Human Anatomy and Physiology

Instructors Manual
to accompany
Human Anatomy and Physiology

Laboratory Manual,
Fetal Pig Dissection
Third Edition
Terry R. Martin
Kishwaukee College
Instructors Manual to Accompany
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL, FETAL PIG DISSECTION, THIRD EDITION.
Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL, FETAL PIG DISSECTION, SECOND EDITION BY TERRY R.
MARTIN, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the
prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or
transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
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ISBN 0-07-282734-3
www.mhhe.com
ii
CONTENTS
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................vi
AN OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................................................... vii
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES........................................................................................................................................................... viii
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK SYSTEMS AND SUPPLEMENTAL FROG LABORATORY EXERCISES.........................................ix
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................................................................... x
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Laboratory Exercise 1 Scientific Method and Measurements ................................................................................................................ 1
Laboratory Exercise 2 Body Organization and Terminology .................................................................................................................. 2
Laboratory Exercise 3 Chemistry of Life ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Laboratory Exercise 4 Care and Use of the Microscope ........................................................................................................................ 5
Cells
Laboratory Exercise 5 Cell Structure and Function ................................................................................................................................ 6
Laboratory Exercise 6 Movements Through Cell Membranes ............................................................................................................... 7
Laboratory Exercise 7 Cell Cycle ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Tissues
Laboratory Exercise 8 Epithelial Tissues ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Laboratory Exercise 9 Connective Tissues ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Laboratory Exercise 10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues ......................................................................................................................... 11
Integumentary System
Laboratory Exercise 11 Integumentary System .................................................................................................................................... 12
Skeletal System
Laboratory Exercise 12 Bone Structure and Classification .................................................................................................................. 13
Laboratory Exercise 13 Organization of the Skeleton .......................................................................................................................... 14
Laboratory Exercise 14 Skull ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Laboratory Exercise 15 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage ............................................................................................................ 17
Laboratory Exercise 16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb ..................................................................................................................... 19
Laboratory Exercise 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb ......................................................................................................................... 21
Laboratory Exercise 18 Joints ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
Muscular System
Laboratory Exercise 19 Skeletal Muscle Structure ............................................................................................................................... 24
Laboratory Exercise 20 Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck ........................................................................................................... 25
Laboratory Exercise 21 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb ......................................................................................... 26
Laboratory Exercise 22 Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall, and Pelvic Outlet .................................................................... 27
Laboratory Exercise 23 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb .............................................................................................................. 28
Laboratory Exercise 24 Fetal Pig Dissection: Musculature .................................................................................................................. 29
Nervous System
Laboratory Exercise 25 Nervous Tissue and Nerves ........................................................................................................................... 30
Laboratory Exercise 26 Meninges and Spinal Cord ............................................................................................................................. 31
Laboratory Exercise 27 Reflex Arc and Reflexes ................................................................................................................................. 32
Laboratory Exercise 28 Brain and Cranial Nerves................................................................................................................................ 33
Laboratory Exercise 29 Dissection of the Sheep Brain ........................................................................................................................ 35
iii
General and Special Senses

Laboratory Exercise 30 Receptors and General Senses ..................................................................................................................... 36
Laboratory Exercise 31 Smell and Taste .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Laboratory Exercise 32 Ear and Hearing .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Laboratory Exercise 33 Equilibrium ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
Laboratory Exercise 34 Eye Structure................................................................................................................................................... 40
Laboratory Exercise 35 Visual Tests and Demonstrations................................................................................................................... 41
Endocrine System
Laboratory Exercise 36 Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology................................................................................................ 42
Cardiovascular System
Laboratory Exercise 37 Blood Cells ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
Laboratory Exercise 38 Blood Testing A Demonstration ................................................................................................................... 44
Laboratory Exercise 39 Blood Typing ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Laboratory Exercise 40 Heart Structure ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Laboratory Exercise 41 Cardiac Cycle .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Laboratory Exercise 42 Blood Vessels.................................................................................................................................................. 49
Laboratory Exercise 43 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure ..................................................................................................................... 50
Laboratory Exercise 44 Arteries and Veins ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Laboratory Exercise 45 Fetal Pig Dissection: Cardiovascular System ................................................................................................ 53
Lymphatic System
Laboratory Exercise 46 Lymphatic System ........................................................................................................................................... 54
Digestive System
Laboratory Exercise 47 Digestive Organs............................................................................................................................................. 55
Laboratory Exercise 48 Fetal Pig Dissection: Digestive System.......................................................................................................... 57
Laboratory Exercise 49 Action of a Digestive Enzyme ......................................................................................................................... 58
Respiratory System
Laboratory Exercise 50 Respiratory Organs ......................................................................................................................................... 59
Laboratory Exercise 51 Fetal Pig Dissection: Respiratory System ...................................................................................................... 60
Laboratory Exercise 52 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and Capacities ..................................................................................... 61
Laboratory Exercise 53 Control of Breathing ........................................................................................................................................ 62
Urinary System
Laboratory Exercise 54 Kidney Structure.............................................................................................................................................. 63
Laboratory Exercise 55 Urinalysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 64
Laboratory Exercise 56 Fetal Pig Dissection: Urinary System ............................................................................................................. 65
Reproductive Systems and Development

Laboratory Exercise 57 Male Reproductive System ............................................................................................................................. 66
Laboratory Exercise 58 Female Reproductive System ........................................................................................................................ 67
Laboratory Exercise 59 Fetal Pig Dissection: Reproductive Systems ................................................................................................. 68
Laboratory Exercise 60 Fertilization and Early Development .............................................................................................................. 69
Laboratory Exercise 61 Genetics .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
Supplemental Frog Laboratory Exercises

Laboratory Exercise 62 Skeletal Muscle Contraction ........................................................................................................................... 72
Laboratory Exercise 63 Nerve Impulse Stimulation .............................................................................................................................. 73
Laboratory Exercise 64 Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle ............................................................................................................... 74
iv
Appendix 1: Materials Needed.................................................................................................................................................................. 75

Appendix 2: Laboratory Suppliers ............................................................................................................................................................ 78
Appendix 3: Student Safety Rules Agreement......................................................................................................................................... 80
Appendix 4: Student Informed Consent Form .......................................................................................................................................... 81
PREFACE
This instructors manual is designed to assist those who are using the Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal
Pig Dissection, third edition by Terry R. Martin. It describes the purpose of the laboratory manual and its special features, and
provides suggestions for presenting the laboratory exercises to students. The instructors manual also parallels the laboratory
manual, exercise by exercise, providing labels for unlabeled diagrams and answers to questions that appear in the laboratory
reports. For some exercises, special instructional suggestions that propose alternative procedures, laboratory equipment, or
laboratory techniques are provided.
vi
AN OVERVIEW
The Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal Pig Dissection, third edition, was written to accompany any
human anatomy and physiology textbook. The laboratory manual is planned for students pursuing careers in allied health fields
who have minimal backgrounds in the physical and biological sciences.
The manual contains sixty-four laboratory exercises that are closely integrated with the content of a textbook (three of
these exercises only appear online at www.mhhe.com/shier11.) The exercises are designed to review and illustrate various
anatomical and physiological facts and principles presented in the textbook and to help students investigate some of these ideas in
more detail.
The laboratory exercises include a variety of special features that are designed to stimulate student interest in the
subject matter, to involve students in the learning process, and to guide them through the planned experiences. These features
include the following:
Materials Needed. The laboratory materials listed are those that students require to complete the exercise and to perform the
demonstrations and learning extensions.
Safety. If the laboratory exercise requires special safety guidelines, this section is included. General safety guidelines also appear
inside the front cover.
Some institutions might have committees for reviewing labs using live animals, biohazards, and physiology
experiments performed on students. Be sure your labs conform to their guidelines. You might find the forms available in
Appendixes 3 and 4 useful at your school.
Introduction. The introduction briefly describes the subject of the exercise or the ideas that will be investigated.
Purpose of the Exercise. The purpose provides a statement concerning the intent of the exercisethat is, what will be
accomplished.
Learning Objectives. The learning objectives list in general terms what a student should be able to do after completing the
exercise.
Procedure. The procedure provides a set of detailed instructions for accomplishing the planned laboratory activities. Usually
these instructions are presented in outline form so that a student can proceed through the exercise in stepwise fashion. Frequently,
the student is referred to particular sections of a textbook for necessary background information or for review of subject matter
presented in some previous part of the course.
The procedures include a wide variety of laboratory activities and, from time to time, direct the student to complete
various tasks in the laboratory reports.
Demonstrations. Demonstrations appear in separate boxes. They describe specimens, specialized laboratory equipment, or other
materials of interest that the instructor may want to display to enrich the students laboratory experience.
Learning Extensions. Learning extensions also appear in separate boxes. They are planned to encourage students to extend their
laboratory experiences. Some of these activities are open-ended in that they suggest how a student can plan an investigation or
experiment and carry it out after receiving approval from the laboratory instructor.
Illustrations. Diagrams are used as aids for reviewing subject matter. Other illustrations provide visual instructions for
performing steps in procedures or are used to identify parts of instruments or specimens. Micrographs often are included to help
students identify microscopic structures or to evaluate student understanding of tissues.
Some figures, such as those involving the skull, are presented so that they are suitable for coloring. You may want to
have your students use colored pencils to highlight various parts of these illustrations. This activity should enhance their ability to
observe the figures more carefully and help them locate and identify important anatomical features.
Laboratory Reports. Immediately following each exercise, there is a laboratory report to be completed by the student. These
reports include various types of review activities, spaces for sketches of microscopic objects, tables for recording observations
and experimental results, and questions dealing with the analysis of such data.
As a result of these laboratory exercises, students should develop a better understanding of the structural and functional
characteristics of their bodies. In addition, their skills in gathering information by observation and experimentation should
increase.
vii
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES
Exercise Selection
Although the laboratory manual contains sixty-four separate exercises, it may not be possible to include all of them in any one
program. However, because many of the exercises are relatively short and because the procedures of others are divided into
sections, an instructor can easily select those exercises or parts of exercises that best meet the needs of a particular class.
These exercises also vary in the quantities of equipment needed to complete them; if necessary, an instructor can make
some selection based upon the amount of laboratory equipment available for use by a class.
Animal Dissection
In the laboratory manual, the fetal pig is used as the major animal to be dissected. Detailed instructions for dissecting certain
organs, such as the sheep brain, sheep heart, pig kidney, and mammalian eye are also included.
A laboratory option is to obtain a cadaver as a demonstration specimen. If this is not possible, consider a field trip to a
location that has a prosected cadaver. A minimum of two viewings is recommendedone during muscle study and the other near
the end of the course.
The Use of Animals in Biology Education*
The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) believes that the study of organisms, including nonhuman animals, is
essential to the understanding of life on Earth. NABT recommends the prudent and responsible use of animals in the life science
classroom. NABT believes that biology teachers should foster a respect for life. Biology teachers also should teach about the
interrelationship and interdependency of all things.
Classroom experiences that involve nonhuman animals range from observation to dissection. NABT supports these
experiences so long as they are conducted within the long-established guidelines of proper care and use of animals, as developed
by the scientific and educational community.
As with any instructional activity, the use of nonhuman animals in the biology classroom must have sound educational
objectives. Any use of animals, whether for observation or dissection, must convey substantive knowledge of biology. NABT
believes that biology teachers are in the best position to make this determination for their students.
NABT acknowledges that no alternative can substitute for the actual experience of dissection or other use of animals
and urges teachers to be aware of the limitations of alternatives. When the teacher determines that the most effective means to
meet the objectives of the class do not require dissection, NABT accepts the use of alternatives to dissection including models
and the various forms of multimedia. The Association encourages teachers to be sensitive to substantive student objections to
dissection and to consider providing appropriate lessons for those students where necessary.
To implement this policy, NABT endorses and adopts the Principle and Guidelines for the use of Animals in
Precollege Education of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources (National Research Council). Copies of the Principle
and Guidelines may be obtained from the ILAR (2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20418; 202-334-2590).
*Adopted by the Board of Directors in October 1995. This policy supersedes and replaces all previous NABT statements
regarding animals in biology education.
Background Information
The procedures of many exercises begin by suggesting that students review specific sections of the textbook. If the subject matter
involved in a particular exercise has been covered recently in lecture, the students may be able to accomplish such a review rather
quickly. On the other hand, if the material has not been presented previously, this part of a procedure may be used as a means of
introducing information needed to understand the ideas presented in the exercise.
When the procedure is used to introduce new material, an instructor may ask students to complete the first section before coming
to the laboratory. Following this, some portion of the laboratory time may be needed for class discussion of the new material.
viii
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK SYSTEMS AND

SUPPLEMENTAL FROG LABORATORY EXERCISES
Muscular System
Ex. 62
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Nervous System
Ex. 63
Nerve Impulse Stimulation
Cardiovascular System
Ex. 64
Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
ix
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE

