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EssentialsofPsychology|

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EssentialsofPsychology
BenjaminBLahey,UniversityofChicago

BasicPrinciplesofLearning

Chapter5

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ResultsReporter
Outof32questions,youanswered28correctly,forafinalgradeof88%.
28correct(88%)
4incorrect(13%)
0unanswered(0%)

YourResults:
Thecorrectanswerforeachquestionisindicatedbya

CORRECT

Whichofthefollowingis/arepartofthedefinitionoflearning?
A)changeinbehavior
B)relativelypermanent
C)broughtaboutbyexperience
D)alloftheabove
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Notethatthedefinitionof
learningisrestrictedtorelativelypermanent,asopposed
totemporary,changesinbehavior.

CORRECT

Pavlov'sinitialinterestinclassicalconditioningwasstimulated
whenheobservedhisresearchdogssalivatingatthesightof
A)food
B)theattendants
C)saliva
D)thefooddish
Feedback:TheanswerisB.Thedogshadlearnedto
associatetheattendantswiththefoodthestimulusofthe
attendantcametoelicittheresponseofsalivation.

CORRECT

Inclassicalconditioning,anunlearned,inbornreactiontoan
unconditionedstimulusisa(n)
A)unconditionedstimulus
B)conditionedstimulus
C)unconditionedresponse
D)conditionedresponse
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Inthefirstphaseofclassical
conditioning,theunconditionedstimulusproducesan
unconditionedresponse.

CORRECT

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InPavlov'sclassicexperiment,meatpowderwasthe

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A)unconditionedstimulus
B)unconditionedresponse
C)conditionedstimulus
D)conditionedresponse
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Sincethemeatpowderisa
stimulusthatbroughtaboutaresponse(salivation)
withoutanypriorconditioning,itiscalledan
unconditionedstimulus.

CORRECT

Classicalconditioningapparentlyplaysaroleinthedevelopment
of
A)resistancetodisease
B)allergicreactions
C)sexualarousal
D)alloftheabove
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Assumingyouansweredthis
questioncorrectly,beforeyouproceed,besurethatyou
understandhowthesevariousresponsesareclassically
conditioned.

CORRECT

Irrationalfearsthatarethoughttobecausedbyclassical
conditioningarecalled
A)psychosomaticillnesses
B)avoidancebehaviors
C)phobias
D)stimulusdiscrimination
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Somepsychologistsbelieve
thatphobiasarelearnedwhenaneutralstimulusis
pairedwithafearinducingstimulus.

INCORRECT

Learningthatresultsfromtheconsequencesofbehaviorsis
called
A)extinguishedconditioning
B)operantconditioning
C)classicalconditioning
D)positiveconditioning
Feedback:TheanswerisB.Thetermoperantisderived
fromthewordoperate.Thatis,whenourbehavior
operatesontheworld,itproducesconsequencesforus.
Theseconsequencesdeterminewhetherornotwewill
continuethebehavior.

CORRECT

Ifpositivereinforcementisnotgivenwithinashorttimefollowing
theresponse,learningwillproceedslowly.Thisphenomenonis
called
A)delayofreinforcement
B)extinction
C)conditionedresponse
D)consistency
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Otherimportantissuesinthe
useofpositivereinforcementincludetheneedtobe
consistentinthedeliveryofthepositivereinforcement
andbeingcertainthatthepositivereinforcerisactually
reinforcing.

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CORRECT

Jillwastryingtooperantlyconditionherdogtorollover.Each
timeherdogrolledoversheimmediatelysaid"gooddog."
However,thedogdidnotrolloveroncommand.Whichofthe
followingmaybestexplainwhy?
A)Jillusedinconsistentreinforcement
B)theCSdidnotmatchtheCR
C)Jillshouldhavedelayedreinforcement
D)saying"gooddog"wasnotreinforcingtoherdog
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Jill'sdogunderscoresthe
importanceofmakingsurethatthereinforcerusedto
modifybehaviormust,infact,bereinforcingtothe
learner.

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INCORRECT

Reinforcersthatareinnatelyreinforcing,suchasfood,water,and
warmtharecalled
A)primaryreinforcers
B)secondaryreinforcers
C)extinguishedreinforcers
D)superstitiousreinforcers
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Secondaryreinforcers,onthe
otherhand,arelearned.Theytakeontheirreinforcing
valuethroughclassicalconditioning.Asanexample,
considertheprocessbywhichmoneybecameapowerful
reinforcerforyou.

11

CORRECT

Ifachildisrewardedforappropriatebehaviorevery15minutes,
whattypeofscheduleisbeingused?
A)fixedratio
B)variableratio
C)fixedinterval
D)variableinterval
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Iftherewardisbasedonthe
passageofafixedamountoftime,itisafixedinterval
schedule.

