; " E @RB " T<'G M @ ! D O9 DLE = E "kM B N @RBP9iG
D OQ@G " N " O\OR< E B0K,YmB0G N 9 E =9 E <A@ " @ !L"`" G M lOYCO@ " V ".! <g[UBP9 E <'O H" K0K ]
* 9sS " @<O " GLO " 9';?@ !L" + e K09i< M <a[ " E <'S " 9iG@ !L" K0<'G " @ | <'V GL9 ML" OkT H" @R9U9 7 @ !L" + e
DH
K09< M <a[ " E <AS " O@2<A@\B0O@RB N O M <A@R<m; E 9 @ !L" e9 "." = E .9 " N @ H" V%OQBP@ " - <'G M O D u< E B "kM
@ !L"M <A@R<1B0G 4 BPS DLE " ] ?m<'O`<
+ e 4] * !L"M <A@R<mB0Os<mO\GL<'=LO ! 9'@`;9 E H{!L" G9 DLE " [A<'K D <(@RB09'G
" = " E B " Gf@\O GLK0BPG " [A<'K D <A@RBP9i< G " @
H" E " EQD GLGLBPGLS ] * !L" + e 4 O ! 9 H Od@ !L" K09< M <g[ " E <'S "
# 9'; G#9 ML" O ] %" N <'GO "." @ ! <A@ u9 E " @ ! <AG
? 9';@ !L" GL9 ML" O ! < M < KP9< M <a[ " E <'S " <'V59g[ "
iT<'V9 D @ @? 9';@ !L" GL9 ML" O ! < M K09i< M <g[ " E <'S " <'V9g[ " CT
<'G M <'V59 D < @ @? 9';@ !L" GL9 M#" O
! < M K09< M <a[ " E <AS " <AV9g[ " ]
) ; 1); 9 7 3 + = - ;0/ % 7 1 3 5 * !L" 9g[ " E !L" < M 9'; D <'2K <A@\ O <'BPGLKPY N 9 " O1; E 9
@ !L">M D <'K
< N 7'" @ROO " G@ ] Gz9 DLE1NkDLE\E " G@2B v=LK " " G@2<A@\B09iGqT H" D O " @ !#"tML" ;8< D KP@ _ #
= E 9iV " O " G@d<A@7@ !L" E <A@ " N 9iG@ E 9iK0K ".M VY9 DLE M YUG?< vB N OR< v=LK0BPGLS E <A@ " < M D OQ@ " G@d<'K0Si9 E BP@ !
- !
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
P[load<X]
P[load<X]
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 340.1
36
CPU load average
#
E " O D KP@\B0GLS B0G<'G%9 [ " E !L" < M 9iG%@ !L" G " @ H 9 E 7 9'; _ & " <AG G@ " E [A<'K ]) G< ! B0S ! KPY
M YUG?<vB N @ " OQ@\V "kM KPB 7A" 7Kj<'G " @ | <'VqT N KP9iO " @\9(- ? 9';`@ !L" " <'GzBPGf@ " E ['<AK0Om< N ! B " [ ".M VY
#
D <'K
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&# # ># FF
K09iGLS " E @ ! <'G O " N 9iG M O+ _ " N ] _ " N T(<'G M <'V59 D @$
?o< E " K09iG#S " E @ ! <'G
-O " N 9iG M A # !