Different instructional programs provide different lengths of time for laboratory preparations, work activities, and follow-up
discussions. Other factors that influence the time required for each exercise are the availability and variety of laboratory
equipment and materials. Consequently, it is difficult to make precise suggestions for the amounts of time that should be set aside
for particular laboratory exercises.
The suggested time schedule was prepared with these limitations in mind. The hours listed for each exercise indicate
the minimal time that probably will be needed for students who are acquainted with the subject matter of the exercise to complete
the laboratory work. Students who lack background information and who have to read various sections of the textbook before
beginning an exercises probably will require additional time. Similarly, students who are expected to complete the laboratory
reports in class may need more time.
Laboratory Exercise
Minimal Time
Ex. 1
Scientific Method and Measurements
2 hr.
Ex. 2
Body Organization and Terminology
2 hr.
Ex. 3
Chemistry of Life
2 hr.
Ex. 4
Care and Use of the Microscope
2 hr.
Ex. 5
Cell Structure and Function
2 hr.
Ex. 6
Movements Through Cell Membranes
3 hr.
Ex. 7
Cell Cycle
1 hr.
Ex. 8
Epithelial Tissues
2 hr.
Ex. 9
Connective Tissues
2 hr.
Ex. 10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues
1 hr.
Ex. 11 Integumentary System
1 hr.
Ex. 12 Bone Structure and Classification
1 hr.
Ex. 13 Organization of the Skeleton
1 hr.
Ex. 14 Skull
3 hr.
Ex. 15 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
2 hr.
Ex. 16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 18 Joints
2 hr.
Ex. 19 Skeletal Muscle Structure
1 hr.
Ex. 20 Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck
1 hr.
Ex. 21 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper
Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 22 Muscles of the Deep Back, Abdominal Wall,
and Pelvic Outlet
1 hr.
Ex. 23 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
2 hr.
Ex. 24 Fetal Pig Dissection: Musculature
6 hr.
Ex. 25 Nervous Tissue and Nerves
2 hr.
Ex. 26 Meninges and Spinal Cord
1 hr.
Ex. 27 Reflex Arc and Reflexes
1 hr.
Ex. 28 Brain and Cranial Nerves
2 hr.
Ex. 29 Dissection of the Sheep Brain
2 hr.
Ex. 30 Receptors and General Senses
2 hr.
Ex. 31 Smell and Taste
2 hr.
Ex. 32 Ear and Hearing
2 hr.
Laboratory Exercise
Minimal Time
Ex. 33 Equilibrium
1 hr.
Ex. 34 Eye Structure
3 hr.
Ex. 35 Visual Tests and Demonstrations
2 hr.
Ex. 36 Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology 2 hr.
Ex. 37 Blood Cells
2 hr.
Ex. 38 Blood TestingA Demonstration
2 hr.
Ex. 39 Blood Typing
1 hr.
Ex. 40 Heart Structure
2 hr.
Ex. 41 Cardiac Cycle
3 hr.
Ex. 42 Blood Vessels
1 hr.
Ex. 43 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
2 hr.
Ex. 44 Arteries and Veins
2 hr.
Ex. 45 Fetal Pig Dissection: Cardiovascular System 3 hr.
Ex. 46 Lymphatic System
1 hr.
Ex. 47 Digestive Organs
2 hr.
Ex. 48 Fetal Pig Dissection: Digestive System
2 hr.
Ex. 49 Action of a Digestive Enzyme
2 hr.
Ex. 50 Respiratory Organs
2 hr.
Ex. 51 Fetal Pig Dissection: Respiratory System
2 hr.
Ex. 52 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
1 hr.
Ex. 53 Control of Breathing
1 hr.
Ex. 54 Kidney Structure
2 hr.
Ex. 55 Urinalysis
3 hr.
Ex. 56 Fetal Pig Dissection: Urinary System
1 hr.
Ex. 57 Male Reproductive System
2 hr.
Ex. 58 Female Reproductive System
2 hr.
Ex. 59 Fetal Pig Dissection: Reproductive Systems
2 hr.
Ex. 60 Fertilization and Early Development
2 hr.
Ex. 61 Genetics
2 hr.
Ex. 62 Skeletal Muscle Contraction
3 hr.
Ex. 63 Nerve Impulse Stimulation
3 hr.
Ex. 64 Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle
3 hr.
LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MEASUREMENTS
Critical Thinking Application Answers

Answers and data will vary.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. (experimental results)
3. Answers will vary, however many students will conclude that the data will support the original hypothesis.
PART B
1-6. Answers will vary
BODY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY
Instructional Suggestions
If a dissectible human torso model (manikin) is not available, you might want to have students consult the figures in various
sections of a textbook, particularly the body sections in the reference plates, to gain some understanding of the organizational
pattern of the human body.
Figure Labels
FIG. 2.1
1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominal cavity
3. Abdominopelvic cavity
4.
5.
6.
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
FIG. 2.2.a
1. Visceral pleura
2. Pleural cavity
3. Parietal pleura
4.
5.
6.
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
FIG. 2.2b
1. Visceral peritoneum
2. Peritoneal cavity
3.
Parietal peritoneum
FIG. 2.5
1. Sagittal plane (midsagittal plane)
2. Coronal (frontal) plane
3.
Transverse (horizontal) plane
FIG. 2.6a
1. Epigastric region
2. Right hypochondriac region
3. Right lumbar region
4. Umbilical region
5. Right iliac region (right inguinal region)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Left hypochondriac region

Left lumbar region
Left iliac region (left inguinal region)
Hypogastric region
12.
13.
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
FIG. 2.6b
10. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
11. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
FIG. 2.7a
1. Nasal
2. Oral
3. Cervical
4. Acromial
5. Axillary
6. Mammary
7. Brachial
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Antecubital
Abdominal
Antebrachial
Carpal
Palmar
Digital
Gential
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Crural
Tarsal
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Buccal
Mental
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
FIG. 2.7b
29. Otic
30. Occipital
31. Acromial
32. Vertebral
33.
34.
35.
36.
Brachial
Dorsum
Cubital
Lumbar
37.
38.
39.
40.
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal
Femoral
41. Popliteal
42. Sural (calf) or crural (leg)
43. Plantar
Sternal
Pectoral
Umbilical
Inguinal
Coxal
Patellar
Pedal

PART A
1. a
2. d
3. a
4.
5.
6.
a
b
c
7.
8.
9.
a
c
d
10. e
11. d
12. a
PART B
1. c
2. d
3. h
4.
5.
6.
g
j
i
7.
8.
9.
e
f
k
10. b
11. a
PART C
1. Inferior
2. (Correct)
3. (Correct)
4.
5.
6.
Anterior
(Correct)
(Correct)
7.
8.
9.
Distal
(Correct)
Superficial
10. (Correct)
11. Contralateral
12. Deep
PART D
1. e
2. k
3. b
4.
5.
6.
i
l
j
7.
8.
9.
g
c
d
10. h
11. f
12. a
PART E
1. h
2. c
3. i
4.
5.
6.
j
l
f
7.
8.
9.
k
g
d
10. a
11. b
12. e
4.
5.
6.
RUQ
LUQ or LLQ
LUQ

PART F
1. LUQ
2. RLQ
3. Any or all quadrants
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
1. The 7 assorted common liquids for the pH tests could include among the following: orange juice, lemon juice, milk, bottled
water, baking soda solution, aspirin solution, borax solution, ammonia, vinegar, antacid, liquid soap, cola, and diluted
catsup. Any beverage can be used, and any household product, even solids if they can be dissolved.
2.
The unknown compounds could include among the following: diluted milk, diluted corn syrup, chicken or beef broth,
diluted potato soup, diluted pudding, salad dressing, egg substitute, and diluted yogurt. It is very important to use some
numbering code to keep track of which unknown is which. The unknowns often look alike and are easily confused. The
students need to be instructed to take care not to contaminate their unknown. They need to be reminded to perform all tests,
as students often think if they get one positive result they can stop. Be aware that different brands of food products can
contain different ingredients. Inform the students when heating the samples using Benedicts solution, if there is a protein
present it may denature or become solid, which should not be interpreted as a positive result.

PART A (matching)
1. b
2. e
3. h
4. j
5.
6.
7.
8.
f
i
c
d
PART A (molecules and bonding)

1. 1; 1
3. (sketches)
2. 17; 7
4. No; No
PART B
3. No
PART C
4.
Various substances
dissolved in tap water
will influence the pH
3.
4.
(experimental results)
9.
10.
11.
12.
k
g
a
l
5.
6.
Ionic
(sketches)
5.

Answers will vary. However, albumin has the highest protein value along with the lowest amount of carbohydrates (starch and
sugar.)
PART D
1-4. (experimental results) Answers will vary depending upon the unknown compound selected.
CARE AND USE OF THE MICROSCOPE
1. To stimulate student interest in use of the microscope, you may want to have students prepare wet mounts of pond water and
observe the various forms of life present. A plankton net is a helpful device to concentrate pond organisms. Students can be
encouraged to bring samples of pond water to class in preparation for this experiment.
2.
You may want to provide students with prepared slides of major human organs to examine as a way of increasing their
experience with using the microscope.
3.
If oil-immersion objectives are available, you may want to provide students with prepared slides of various forms of bacteria
to observe using these objectives.

Answers will vary depending upon the order of the three colored threads. However, the colored thread on the top will be in focus
first, the middle one second, and the bottom one last as the student continues to turn the fine adjustment the same direction.
PART A
1. 100
2. 1,000
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. About 4.5 mm for scanning power (using
4 objective)
3. About 4,500 micrometers
PART C
1. (sketch)
2. About 1.7 mm (using a 10 objective)
3. The diameter of the scanning-power field of view is
about 2.6 times greater than that of the low-power
field of view.
4. Student is unable to see two adjacent mm lines on the
scale in a high-power field of view.
PART D
1. f
6. j
2. i
7. d
3. c
8. b
4. a
9. g
5. h
10. e
4.
5.
About 2.2 mm
About 2,200 micrometers
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Light intensity is decreased when high-power objective is used.

(sketch)
Upside down and reversed from right to left
Left
Toward the observer
PART E
(sketches)
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. Instead of preparing cheek cell slides, you may want to have students prepare slides of plant cells using Elodea leaves or
onion skin.
2. If live frogs are available, you may want to pith the frogs and have students prepare wet mounts using small samples of the
ciliated epithelium that lines the oral cavity. They also can prepare smears of frog blood and stain the cells with methylene
blue, and prepare wet mounts of sperm cells from the testes of the male frogs. You then might provide students with
prepared slides of human ciliated epithelium, blood, and sperm cells and have the students compare the frog cells with the
human cells.
Figure Labels
FIG. 5.1
1. Flagellum
2. Centrioles
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5. Nucleus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cilia

The outer body surface is the same tissue as inside the cheek, however outer surface cells are dead from drying out.
PART A
1. a
2. g
3. k
4. l
5.
6.
7.
8.
i
f
c
b
9.
10.
11.
12.
PART B
1. (sketch)
3.
2. The wet-mount cells look like shells or ghosts.
The stained cells made the nucleus and other cellular
components more clearly visible.
PART C
1. (sketches)
2. They should always notice cytoplasm, nucleus,
nuclear envelope, and cell membrane
3.
d
e
h
j
Yes. The stained cheek cells are essentially the same size
and shape; however, the process of cell removal may cause
many of the cells to become folded and distorted.
Answers will vary.
MOVEMENTS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
Instructional Suggestion
Instead of using human blood for Procedure C, you may want to substitute some other type of animal blood obtained from a meat
packing house, a veterinarian, or a biological supplier. The hemolysis experiment, using RBCs from a safe source, demonstrates
concepts of osmosis, tonicity, and membrane characteristics.
PART A
3. Answers will vary.
4.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher

concentration to an area of lower concentration as a result of
molecular motion.
4.
5.
No
Yes
4.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of

higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a
selectively permeable membrane.
4.
5.
Yes
Yes
3.
4.
Tube 1. There was a net movement of water into the cells.

Tube 2. There was no net movement of water into or out of
the cells.
5.
6.
Pore in the filter paper were too small.

Filtration is the movement of substances through a membrane
as a result of hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side
of the membrane than on the other side.
4.
5.
No
Yes

1.
2.
3.
Yes
Yes
No
PART B
3. A greater volume of fluid is in the thistle tube.

1.
2.
3.
Yes
Yes
No
PART C
1. (sketches)
2. Tube 3. There was a net movement of water out of
the cells.
PART D
1. Water, glucose, and starch.
2. The tests for glucose and starch were positive.
3. Gravity
4. Charcoal

1.
2.
3.
No
Yes
No
CELL CYCLE
Figure Labels
FIG. 7.2
1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Centromere
3.
4.
Centriole
Spindle fiber (microtubules)

Interphase. Even in rapidly dividing cells interphase is the most prevalent because it requires the longest period of time for
growth and duplication of cell structures.
PART A
Table:
Stage
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytoplasmic division
Major Events Occurring

Growth, duplication of cell structures, and normal metabolism take place.
Nuclear envelope disappears; chromatin fibers condense, forming chromosomes (paired chromatids);
centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
Chromosomes align midway between centrioles.
Microtubules pull chromosomes toward centrioles.
Chromosomes elongate and become chromatin fibers; nuclear envelopes reappear.
Cell membrane constricts, dividing cell into new cells (daughter cells).
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1. Each new cell contains identical chromosomes.
2. They may be slightly different in size and numbers
of organelles.
3.
Mitosis involves the division of the nuclear contents and the

distribution of identical sets of chromosomes to the new cells;
cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) involves the division of the
cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.
PART D (FIG. 7.5a-d)

a. Metaphase
b. Telophase
c.
d.
Prophase
Anaphase
PART E (FIG. 7.5a-d)

1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
3. Cell membrane
4.
5.
6.
Nuclear envelope
Centrioles/centrosome
Spindle fibers (microtubules)
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
PART A
1. f
2. d
3. c
4.
5.
6.
d
c
d
7.
8.
9.
e
f
b
10. a
11. a
12. e
PART B
(sketches)

Stratified squamous epithelium would have excellent protection as it is several cells thick. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with cilia would provide good movement of mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
PART A
1. e
2. a
3. b
4. c
5.
6.
7.
8.
i
d
a
h
9.
10.
11.
12.
g
c
f
j
PART B
(sketches)

