Professional Documents
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(USE CTRL+F during the test to look things up quickly) (this guide assumes you have
a book or a pdf with you)
High Score Midterm attached at very end with questions.
(Note: Use Tab (I. -> A.) and Shift+Tab ( A -> I.) to move in and out of the sub Levels)
Click here for more information
I.
Thermal Efficiency:
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Propulsive efficiency:
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Specific thrust =
Propulsive efficiency:
S= TSFC here:
B. Isp:
exhaust velocity:
1. Relevant Equations:
Static Thrust of rocket:
Isp:
;
;
Note on units: Isp can be written in m/s and in seconds
If the "amount" of propellant is given in terms of mass (such as in kilograms), then specific impulse has units
of velocity. If it is given in terms of weight (such as in kiloponds or newtons), then specific impulse has units of
time. The conversion constant between the two versions of specific impulse is g.- wikipedia
when Isp is used in units of time, then it is gravity independent, and can be used
universally. ( if it has the units of velocity, then this isnt true.)
;
Check Page 30 ( p.83 of pdf) for more lift/drag/ cl/cd info
2. Rocket
In the absence of Drag and gravity (in space and away from planets) (p.55 (p.109
pdf)):
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II.
J. Geometria
1. C/4 of the Earth = 10000 km
K. running out of dinosaurs , whats dinosaur?
T-Rex,Oil, fossil fuels
Fundamentals
A. Equations of State
;
Enthalpy:
=>
b)Compressor and turbine ( note: these eqns assume the turbine runs the
compressor, hence turbine power = compressor power)(p. 72 (pdf p.126))
turbine power:
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D. h-s, T-s diagrams.
1. Mollier( T-s)
2. Brayton
3. Lenoir (V1)
E. thermal efficiency
F. Nozzle Flow (pg. 131)
G. Pressure Ratio
H. 4+2 flows
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Isentropic
Normal shocks
Oblique shocks
Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves
Fanno ( friction injection)
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Isentropic
Normal Shock
Oblique
Expansion
Fanno
Rayleigh
III.
E. Scramjet
The basic concept of the scramjet is that the flow must remain supersonic throughout to
avoid the high static temperatures that reduce performance by causing chemical
dissociation of the combustion products, as well as the high static pressures that cause
structural problems. Consequently, in practical terms, when the freestream Mach number
exceeds 5-6, the flow is designed to enter the combustor at supersonic speeds, and the
device is known as the supersonic combustion ramjet, or scramjet.
more on pg 120
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F.
1. why shouldnt the pressure within the engine be
dissipated by too much?
IV.
Rocket
A. ISP and effective exhaust velocity for rocket
g_o = gravity
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B. Equations of Motion
1. V orbit (? 9.5km/s ?)
Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) is a potential methodology for conducting round trip human flights to the
Moon, involving the use of space rendezvous to assemble, and possibly fuel, components of a translunar
vehicle in low Earth orbit. It was considered and ultimately rejected in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous
(LOR) for NASA's Apollo Program of the 1960s and 1970s. Three decades later, it was planned to be used
for Project Constellation, until that programs cancellation in October 2010.
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D. 3 Generations of ICBM
1. First generation
a) what were they? general design
and models
USSR - R-7, R-8, R-16 (Nedalin disaster), R-9
USA - Atlas I - Parallel Staging -Boosters jettisoned.
Titan - Two Stage Rocket
2. Second generation
a) what were they? general design
and models
USSR - R-20, R-22 , R-26
USA - Titan II- Two Stage Rocket
3. Third generation
a) what were they? general design
and models
USSR - R-36M - (NATO name: Satan) . R-37 , R-38
USA - Minuteman-Solid Rocket (faster launch than liquid fuel)
E. The Stoff
A-Stoff: liquid oxygen (LOX)
B-Stoff: hydrazine or ethanol / water (used in the V-2)
Br-Stoff: Ligroin extracted from crude gasoline
C-Stoff: 57% methanol / 30% hydrazine/ 13% water
K-Stoff: methyl chloroformate
M-Stoff: methanol
N-Stoff: chlorine trifluoride
R-Stoff or Tonka: 57% monoxylidene oxide / 43% triethylamine
S-Stoff: 90% nitric acid / 10% sulfuric acid or nitric acid / ferric chloride
SV-Stoff or Salbei (sage): 94% nitric acid / dinitrogen tetroxide
T-Stoff: 80% concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as hypergolic oxidizer with C-Stoff, or as
monopropellant or power source with Z-Stoff
Z-Stoff: calcium permanganate / sodium permanganate / water
a) Diagram
b) key points (mention
monopropellant vs. biprop. , what were the propellants?)
(Examples?)