O _ - " N ] _ " N ] * !L" B0G@ " E [A<'K B0OV59 D G M#".M VYv9 DLE = E 9'@R9 N 9'KL@R9
K02B vBP@d@ !#" u< 2B D 9g[ " E !#" < M 9iG
@ !L" G " @ H 9 E 75]
O D <'2K <A@\OBPO ML" O\B0S'G ".M u<'B0GLK,Y1;9 E @R9 M <aYbcO ! BPS ! OQ= "k".M G " @ H 9 E 7 OkT H" V " KPB " [ " @ !L"
O\B " <AG M1ML" u9iG#OQ@ E <A@RBPGLS ! 9 H @ ! BPO N 9 E\E " Kj<(@RB09'G N < D O " O " E\E 9'G " 9 D O= E ".M B N @RBP9iGLO@R9yV " < ML"
H{!L" G D OQB0GLSuO\Bu=LK " * e+nV " G N ! u< E 7 BPGLSu@\9 N ! < E < N @ " E B " < =?<A@ !q] G E " O\=59iGLO " T H" = E 9
=9iO ".M <'G MX" [A<'K D <A@ "kM < G "kH V " G N ! u< E 7 BPGLSt<'=L= E 9< N ! T M D <'K2< N 7A" @.T; E 9 H{! B N !&* e+
@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @s;9 E M B " E " Gf@ I 9 H O\B " O N <'GZV "ML" E BP[ ".Mq] %" ML" O NkE B0V ".M <'G Mt" [A<'K D <(@ ".M @ !L"
= " E ;9 E <'G N " 9'; <G "H * + e @ ! E 9 D S ! = D @ v9iGLB,@R9 E B0GLS1<'G M = E "kM B N @RB09'G; E < "H 9 E 7 T6 D
<'K
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O D =L=59 E @@ ! E 9 D S ! = D @= E ".M B N @\B09iG1;9 E =?< E <AK0K " K * + D H
e 9 ]
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! <a[ " < MLM E " O\O ".M @ ! B0O @\9 OQ9 "1" @ " G@ H B,@ ! 9 DLE M YUG??< uB N O\< v=LK " E <A@ " < M D OQ@ " G@ <'K
Si9 E B,@ ! ] 9 H" [ " E T H" < E " <'K0OQ9 N 9iG#O\B M#" E BPGLS N 9 VLBPGLB0GLS 9 DLE @ " N ! G#B @ D " O H B,@ ! =?<'OQO\B,[ "
D H
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% !"" # %$
struct ParallelTCPChar {
int num_flows ;
double max_nondisruptive_thru ;
double cross_traffic_impact ;
};
ParallelTCPChar *
TameParallelTCP(Address dest,
double maximpact );
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RQ
TS UA NU
200000
250000 Parallel TCP
180000 Cross traffic
Overall throughput
Throughput (Bytes/second)
160000
Throughput (Bytes/second)
200000
140000
120000
150000
100000
80000
100000
60000
40000
parallel TCP 50000
20000
0
0 10 20 30 0
EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
number of parallel TCP flows
12000000
12000000
10000000
Throughput (Bytes/seconds)
10000000
Throughput (Bytes/second)
8000000
8000000
6000000 6000000
4000000
4000000
$ 6 & EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
number of parallel TCP flows
$ V & *)
number of parallel TCP flow s
B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
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O =&;J -)#) VVSJ =<V5* -D,&;J4S,[E+SZ-D,.9\WyC8*5A-%NF1lG-D>@-%,
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12000000
Parallel TCP
parallel 12000000 Parallel TCP
10000000 Cross traffic
Oveall throughput
Throughput (Bytes/second)
Throughput (Bytes/seconds)
(Bytes/second)
10000000
8000000
8000000
6000000
6000000
Throughput
4000000 4000000
2000000 2000000
0
0
0 10 20 30
0 10 10 20 20 30 3040
EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
number of parallel TCP flow s
50000000
60000000
45000000
parallel TCP
40000000
Throughput (Bytes/second)
25000000
30000000
20000000
15000000 20000000
10000000
10000000
5000000 parallel TCP
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
$ 6 & EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
number of parallel TCP flow s
$ V & *)
number of parallel TCP flow s
B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