The spleen is composed of reticular connective tissue. This type of tissue contains only short, thin, collagenous fibers (reticular
fibers) that are widely scattered. The result is a delicate distribution of fibers among cells and a fluid ground substance. (Spleen
repair is almost impossible due to the short reticular fibers. A ruptured spleen is usually removed in surgery.)
10
MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUES
PART A
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. a
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
b
c
a
9. d
10. b
PART B
(sketches)
11
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 11.1
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
4. Hair shaft
5.
6.
7.
8.
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
9. Hair follicle
10. Sweat gland (eccrine gland)
11. Blood vessels
FIG. 11.2
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3.
4.
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
5.
6.
Stratum basale
Basement membrane

Melanin granules are concentrated within some of the most superficial living cells of the body. Because melanin absorbs the
ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, minimal damaging wavelengths reach the living cells of the dermis. (Most of the melanin
granules are orientated on the superficial side of the nucleus that serve as a protective shield of the nucleus of the epidermal
cells.)
PART A
1. j
2. l
3. a
4. h
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
d
e
i
9.
10.
11.
12.
g
k
f
b
PART B
3. Epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle
divide and grow, pushing older cells outward;
as these cells die, they become keratinized
parts of the hair.
4. The pigment melanin is produced by melanocytes.
PART C
1. Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, whereas
dermis is the inner layer; the subcutaneous layer binds the
dermis to the underlying organs.
2. Cells of the stratum basale are living and reproduce actively;
cells of the stratum corneum are dead and keratinized
and form the surface layer of the skin.
PART D
1. Hair root
2. Dermis
3.
Melanin is found in the stratum basale.
4.
It contains both elastic and collagenous fibers that give

the dermis the qualities of elasticity and strength.
3.
Sebaceous glands are usually connected to hair

follicles and secrete sebum into the follicles.
Dermis
4.
PART E
(sketch)
12
BONE STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Figure Labels
FIG. 12.1
1. Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
2. Spongy bone (red marrow)
3. Medullary cavity
4. Yellow marrow
5. Compact bone
FIG. 12.2
1. Spongy bone
2. Compact bone
3. Osteon
4. Periosteum
5. Central canal
6.
7.
8.
9.
Periosteum
Proximal epiphysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Perforating canal
Blood vessels
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte

The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the central canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can move from one
cell to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. In this way, all of the
osteocytes of one osteon are tied together to a blood source.
PART A
1. Flat
8.
2. Short
9.
3. Long
4. Irregular
10.
5. Round or sesamoid
6. Flat
7. Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long bone;
diaphysis refers to the shaft between the ends of such
a bone.
PART B
1. Compact bone has osteons closely packed together, 3.
and spongy bone has large spaces between thin
bony plates called trabeculae.
2. Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and
along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone reduces
the weight of the bone and provides spaces occupied
by red marrow.
PART C (FIG. 12.5 a-b)
1. Epiphysis (distal)
2. Diaphysis
3. Epiphysis (proximal)
4.
5.
6.
Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a long bone.

Dense connective tissue comprises the periosteum that encloses
the bone except for its articular ends
Periosteum forms the outer covering of a bone, whereas
endosteum lines its hollow, internal chambers.
The marrow of the medullary cavity of an adult is yellow, but

marrow in the spaces of spongy bone is red.
Medullary cavity (occupied by yellow marrow)

Compact bone
Spongy bone (occupied by red marrow)
13
ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON
Figure Labels
FIG. 3.1a
1. Cranial bones (cranium)5.
2. Facial bones (face)
6.
3. Skull
7.
4. Clavicle
Sternum
Rib
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
8.
9.
10.
11.
Coxa (hipbone)
Carpals
Metacarpal
Phalanx
12.
13.
14.
15.
FIG. 13.1b
1. Scapula
2. Humerus
3. Ulna
Radius
Femur
Tibia
7.
8.
Fibula
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
9. Sacrum
10. Coccyx
4.
5.
6.
Patella
Tarsals
Matatarsal
Phalanx

The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human body is the
obturator foramen in the coxae (hipbones).
PART A
1. Sutural bones (wormian bones)
2. Sesamoid
3. Skull
4. Hyoid
5. Coccyx
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sternum
Twelve
Pectoral girdle
Ulna
Carpals
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Sacrum
Pelvis
Patella
Tarsals
Phalanges
PART B
1. c
2. f
3.
4.
a
e
5.
6.
g
b
7.
PART C
1. c
2. a
3.
4.
g
e
5.
6.
b
d
7.
PART D (FIG. 13.2)

1. Coxa (hipbone; pelvic
bone; innominate)
2. Sternum
3. Sacrum
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fibula
Ulna
Scapula
Radius
8.
9.
10.
11.
Clavicle
Humerus
Patella
Femur
12. Tibia
13. Rib
14
SKULL
You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figures 14.1 and 14.2. They should use a different
color for each of the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to observe the figures more carefully
and help them to locate the various bones that are shown from different views in the figures. The students can check their work
by referring to the corresponding full-color figures in the textbook.
Figure Labels
FIG. 14.1
1. Parietal bone
2. Frontal bone
3. Coronal suture
4. Temporal bone
5. Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)
6. Infraorbital foramen
7. Vomer bone
8. Mandible
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Supraorbital foramen
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mental foramen
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Coronoid process
FIG. 14.3
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Vomer bone
5. Zygomatic arch
6. Styloid process
7. Mastoid process
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Occipital condyle
Temporal bone
Palatine process (of maxilla)
Palatine bone
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
FIG. 14.4
1. Ethmoid bone
2. Foramen magnum
3. Crista galli
4. Cribriform plate (olfactory foramina)
5. Frontal bone
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Parietal bone
Occiptal bone
FIG. 14.5
1. Coronal suture
2. Frontal bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Frontal sinus
5. Nasal bone
6. Maxilla
7. Parietal bone
8. Temporal bone
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Sella turcica
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Vomer bone
Mandible
FIG. 14.2
1. Parietal bone
2. Squamous suture
3. Lambdoid suture
4. Temporal bone
5. Occipital bone
6. Temporal process (of zygomatic bone)
7. External acoustic meatus
8. Mastoid process
9. Styloid process
10. Mandibular condyle
11. Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
15

The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with numerous olfactory foramina is a weak location of the cranium. Excessive pressure
on the cribiform plate could result in a skull fracture.
PART A
1. d
2. a
3. a
4.
5.
6.
f
c
f
PART B
1. Coronal
2. Sagittal
3. Lambdoid
7.
8.
9.
f
a
c
10. e
11. f
12. b
4.
5.
6.
Squamous
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
Maxilla
PART C
1. e
2. c
3. c
4.
5.
6.
h
d
g
7.
8.
9.
h
a
d
10. c
11. f
12. b
PART D
1. c
2. a
3.
4.
g
f
5.
6.
d
b
7.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Mandible
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Mental foramen
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Mandibular condyle
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Palatine process of maxilla

Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Sella turcica
Foramen magnum
5.
6.
7.
Maxilla
Frontal bone
Mandible
PART E (FIGS. 14.7-14.11)

FIG. 14.7
1. Frontal bone
2. Nasal bone
3. Zygomatic bone
4. Infraorbital foramen
5. Maxilla
FIG. 14.8
1. Parietal bone
2. Squamous suture
3. Temporal bone
4. Lambdoid suture
5. Occipital bone
6. External acoustic meatus
7. Mastoid process
FIG. 14.9
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Sphenoid bone
4. Temporal bone
5. Occipital bone
6. Incisive foramen
FIG. 14.10
1. Frontal bone
2. Temporal bone
3. Parietal bone
4. Occiptal bone
FIG. 14.11
1. Parietal bone
2. Sphenoid bone
3. Temporal bone
4. Zygomatic bone
16
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
Figure Labels
FIG. 15.1
1. Cervical vertebrae
2. Thoracic vertebrae
3. Lumbar vertebrae
4. Sacrum
FIG. 15.2 a-b

8
3
4
7
1
6
5
2
FIG. 15.4
1. Sacral promontory
2. Anterior sacral foramen
3. Coccyx
4. Sacral canal
5.
6.
7.
Coccyx
Intervertebral foramina
Intervertebral discs
5.
6.
7.
8.
Superior articular process

Tubercle
Posterior sacral foramen
Sacral hiatus
FIG. 15.3 a-c

6
7
3
5
4
1
9
2
8

The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebal column to function more like a spring
instead of a rigid rod.
FIG. 15.5
1. True ribs
2. False ribs
3. Thoracic vertebra
4. Manubrium
5. Body
6.
7.
8.
9.
Xiphoid process
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Floating ribs
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Atlas
Dens
Lumbar
Five
Sacroiliac
Sacral promontory
Sacral hiatus

PART A
1. Spinal cord
2. 26
3. Vertebra prominens
4. Bodies
5. Intervertebral discs
6. Spinous process
7. Spinal nerves
8. Vertebral arteries
17
PART B
Vertebra
Number
Size
Body
Spinous Process
Cervical
Smallest
Smallest
Thoracic
12
Intermediate
Intermediate
Lumbar
Largest
Largest
C2 through C5 are
forked
Pointed and angled
downward
Short, blunt, and
nearly horizontal
PART C
1. 206
2. Floating
3. Transverse
4. Hyaline cartilage
PART D (FIG. 15.6)
1. Spinous process
2. Atlas
3. Axis
Transsverse
Foramina
Present
Absent
Absent
5.
6.
Clavicles
a. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
b. Protects visceral organs
c. Functions in breathing
4.
5.
6.
Transverse process
Intervertebral disc
Body (of sixth cervical vertebra)
18
PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 16.1
1. Clavicle
2. Rib
3. Sternum
4. Costal cartilage
5. Scapula
6. Humerus
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ulna
Radius
Acromion process
Head of humerus
Coracoid process
FIG. 16.2
1. Acromion process
2. Coracoid process
3. Spine
4. Glenoid cavity (fossa)
5.
6.
7.
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity

The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs
on this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture.
FIG. 16.3a and b
1. Head
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Deltoid tuberosity
5. Medial epicondyle
6. Coronoid fossa
7. Lateral epicondyle
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Capitulum
Trochlea
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
5.
6.
7.
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Head of ulna
FIG. 16.5
1. Olecranon process
2. Humerus
3. Olecranon fossa
4.
5.
6.
Head of radius
Radius
Ulna
FIG. 16.6
1. Scaphoid
2. Capitate
3. Trapezoid
4. Trapezium
5. Carpals (carpus)
6. Metacarpals (metacarpus)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Phalanges
Lunate
Triquetrum
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
5.
6.
7.
8.
Spine
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Head
FIG. 16.4
1. Head of radius
2. Radial tuberosity
3. Styloid process of radius

PART A
1. Scapulae
2. Manubrium (clavicular notch)
3. Acromion processes
4. Clavicle
19
PART B
1. a
2. b
3. b
4.
5.
6.
b
c
d
7.
8.
9.
b
a
b
PART C (FIGS. 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)

1. Ulna
2. Humerus
4. Head of radius
5. Radius
6. Acromion process
7. Head of humerus
8. Humerus
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Clavicle
Scapula
Rib
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx
PART D (FIG. 16.10)

1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrum
4. Pisiform
5. Hamate
6. Capitate
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges
20
10. e
11. a
12. f
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 17.1
1.
2.
Coxa (hipbone; pelvic bone; innominate)

Sacrum
FIG. 17.2
1. Ilium
2. Posterior superior iliac spine
3. Greater sciatic notch
4. Ischial spine
5. Lesser sciatic notch
6. Ischium
3.
Coccyx
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Ischial tuberosity
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Pubis
Obturator foramen

All of the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also serve as a
birth canal for a vaginal delivery.
FIG. 17.3a-b
1. Head
2. Fovea capitis
3. Greater trochanter
4. Neck
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lateral epicondyle
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
FIG. 17.4
1. Head of fibula
2. Fibula
3. Lateral malleolus
4. Medial condyle
5.
6.
7.
Tibial tuberosity
Tibia
Medial malleolus
FIG. 17.5
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Cuboid
4. Navicular
5. Lateral cuneiform
6. Intermediate cuneiform
7. Medial cuneiform
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Tarsals (tarsus)
Metatarsals (metatarsus)
Phalanges

PART A
1. Coxae (hipbones)
2. Acetabulum
3. Ilium
4.
5.
6.
Ischial spines
Symphysis pubis
Iliac crest
7.
8.
9.
Tuberosity
Pubic arch
Obturator foramen
10. Sacroiliac
PART B
1. e
2. a
3. g
4.
5.
6.
a
f
f
7.
8.
9.
g
f
a
10. b
11. d
12. c
21
PART C (FIG. 17.6, 17.7, and 17.8)

1. Obturator foramen
2. Symphysis pubis
3. Ilium
4. Sacrum
5. Head of femur
6. Pubis
7. Femur
8. Tibia
9. Lateral epicondyle
PART D (FIG. 17.9)
1. Distal phalanges
2. Proximal phalanges
3. Metatarsals
4. Medial cuneiform
5. Intermediate cuneiform
6. Lateral cuneiform
22
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Lateral condyle
Head of fibula
Fibula
Tibia
Talus
Calcaneus
Metatarsal
Proximal phalanx
Distal phalanx
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Navicular
Talus
Middle phalanges
Cuboid
Calcaneus
JOINTS

Maximum flexion of body parts can occur when in fetal position or performing a cannon ball into a swimming pool.
PART A
1. b
2. c
3. d
4.
5.
e
a
PART B (FIG. 18.6)

1. Suture (fibrous)
2. Symphysis (cartilaginous)
3. Symphsysis (cartilaginous)
4. Gliding/plane (synovial)
5. Hinge (synovial)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Pivot (synovial)
Condyloid/ellipsoid (synovial)
Saddle (synovial)
Ball-and-socket (synovial)
PART C
1. a
2. b
3. e
4. d
5. d
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
d (b and c also present)
f
c
c
PART D (FIG. 18.7)