(1) lowest Pc
(2) no pumps to
increase mdot
3. Gas Generator (Chevy)
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a) Diagram
b) key points ( and list examples)
(1) Mid Pc
(2) $$ ($ symbols
illustrate price)
4. Staged Combustion (Ferrari)
a) Diagram
b) key points ( and list examples)
(1) Highest Pc
(2) Space Shuttle Main
Engine (SSME)
(3) $$$
(4) NK-33
5. Expander Cycle ( budget)
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V.
a) Diagram
b) key points ( and list examples)
(1) low Pc
(2) $$
(3) RL-10
Does not require a separate gas generator combustion chamber and uses all the
propellants in the main combustion chamber. (RL-10)
Compressible Flow
A. Theta-Beta-Mach diagram ( know how to use it, know its for
2D flow only; use the sheet from AE 164))
B. H-k plots
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E. Nozzles
1. Conical (most simple/basic)
The conical nozzle represents a compromise of the length, thrust, and ease of
manufacturing design criteria weighted somewhat in favor of the last factor. A
conical nozzle consists of two truncated cones (Fig. 3.16), joined top to top along
their axis by a suitable radius to form the nozzle throat. The combustion chamber
is similarly faired into the convergent nozzle section. The converging contour of
the nozzle is not critical as regards the flow, and a rather rapid change in cross
section is permissible here with a conical apex half-angle on the order of 400
commonly used. The divergence angle of the supersonic portion of the nozzle,
however, is limited by flow separation considerations and must not exceed a value
of about 150. For divergence angles too much greater than 15 deg, the flow will
separate from the nozzle walls short of the exit even though the nozzle is
operating at design altitude P, = Pe.
More on Pg 189 in the book
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4. Expansion/deflection
5. Free- Expansion (plug) nozzle
To avoid such losses at off-design operation, a rocket nozzle with an adjustable
area ratio that provides optimum expansion at each ascending altitude is needed.
In such free-expansion nozzles the expanding flow is bound by a solid surface and
a free-to-move slip-line expansion surface. The adjustable slip-line boundary, in
effect, produces a variable area ratio nozzle that accommodates itself to changing
nozzle pressure ratios. Free-expansion nozzles, therefore, tend to operate at
optimum expansion, with the ratio of thrust-to-optimum-thrust being quite
insensitive to altitude variations
-more on pg 192 in book.
F. - Pn diagram
more on pg 131
VI.
Nuclear
A. The Hanns Strausmann development
1. Draw the series of Noble prize winning
discoveries that led to the basic fission discovery
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VII.
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engine's turbines and pumps. The exhausted gas is then injected into the main
combustion chamber, along with the rest of the propellant, and combustion is completed.
c) American: V2-> Redstone (mention
show the world in the process that they have the right stuff.
The pilots were put through a series of intense medical and physical
tests in order to determine who were the most worthy to be chosen. The
seven that were selected are: Alan Shepard, "Gus" Grissom, John Glenn,
"Deke" Slayton, Scott Carpenter, Wally Schirra, and Gordon Cooper. The
right stuff persona each of these men possessed instigated a competition for
the coveted first flight and what the astronauts felt was all of the glory. Even
though Shepard won in a peer vote to make the first flight, it was John
Glenn's mission that proved to be the most popular with the crowd because
he was the first American to orbit the Earth. By the time the Mercury
program made its sixth and last launch, the atmosphere of the nation had
drastically shifted. The Soviet Union was on the brink of collapse and the
Cold War scare was essentially over. The fame surrounding the "Mercury
Seven" quickly vanished because they were not considered war heroes
risking their lives for the safety of the United States anymore. Wolfe ends the
book with the arrival of the new space programs Gemini and Apollo.
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announces that the Americans have evened the score and that they are in a space race which
they intend to win. At the end of the episode we see the silhouettes of two men walking down a
corridor, one appears to be in a space-suit. This could be Yuri Gagarin.
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Groves picks University of California, Berkeley physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer (Dwight Schultz) to head the team
of the project. Oppenheimer was familiar with northern New Mexico from his boyhood days when his family owned
a cabin in the area. For the new research facility, he selects a remote location on top of a mesa adjacent to a valley
called Los Alamos Canyon, northwest of Santa Fe.
The different personalities of the military man Groves and the scientist Oppenheimer often clash in keeping the
project on track. Oppenheimer in turn clashes with the other scientists, who debate whether their personal
consciences should enter into the project or whether they should remain purely researchers without personal
feelings.
Nurse Kathleen Robinson (Laura Dern) and the young physicist Michael Merriman (John Cusack) question what
they are doing. Working with little protection from radiation during an experiment, Michael drops a radioactive
component during an experiment dubbed Tickling the Dragon's Tail and retrieves it by hand in order to avoid
disaster, but is exposed to a terminal dose of radiation. In the base hospital nurse Kathleen can only watch as he
develops massive swelling and deformation before dying a miserable death days later.