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18000000 25000000
parallel TCP
16000000
20000000 Cross traffic
Throughput (Bytes/second)
Throughput (Bytes/second)
14000000
Overall throughput
12000000
15000000
10000000
8000000
10000000
6000000
4000000 5000000
2000000 parallel TCP
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
number of parallel TCP flow s
number of parallel TCP flow s
$ 6 & $ V & *) B%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
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12000000
14000000
10000000 Parallel TCP
Throughput (Bytes/second)
Corss traffic
12000000 Overall throughput
Throughput (Bytes/second)
8000000
10000000
6000000 8000000
4000000 6000000
4000000
2000000
parallel TCP
2000000
0
0 10 20 30 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
$ 6 & EzB%,[E+J.J4C.,867zB
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$V &
number of parallel TCP flow s
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65
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60
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55 Partial Order−2 Polynomial
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50
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45
40
35
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planetlab4.cs.berkekey.edu to planet02.csc.ncsu.edu
350
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300 Linear
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250
Throughput (Mbps)
200
150
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50
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15000000 estimated cross traffic
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estimation of g2
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1
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0.5
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C 52 X #2"% /
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5 > 89/ % 82A> 1 C > 8 5 824@ ( 1 8&4;/ 6&5 5762%: X = X % WW WW < 5 > 89/ %:<<% / 6 */v/
/ F D& 5 *>> F X <5" = <% X D&> FH! X 1 ( / 62 8 X "% / 5 5762P%: X = X h 6 > ,! X 1 ( / 62 + # 5 5762
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%0 X = X / F D2 5 >E> FB%: X = E824 X #2"% / %!$1 X % D <5
5 X 4 1 8t
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W*TT
900000
PS
800000 FSP
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
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6000
PS
FSP
5000
SRPT
FSP-FS
Mean Queue Length
4000
SRPT-FS
3000
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82E/ #&<#2
W*T
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h 62 X / 62 E89/ X XX = >/? ( "%q1*! X #2"% / % E8;/ 62 / X 5< X X h 8 ! X 1 ( C2# >E>-2 % / X
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C- / h " 8
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W*T
h E / 6 5 / # > %0 X = 5< /? ( d+ #2576 8 "% /0 (;*/ 1 X ( #2% /a > %01'C- >E4 6 / h E4 6 / X # X E824>EE/:/?>
h 1 X D X-X #&<% /< Z 1 X / 6 % X %01 8 h v5 828 1 / #2%: 5 /0 = D X 1C 8&4'/ "576 82 #&<% &]8 % / *
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8 1 h R V E/ %
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1000
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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> * F & ,/"i + %S!<= + % + 7