1. Rotation
2. Elevation
3. Depression
4. Supination
5. Pronation
6. Abduction
7. Adduction
8. Flexion
9. Extension
10. Abduction
11. Adduction
12. Circumduction
13. Protraction
14. Retraction
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
PART E
Table:
Type of Joint
Ball-and-socket
Hinge, gliding, and pivot
Ball-and-socket
Hinge (modified),
condyloid, and gliding
Bones Included
Humerus, scapula
Humerus, radius, ulna
Femur, coxa
Femur, tibia, patella
Types of Movement Possible

Movements in all planes and rotation
Flexion and extension between humerus and ulna; twisting
movements occur between radius and humerus; rotation between
radius and ulna
Movements in all planes and rotation
Flexion and extension between femur and tibia and slight rotation
when flexed; sliding (gliding) movements occur between femur
and patella
23
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 19.4
1. Coracoid process
2. Origins of biceps brachii (tendons)
3. Biceps brachii
4.
5.
6.
Radius
Insertion of biceps brachii (tendon)
Ulna

PART A
1. l
2. i
3. c
4.
5.
6.
f
g
b
PART B (FIG. 19.5)

1. Sarcomere
2. Z line
PART C
1. Origin
2. Insertion
3.
4.
Biceps brachii
Prime mover
7.
8.
9.
h
a
j
3.
4.
I band (light)
A band (dark)
5.
6.
Synergists
Prime movers
24
10. k
11. e
12. d
MUSCLES OF THE FACE, HEAD, AND NECK
Figure Labels
FIG. 20.1
1. Temporalis
2. Occipitalis (epicranius)
3. Masseter
4. Sternocleidomastoid
5. Platysma
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Frontalis (epicranius)
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
FIG. 20.2
1. Lateral pterygoid
2.
Medial pterygoid
3.
Splenius capitis
PART A
1. Zygomaticus major
2. Buccinator
3. Orbicularis oris
5. Raise the jaw/elevate mandible (as in biting)
6. Medial
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Lateral
Orbicularis oculi
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Platysma
Zygomaticus
PART B
1. Epicranius
3. Masseter
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Buccinator
Platysma
Temporalis
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
4.
5.
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
FIG. 20.3
1. Longissimus capitis (erector spinae)
2. Semispinalis capitis

PART C (FIG. 20.4)
1. Epicranius (frontalis)
3. Orbicularis oculi
25
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST, SHOULDER, AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 21.1
1. Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3. Latissimus dorsi
4. Levator scapulae
5. Supraspinatus
6.
7.
8.
9.
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Rhomboid major
FIG. 21.2
1. Pectoralis minor
2. Internal intercostal
3. Pectoralis major
4.
5.
Deltoid
Serratus anterior
FIG. 21.3a
1. Levator scapulae
2. Supraspinatus
3. Deltoid
4.
5.
6.
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
FIG. 21.3b
1. Deltoid
2. Subscapularis
3.
4.
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
FIG. 21.4a
1. Pronator teres
2. Brachioradialis
3.
4.
Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus
FIG. 21.4b
1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Extensor carpi ulnaris
3.
4.
Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor digitorum

PART A
1. c
2. g
3. e
4.
5.
6.
i
h
j
7.
8.
9.
a
b
l
PART B
1. Rhomboid major
2. Serratus anterior
3. Pectoralis minor
4. Coracobrachialis
5. Teres major
6. Subscapularis
10. k
11. d
12. f
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Teres minor
Brachialis
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis

PART C (FIG. 21.5)
1. Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3. Pectoralis major
4. Rectus abdominis
6. Biceps brachii
7. Serratus anterior
8. External oblique
9. Deltoid
10. Trapezius
11. Infraspinatus
26
MUSCLES OF THE DEEP BACK, ABDOMINAL WALL, AND PELVIC OUTLET
Figure Labels
FIG. 22.1
1. Longissimus (intermediate group)
2. Spinalis (medial group)
3.
Iliocostalis (lateral group)
FIG. 22.2
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3.
4.
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
FIG. 22.3
1. Bulbospongiosus
2. Ischiocavernosus
3. Superficial transversus perinei
4.
5.
6.
Levator ani
Gluteus maximus
External anal sphincter
FIG. 22.4
1. Ischiocavernosus
2. Bulbospongiosus
3. Superficial transversus perinei
4.
5.
6.
Levator ani
Gluteus maximus
External anal sphinchter

An appendectomy incision would involve the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles from
superficial to deep.
PART A
1. Linea alba
2. Rectus abdominis
3. Transversus abdominis
4.
PART B
1. Pelvic diaphragm
2. Anal canal and vagina
3. Support the pelvic viscera and provide sphincterlike
action in the anal canal and vagina (aid the levator ani)
4. Bulbospongiosus
5. Constrict the vagina
27
5.
6.
Tense the abdominal wall and compress the contents of

the abdominal cavity
Tense the abdominal wall and flex the vertebral column
Erector spinae group
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ischial tuberosity
Levator ani
Support the pelvic viscera
Ischial spine
Sphincter urethrae
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 23.1
1. Tensor fasciae latae
2. Sartorius
3. Rectus femoris
4. Vastus lateralis
5. Vastus medialis
6.
7.
8.
9.
Psoas major
Iliacus
Adductor longus
Gracilis
4.
5.
6.
Tensor fasciae latae

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
FIG. 23.3
1. Adductor magnus
2. Gracilis
3. Gluteus medius
4. Gluteus maximus
5.
6.
7.
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
FIG. 23.4
1. Fibularis (peroneus) longus
2. Tibialis anterior
3.
Extensor digitorum longus
FIG. 23.5
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Fibularis (peroneus) longus
4.
5.
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
2.
Soleus
PART A
1. e
2. b
3. f
4. h
5. c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
j
a
g
i
PART B
1. Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
2. Adductor magnus
3. Sartorius
4. Gastrocnemius
5. Tensor fasciae latae
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vastus lateralis
Semitendinosus
Vastus medialis
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
5.
6.
7.
8.
Vastus medialis
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
FIG. 23.2
1. Gluteus medius
2. Gluteus maximus
3. Biceps femoris
FIG. 23.6
1. Gastrocnemius

PART C (FIG. 23.7)
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus medialis
3. Vastus lateralis
4. Sartorius
28
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: MUSCULATURE
1.
Due to changes from fewer small pig farms to large scale pig production operations, fewer pigs are available. The increased
costs can be reduced by dissecting smaller fetal pigs (musculature becomes more difficult), increasing the group size, and
reusing dissected pigs with future classes.
2.
You may want to reduce the amount of time spent in dissecting the fetal pig muscles by having the students dissect only
selected areas of the fetal pig. For example, you might have them complete Procedure E (muscles of the thorax), Procedure
F (muscles of the abdominal wall), Procedure G (muscles of the shoulder and back), and Procedure I (muscles of the hip and
hindlimb), omitting the other sections.

PART A
2. Masseter
3.
Sternohyoid, mylohyoid
PART B
1. Pectoralis major
2. Pectoralis minor
3. Superficial pectoral
4. Posterior deep pectoral
5. Anterior deep pectoral
6.
7.
8.
9.
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
PART C
1. Clavotrapezius (ventral portion of brachiocephalic)
2. Acromiotrapezius
3. Spinotrapezius
4.
5.
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
PART D
1. Biceps brachii
2. Brachialis
3.
Triceps brachii
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
PART E (FIG. 24.11)

1. Deltoid
2. Biceps brachii
3. External oblique
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Sartorius
6. Rectus femoris
7. Vastus medialis
8. Tibialis anterior
29
NERVOUS TISSUE AND NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 25.1
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Nodes of Ranvier
4. Schwann cell
FIG. 25.2
1. Schwann cell nucleus
2. Myelin (of Schwann cell)
5.
6.
7.
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon (nerve fiber)
3.
4.
Axon (nerve fiber)

Neurilemma (of Schwann cell)

PART A
1. g
2. c
3.
4.
h
f
5.
6.
e
d
7.
8.
a
b
PART B
1. d
2. f
3.
4.
h
g
5.
6.
e
a
7.
8.
c
b
PART C
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
PART D
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
30
MENINGES AND SPINAL CORD
Figure Labels
FIG. 26.1
1. Subarachnoid space
2. White matter
3. Dorsal root of spinal nerve
4. Ventral root of spinal nerve
5.
6.
7.
Body of vertebra
Epidural space
Gray matter
FIG. 26.2
1. Posterior horn
2. Lateral funiculus
3. Anterior horn
4. Posterior funiculus
5. Posterior median sulcus
6.
7.
8.
9.
Central canal
Gray commissure
Anterior median fissure
Anterior funiculus

PART A
1. b
2. c
3.
4.
d
f
5.
6.
g
a
PART B
1. Spinal nerves
2. Cervical
3. Lumbar
5. Horns
PART C
1. b
2. e
3. a
PART D (FIG. 26.4)
1. Dorsal root of spinal nerve
2. White matter
3. Ventral root of spinal nerve
31
7.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Anterior
Gray commissure
Central canal
Funiculi
Meninges
4.
5.
d
c
5.
6.
7.
8.
Gray matter
Dorsal root ganglion
Anterior median fissure
Central canal
REFLEX ARC AND REFLEXES
Figure Labels
FIG. 27.1
5
3
4
1
2

PART A
1. Three
2. Central nervous system (spinal cord)
3. Receptor
4. Muscles
5. Sensory
6. Quadriceps femoris
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
PART B
1. Table:
Response Observed
Extension of leg at the knee joint
Plantar flexion of the foot
Flexion of forearm at the elbow joint or slight biceps twitch
Extension of forearm at the elbow joint or slight triceps twitch
Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of toes
2.
Quadriceps femoris
Sensory
Skin
Flexor
Flexion
Babinski
Effector Involved
Quadriceps femoris
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorium longus
The quadriceps femoris is stretched, stimulating stretch receptors (muscle spindles) within the muscle. As a result, impulses
pass along sensory neurons into the spinal cord and synapse with a motor neuron. Motor impulses travel out of the cord on
nerve fibers that lead to the quadriceps femoris. Muscle fibers contract, and the leg is extended at the knee joint.

All of these reflexes are rapid, subconscious responses to physical stimuli.
32
BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
Figure Labels
FIG. 28.1
12
1
8
10
4
3
6
11
5
7
9
2
FIG. 28.2
1. Frontal lobe
2. Temporal lobe
3.
4.
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
FIG. 28.3
1. Motor area for voluntary muscle control
2. Motor speech area (Brocas area)
3. Auditory area
4.
5.
6.
Cutaneous sensory area

General interpretative area
Visual area
FIG. 28.4
1. (I) Olfactory nerve
2. (II) Optic nerve
3. (III) Oculomotor nerve
4. (IV) Trochlear nerve
5. (V) Trigeminal nerve
6. (VI) Abducens nerve
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(VII) Facial nerve

(VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve
(IX) Glossopharyngeal nerve
(X) Vagus nerve
(XI) Accessory nerve
(XII) Hypoglossal nerve
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
i
l
h
e
g
b

PART A
1. j
2. f
3. k
4. d
5. c
6. a
PART B
Table:
Location
Anterior to primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
Medulla oblongata
Between cerebellum and brainstem
Midbrain
Midbrain
Frontal lobe superior to Brocas area
Diencephalon
Diencephalon floor and associated inner cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Medulla oblongata
PART C (FIG. 28.5)
1. Corpus callosum
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Diencephalon
5. Midbrain
Major Functions
Coordinates speech
Regulates heartbeat
Relays impulses to and from cerebellum
Provides motor pathways between cerebrum and lower parts
Contains visual and auditory reflex centers
Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids
Regulates body temperature and many visceral activities
Controls emotional feelings
Regulates rate and depth of breathing
Activates state of wakefulness
Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
Controls diameter of blood vessels and blood pressure
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
33
PART D
1. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
2. Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX)
3. Optic (II)
4. Olfactory (I)
5. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
6. Trigeminal (V)
7. Trigeminal (V)
8. Oculomotor (III)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Oculomotor (III)
Oculomotor (III)
Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI)
Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)
Vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI),
hypoglossal (XII)
34
DISSECTION OF THE SHEEP BRAIN
Rather than have students dissect sheep brains, you might want to provide the class with samples of whole sheep brains and
sectioned brains for examination. This should extend the use of the available specimens.
PART A
1. The human cerebral hemispheres are relatively
5.
larger than those of the sheep.
2. There are more convolutions and sulci in the
6.
human cerebrum.
3. The human cerebrum with its larger size and
7.
greater number of convolutions is more complex
and thus able to carry on more complex functions.
4. The human cerebellum is divided in the midline (vermis)
into two hemispheres, whereas the sheep cerebellum is
not divided.
The olfactory bulbs of the sheep brain are larger than those of
the human brain.
The olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves seem to be most
highly developed in the sheep brain.
The senses of smell and sight and the sensory functions
associated with the trigeminal nerve are highly developed.

PART B
1-6. Answers will vary. The sheep brain and the human brain features are more similar than different. Therefore a complete list
of similar features would be very long. Among similar features include two cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, pineal
gland, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, olfactory bulb, four ventricles, and others. (Note only 6 answers are
needed.) Mammal brains have more similarities than differences.
35
RECEPTORS AND GENERAL SENSES
PART A
1. Chemoreceptors
2. Pain
3. Thermoreceptors
4. Photoreceptors
5. Referred
PART B
PART C
PART D
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sensory
Touch
Pressure
Heat
Cold
3.
Answers will vary.
2.
Answers will vary.
3.
Answers will vary.
36
SMELL AND TASTE
Figure Labels
FIG. 31.1
6
5
3
7
FIG. 31.3
6
1
4
1
2
4
3
5
2

PART A
1. Bipolar
2. Cilia
3. Water
4. Cribriform plate
5. Crista galli
6.
7.
8.
9.
Olfactory
Frontal
Sensory adaptation
Odorless
PART B
3.
Answers will vary.