While the technical problems are being solved, military investigations are undertaken in order to thwart foreign
espionage, especially from 'communist sympathizers' who might be associated with socialist organizations. The
snooping reveals that Oppenheimer has had a young mistress, Jean Tatlock (Natasha Richardson), and he is ordered
by the military to stop seeing her. After he breaks off their relationship without being able to reveal the secret
reasons why, she is unable to cope with the heartache and is later found dead.
As the project continues in multiple sites across America, technical problems and delays cause tensions and strife.
To avoid a single-point-of-failure plan, two separate bomb designs are implemented: a large, heavy plutonium bomb
imploded using shaped charges ("Fat Man"), and an alternate design for a thin, less heavy uranium bomb triggered
in a shotgun design ("Little Boy"). The bomb development culminates in a live detonation in south-central New
Mexico at the Trinity Site in the Alamogordo Desert (05:29:45 on July 16, 1945), where everyone watches in awe at
the spectacle of the first mushroom cloud with roaring winds, miles away.
During Oppenheimer's victory parade through the base camp, Klaus Fuchs can be seen in the background watching
Oppenheimer pass.
In the end, both bombs, Fat Man and Little Boy, were successful.
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Von Braun was resistant to a non-EOR configuration, because most alternatives involved massive
fuel costs, either because of the number of trips involved or because of the payload per launch.
Lunar Orbit Rendezvous was also challenges initially due to the uncertainties surrounding lunar
gravity fields.
Saturn IV was a large liquid hydrogen/LOX rocket stage used in early Apollo test flights. The
Saturn V was the final human rated rocket used in all main Apollo missions.
It took some time to troubleshoot and fine tune the LH2 engines, and the process ended up being
long and very costly.
A free return trajectory is a trajectory of a spacecraft moving away from a primary body where the
gravity due to a secondary body causes the craft to return to the primary body without any need
for propulsion.
C. People:
1. Ohain: German Engineer, Designed the first
operational Jet engine simultaneously with Whittle. But did not work
together. Used centrifugal compressor
2. Whittle: Invented the Turbojet (jet) engine
simultaneously with Ohain. Used Axial compressor
3. Von Braun aka Mac Daddy of rocket science:
Ex-Nazi German rocket scientist turned American badass. Designed the V2, Saturn V. etc.
4. Korolev: was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft
designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the
1950s and 1960s. He is considered by many as the father of practical astronautics.Made
the R7 and N1.
a) Mishin: Mishin was a Soviet rocket
scientist and one of the first Soviet specialists to see Nazi Germanys V-2
facilities at the end of World War II. He worked with Sergey Korolev as his
deputy in the development of the first Soviet ICBM as well in the Sputnik and
Vostok programs.Mishin was a very competent engineer who had served as
Korolev's deputy and right-hand man.
VIII.
English units
g_c = 32.174 in english units
g_0 = 32.2 ft/s^2 in english (gravity)
g_0 =386.4 in/s^2 in english (gravity)
g_0= .0000000039 in/micros^2
g_0= 0.00609848485 miles/(1/3600)hr^2
SI Units
g_c = 1 in SI units
g_0 = 9.81 m/s^2 in SI (gravity)
R = 287 in SI
Drake Equation
N = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which radio-communication might be possible (i.e. which are
on our current past light cone)
R* = the average rate of star formation in our galaxy
fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets
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ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets
fl = the fraction of planets that could support life that actually develop life at some point
fi = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop intelligent life (civilizations)
fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into
space
L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space [8]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation
N* is the number of stars in the Milky Way. This number is not well-estimated, because
the Milky Way's mass is not well estimated. Moreover, there is little information about the number of
very small stars. N* is at least 100 billion, and may be as high as 500 billion, if there are many low
visibility stars.
is the average number of planets in a star's habitable zone. This zone is fairly
narrow, because constrained by the requirement that the average planetary temperature be consistent
with water remaining liquid throughout the time required for complex life to evolve. Thus
is a likely upper bound.
We assume
=1
is the fraction of stars in the galactic habitable zone (Ward, Brownlee, and
Gonzalez estimate this factor as 0.1[10]).
is the fraction of habitable planets where microbial life arises. Ward and
Brownlee believe this fraction is unlikely to be small.
is the fraction of planets where complex life evolves. For 80% of the time since
microbial life first appeared on the Earth, there was only bacterial life. Hence Ward and Brownlee
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is the fraction of the total lifespan of a planet during which complex life is
present. Complex life cannot endure indefinitely, because the energy put out by the sort of star that
allows complex life to emerge gradually rises, and the central star eventually becomes a red giant,
engulfing all planets in the planetary habitable zone. Also, given enough time, a catastrophic extinction
of all complex life becomes ever more likely.
is the fraction of habitable planets with a large moon. If the giant impact theory
of the Moon's origin is correct, this fraction is small.
be large.
is the fraction of planetary systems with large Jovian planets. This fraction could
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