W
65 * # * D%# & ( # + F & F -!D + %F & F ,2! 7
65 * # * D"#!" - <= I + $ & " + $
7
65 * ?* D 3<"#P # + / )( m + % +S0 > + - F * !%(S"# +S0 7
−1
10
Probability[X>x]
−3
10
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Request Interarrival Time (Millisec)
1.5
1
Serial Correlation
0.5
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Lag
0 (
?G k o 1 R/"c! $ "R # + O + ,/" 3 , ($ F ,
8K
& 32%$"#$% &9- * PP, - /#"#$%
5`! & (""%# & ( # + * & $P(S K %2$(3 +
+ 3#F# + C + + !" - + R !% &9-?* i( @T> >( P"" - 0 + !%
&T-A?* & ;MXF Y , (! +0 & $%%$% m "! [ $(" +0 + & ( .- < 2$!$
> " * )( 0 * ,) 0 , (! "#{M & , (! + )"!" - + R !% &9- *
( ?* E ^F A + ! +0 <=!!(S"#R #$J$"## + <=! ?* A - )(2<"# + *
& ,!% % ?x + !$! )(S3<"# U$"## + P * +0 I 0 ,) + & F! $)"#"! @
/ P + %S#%Q , X M * * "R + R !<Q /"#"#$"%7M + "#9/%! + %%S +
!"# + NP + & + % + YIFMX * [ F ,) ] + ?* %%"3/Xn%7M + "9% / m + % +0 +
" + ,)( $DMX ?*a* 0 * P,/#"# & " & + %SMX#% * 5 !;8 ! k :
# =< * '("< 0 '("< 5
& F -$># + 3<b + < )<= .- I , ($( +0 32%$"#$ + $ +0 " - I F * !%(S"
+0 ?* X ?* !>% ?x + <=)F & "i% m + # + I F & F -$obp
+3 3bw 5 1)8 :)4 5 <5
95 :)8 5
9s 8zs 1
q
+7 :)4 5 + % :%5)< 5 9s8zs 1
q
+7 :)4 5 5 * "# ?* XI("" & F$ F -$H(S(Q"" - ,) -
"R 0 3) , (! !%|%Q n * ( + T "#" !7, +0 + " - d "#" + *
M * )"#X & F! Zd H <= + " - * G#(F(Q"" - "NJF 0)+ m ! + %S ?b + ! & M! +
?* , (S! !%U%Q @ * ( + E -$ + % * J (Q"g ,!%U%Q 3 * ( + aF -$ 1 D<=)F & "
) (2<"R + + X %#F!(F$%nI ?* #>% ?x + !D +d1 $ + ?G
* $ h * * $ F & . -!!A a%$<# !%V + "# 0 z"# 0 FP"d + 0 ( B ?G
> #H!"#! * 0 < * * * $] + % ?b &9- $, "L %S G A 0+ (%
* #N!"P " - % +0 (S# * ! ,) , (! M & , ($ { + %F(<<= *
0 ( + I T +0 $"#)F "#)A X?* N ,) F#%D - 3! * A + %
?* C<<= + % (JI2$($ A/ + " - + ?* , ($ $%A + %] ,)$%% * ( + -$!L/ ?* $
M' * A/ + % + + >/ F ,) <= I + !/ ""c ?* $! *
%# & ( # + / * !FF -!$DP + & 3%!"!%~D lMX ?*_* 0 * E D,/"#(S!3YuK2 6 6 k
+ %dKS 6 8 I * D) (S 3<"# + 0 ( ?G T[
8!
CCDFs of Served Chunk Size, Requested Chunk Size, and Object Size
0
10
−1
10
Probability[X>x]
−2
10
−3 Served Chunk
10
Requested Chunk
Full Object
−4
10 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10
Chunk Size (KBytes)
# +# ' , ! % ' , '! '%
;
J:.<!%)+#+7#" 023)+#+: #4< *
> 0 %3F * !%S("# +0 <=)"# - * )("%
3 +
3 -! ?* HP,) 0 XMi/ +0
3iMX * )( ,2 +0
+ - F & $ + $X#X + ?*
3<b +
#I ,/"#(Q # + /C] * !%(" +0 <=)"# -
/ + ! * L ,) "
3 #$ MX ?*{*
!! + M l5 k : (S +S0 "#7MX%7M +%$ % m + !%
, ($ $<= +
3D%,#%S!% &9-a?*
3J M)("% , ( {L M ?* J)"
, ($ + ?* N - #
d
*
) $
3 + " - (F!%@ * $%(" +0 <=)"#!$
<?w%1 5 : :7w< qSs< 4 7
+ %'& 4 <:)8
( w v 5)& 4 <:)8 5)< 5 * & ( &L 1 #!
3 + " -
3<"# - !%I * $%("# +0 + %A + *
!( + > <Q * M' & ,) M * "# L1 #N(F!% &9- !
, + ++ ( !""RE
3<"##
+
# + @( * AZd( !""R|5 !78 : ! ?* / ?* $d<b)"#$#!
/!3(d * P,/#"# & "#
+ I
A # + ( * /> -$DC F & @
3< 7,<b I
A + !. -
qQw < 8=5 :)8
5 v3s 4 794 7
<?%w 1 5 : :)4 7 4 v 5
* & ! + (%S#!%DF + $ * !76 j K5 !76 W :
0 + " , (S!( +0 -
Y + + ! [H1 * 0 d5 !76 j : < ;,!% ?* 01 / #)<
"
+ ?* + ?* '- #$"#% $ $
3<Q $% 3 + - * $ + $!,/ & "# 0 - $ ?* D
A""
1 + 8 O +-G+JF=3&58?B+ .329. &MX0&M!5+J? &54 &MU,K# (& + :8: P+-X76 Y82=\:9 K<8:/&5$9.0+-F F+J*%U0!(H!$28:#4 &5KJ8F+-& 9 (& */(FM! 8P !5#%+-$2F
&K#%+=.0U%69$2%WB* 869$9KJX ]
6
8
!
