Evolution of a Renaissance Italy

A. economic growth as the foundation of the Renaissance

1. between Venice, Genoa and Milan rich business 1050 and 1300.
2. Florence, where the Renaissance originated, by the fourteenth
century as a leading financial center.
B. commune and the Republic of
1. In a large city in northern Italy won the independence of the
local nobility, became a free man in the twelfth century autonomous
commune.
2. local aristocracy moved into the city, married into a wealthy
merchant family.
3. The establishment of a new class of citizens claim the property.
4. exclusion, People's Square, rebellion and in some cities set up a
republic.
5.1300 Republic has collapsed, and the tyrant or oligarchy most
Italian cities.
Italian balance of power between the city
1. City of patriotism and power between the cities continue to
compete in the Italian peninsula to prevent political centralization.
2. With the city struggling to maintain the balance of power between
them, they invented the modern diplomacy equipment.
3. In 1494 the city of Milan invited by King Charles VIII of France
to intervene.
4. Italy became a battlefield, such as France, Spain and the Holy
Roman Emperor compete dominance.
5.1527 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's troops sacked Rome.
II. Intellectuals hallmarks Renaissance
A. individualism

1. Period Renaissance writers emphasize individual personality, great

achievements, on the contrary, the ideal humble medieval
Christianity.
B. People-oriented
1. The revival of the ancient Latin classic floral interested in
archeology, restoration of ancient manuscripts and forms of learning.
2. The classic study called "new learning" or humanism.
3. A study of ancient humanists find God so much understanding of
human nature, understand the different historical backgrounds.
4. humanists laugh as they watched the depreciation of Latin medieval
priest.
C. secular spirit
1. Long-term thinking focused on the experience of the world, rather
than in the spirit and / or eternal.
2. Renaissance thinkers to look at life is an opportunity, rather
than God's a painful pilgrimage.
3. Lorenzo Valla believes that happiness is the highest good feeling.
4. Boccaccio wrote an article about a greedy, sensual, secular
society.
5. Renaissance pope spent much money in new buildings, a new
cathedral (St. Peter) and patronized artists and writers.
III. Art and artists
A. Art and Power
1. In the early Renaissance religious art, business groups, such as
industry Association.
2. The individual princes late fifteenth century, merchants and
bankers sponsorship of the arts to beautify themselves and their
families. Their city palace filled with expensive furniture and
artwork.

3. The classic theme, portraits, art realistic style characteristic

of the Renaissance.
4. Renaissance artists to create perspective and description of the
human body in a more natural, scientific attitude as an artist than
ever before.
B. Status of the Artist
1. medieval masons is regarded as mechanical workers / craftsmen.
Renaissance artist is seen as mental.
2. chiefs who patronize artists and businessmen to pay them.
3. The artist himself obsessed with their achievements. During the
Renaissance, artists genius concept was born.
4. Renaissance culture is a very rich cultural and commercial elite;
this has not affected the urban middle class or poor life.
IV. Social Changes
A. Education and Political Thought
1. People-oriented writers and education, morality and virtue
preoccupied.
2. Baldassare Castigliones The Courtier (1528) presented an image of the ideal man as master of
dance, music, the arts, warfare, mathematics, and so on.

3. Elite's daughter received similar education and some of the sons

later became a famous painter and scholar.
4. Prince (1513), Machiavelli believed that politics can not follow
simple rules of morality and virtue, it actually should be studied as
a science.
B. printed text
1. In the German city of Mainz about 1455, when Johann Gutenberg and
two other men invented movable type printing machine.
2. The method of producing paper from China in the twelfth century in
the Near East, have reached Europe.

3. The government and the church to promote its print production more
practical to create a reader invisible "public", and stimulate lay
literacy.
C. Bell
1. Trade City in the time people have to be measured.
2. The early fourteenth century mechanical clock in Europe is
widespread.
3. The accurate measurement of the universe and the concept of
mechanical clock time in the measure, the number of development has
contributed to.
D. Women and Work
1. Early modern cultural identity of women in marriage and family
virtues.
2. The participation of women in family care and training, as well as
all economic activities related to work outside the home.
3. Renaissance woman in a variety of enterprises, for example, sail
making, even large companies in a few isolated cases management.
4. Affluent women are usually excluded from the public domain
outside, but manage their families.
E. Culture and nature
1. Women in love, romantic realm status, gender and declined in the
Renaissance.
2. The writer as "double standards" Castiglione creation women to be
faithful marriage, while men do not.
3. The penalties in Renaissance Italy Rape is very light.
4. Although regulations "sodomy" generally refers to gay, from the
fifteenth century Florentine records show going on a lot of
homosexual activity, usually relations between adult men and boys.
F. slavery and racial

1. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance many Slavic, Tatar,

Circassian, Greece and Hungary are imported slaves in Europe.
2. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Portuguese brought
many African slaves to Europe.
3. Rulers and merchants overwhelming economic motives in Africa
towards European cultural / ethnic / racial hostility. They sold
fellow Africans into slavery apparently have no qualms.
4. Africans do not think of themselves as "black", but as more and
more members of more than 600 kinds of different tribal and ethnic
groups.
5. The black slave objects in the European Court of curiosity.
6. From the Renaissance concept of sub-Saharan African people is the
devil by the shape and light darknessblacks representatives of
Christian symbols. Game did not occur, as a concept, until the late
seventeenth century.
Fifth, the revival of the North
A. Humanism north
1. From the Nordic late fifteenth century students enrolled in
Renaissance Italy and brought home.
2. Thomas Moore (1478-1535), England believes that the reform of
social institutions may reduce or eliminate corruption and war.
3. Iraq Dutchman Joris Erasmus (1466-1536) Bible and Greek experts
who believe that all Christians should read the Bible.
4. Rabelais (1490-1553) and the establishment of institutions such as
Gargantua total ridicule humor clergy.
5. The Flemish painter artists came to rival the Italian Renaissance.
VI. Political and national renaissance (about 1450-1521)
A. Centralization

1. Some scholars as the Renaissance throne as a new form of

dependency city includes the wealth of the monarchy and the ideology
of "strong king."
2. In the first permanent French imperial army of Charles VII (r.
1422-1461) to create, set up a salt land and new taxes, and allow the
man in his middle-class bureaucrats greater influence. He also
claimed that the Pragmatic Sanction his right to appoint bishops
Boolean.
Charles's son, Louis XI (r. 1461-1483), promote the industry from the
artisans, their taxation, and create their own army to use the funds.
He brought directly under crown rule many new areas.
4. Edward IV of England ended the Wars of the Roses between rival
grand house.
5. The reign of Henry VII largely without Parliament, used his
advisers male subordinate noble birth.
6. Henry's Star Chamber court case involves nobility and
contradictions common law, such as torture to do so.
7. While the Kingdom of Spain is still the league until 1700, Castile
and Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella's wedding does lead to some
concentration. Ferdinand and Isabella nobility to stop the violence,
recruitment of "middle class" consultant to the Royal Commission
between them and secured the rights to appoint bishops in the United
States, Spain and the Spanish Empire.
8. Popular anti-Semitism increased in the 14th century Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella in 1478 invited the Inquisition in Spain to
search out and punish the Jews who convert to Christianity secretly
continued Jewish religious practices.
9. To persecute believers, the Ombudsman and other developed
theorythatconversos race is suspect, because of their faith, but
because of who they are to race.
10.1492 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expelled the Jews.