12

CORRECT

Salespeoplewhoarepaidexclusivelybycommissionare
reinforcedonwhichtypeofschedule?
A)fixedratio
B)fixedinterval
C)variableratio
D)variableinterval
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Variableversusfixedrefersto
thepredictabilityofthereinforcer.Thatis,variable
reinforcersrewardonanunpredictableschedule.Ratio
referstothenumberofbehaviors,whileintervalrefersto
theamountoftime.Thus,avariableratioimpliesthatthe
rewardsareunpredictableandbasedonthenumberof
behaviors.Afixedintervalschedule,ontheotherhand,
producesapredictablereinforcerafterasetamountof
time.

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CORRECT

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Ifyouwantedtoteachachickento"play"thepiano,youshould
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A)waitforamusicallyinclinedchickentoshowup
B)extinguishpianoplayingbehavior
C)useshaping
D)usenegativereinforcement
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Shapingisatechniquethat
canproducecomplexbehaviorbyreinforcingbehaviors
thataresuccessivelymoresimilartothedesiredbehavior.
Shapingisalsocalledthemethodofsuccessive
approximations.

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CORRECT

Behaviorthatisreinforcedbecauseitcausesanegativeeventto
stopiscalled
A)shaping
B)punishment
C)escapeconditioning
D)avoidanceconditioning
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Bothescapeconditioningand
avoidanceconditioningareexamplesofnegative
reinforcement.Avoidanceconditioningisreinforcing
becauseitpreventssomethingnegativefromhappening.

15

CORRECT

Bothescapeconditioningandavoidanceconditioningareformsof
A)superstitiousbehavior
B)positivereinforcement
C)negativereinforcement
D)secondaryreinforcement
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Negativereinforcement
occurswhenthereinforcingconsequenceremovesor
avoidsanegativeevent.

16

CORRECT

Whichofthefollowingissuggestedasaguidelinefortheuseof
punishment?
A)Donotusephysicalpunishment
B)Donotgivepunishmentmixedwithrewards
C)Makeitcleartotheindividualwhichbehaviorisbeing
punished
D)alloftheabove
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Inadditiontotheguidelines
mentionedinthequestion,thetextdiscussesdangersin
theuseofpunishment.Theseincludethefactthatthe
punishmentisoftenreinforcingtothepunisher,the
generalizedinhibitingeffectontheindividualreceiving
thepunishment,andthecriticismtrap.

17

CORRECT

Iftheconsequenceofabehaviorisnegativeandthefrequencyof
thatbehaviordecreases,thebehaviorhasbeen
A)positivelyreinforced
B)negativelyreinforced
C)disinhibited
D)punished
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Punishmentandnegative
reinforcementareoftenconfused.Besurethatyou

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understandthedifferencesbetweenthem.

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CORRECT

Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?
A)Classicalconditioningusuallyinvolvesreflexivebehavior,
whileoperantconditioningusuallyinvolvesmore
complicated,spontaneousbehavior.
B)Classicalconditioningusuallyinvolvesmorecomplicated,
spontaneousbehavior,whileoperantconditioning
involvesreflexivebehavior.
C)Inclassicalconditioning,thereinforcementiscontingent
onthebehaviorofthelearner.
D)InoperantconditioningtheUCSandCSoccur
independentlyofthelearner'sbehavior.
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Thisisanimportantquestion,
sinceitrequiresyoutounderstandthefundamentalsof
bothclassicalandoperantconditioning.Iftheanswer
madesensetoyou,congratulations!Ifyoustruggledwith
thequestion,youmightwishtoreviewthesectionson
classicalandoperantconditioning.Manystudentsfind
thattheyneedtospendsomeextratimewiththis
material.

19

CORRECT

Johnlovestoreceivemail.Overtheyears,hehaslearnedtotell
thedifferencebetweenthesoundofthemailtruckandtheother
carsandtrucksthatpasshishouse.Whatprocessisatwork
here?
A)stimulusdiscrimination
B)stimulusgeneralization
C)extinction
D)negativereinforcement
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Whilestimulusdiscrimination
elicitsdifferentresponsestodifferentstimuli(atatraffic
signalwe"go"ongreenand"stop"onred),stimulus
generalizationelicitsthesameresponsetosimilarstimuli
(we"go"onallgreenlightsregardlessofwheretheyare
located).

20

CORRECT

AfterLittleAlbertwasconditionedtofearawhiterat,healso
displayedfearresponsestoawhiterabbitandawhitecoat.This
isanexampleof
A)stimulusgeneralization
B)stimulusdiscrimination
C)variableintervalreinforcement
D)superstitiousbehavior
Feedback:TheanswerisA.LittleAlbert'sfearresponse
hadgeneralizedtoothersimilarobjects.Hadhenot
reactedfearfullytothesestimuli,hewouldhave
demonstrateddiscrimination.