3P + ,/"#(dN2$!(<Q + - + % ?* (E"/$
3 +
{(
M' +S0 + % %$"R -|
3
O E5 ! WW : + % K * )" &?i" "O5 k : $,/"(Q $% 10/ +
ce + $$O
_5 ! W)W : (%!% * ,/ # + $%$"R -a
3 + * ! E
, (!( +0 -
3
+ %3! + $"#(%S!% ?* L* >,/ # + !'#L"#7M ?* + < + % < 5 ! W)W : M * #"> + 5 k : *
( ?* J< 7,)$% ?* 10/ "#Fn)( <= I
3 1 +
3J/
! + F"#7MX%7M + * !
e + !F
3 #/ 01 / * & ! + ($!!FFI("" - <<"#!% l + (
& /<<"#P # +
P$( ?'( (d5 : I (
<" + %($!% 01 / + D<Q/
+ M' T(F +0 *
$ 0
-$ ?* H ,#!
3CZd !$ + " - K * )" &?i" "4b5 k : < <b)F!% * G(F
01 / + M' & F , !" - +0 + m " -$! ?* N$
F ,2!
/
* #L<S<b + % ( + %(!$ 01 / + _ ,) z#%S> * $%("# +0 * X%)< # +
01 / e$!O
3' * /"#"# +0 $ * ;M$, & 0 + MX ?* #%SP" 01 / , ( $ + 7MX"#$% 0
, (S! F ,2!
3! F
?* +0+ P,/#"# & "X< u .+ /%% # + M * #"#
-
& ]<=)F & " E$
A { 5 k : ?* ]!
+ + $" * ""# +0 +S0 %( *
% - + &
3# * # #$/
V - #
$
;
0 J:3.<5%)+#7#" #+7 0 0
* <>/ *
1 + $ .- <#!"- %7M + "#9/% , (! #>I @<=!! m * ( + a/ ?* DM * )"J & F!
%!F & $%n +n1 ! # + ?G k M'N!("#%a( ?* , (! $% * ( + E.-!NH )( 0 * !
xF ,2!
+ % ?*
3 #iI 1 / F * !%(S"# +S0 + I ( + !" - 0 ( ;?G 8
* 7MX ?* ~ U + " - M'! ! $"R # + & M'$ + , ($ !% * ( + -$_ + % ! ?*
,)$% * ( + _. -!3 ?* !"L ,#$
3 M * *
3<"#! ?* , (! $% * ( + _ -$
A - + '& G 0 %A!
A H/g ,#$
/ * '% !<Q + -& M'$ + ?* , (! !%
+ %a ,)$%n * ( + E. -!$$)("%a$
3<
3#F ?* N<= I
+ $ 1 / 5 !;8)87:
1 $,) "O * #!H ?* + , +
3 + $)("#% * !"< )(2<"# + ?* JMPa!
!"# + o
6
8)8
1 # ! 1 ,! 1 ,!% / , ($ !%
* ( + 1 -! * ( + 1 .-!
1 ,#$
! K)KK)K KS WK /k KS k)k
1 ,!% * ( + 1 -$ K2 WK
k ! f K)K)KK KS k)k 6
/ , (! !% * ( + 1 -$ K2 k)k KS k)k 6 ! fK))K K)K
0 8 + + & +
, ( ( $9 !?G% o* ( + lF $-$"R # $2DC$# M! ,#!
