Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yong Zhang
Prof. Yong.C. Wang
20-04-10
Background
Standard fire test methods are used to
assess intumescent coating.
treated as non-reactive materials.
thermal properties are considered the same
during tests.
Background
There is a strong demand for new,
performance based assessing method.
A model to predict the performance of
intumescent coatings under different fire
scenarios.
Steel temperature-time relationship
Effective thermal conductivity.
Modelling
A modelling has been built
by my predecessor.
final thickness was taken as
an input.
limit to specific fire
conditions.
Key Parameters
Chemical factors
Composition (proportions of reactants)
Chemical kinetic (Activation Energy, Pre-exponent
factor)
Thermal factors
Char structure (bubble size)
Char size (final thickness)
Other factors
Steel thickness
Heat flux etc
Pressure
TGA
Modelling
5
4.5
Apparent thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
Q
=
d * T
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.1
0.5
0.09
0
0.08
100
200
300
Steel temperature (C)
0.07
d= initial thickness
Effective thermal conductivity
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
400
500
600
Initialise
Calculate gas
trapped among
bubbles
Q2
Q1
Calculate
expansion growth
Determine
bubble burst and
expansion stop
Determine
material properties
Calculate volume
fractions of gas
and polymer
end
t>limit?
Calculate
temperature field
PV = nrT
i.e.
mrT
Px =
wS
Bubble Theory
Consider an individual bubble
The forces across the bubble have
to be balanced according to the
Young-Laplace equation:
2 4 R
P =
+
R
R
Where p is pressure difference , -viscosity, -surface
tension, R-bubble size and dR/dt -expand rate.
2 4 R
P >
+
R
R
From bitsandpieces.us
Bubble theory
Combining the ideal gas law equation, after some
mathematical work
Surface tension resistance
expansion force
2 rk
dm
*m
= 8 R + 16 R R
wPS
dt
Viscosity resistance
Bubble theory
Barrier force
Bubble growth
Bubble burst
The extract
barrier force
curve is
unknown, we
only know the
trend
Bubble Theory
dt
0.00020
0.00015
m(dm/dt)
Answer to Q1&Q2:
Bubble grows following
the ideal gas law and
stops growing when dm
reaching maximum m
m(dm/dt)
0.00010
0.00005
0.00000
400
600
800
Temp
1000
1200
1000
Temp
800
600
Iso Fire
Slow Fire
Fasf Fire
400
200
0
0
1000
2000
3000
t (s)
4000
5000
6000
1.0
0.8
=(423/T)
beta
beta
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.0
200
400
600
800
1000
0.0
200
1200
400
600
800
1000
1200
temp /k
temp /k
T0
=
T
x0
0.5
Standard Fire
Beam Web ST 4 initial thickness 1.167 mm
Beam Web ST 2 initial thickness 1.116 mm
-17%
45
800
40
700
35
600
30
500
2%
40
Temp
600
500
25
400
20
300
15
Experiment
Modelling
Thickness
200
100
Temp
700
Thickness
800
400
10
30
40
50
10
100
5
0
0
0
-5
20
Experiment
Modelling
Thickness
200
0
10
20
300
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time
60
Time
Column Web ST 5 initial thickness 0.964 mm
Beam Web ST 1 initial thickness 1.075 mm
800
-10%
45
800
40
700
40
700
30
35
600
600
30
25
20
400
15
300
Experiment
Temp
Thickness
200
100
Temp
500
500
Thickness
Modelling
2.7%
20
400
300
10
200
100
Experiment
Modelling
Thickness
10
0
-5
0
10
20
30
Time
40
50
60
10
20
30
Time
40
50