21

CORRECT

WhenSandy'sdisruptiveclassroombehaviorstopsbecausethe
teacherandotherstudentsnolongerpayattentiontothe
behavior,theprocessiscalled
A)stimulusdiscrimination
B)extinction
C)stimulusgeneralization

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D)punishment
Feedback:TheanswerisB.Extinctionreferstothe
processofunlearningalearnedresponseduetothe
removaloftheoriginalsourceoflearning.Inthis
instance,Sandy'sbehaviorwasconditionedand
maintainedbytheteacherandtheothermembersofthe
class.Whentheybegantoignorethebehavior,they
effectivelyremovedtheoriginalsourceoflearning.

22

CORRECT

Behaviorsthathavebeenreinforcedonavariablescheduleare
moredifficulttoextinguishthanthosethathavebeen
continuouslyreinforced.Thisisknownas
A)thepartialreinforcementeffect
B)anextinctionschedule
C)shaping
D)avoidanceconditioning
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Thinkofexamplesofspecific
behaviorsthathavebeenpartiallyreinforcedandthatare
difficulttoextinguish.

23

CORRECT

Themostdifficultresponsesofalltoextinguisharethoselearned
through
A)positivereinforcement
B)variableschedules
C)escapeconditioning
D)avoidanceconditioning
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Thepersonmakingthe
responseneverknowswhetherornotthestimulushas
beenremovedsotheindividualpersistsinmakingthe
response.

24

CORRECT

Behaviorsthatappeartobeextinguishedmayreturnwhensome
dramatic,butunrelated,stimuluseventoccurs.Thisiscalled
A)spontaneousrecovery
B)stimulusgeneralization
C)stimulusdiscrimination
D)externaldisinhibition
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Incontrasttoexternal
disinhibition,spontaneousrecoveryislikelytooccur
duringextinctionanddoesn'trequiretheoccurrenceofa
dramaticevent.Whenyousuddenlyspotyourformer
"significantother"inthemall(theoneyouthoughtyou
were"over")andexperienceaconditionedemotional
response,youhavejustexperiencedspontaneous
recovery.

25

CORRECT

Whatdospontaneousrecoveryanddisinhibitionhavein
common?
A)theUCSbecomesneutral
B)theUCRisdiminished
C)anextinguishedresponsereturns
D)aresponseisgeneralized
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Bothspontaneousrecovery

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anddisinhibitionremindusthattheroadtoextinctionis
notalwayssmooth.

26

INCORRECT

Theneuralconnectionviewoflearningissupportedbywhichof
thefollowing?
A)placelearning
B)latentlearning
C)insightlearning
D)noneoftheabove
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Placelearning,latent
learning,andinsightlearningareallexamplesofthe
cognitiveapproachtolearning.

27

INCORRECT

Khler'sresearchwithSultansupportswhichtheoreticalviewof
learning?
A)insightlearning
B)latentlearning
C)placelearning
D)modeling
Feedback:TheanswerisA.Khler'sresearchsuggested
thatSultanlearnedbecauseofacognitivechangenew
insightintotheproblemshewaspresented.

28

CORRECT

Learningtolearninsightfullyisacharacteristicof
A)latentlearning
B)placelearning
C)learningsets
D)modeling
Feedback:TheanswerisC.Learningsetssuggestthat
newproblemscanbesolvedmorequicklywhenthe
learnerisallowedtopracticesimilarproblems.

29

CORRECT

Thosewhoareconcernedabouttheeffectsthattelevised
aggressionhasonchildrenarelikelytofocuson
A)insightlearning
B)latentlearning
C)placelearning
D)modeling
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Modelingreferstolearning
basedontheobservationofanother'sbehavior.Inthis
case,theactorsontelevisionmaybemodelingextremely
aggressivebehavior.

30

CORRECT

Modelingdemonstratestheimportanceof________inlearning.
A)secondaryreinforcers
B)biologicalfactors
C)preparedness
D)cognition
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Modeling,orlearningby
observingothers,canbeanextremelyefficientwayto
learn.Modelingunderscorestheimportanceofcognitive
factorsinlearning.

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31

CORRECT

Learnedtasteaversionisaformof
A)operantconditioning
B)classicalconditioning
C)insightlearning
D)noneoftheabove
Feedback:TheanswerisB.Learnedtasteaversionoccurs
whenwedevelopanegativereactiontoaparticulartaste
becauseithasbeenassociatedwithnauseaorillness.

32

CORRECT

Thefactthatfishcannotflyandowlscannotlearntoswimisan
indicationof
A)lackofadequatereinforcement
B)theirlackofexperience
C)thelazinessofthesecreatures
D)theeffectsofbiologicallimits
Feedback:TheanswerisD.Biologicallimitsalsoconstrain
humanlearning.

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