,!% ( .-!` %
* + +
> -
3%( + 0 ? * N
!"# + ! + (2 + ^ % +
+
> J" P% - % #F!(F$% $"# + P + FMX * F , I 0 ,) + %Q E * ( +
& I * , ( $ #>$
<S"# !%c
> " ?* )( 0 * P/ * %S;M + "#9%S +0 < !!FX#'F(<<=)$% ] * , (Q/"c)( 0 ) +S0 & + %
MX#% * &
?* F , & + %2MX#% * & " + $
T"# +0 * {<Q ?*n ?* % $
+ + ! +
/ * D + %S,#%("x%7M + "9%E<=!$%d,/ -
0 ( ?H 8 "#F * ;MXi$
{( * +0 $ !"R # + & M! + F ,)!%E * ( + 3.-!G + %
,#!
3 + %P +0 ?* ,)$% * ( + {.-!i! + & >G, - 0 2%!
I F ,!
3
h$< ?* n/I
3 + + !% %#F !<Q + !#$ & M! + , ($ !% + %V ,)$% * ( +
-$!E + % ?* nMP/ ! $"R # + & M'$ + , ($ !% * ( + .-!_ + % ,#!
3
A - & M *T-V $,/"(Q 10/ <b I
A + ! (S +S0 , ($ $% * ( + F -$_^
* $%("# +0
(a "4g5 !;8 j : * P,)N (%!% ?* & * P,# .-!) & F!%a * $%("#
MX ?* + $!( F & . -!{ + I
A # + + %U$ + $"#(%$% ?* ?* 10/ P + )( <= I
1500
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Load
0 ( .
?H j oZaP + / !<= + F
I % ?x + F * !%S("# +0 <b"##$#$'( + %S ,/ - +0 "#)%
!F<b$ ,)$" - #! ?* 10/ 1 P + & N% ! " -
3<"##
+ !%EMX * $( + G 2"#
M * #" 1 / 11 M)("#% , ( N + /!!( N$
0.9
0.8
0.7
Rejection Rate
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
FCFS
0.2 PS
SRPT−CS
0.1 SRPT−SS
SRPT
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Load
0 (
?G W2o / F! + I % ?b + * $%("# +0 <b)"#$#!( + % ,/ - +0 "#)%
6
8
"#9%S! ! + & G! + * 10/ (Q"" - $(" > + ?* "7M'$ =F ! # + @ 10/
1 + % 10/ 11 /"# F $ I$M F & ?* + L1 + % 1 ( F{
(S"R # + "#F
%3
+ ?* * %# & ( # + =F ! !% F & F -$H"3
) % + #P/"SI "#"S$,/"#(+
$% * !%(" +0 <b"##$#$!OZd !7,) ( + % ,/ )( -
"#9/% 10/ & F!%{F * !%(S"
+0 <=)"#!! - !"#%l"7M'
! + "#7MX%7M + I "# 0 F & !&5 * + ?* - #
"#9%l M
I + + ! ?* 3
P + F"#7MX%7M + I * )< ! K "R 0 ! F & + ?* - #
/o 7! 8 6 j
Y L1[ 8 j ;! 8 Y 1[ ! KS W k Y 1 / 1S[ S W ! Y 1 / 1S1[ + % W2 WK9WEY 10/ [
.- + % , (S! !%` * ( + U. -! + %_< $%# +S0 + FI ? & F!%~ + !"# + .- <=3 + %
.+ + <Q * * ? F# #$!
* > + F! +0 % F! # + igI( ( M3 + } F, z%D * $%("# +0 F"#F
#% + m $%co
?* )( 0 * + " - $/e + !F@#F(!3I@, #(@ * $%("# +0
Vh!$<bA + % 3
<b"##$#$!
V F, ? /!D!)""#$ + &
% x? + * ) + FPF +0 & *a* 0 ! 0 ? < *
#!"g + %E$ + + $ + , # .-
Zd%!" +0 + %aF * !%S("# +0 I>!)<b? ,(<"#)% +S0 / %7M + "9% +0 X
3<"# - !%
+ 5
:
<S"#
3 + +
%$"# +
+ %~$,/"(Q + , #( * $%(" +0 F Mi
+ %a >$,/"#( + + "R 0 z!"# .+ + ! ?& !%$