60
Slow Fire
600
-10%
600
26
45
-2%
24
40
22
35
20
400
400
18
30
25
14
Temp
Temp
16
12
200
10
Web
Modelling
Thickness
20
200
Web
Modelling
Thickness
8
6
4
15
10
5
-2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
20
Time
500
30
40
50
60
Time
11%
40
25
450
35
400
400
20
30
350
250
200
10
flange
Experiment
Thickness
150
100
Temp
Temp
15
Thickness
25
300
20
200
15
Flange
Modelling
Thickness
10
50
0
0
10
20
30
Time
40
50
60
0
0
10
20
30
Time
40
50
60
Fast Fire
Fast Fire 254 Web initial thicknes 0.569 mm
Fast Fire 254 Flange initial 0.569 mm
800
25%
25
1%
800
20
20
600
15
400
400
10
Flange
Modelling
Thickness
200
Temp
Temp
15
10
Experimental
Modelling
Thickness
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time
Time
12%
14%
35
800
35
800
30
30
600
25
20
400
15
Flange
Modelling
Thickness
200
10
Temp
25
Thickness
Temp
600
20
400
15
Web
Modelling
Thickness
200
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
Time
40
50
60
10
20
30
Time
40
50
60
Thickness
600
cone
paint
steel
wool
scale
Camera
PC
100
90
k=10
k=20
k=30
k=40
70
k=10
Modelling
80
Weight
Weight
80
60
60
50
40
40
30
20
40
60
80
200
400
100
600
800
Temp
Time
Component 1*
Component 2
Component 3
Fraction (%)
28
17
55
E (kJ/mol)
54
100
60
A (s-1)
300
1.8e6
Samples
Sample ID
Steel thickness
mm
Initial thickness
mm
Heat Flux
kW/m2
SA150LP
0.35
50
SA250LP
0.37
SB150LP
10
0.79
SB250LP
10
0.73
SC150LP
20
0.54
SC250LP
20
0.65
SA365LP
0.68
SA465LP
0.7
SC165LP
20
0.55
SC265LP
20
0.62
SC365LP
20
1.24
SC465LP
20
1.23
50
50
65
65
65
Results
sa150lp initial thickness 0.35 mm
30
600
25
500
20
Temp / C
400
15
300
modelling
measured
measured
modelling
200
10
100
-500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Thickness /mm
50
kW/m2
4000
time /s
450
40
400
35
400
350
30
200
15
measured
modelling
modelling
measured
100
500
1000
1500
2000
time /t
2500
3000
3500
modelling
measured
modelling
measured
200
150
100
50
4000
15
250
10
-500
Temp / C
20
thickness /mm
25
temp / C
300
20
300
-500
10
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
time /t
2500
3000
3500
4000
Thickness /mm
500
Results
500
26
24
22
20
400
16
300
Temp
65
18
kW/m2
14
12
200
10
modelling
measured
measured
modelling
100
8
6
4
2
0
-500
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
-2
4000
time
40
400
600
400
20
300
15
modelling
measured
measured
modelling
200
100
10
300
30
250
Temp
25
Temp / C
350
30
500
35
Thickness /mm
700
200
20
150
100
50
0
-500
500
1000
1500
2000
time /s
2500
3000
3500
10
modelling
measured
measured
modelling
4000
-500
500
1000
1500
2000
time
2500
3000
3500
4000
Results
Sample ID
Steel thickness
Initial thickness
Final thickness
E R.
Modelling
E.R.
Diff.
SA150LP
0.35
23
65
59
6%
SA250LP
0.37
20
54
SB150LP
10
0.79
40
50
48
4%
SB250LP
10
0.73
38
52
SC150LP
20
0.54
20
37
40
3%
SC250LP
20
0.65
14
21
SA365LP
0.68
25.6
38
40
5%
SA465LP
0.7
26
37
SC165LP
20
0.55
20.4
37
38
4%
SC265LP
20
0.62
26.6
43
SC365LP
20
1.24
35.3
28
27
5%
SC465LP
20
1.23
33
27
Summary
New assessing method based on this
model
Inputs for the model
TGA tests (Reactant fractions, chemical kinetic, T0)
Mean bubble size
Cone Tests for a beta relationship
Future works
More cone and furnace tests to validate
and improve the model.
Different affecting parameters