Answers will vary. Any variations in time for sensory adaptation could be a result of the concentration of the test substance,
volatility of the test substance, or the number of receptors for the test substance.
PART C
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial
Taste pore
Taste hairs (microvilli)
Water
5.
6.
7.
8.
Receptor
Acids
Salts
Bitter
PART D
2 (a-d). Answers will vary.
37
EAR AND HEARING
Figure Labels
FIG. 32.1
1. Auricle
2. Malleus
3. Incus
4. Semicircular canals
5. Stapes
FIG. 32.2
4
6
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
5
3
Cochlea
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Oval window
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
External acoustic meatus
1
2
FIG 32.3
1. Tectorial membrane
2. Hair cells (receptor cells)
3.
4.
Branch of cochlear nerve

Basilar membrane

The largest ear structure is the auricle which is able to trap and funnel a minute sound wave into the middle and inner ear
structures. This will allow a concentration of the vibrations making the sound detection more likely to occur.
PART A
1. d
2. k
3. j
4.
5.
6.
PART B (FIG. 32.8)

1. Cochlear duct
2. Tectorial membrane
3. Hair cells (receptor cells)
PART C
h
c
b
7.
8.
9.
l
i
e
4.
5.
Basilar membrane
Scala tympani
3.
4.
Answers will vary.
38
10. f
11. a
12. g
EQUILIBRIUM

PART A
1. Utricle
2. Temporal
3. Macula
4. Calcium carbonate
5. Vestibulocochlear (vestibular branch)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ampulla
Crista ampullaris
Cupula
Inertia
Cerebellum
PART B
1. a. The eyes, inner ears, and proprioceptors provide information needed to maintain equilibrium when the eyes are open.
b. The inner ears and proprioceptors provide such information when the eyes are closed.
2. a. (experimental results)
b. Probably yes; this demonstrates the importance of visual information in maintaining equilibrium.
c. With the eyes closed, such a person would receive very little sensor information needed to maintain equilibrium.
3. a. (experimental results)
b. Answers will vary.

Vision, touch, and proprioception would all supplement equilibrium.
39
EYE STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 34.1
1. Lacrimal gland
2. Superior and inferior canaliculi
3.
4.
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
FIG. 34.2
1. Superior oblique
2. Superior rectus
3. Medial rectus
4.
5.
6.
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
FIG. 34.3
1. Pupil
2. Iris
3. Ciliary body
4. Suspensory ligaments
5. Lens
6. Cornea
7. Aqueous humor
8. Anterior cavity
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Retina
Choroid coat
Sclera
Vitreous humor
Fovea centralis
Optic nerve
Optic disc
Posterior cavity

The delicate retina is only located next to the choroid coat by the pressure maintained by the vitreous humor. Any alteration of
this pressure could allow the retina to detach as was easily observed during the dissection. No connective tissue was observed
between the inner and middle tunics of the eye.
PART A
1. b
2. j
3. e
4. d
5. g
6. l
7. h
8. f
9. a
PART B
1. The outer tunic/layer (sclera) is toughest.
2. Dense (fibrous) connective tissue.
3. The pupil of the dissected eye probably was
elliptical in shape, and the human pupil is round.
4. Aqueous humor occurs between the cornea and
the lens.
PART C (FIG. 34.10)
1. Aqueous humor
2. Lens
3. Cornea
4. Iris
5. Conjunctiva
6. Retina/inner tunic
10.
11.
12.
13.
i
k
c
Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil of iris, lens, vitreous humor,
retina
14. More rods than cones; rods stimulated by dim light; cones
enable perception of color [other answers could be acceptable.]
5.
7.
The dark pigment absorbs excess light and keeps the eye dark
dark inside.
The lens is biconvex, flexible, and transparent. It may be firm
and opaque in a preserved eye.
The vitreous humor is a transparent, jellylike fluid.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Vitreous humor
Optic disc
Optic nerve
Choroid coat/middle tunic
Sclera/outer tunic
6.
40
VISUAL TESTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

When using both eyes for observations, if the image of a small object falls on the optic disc of one eye, the object is still seen by
the other eye. This can be confirmed because the blind-spot demonstration will not work with both eyes open.
PART A
5. a. A person with 20/70 vision can see from 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 70 feet. This person has less than normal
vision.
b. A person with 20/10 vision can see fro 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 10 feet. This person has better than normal
vision.
c. Astigmatism results in blurred vision because some parts of the image on the retina are in focus, while other parts are not
in focus.
d. The elastic quality of the lens tends to decrease with age.
e. The retina is lacking cones that are sensitive to red or green wave lengths (an X-linked/sex-linked trait).
PART B
2. The optic disc lacks receptors (rods and cones) and thus creates a blind spot in the retina.
3. The photopupillary reflex involves the construction of the pupil in response to exposure to bright light.
4. The photopupillary reflex occurs in both eyes even when one eye is shielded from the light; however, the shielded eye may
not show as much change as the exposed one.
5. When an eye is focused on a close object, the pupil constricts.
6. When the eyes are focused on a close object, they converge toward the midline.
41
ENDOCRINE HISTOLOGY AND DIABETIC PHYSIOLOGY
1. The responses and recovery to insulin shock work faster if the fish selected is very small (total length about 1). The species
of fish selected does not seem significant so try a fish species that is readily available.
2. HumulinR administered in 200 units usually will suffice to induce insulin shock within about 5 minutes. If the responses are
too slow, try an increase to 400 units. Consult with your local pharmacist or veterinarian to purchase insulin.
3. If the recovery from insulin shock is too prolonged using a 10% glucose solution, try a 20% glucose solution.
Figure Labels
FIG. 36.1
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary gland
3. Parathyroid glands
4. Testis (male)
5. Pineal gland
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary (female)

PART A
(sketches)
PART B
Table:
Characteristic
Onset age
Onset of symptoms
Percentage of diabetics
Natural insulin levels
Beta cells of pancreatic islets
Pancreatic islet cell antibodies
Risk factors of having the disease
Typical treatments
Type 1 Diabetes
Early age or adult
Rapid
10-15%
Below normal
Destroyed
Present
Heredity
Insulin administration
Untreated blood sugar levels
Hyperglycemia
Type 2 Diabetes
Usually over 40
Slow
85-90%
Normal or increased
Not Destroyed
Absent
Heredity, obesity, lack of exercise
Avoid foods that stimulate insulin
production, weight control, exercise,
medications
Hyperglycemia
PART C
The amount of time until insulin shock occurs varies with the type of insulin used and the size of the fish selected for the
experiment. Rapid or irregular swimming, gill cover, and mouth movements usually are noted within about 5-10 minutes.
Recovery from insulin shock usually occurs within about 5-10 minutes.

The main hormone regulating blood sugar is insulin. A normal persons insulin level will adjust the blood sugar homeostasis
level according to changes in daily diets and exercise levels. A person with type 1 diabetes needs to attempt to have similar daily
diets and exercise to correlate with the designated daily insulin administered.
42
BLOOD CELLS
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood slides are prepared in
the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood slides be used in this exercise. The instructor, however, may
wish to demonstrate the procedure for preparing such a slide. Mammal blood other than human or contaminant-free human
blood is suggested as a substitute for collected blood.
PART A
1. Erythrocytes
2. Biconcave
3. Transporting and exchanging gases (O2 and CO2)
4. Hemoglobin
5. Oxyhemoglobin
6. Nucleus
7. Leukocytes
8. Granulocytes
9. Agranulocytes
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Neutrophil
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basopils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Collagen
Serotonin
Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
2.
Answers will vary.
PART B
(sketches)
PART C

A total white blood cell count provides the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood; a differential white blood cell
count gives the relative percentages of types of white blood cells in a blood sample.
43
BLOOD TESTINGA DEMONSTRATION
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another during blood-testing
procedures, it is suggested that the following demonstrations be performed by the instructor. Mammal blood other than human or
contaminant-free human blood is suggested as a substitute for collected blood.
PART A
(demonstration results)
PART B
3.
2. Various forms of anemia and severe hemorrhage will
produce a decreased red blood cell percentage.
PART C
3.
2. Iron-deficiency anemia, lack of certain amino acids or
vitamin B12, pregnancy, severe hemorrhage, excessive
menstrual flow, or excessive fluid intake may cause a
decreased hemoglobin content.
PART D
3.
2. Anemia, leukemia, and severe hemorrhage may cause
a decreased red blood cell count.
PART E
3.
2. Aplastic anemia and adverse drug reactions may cause
a decreased white blood cell count.
Polycythemia, due to dehydration, shock, or excessive

production of red blood cells, will produce an increased
percentage of red blood cells.
Polycythemia, obstructive pulmonary diseases, congestive heart

failure, and living at high altitudes may cause an increased
hemoglobin content.
Severe dehydration, diarrhea, exercise, living at high altitudes,

rise in temperature, or polycythemia may cause an increased red
blood cell count.
Acute infections, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and

menstruation may cause an increased white blood cell count.

RBC percentage (hematocrit), hemoglobin, and RBC count are all blood tests that could indicate anemia.
44
BLOOD TYPING
Warning
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood-testing is preformed in
the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood-typing kits, containing virus-free human blood, be used for ABO
blood typing. The instructor may wish to demonstrate Rh blood typing. Simulated blood-typing kits are suggested as a substitute
for collected blood.

The anti-A serum would contain anti-A antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type A blood. The anti-B serum
would contain anti-B antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type B blood.
PART A
1. Red blood cell membranes
2. Four
3. A
4. B
5.
6.
7.
8.
PART B
2-5. Answers will vary.
PART C
1. Rhesus monkey
2. Antigen D
3. Rh-negative
4.
5.
6.
PART D
1. (demonstration results)
2-5. Answers will vary.
Anti-B
Anti-A
AB
O
Rh-negative
Clump (agglutinate)
Rh-positive
45
HEART STRUCTURE
1. You may want to have the students use colored
3.
pencils to color the features of the heart and blood
vessels in figure 40.3. This activity should help them
observe the illustrations more carefully and locate the 4.
various features shown from different views in the
figures. They can check their work by referring to the
corresponding figures in the textbook, which are
presented in full color.
2. Instead of using preserved sheep hearts, you might
want to provide fresh pig hearts for dissection.
To reduce the cost of specimens used, you might provide

predissected, preserved sheep hearts for observation and
save the specimens for use with other classes.
Fresh beef hearts are sometimes available from meat-packing
houses. You might want to demonstrate the dissection of this
large heart. Try to make sure that the atria and large blood
vessels are left attached for this purpose.
Figure Labels
FIG. 40.1
1. Aorta
2. Superior vena cava
3. Right atrium
4. Right coronary artery
5. Right ventricle
6. Inferior vena cava
FIG. 40.2
1. Aorta
2. Left pulmonary artery
3. Left pulmonary veins
4. Left atrium
5. Left ventricle
FIG. 40.3
1. Aorta
3. Aortic valve
4. Right atrium
5. Tricuspid valve
6. Chordae tendineae
8. Left pulmonary artery
9. Pulmonary trunk
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Pulmonary trunk (artery)

Left atrium
Left coronary artery
Great cardiac vein
Left ventricle
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Apex
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Left pulmonary veins

Left atrium
Pulmonary valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
e
g
i
b
c
a
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Interventricular septum
Left atrium
Mitral (biscupid) valve
Left ventricle
Apex

PART A
1. h
2. l
3. j
4. f
5. k
6. d
PART B (FIG. 40.6)
2. Aorta
3. Right atrium
4. Aortic valve
5. Tricuspid valve
6. Right ventricle
46
PART C
1. The tricuspid valve is composed of three relatively
4.
large cusps that contain chordae tendineae; the
pulmonary valve is made up of three smaller pocketlike cusps that lack chordae tendineae.
2. The cusps of the tricuspid valve move upward into a
horizontal position and close the opening between the 5.
right atrium and the right ventricle.
3. The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent the
cusps of the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves from
swinging into the atria when the ventricles contract.
The thicker wall of the aorta allows it to withstand the

higher pressure of the blood pumped out from the left
ventricle. The thinner wall of the pulmonary trunk (artery)
is related to the lower pressure of the blood that leaves the
right ventricle.
Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle,
pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary artery, capillary
of the lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral (bicuspid)
valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.

