APPENDIX A

APPENDIX PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF 5-STORY MODEL FRAME

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A-1 Introduction
This appendix presents the procedure for obtaining the pushover curve of the 5-story
frame model used in this study based on the approximate method of Ramirez et al., 2001.
In addition, results from pushover analysis of the frame using the program SAP2000
(Version 7.5) are graphically presented for comparison.

A-2 Approximate Construction of Pushover Curve

Consider the 5-story frame (half structure) subjected to an arbitrary distribution of lateral
load as shown in Figure A-1. The work done by the forces applied to the structure must
be equal to the energy dissipated at plastic hinge locations.

Figure A-1: Five-story frame and assumed collapse mechanism.

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In stating the latter condition, the base shear strength of the frame V y , defined as the base
shear at the collapse stage, can be derived as
Vy =

1
2
n
M
n

+
+

(
)
( M pbi i )

pc
N

i =1

( i hi )

(A-1)

i =1

where M pc = plastic moment at base of first-story column; M pbi = plastic moment of

beam at level i ; n = number of spans; N = number of stories; hi = height of level i
above the hinge at the base of the structure; i = a force distribution factor that depends
on the lateral force pattern (first mode, modal, uniform, etc.) utilized to push over the
structure. Parameter i is given by

i =

1
1 2 i

(A-2)

where ai = e pb Lb = length factor for beam hinge location at level i; e pb being the
distance of hinge from the beam end, and Lb the beam length.
Assuming a pattern of lateral load proportional to the first mode of the frame under
elastic conditions, i is calculated as

i =

wii1
N

wmm1

(A-3)

m =1

The yield displacement can then be obtained from the relation between the base shear
strength, V y , and the fundamental period of the building under elastic conditions, T1 , as
Vy 2
g
Dy = 2 1
T1
4
W1

where

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(A-4)

1 =

W1

(A-5)

w
m =1

m m1

is the first modal participation factor, and

N

wii1

W1 = i =N1
wii21

(A-6)

i =1

the first modal weight.

Calculations

The following data pertain to the 5-story frame at hand.

- Spans: n = 1 ; Lb = 1.321 m
- Stories: N = 5 ; H1 = 1.092 m ; H 2 = H 3 = H 4 = H 4 = 1.194 m
- Column properties: d c = 0.121 m ; M pc = 19.456 kN-m

- Beam properties: d b = 0.098 m ; M pb = 7.898 kN-m

- Location of plastic hinges with respect to member end:
At beams: e pb =

dc
+ d b = 0.159 m ; At columns: e pc = d c = 0.121 m
2

- Floor weights: W1 = W2 = 6.850 kN ; W3 = W4 = 6.939 kN ; W5 = 6.806 kN

- From eigenvalue analysis:
T1 = 0.419 s ; {1} = [1.000 0.850 0.640 0.380 0.120]

Evaluation of term

(M
i =1

pbi

i )

Parameter ai and i are calculated according to ai = e pb Lb = ( d c 2 + d b ) Lb

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and Equation A-2, respectively.

Floor i

(kN-m)

(kN-m)

7.898

0.120

1.316

10.397

7.898

0.120

1.316

10.397

7.898

0.120

1.316

10.397

7.898

0.120

1.316

10.397

7.898

0.120

1.316

10.397

M pbi i

M pbi

pbi

i =

51.984

Evaluation of term ( n + 1) M pc + 2n ( M pbi i )

i =1

n
1
M
2
n
+
+

(
)
( M pbi i ) = 142.881 kN

pc

i =1

( h )
N

Evaluation of term

i =1

Assuming a first-mode lateral load pattern, i is described by Equation A-3.

Floor i

Wi

i1

Wii1

hi

(kN)

(kN)

i hi
(m)

6.806

1.000

5.747

6.806

0.331

1.901

6.939

0.850

4.553

5.898

0.287

1.306

6.939

0.640

3.359

4.441

0.216

0.725

6.850

0.380

2.165

2.603

0.127

0.274

6.850

0.120

0.972

0.822

0.040

0.039

20.570

i i1

Substituting in Equation A-1 yields the base shear strength:

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4.245

Vy =

1
(142.881) = 33.66 kN
4.245

The yield displacement is calculated by Equation A-4 upon noting that

W 1 = 26.867 and 1 = 1.306 :
2
9.81
33.66
D y = 2 (1.306 )
( 0.419 ) = 0.071 m
4
26.867

A-3 Pushover Analysis in SAP2000

Pushover analysis of the frame was performed by using program SAP2000 (Version 7.5).
The analysis included gravity load and P- effects. The hinges at beams and columns are
modeled to have elastoplastic behavior without considering the effect of axial load. The
assumed lateral load distribution is proportional to the first mode. The results of the
pushover analysis are graphically compared to the predictions of the approximate
analysis in Figure A-2.

Figure A-2: Comparison of idealized elastoplastic pushover curve based on plastic

analysis and pushover curve calculated using SAP2000 for five-story frame.

128