The thicker wall of the left ventricle allows it to contract with greater force and create the high pressure needed to move blood to
all parts of the body (systemic circuit) except the lungs. The thinner wall of the right ventricle creates the lower pressure needed
to move blood a relatively short distance to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
47
CARDIAC CYCLE
PART A
1. Systole
2. Diastole
3. Closed
4. Open
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ventricles
A-V valves
Pulmonary and aortic valves (semilunar valves)
Murmur
PART B
2.
7.
8.
9.
Ventricles
Ventricles
Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time that the
ventricular fibers depolarize. The QRS complex indicating
ventricular depolarization obscures any recording of the atrial
repolarization.
5.
Because each QRS wave in the pattern indicates a ventricular

contraction, the heart rate can be determined by counting the
QRS waves that occur in a minute.
PART C
1. S-A (sinoatrial; sinu-atrial)
2. A-V (atrioventricular)
3. A-V bundle (bundle of His)
4. Purkinje fibers
5. Electrocardiogram
6. Atria
PART D
1. (labeled ECG recordings)
3. Normal is 0.12-0.20 sec.
4. The P-Q (P-R) interval indicates the time it takes
for the atria to depolarize and the cardiac impulse
to reach the A-V node.
6.
Critical Thinking Application Answer

36
48
BLOOD VESSELS
If live frogs are not available for the microscopic observation of blood vessels, you might want to provide small goldfish. The
head of a fish can be wrapped loosely in wet cotton to keep its gills moist, and the fish can be placed on a glass plate on the stage
of a microscope. If its tail is spread out beneath the microscope slide, the blood vessels can be observed with low- and highpower magnification. However, if the fish is not returned to water within a few minutes, it will likely die.
Figure Labels
FIG. 42.1
1. Tunica interna
2. Tunica media
FIG. 42.2
1
4
3.
Tunica externa
3
2

PART A
1. Endothelium
2. Tunica media (middle layer)
3. Tunica externa (outer layer)
4. Smooth muscle
5. Capillaries
6. Barrier
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Sphincters
Diffusion
Hydrostatic
Osmotic
Lymphatic
Valves
3.
The tunica interna and tunica externa are similar in the artery
and vein. The tunica media of the artery contains relatively
greater amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue than that of
the vein.

Because arteries are under higher pressure than veins, the thicker arterial walls help to maintain the strength and elasticity
necessary against their walls.
PART C
1. The blood in an arteriole moves with a pulsating
3.
rapid flow, whereas that in a venule moves with a
steady slower flow.
4.
2. A capillary could be identified by its small diameter
and the presence of blood cells moving in single file.
Blood moves fastest in arterioles, somewhat slower in venules,

and slowest in capillaries.
If noted, the flow from an arteriole into a capillary will change
from continuous flow to an interrupted flow and may cease flow
for brief periods of time. This irregular flow into the capillary is
a result of changes caused by the precapillary sphincter.
49
PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
The following suggestions should be considered when trying to obtain an accurate blood pressure:
1.
2.
3.
The room environment should have a moderate temperature and be quiet (no talking).
The client needs to be relaxed and comfortable. A temporary increase in blood pressure could exist from smoking, pain,
anxiety, or a full urinary bladder.
Palpate the pulse first so that you are certain to pump the cuff high enough to not miss the first tapping sound. It also assures
that you do not pump the cuff so high that we alter the blood pressure when releasing air.

PART A
1. Systolic
2. Diastolic
3. Heart
4. Pressure
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sphygmomanometer
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
Systolic
Brachial
PART B
1. (test results)
2.
Answers will vary.
PART C
1. (test results)
2. (test results)
3.
4.
Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

A palpated pulse would be characteristic of the systolic pressure as the arterial wall is expanding at that moment under the higher
pressure.
50
ARTERIES AND VEINS
Figure Labels
FIG. 44.1
2. Pulmonary trunk
4.
5.
6.
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Aorta

The left ventricle wall is thicker which provides a more powerful contraction to force the blood through the longer distance of the
systemic circuit.
FIG. 44.2
1. Right common carotid artery
2. Right subclavian artery
3. Brachiocephalic artery
4. Aortic arch
5. Aorta
6. Renal artery
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Right common iliac artery

Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Coronary artery
Abdominal aorta
FIG. 44.3
1. Superficial temporal artery
2. Internal carotid artery
3. External carotid artery
4. Vertebral artery
5.
6.
7.
8.
Subclavian artery
Facial artery
Common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery
FIG. 44.4
1. Subclavian artery
2. Axillary artery
3. Deep brachial artery
4.
5.
6.
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
FIG. 44.5
1. Common iliac artery
2. External iliac artery
3. Deep femoral artery
4. Popiteal artery
5. Abdominal aorta
6.
7.
8.
9.
Internal iliac artery

Femoral artery
Anterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
FIG. 44.6
1. External jugular vein
2. Subclavian vein
3. Internal jugular vein
4.
5.
Vertebral vein
Brachiocephalic vein
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brachiocephalic veins
Subclavian vein
Superior vena cava
Azygos vein
FIG. 44.8
1. Subclavian vein
2. Right brachiocephalic vein
3. Axillary vein
4. Cephalic vein
5. Basilic vein
6.
7.
8.
9.
Brachial vein
Median cubital vein (antecubital vein)
Radial vein
Ulnar vein
FIG. 44.9
1. Hepatic portal vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein
3. Gastric vein (right)
4.
5.
Splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
FIG. 44.7
2. Axillary vein
3. Cephalic vein
51
FIG. 44.10
1. Common iliac vein
2. External iliac vein
3. Interior vena cava
4. Internal iliac vein
5.
6.
7.
8.
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Anterior tibial vein
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
k
h
e
f
l
i
5.
6.
7.
Brachial artery
External iliac artery
Left and right pulmonary arteries
PART C
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. e
5.
6.
7.
8.
h
c
g
f
PART D
1. Right brachiocephalic vein
2. Popliteal vein
3. Common iliac vein
4. Basilic vein
5.
6.
7.
8.
Femoral vein
Hepatic portal vein
Pulmonary veins
Renal vein
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Subclavian vein
Pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Common iliac vein
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery

PART A
1. d
2. j
3. b
4. a
5. g
6. c
PART B
1. Right subclavian artery
2. Aortic arch
3. Superior mesenteric artery
4. Right common carotid artery
PART E (FIG. 44.11)

1. Common carotid artery
2. Brachiocephalic vein
4. Femoral vein
5. Great saphenous vein
8. Subclavian artery
52
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PART A
1. The parietal pericardium forms a relatively thick, tough sac that encloses the heart. It is attached to the large blood vessels at
the base of the heart and to the diaphragm.
2. The walls of the atria are much thinner than those of the ventricles. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of
the right ventricle.
3. Wall thickness is related to the force of its contraction and the amount of pressure it imparts to the blood inside a heart
chamber. The left ventricle has the thickest wall, contracts with the greatest force, and creates the greatest amount of blood
pressure in the heart chambers. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circuit.
4. In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left common carotid
artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the fetal pig, both common carotid arteries branch from the brachiocephalic
artery.
5. In the human, the aorta divides to form the two common iliac arteries, which in turn give rise to external and internal iliac
arteries. In the fetal pig, the aorta divides to form the external iliac arteries, and the internal iliac arteries branch from the
aorta independently. (The umbilical arteries originate from the internal iliac arteries.)
PART B
1. In the human, the internal jugular vein is somewhat larger than the external jugular vein. In the fetal pig, the external jugular
vein and the internal jugular vein are a similar size.

Fetal lungs are nonfunctional until birth. The oxygen originates from the mothers breathing, and this oxygen enters fetal
circulation at the placenta. The umbilical vein which is returning blood from the placenta is rich in oxygen until birth.
53
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 46.1
6
3
2
4
8
1
5
7
FIG. 46.2
1
2
4
6
3
5

PART A
1. Capillaries
2. Squamous
3. Lymph
PART B
1. Lymphocytes
2. Hilum
3. Nodules
4. Sinuses
5. Afferent
PART C
1. Mediastinum
2. Thymosins
3. Spleen
4. Hilum
4.
5.
6.
Valves
Lymph nodes
Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tonsils
Peyers patches
Scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx
Inguinal
5.
6.
7.
8.
Blood
White pulp
Red pulp
Macrophages
PART D
(sketches)
54
DIGESTIVE ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 47.1
1. Lip
2. Hard palate
3. Soft palate
4. Uvula
5.
6.
7.
Palatine tonsil
Tongue
Vestibule
FIG. 47.2
1. Parotid gland
2. Masseter muscle
3. Tongue
4.
5.
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
FIG. 47.3
1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Root
4.
5.
6.
Crown
Gingiva
Root canal
FIG. 47.5
1. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
2. Opening of auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
3. Nasopharynx
4. Palatine tonsils
5.
6.
7.
8.
Oropharynx
Lingual tonsils
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
FIG. 47.7
1. Esophagus
2. Rugae
3. Pyloric sphincter
4. Duodenum
5. Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
6.
7.
8.
9.
Fundic region
Cardiac region
Body region
Pyloric region
FIG. 47.8
4
2
5
6
1
3
7
FIG. 47.10
1. Cystic duct
2. Gallbladder
3. Duodenum
4. Hepatic duct (common)
5.
6.
7.
FIG. 47.11
10
1
3
7
2
Common bile duct

Pancreatic duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
6
9
8
5
4

The small intestine, which is much longer than the large intestine and contains villi, provides more surface area for absorption
than the large intestine.
55

PART A
1. c
2. j
3. f
4.
5.
6.
a
h
k
PART B
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
4. Nasopharynx
PART C
1. Cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions
2. Pyloric sphincter
3. Chief cells
4. Parietal cells
5. Pepsin
6. Gastrin
PART D
1. d
2. b
3. e
4.
5.
6.
a
f
i
7.
8.
9.
i
d
l
10. e
11. a
12. b
5.
6.
7.
Trachea
Mucus
The esophagus provides a passageway for food from the
pharynx to the stomach.
7.
8.
Chyme
The stomach receives food from the esophagus, mixes it with
gastric juice, initiates the digestion of protein, does limited
amount of absorption, and moves food (chyme) into the small
intestine.
7.
8.
9.
c
h
g
6.
7.
8.
Ileocecal sphincter (valve)

Vermiform appendix
The small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and
liver, completes digestion of nutrients, absorbs the products of
digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms
and stores feces.
PART E
(sketch)
PART F
1. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
2. A mesentery supports and suspends organs. It
contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
that supply the organs.
3. Lacteal
4. Peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase,
enterokinase
5. Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon,
sigmoid colon
9.
56
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PART A
1. The major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) in the human and the pig occupy similar locations.
2. The jaw of the baby pig has six incisors, two canines, eight premolars, and zero molars; the jaw of the human child has four
incisors, two canines, zero premolars, and four molars.
3. The pigs canine teeth are adapted for an omnivorous diet as in humans. The pig has larger canine teeth than in the human
that aid in grasping food.
4. The uvula is missing in the pig.
5. The transverse ridges help to hold food.
6. Many papillae are near the tip and base of the tongue in the pig. The papillae are sensory and function in food manipulation.
PART B
1. The peritoneum is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Double-layered folds in
this membrane form the mesentery that supports the abdominal organs.
2. The inner lining of the stomach is folded to form many ridges called rugae.
3. The pigs liver has five lobes; the human liver has four.
4. The pigs large intestine is on the left side and is composed of a predominant spiral colon. The human large intestine has an
ascending colon on the right side which is connected to a descending colon on the left side by a transverse colon.
5. The appendix is missing in the pig.
57
ACTION OF A DIGESTIVE ENZYME
For this experiment to work, it is very important to obtain amylase that is free of sugar. Some of the amylase sold by laboratory
suppliers in 2005 contained sugar, as can be determined by the control in tube 1 of this experiment. Wards Natural Science does
handle amylase (alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis; catalog #944W4602) that is free of sugar, and several other companies
plan to add this product to their catalogs. If in doubt, call the supply company and consult with a person in technical support.
Keep any of the unused amylase frozen.
PART A
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
1
(varies)
2.
a. Testing the amylase solution for the presence of starch and sugar demonstrates the negative results of the tests.
b. Tube 2 demonstrates that starch will not change to sugar when warmed to 37C (98.6F).
c. The change of starch to sugar is a result of the action of the amylase in tube 3.
PART B
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube
Starch
Sugar
4
(varies)
(varies)
2.
a. Amylase is slow to act or inactive in low temperature and high temperature. Its optimum temperature is near 37C
(98.6F).
b. The tubes in which digestion failed to occur could be placed in the 37C (98.6F) water bath. If digestion occurred at this
temperature, the enzyme was not destroyed by the previous treatment.

The test would show a positive result for sugar. The experiment would not be valid as it would not show a change from starch to
sugar when sugar is already present. (Note: some amylase sold is contaminated with sugar.)
58
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
Figure Labels
FIG. 50.1
1. Nostril (external naris)
2. Oral cavity
3. Epiglottis
4. Larynx
5. Right primary bronchus
6. Right lung
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Left lung
FIG. 50.2
1. Frontal sinus
2. Nostril (external naris)
3. Auditory (Eustachian) tube opening
4. Uvula
5. Palatine tonsil
6. Epiglottis
7. Trachea
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Superior nasal concha

Middle nasal concha
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
FIG. 50.3
1. Epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage)
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
4.
5.
6.
Epiglottis (epiglottic cartilage)

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
FIG. 50.4
1. Epiglottis
2. Glottis
3.
4.
False vocal cord (vestibular fold)

True vocal cord (vocal fold)
7.
8.
9.
j
f
g

PART A
1. h
2. b
3. i
4.
5.
6.
a
e
d
10. c
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
1. The sticky mucus is secreted into the upper and
3.
lower respiratory tract, which will trap particles of
dust and microorganisms.
2. The cilia create a current of mucus toward the pharynx.
The mucus contains entrapped particles that are usually
swallowed.
If the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree relaxes, the air

passages dilate, which allows a greater volume of air movement.

The simple squamous epithelial cells allow for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the alveolar
air.
59
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Fetal lung tissue lacks residual air because the lungs have never inflated which occurs during the first breath. Therefore, fetal
lung tissue is more dense than water and will sink. Lung tissue with any residual air in it will float when placed in water.
1. The auditory tube allows air to pass between the cavity of the middle ear and the outside environment. As a result, air
pressure normally remains equal on both sides of the eardrum.
2. The glottis is the opening of the superior (anterior in pigs) end of the larynx. The epiglottis is a flap-like structure that shunts
food and liquid away from the glottis during swallowing.
3. The tracheal rings are incomplete as they are in the human.
4. The pig has three lobes in the left lung and four lobes in the right lung. The human has three lobes in the right lung and two
in the left.
5. The diaphragm is attached to the lower rim of the thorax and to a central tendon.
6. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are found in the mediastinum. These are the same major structures found in
the human mediastinum.
60
BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY VOLUME AND CAPACITIES

Aging results in some natural loss of elasticity of the lungs as well as the muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) used in
breathing. This can be measured by a vital capacity test.
PART A
1. Phrenic
2. Increases
3. External intercostal
4. Visceral pleura
PART B
1. a
2. g
3.
4.
e
f
5.
6.
7.
Surfactant
Internal intercostal
Contracts
5.
6.
d
h
PART C
1. (experimental results).
2. a. Answers will vary.
b. Answers will vary.
c. A measurement of residual volume is needed.
61
7.
8.
c
b
CONTROL OF BREATHING
PART A
1. Pons
2. Dorsal
3. Ventral
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Increases
6.
7.
8.
9.
Carbon dioxide
Bicarbonate ions
Reduced
Increased
PART B
2. a. Hyperventilation lowers blood carbon dioxide levels, and the breathing center is stimulated to a lesser degree.
b. Air that is rebreathed has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide, and thus the breathing center is stimulated to a greater
degree.
c. Breath holding causes the blood carbon dioxide concentration to increase, stimulating the breathing center to a greater
degree.
d. Exercise causes an increase in the breathing rate. This is due in part to the joint reflex and in part to an increasing
concentration of blood carbon dioxide.
3. a. It is difficult for a person to breathe normally while thinking about it.
b. Depth of breath can be measured by breathing into an instrument that measures air volumes.

A person who has hyperventilated may lose consciousness under water because of changes in the blood carbon dioxide and
oxygen levels causing respiratory alkalosis. This is accompanied by arteriole vasoconstriction to the brain, which deprives the
brain tissue of oxygen. Hyperventilation has a minimal influence on oxygen carrying capacity on the hemoglobin which is
normally nearly saturated (about 97.5%) in lung capillaries. However, hyperventilation can decrease the carbon dioxide enough
during breath-holding that depleted oxygen to the brain could cause unconsciousness. This loss of consciousness could occur
before the urge to take the next breath takes place.
62
KIDNEY STRUCTURE
Figure Labels
FIG. 54.1
1. Kidney
2. Ureter
3.
4.
Urinary bladder
Urethra
FIG. 54.2
1. Minor calyx
2. Major calyx
3. Renal pelvis
4. Renal papilla
5. Ureter
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Renal pyramid
Renal column
Renal capsule
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Interlobular vein
Afferent arteriole
Distal convoluted tubule
Peritubular capillary
Collecting duct
6.
7.
8.
9.
c
d
g
b
FIG. 54.4
1. Glomerular capsule
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3. Glomerulus
4. Efferent arteriole
5. Descending limb of the nephron loop
6. Ascending limb of the nephron loop
PART A
1. e
2. a
3. h
4. f
5. i
PART B
1. A renal corpuscle is the cluster of capillaries (glomerulus) and the saclike structure (glomerular capsule) that surrounds it; a
renal tubule is the coiled tube that leads away from the glomerular capsule and empties into a collecting duct.
2. 3 5 2 4 1 6
3. 1 3 2 4 5
4. Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arteriole. Because the afferent
vessel has a somewhat greater diameter than the efferent one, blood pressure is increased in the glomerulus.
5. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure composed of densely packed epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule, and
smooth muscle cells within the walls between afferent and efferent arterioles, near the glomerulus. It regulates the flow of
blood through certain renal blood vessels and the secretion of renin.
PART C
(sketch)
PART D
(sketch)
63
URINALYSIS
Because most students urine will produce negative results for glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and hemoglobin, you may
want to provide samples of artificial urine (distilled water that contains weak concentrations of some of these substances). By
performing the urinalysis test on such samples, students will be able to obtain some positive results. Normal and abnormal
simulated urine specimens are suggested as a substitute for collected urine.
PART A
1. (test results)

If urine is not refrigerated, substances within it will begin to change as a result of bacterial action, and the composition of the
urine will be altered.
PART B
1. (sketch)
64
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: URINARY SYSTEM
1. In the human, the left kidney is usually higher than the right one; in the pig, the kidneys are at similar positions on both
sides. In both cases, the kidneys are retroperitoneal.
2. In the human, the adrenal glands are located on the superior ends of the kidneys; in the fetal pig, the adrenal glands are
located anteriorly and medially to the kidneys.
3. During fetal development the allantoic bladder eliminates wastes via the allantoic stalk. As a result, the mother eliminates
the metabolic wastes for the fetus until birth.
4. The wall of the urinary bladder is relatively thick, tough, and somewhat elastic. Its inner surface is irregular.
5. The termination of the urethra of a female pig is the urogenital sinus a short distance from the urogenital orifice. The human
urethra has its own external opening, the external urethral orifice (urinary meatus), just anterior to the vaginal orifice.
65
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 57.1
1. Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
2. Urethra
3. Penis
4. Glans penis
5. Prepuce
6. Testis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Scrotum
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Epididymis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
23
Acrosome
Epididymis
Alkaline
Glans penis
Ejaculation
FIG 57.2
6
1
4
3
7
5
2
PART A
1. Spermatic
2. Testosterone
3. Gubernaculum
4. Inguinal canal
5. Epididymis
6. Meiosis (spermatogenesis)
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. a. Sustentacular cells support, nourish, and regulate the spermatogenic cells.
b. Spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm cells by meiosis (spermatogenesis).
c. Interstitial cells produce and secrete male sex hormones.
d. The epididymis stores sperm cells while they mature and propels them into the ductus deferens.
e. The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum form three columns of erectile tissue that contain vascular spaces
(sinuses) that become engorged with blood during an erection. They also form most of the body of the penis.
66
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Figure Labels
FIG. 58.1
1. Uterine tube
2. Ovary
3. Uterus
4. Clitoris
5. Labium minus
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Labium majus
Vaginal orifice
Fimbriae
Cervix
Vagina
FIG. 58.2
1. Clitoris
2. Urethral orifice (meatus)
3. Vaginal orifice
4. Mons pubis
5.
6.
7.
8.
Labium majus
Labium minus
Perineum
Anus
FIG. 58.3
5
10
9
4
3
8
1
2
7
6
FIG. 58.4
1. Areola
2. Nipple
3. Lacriferous duct
4. Alveolar glands (mammary glands)
5. Adipose tissue
PART A
1. Pelvic
2. Broad
3. Oogenesis
4. Follicular
5. First polar body
6. Ovulation
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Infundibulum
Cervix
Endometrium
Smooth muscle
Hymen
Mons pubis
PART B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. (sketch)
5. a. A mature follicle swells and ruptures under the influence of certain hormones. As this happens, the secondary oocyte
(egg cell) and follicular fluid escape from the ovary.
b. The cilia that line the uterine tube beat toward the uterus and help draw the secondary oocyte into the infundibulum of the
tube and continue to move it toward the uterus.
c. The uterine lining thickens and then it becomes glandular and vascular. If fertilization does not occur, the lining
disintegrates and sloughs away, creating the menstrual flow.
67
FETAL PIG DISSECTION: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
PART A
1. The fetal pig uterine tubes are small, coiled tubes near the ovaries that travel relatively short distances to join the uterine
horns. The human uterine tubes are much larger and longer, traveling from the region of the ovaries to the uterine body.
2. The human uterus contains a single chamber in which the offspring develop. The fetal pig uterus is Y-shaped with branches,
forming right and left uterine horns.
3. The uterine horns of the fetal pig provide room for many offspring to develop at one time.
4. In the fetal pig, the vagina and urethra open into a common urogenital sinus; in the human each of these organs has a
separate opening to the outside.
PART B
1. The ovaries and testes are homologous structures that originate near the dorsal abdominal wall posterior to the kidneys. In
the male fetus, the testes migrate through the inguinal canal by means of the gubernaculum until they reach the scrotum
which provides an environment better for spermatogenesis and sperm storage. Because fetal pigs were not full term
(gestation), the testes are located at some point within the inguinal canal.
2. In the fetal pig, the bulbourethral glands are large along the urethra near the proximal end of the penis; in the human, the
bulbourethral glands are the smallest of the accessory glands located also along the urethra near the proximal end of the
penis.
3. The prepuce of the fetal pig encloses the entire penis for protection. In the human, the prepuce or foreskin is vestigial and
only covers the glans of the penis. A circumcision is commonly performed on humans to remove the prepuce for sanitation
and other reasons.
68
FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions can be obtained from ripe sea urchins. The Sea Urchin Embryology Kit from Carolina
Biological Supply Company is one source of these materials.
Figure Labels
FIG. 60.1
1. Ovulation
2. Zygote
3.
4.
Morula (late)
Blastocyst

PART A
1. Oocyte (egg cell)
2
Acrosome
3. Zygote
4.
5.
6.
Mitosis
Cleavage
Cilia
7.
8.
9.
Blastocyst
Embryo
Fetus
4.
5.
6.
f
d
b
7.
PART B
(sketches)
PART C
(sketches)
PART D
1. e
2. a
3. g
PART E
1. Amnion
2. Umbilical arteries
3. Amniochorionic membrane
4. Yolk sac
5. Allantois
6. Eighth
7. Embryonic
8. Amniotic
69
GENETICS
PART A
2. (experimental results); Answers will vary.
PART B
1. Probability: 10/20 heads; 10/20 tails
2. Probability: 8/24 number below 3
3. Probability: 8/32 of two heads; 16/32 of a heads and a tails; 8/32 of two tails
4. Probability: 8/32 of two odd numbers; 16/32 of an odd and an even number; 8/32 of two even numbers
5. O = odd numbers
E = even numbers
6.
O
OO
E
OE
OE
EE
a. Yes
The results are closer to expected probabilities as trial numbers increase.
b. No
Each toss of a coin is an independent event.
c. or 50%
Each fertilization is a separate independent event.
d. 1/16
Each fertilization has the probability of for a girl. Therefore, the chances are = 1/16
PART C
1. a. Rr x rr
b and c.
2.
3.
R
Rr
r
rr
Rr
rr
d. Genotypes: 50% Rr; 50% rr (1:1 genotypic ratio)

Phenotypes: 50% tongue rollers; 50% nonrollers (1:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. Ff x Ff
b and c.
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
d. Genotypes: 25% FF; 50% Ff; 25% ff (1:2:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 75% freckles; 25% no freckles (3:1 phenotypic ratio)
a. IBi x IAIA
b and c.
IB
i
IA
IA
IAIB
IAIB
IA i
IAi
d. Genotypes: 50% IAIB; 50% IAi (1:1 genotypic ratio)

Phenotypes: 50% AB; 50% A (1:1 phenotypic ratio)
70
4.
a. 1Ai x IBi
b and c.
B
I
i
5.
IA
A B
IBi
ii
I I
IAi
d. Genotypes: 25% IAIB; 25% IAi, 25% IBi, 25% ii (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 25% AB; 25% A; 25% B; 25% O (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
a. XHXh x XHY
b and c.
XH
Xh
H
H
H
X
X X
XHXh
Y
XHY
Xh Y
d. Genotypes: 25% XHXH; 25% XHXh; 25% XHY; 25% XhY (1:1:1:1 genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 50% normal females; 25% normal males; 25% males with hemophilia (2:1:1 phenotypic ratio). Note that all
females will have normal blood clotting.

1. WwEe x WwEe
2-3.
WE
We
wE
we
WE
WWEE WWEe WwEE WwEe
We
WWEe WWee
WwEe
Wwee
wE
WwEE WwEe
wwEE
wwEe
we
WwEe
Wwee
wwEe
wwee
4.
Genotypes 1 WWEE; 2 WWEe; 2 WwEE; 4 WwEe; 1 WWee; 2 Wwee; 1 wwEE; 2 wwEe; 1 wwee (1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
genotypic ratio)
Phenotypes: 9 widows peak, free earlobe; 3 widows peak, attached earlobe; 3 straight hairline, free earlobe; 1 straight
hairline, attached earlobe (9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio)
71
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
PART A
1. h
2. a
3. c
4. i
5. b
6.
7.
8.
9.
f
g
d
e
PART B

Probably not; differences in electrolyte concentrations and various other factors would probably result in slightly different values.
PART C
1. (Attached myogram)
2. (Labels for myogram)
3.
Answers will vary.
PART D
1. (Attached myogram)
2. (Labels for myogram)
72
NERVE IMPULSE STIMULATION
PART A
1. Potassium
2. Sodium
3. Potassium
4. Resting
5. Summation
6. Depolarization
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Refratory
Lipid
Schwann cells
Saltatory
Faster
PART B
73
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CARDIAC CYCLE
PART A
1. Pump the blood to the lungs and body cells
2. S-A node
3. Vagus
4. Acetylcholine
5. Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
PART B
1. The atria contract as a unit followed by the
contraction of the ventricle (single in frogs)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Medulla oblongata
Blood pressure (stretch)
Sympathetic (accelerator)
Increase
Potassium (K+)
4.
The S-A node activity at room temperature is slower than the

human resting heart rate. Colder temperatures slow the rate;
warmer temperatures increase the rate.
PART C
1. The force (amplitude) of the contractions normally
2.
increases as calcium ions help initiate muscle
contractions. There is danger of prolonged contraction.
Normally the rate and force of contractions decrease by altering

the usual polarized state of cardiac muscle cells. Excessive
potassium ions may result in cardiac arrest.

This will allow the ionization to occur providing K+ and Ca++ when in a solution of water.
74
APPENDIX 1: MATERIALS NEEDED

This is a composite list of materials needed for the entire lab manual. The amount or number of each item will depend upon the
laboratory size and the number of students working as a group. The laboratory manual lists the materials needed at the beginning
of each lab, as some of these materials might not be needed if certain labs, demonstrations, or learning extensions are not
attempted. Items indicated with an (*) are either demonstration, learning extension, or alternative materials.
Prepared Microscope Slides
Three colored threads
Mitosis (whitefish blastula)
Human chromosomes from leukocytes in mitosis*
Simple squamous epithelium (lung)
Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney)
Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium (trachea)
Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus)
Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone tissue
Blood smear (Wrights stain)
Skeletal muscle tissue (cross section and longitudinal section)
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Nervous tissue (spinal cord smear and cerebellum)
Human scalp or axilla
Heavily pigmented human skin*
Thick skin (plantar or palmar)
Tattoo*
Dorsal root ganglion (section)
Neuroglial cells (astrocytes)
Peripheral nerve (cross section and longitudinal section)
Spinal cord cross section with spinal nerve roots
Cochlea (section)*
Tactile (Meissners) corpuscle*
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle*
Olfactory epithelium*
Taste buds*
Semicircular canal (cross section through ampulla)*

Mammalian eye (sagittal section)
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas (normal)
Pancreas of diabetic*
Pathological blood, such as eosinophilia, leukocytosis,
leukopenia, and lymphocytosis*
Artery cross section
Vein cross section
Lymph node section
Human thymus section
Human spleen section
Parotid gland (salivary gland)
Esophagus
Stomach (fundus)
Small intestine (jejunum)
Large intestine
Trachea (cross section)
Lung, human (normal)
Lung tissue (smoker)*
Lung tissue (emphysema)*
Kidney section
Testis section
Epididymis, cross section
Penis, cross section
Ovary section with maturing follicles
Uterine tube, cross section
Uterine wall section
Uterine wall, early proliferative phase*
Uterine wall, secretory phase*
Uterine wall, early menstrual phase*
Sea urchin embryos (early and late cleavage)
Apparatus/Supplies/Equipment
Safety equipment (first aid kit, disposable latex and vinyl gloves,
safety glasses, laboratory coats, and disinfectant solution)
Compound light microscopes
Micrometer scale on microscope*
Oil immersion objective on compound microscope*
Stereomicroscopes (dissecting microscopes)
Lens paper
Microscope slides
Depression microscope slides
Coverslips
Transparent plastic millimeter ruler
Medicine dropper
Dissecting needle (needle probe)
Toothpicks (flat)
Single-edged razor blade*
Petri dish
Forceps
Thistle tube
Molasses (or Karo dark corn syrup)
Bone shears
Glass rod
Glass plate
Bunsen burner
Marking pen (washable)
Forceps (fine points)
Blunt metal probes
Watch that ticks
Tuning fork (128 or 256 cps)
Sterile cotton
Meterstick
Audiometer*
Ophtalmoscope*
Snellen eye chart
3 x 5 cards
Astigmatism chart
Pen flashlight
Ichikawas color plates or other colorblindness test
Small fish net
75
Dialysis tubing of 1 5/16-inch diameter or greater

Ring stand and clamp
Beakers (assorted sizes)
Rubber bands
Corn syrup (Karo)*
Laboratory balance*
Spoon*
Test tubes
Marking pen
Test-tube rack
Graduated cylinder (10 mL)
Glass funnel
Filter paper
Hand magnifier
Radiographs of skeletal structures and joints*
Kymograph recording system
Electronic stimulator (or inductorium)
Physiograph
Myograph and stand
Heavy thread
Rubber percussion hammer
Anatomical charts of various systems
Dissection instruments (scalpel, probe, scissors, and forceps)
Dissecting trays
Long knife
Identification tags
Large plastic bags
Lead selector switch
Paper towels
Frog board
Dissecting pins
Thread
Masking tape
Ice
Hot plate
Clock with second hand or timer
Sphygmomanometer
Pulse pickup transducer or plethysmogram*
Physiological recording appartus*
Test-tube clamps
Wax marker
Porcelain test plate
Pipets (1 mL and 10 mL)
Pipet rubber bulbs
Spirometer, handheld (dry portable)
Disposable mouthpieces for the spirometer
Paper bags, small
Flasks*
PTC paper
Laboratory thermometer
Cotton swabs (sterile; disposable)
Paper cups (small)
Swivel chair
Bright light
Sterile disposable blood lancets*
Slide staining rack and tray*
Heparinized microhematocrit capillary tube*
Sealing clay (or Critocaps)*
Microhematocrit centrifuge*
Microhematocrit reader*
Hemoglobinometer*
Hemolysis applicator*
Hemocytometer*
Unopette system (Becton Dickinson) for counting red
blood cells* (see Appendix 2 for a supplier of
Unopette systems)
Unopette system (Becton Dickenson) for counting white
blood cells* (see Appendix 2 for a supplier of
Unopette systems)
Hand counter (tally)*
ABO blood-typing kit
Anti-D serum*
Slide warming box (Rh blood-typing box or view box)*
Electrocardiograph (or other instrument for recording an
ECG)
Stethoscope
Cot or table
Electrode cream (paste)
Plate electrodes and cables
Glass tubing*
Rubber tubing*
Rubber stoppers, two-hole*
Pneumograph*
Disposable urine-collecting container
Urinometer cylinder
Urinometer hydrometer
pH test paper
Reagent strips (individual or combination) to test for the
presence of glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and
hemoglobin/occult blood in the urine
Centrifuge
Centrifuge tubes
Normal and abnormal simulated urine specimens*
Paper cups
Vaseline*
Pennies (or other coins)
Dice
Syringe for U-100 insulin
Models/Skeletons
Dissectible human torso model with musculature
Animal cell
Animal mitosis
Human long bone, sectioned longitudinally
Articulated human skeleton
Disarticulated human skull (Beauchene)
Human skull, sagittal section
Fetal skull*
Disarticulated human skeleton
Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar examples)
Male and female pelves*
Synovial joints (shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee)
Skeletal muscle fiber model
Muscular model of the upper limb
Muscular model of the lower limb
Neuron
Spinal cord
Dissectible human brain
Dissectible ear
Dissectible eye
Dissectible human heart
Teeth, sectioned
Tooth model, sectioned
Larynx model
Thoracic organs model
Kidney model
Model of male reproductive system
Model of female reproductive system
Lung function model*
Models of human embryos
76
Muscular models of male and female pelves

Preserved Materials
Spinal cord with meninges intact*
Human brain
Sheep brains
Beef or sheep eyes
Sheep or other mammalian hearts
Pig or sheep kidneys

Animal lung with trachea*
Fetal pigs
Mammalian embryos*
Living Specimens/Fresh Material

Amoeba culture*
Paramecium culture*
Plant materials such as leaves, soft stems, fruits, and vegetables*
Uncoagulated animal blood
Fresh chicken bones (radius and ulna from wings)*
Fresh chicken eggs*
Fish (small goldfish, guppy, or other)
Fresh animal bones, sectioned longitudinally and

transversely
Fresh round beefsteak*
Fresh animal joint (knee joint preferred)*
Frog
Sea urchin egg and sperm suspensions (these can be
obtained by using Sea Urchin Embryology Kits sold
by Carolina Biological Supply Company)
Chemicals, Reagents, and Biologicals

(This includes any ingredients needed to mix solutions described in Appendix 1 of the laboratory manual.)
Distilled water
Clear carbonated soft drink
Methylene blue (dilute)
Bacterial amylase powder (store in a freezer)
Iodine-potassium-iodide (IKI) stain
(see Appendix 2 for a supplier of amylase that is free
Potassium permanganate crystals
of sugar)
0.9% NaCl (aqueous solution)
Glucose
3% NaCl (aqueous solution)
Sodium chloride
Powdered charcoal (or ground pepper)
Cornstarch
1% glucose solution
Potassium iodide
10% glucose solution
Iodine
1% starch solution
95% ethyl alcohol
10% starch solution
Potassium hydroxide
1% HCl solution
Sodium bicarbonate
1% NaCl solution
Potassium chloride
2% Novocain solution (procaine hydrochloride)*
Calcium chloride
Benedicts solution
Stopper bottles of cinnamon, sage, garlic powder, oil of
Baking soda
clove, oil of wintergreen, and perfume
Biuret reagent
5% sucrose solution
Vinegar*
5% NaCl solution
Wrights stain*
1% acetic acid or lemon juice
70% alcohol
0.5% quinine sulfate solution or 0.1% Epsom salt solution
Frog Ringers solution
Epinephrine, 1:10,000 solution
0.5% amylase solution (must be free of sugar)
Acetylcholine, 1:10,000 solution
0.5% starch solution
Caffeine, 0.2% solution
Sedi-stain
Calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)*
Insulin (regular U-100) (HumulinR in 10 mL vialstore in
refrigerator)
77
APPENDIX 2: LABORATORY SUPPLIERS

This list is not complete, but it does contain well-established names recognized by most anatomy and physiology instructors.
Additional suppliers often advertise in scientific journals or have booths at scientific association meetings. Some of these
companies also have regional offices.
Bio Corporation
3911 Nevada Street
Alexandria, MN 56308
www.biologyproducts.com
Carolina Biological Supply Company
2700 York Road
Burlington, NC 27215
www.carolina.com
Connecticut Valley Biological Supply Co.
82 Valley Road; P.O. Box 326
Southampton, MA 01073
www.ctvalleybio.com
Cynmar Corporation
21709 Route 4 North
P.O. Box 530
Carlinville, IL 62626
www.cynmar.com
Fisher Scientific
U.S. Headquarters
2000 Park Lane
Pittsburgh, PA 15275
www.fisheredu.com
(Fisher Scientific is a supplier of Becton Dickenson Uopette blood counting systems. For cases of 200, the RBC Unopette system
catalog number is 13-680-23; the WBC Unopette system catalog number is 13-680-1.)
Flinn Scientific
P.O. Box 219
Batavia, IL 60510
www.flinnsci.com
Frey Scientific
100 Paragon Pkwy.
Mansfield, OH 44903
www.freyscientific.com
Nasco, Inc.
901 Janesville Ave.
Fort Atkinson, WI 53538
www.enasco.com
Nebraska Scientific
3823 Leavenworth St.
Omaha, NE 68105
www.nebraskascientific.com
Phipps and Bird/Intelitool
P.O. Box 7475
Richmond, VA 23221
www.phippsbird.com
Sargent-Welch Scientific Company
P.O. Box 4130
Buffalo, NY 14217
www.sargentwelch.com
78
Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories

777 East Park Drive
P.O. Box 5003
Tonawanda, NY 14150
www.sciencekit.com
The Scope Schoppe
113 Read St., P.O. Box 1208
Elburn, IL 60119
www.scopeshoppe.com
Wards Natural Science
5100 West Henrietta Road
P.O. Box 92912
Rochester, NY 14692
www.wardsci.com
(Wards Natural Science is a supplier of the enzyme amylase that is free of sugar. The catalog number is 944W4602.)
79
APPENDIX 3
Student Safety Rules Agreement

I have read all of the Laboratory Safety Guidelines inside the front cover of the laboratory
manual. I agree to follow these guidelines, and any additional safety guidelines included in the
individual labs, to insure my own personal safety as well as the safety of all persons in the
laboratory. I will inform my instructor of any safety violations and any health conditions changes
that might impact the safety of anyone in the laboratory. I have read, understood, and agree to the
safety rules.
Signature
Date
80
APPENDIX 4
Student Informed Consent Form

My participation in a particular lab that has any safety or privacy concerns is voluntary; I may
choose not to participate in that specific lab, and be required to do an alternative project. The
potential risks have been included in the laboratory manual and/or explained to me by my
instructor. My individual personal data will be confidential although a summary of class results
may be included in a review of the laboratory exercise. I have no known health condition that
would prohibit me from participating in this laboratory exercise.
Signature
Date
81

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Martini - Fetal Pig Lab 3E Instructors Manual

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Human Anatomy and Physiology - Martini - Fetal Pig Lab 3E Instructors Manual

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Instructors Manual

Instructors Manual to Accompany

Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology

General and Special Senses

Reproductive Systems and Development

Supplemental Frog Laboratory Exercises

Appendix 1: Materials Needed.................................................................................................................................................................. 75

CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK SYSTEMS AND

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Nerve Impulse Stimulation

Factors Affecting the Cardiac Cycle

SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Left hypochondriac region

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Laboratory Report Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Laboratory Report Answers

PART A (molecules and bonding)

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Light intensity is decreased when high-power objective is used.

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Answers will vary.

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of

Tube 1. There was a net movement of water into the cells.

Pore in the filter paper were too small.

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Major Events Occurring

Mitosis involves the division of the nuclear contents and the

PART D (FIG. 7.5a-d)

PART E (FIG. 7.5a-d)

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Melanin is found in the stratum basale.

It contains both elastic and collagenous fibers that give

Sebaceous glands are usually connected to hair

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a long bone.

The marrow of the medullary cavity of an adult is yellow, but

Medullary cavity (occupied by yellow marrow)

Critical Thinking Application Answers

PART D (FIG. 13.2)

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Palatine process of maxilla

PART E (FIGS. 14.7-14.11)

FIG. 15.2 a-b

Superior articular process

FIG. 15.3 a-c

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Laboratory Report Answers

Critical Thinking Application Answers

Laboratory Report Answers

PART C (FIGS. 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)

PART D (FIG. 16.10)

Coxa (hipbone; pelvic bone; innominate)