Industrial Research Limited Manual 77

Getting started with

SGUM
B. D. Hall

Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand

Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Version 0.96 (17 June 2010): replaces v0.95

Getting started with SGUM

B. D. Hall
Industrial Research Limited Manual 77

Summary
SGUM is an add-in for Microsoft Excel. It is a framework for developing data-processing
applications that carry out measurement uncertainty calculations. SGUM simplifies such
calculations by automating most of the computational steps involved.
This document explains how to install and upgrade SGUM. It also describes the examples in an
Excel workbook distributed with SGUM. SGUM comes with Help files that document the
specific use of the worksheet functions.
SGUM has been developed with Excel 97 and tested using Excel 97 and Excel 2002 (XP).
SGUM is free, but its use is subject to a license agreement. A copy of that license is given in
section 6.

Contents
1

Change History

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Version 0.96 (17 June 2010) . . . .

Version 0.95 (12 December 2009)
Version 0.94 (15 November 2008)
Version 0.93 (25 May 2007) . . . .
Version 0.9 (30 June 2006) . . . . .

Compatibility with recent Excel versions

Installation

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Distribution contents . . . . . . . . . . .
Unpacking the distribution archive . .
Activating the add-in . . . . . . . . . . .
Deactivating and removing the add-in
Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction

4.1

Uncertain number terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Examples

5.1

Uncertainty calculations from the Guide . . . . . . . . . .

5.1.1 End-gauge calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Reactance and impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some other SGUM features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Summing and systematic sources of uncertainty

5.2

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1 Change History
1.1 Version 0.96 (17 June 2010)
Fixed a problem where the degrees-of-freedom calculation would fail instead of returning an
infinity.
A note has been included regarding the compatibility of SGUM.xll with recent Excel
versions.

1.2 Version 0.95 (12 December 2009)

Improved the numerical stability of the degrees of freedom calculation. In previous versions,
when the magnitudes of standard uncertainties were all less than about 105 the
degrees-of-freedom calculation incorrectly returned an infinite number degrees of freedom.
The calculation can now handle magnitudes down to the numerical precision of the computer
(i.e. to about 1015 ).

1.3 Version 0.94 (15 November 2008)

Fixed a bug in the unMTranspose function.

1.4 Version 0.93 (25 May 2007)

More worksheet functions have been added in this version. In particular,
there is a collection of matrix functions, which operate on regions of uncertain
numbers cells as matrices
there is a function to check for error due non-linearity of the measurement function in a
particular problem
there is a function to solve implicit equations, of the form
F (x1 , , xl , , xn ) = 0 ,
where the value and uncertainty of xl is to be determined.

1.5 Version 0.9 (30 June 2006)

First beta release of the software.

License
Please note that use of this software is subject to a license agreement (see section 6).
If you do not agree to the terms of the license then you may not use the software.
Please contact us regarding any possible commercial use of the software. Enquiries can be
addressed to:
Dr. B. D. Hall,
Industrial Research Ltd.,
PO Box 31-310,
5040 Lower Hutt,
New Zealand.
tel.: +64 4 931 3198
fax.: +64 4 931 3194
email: b.hall@irl.cri.nz

2 Compatibility with recent Excel versions

SGUM.xll was developed to run on Excel versions prior to the release of Office 2007. It does
not take advantage of the new features that Microsoft introduced with Excel 2007. We believe
that spreadsheets developed using SGUM.xll on earlier Excel versions will still execute
correctly with Excel 2007. However, if you try to use new Excel features, SGUM.xll may not
work properly (so, for example, the add-in will probably not perform correctly if you try to
work with the much bigger worksheet sizes available in Excel 2007).

3 Installation
3.1 Distribution contents
SGUM is distributed in a .ZIP archive that contains the following:
SGUM.xll, the Excel add-in
SGUM.cnt, the Microsoft table-of-contents file for the on-line help
SGUM.hlp, the Microsoft on-line help file
Examples.xls, an Excel workbook containing several examples.
Getting started with SGUM.PDF (this file)

3.2 Unpacking the distribution archive

The files SGUM.xll, SGUM.cnt and SGUM.hlp should all be saved in the same folder. We
recommend creating a folder c:\MST\SGUM, but any other folder could be used. When these
three files are together, Excel can find the on-line help for the add-in worksheet functions.

The example workbook, Examples.xls, can be saved anywhere.

3.3 Activating the add-in

To install SGUM, open Excel and select the Tools|Add-Ins... menu option. When the
Add-Ins dialog appears, select the SGUM add-in if visible, or use the Browse... button to
locate SGUM.xll.1
When the Add-Ins dialog closes, a message box will confirm that SGUM has loaded.
Note that the Excel security settings must be set to allow SGUM macros to execute.

3.4 Deactivating and removing the add-in

To deactivate SGUM, open Excel and select the Tools|Add-Ins... menu option. When
the Add-Ins dialog appears, de-select SGUM.
When the Add-Ins dialog closes, a message box will confirm that SGUM is no longer active.
To remove SGUM completely from Excels list of add-ins, a rather more involved procedure is
needed. First, before running Excel, move or rename the file SGUM.xll. Then run Excel with
the SGUM add-in selected (ticked in the Add-in dialog). Excel will issue a warning that it
cannot find the add-in. Accept this warning and continue to open the Excel. Select the
Tools|Add-Ins... menu option and deactivate the add-in (the name appears as Sgum
now in the dialog box).

3.5 Upgrading
When upgrading SGUM, the older versions of all distribution files should be replaced with new
ones.
First, SGUM should be deactivated within Excel, as described in section 3.4. Then the Excel
application should be closed while the files are replaced.

When the add-in is first activated, it will be necessary to browse for the file.

4 Introduction
The Microsoft Excel add-in SGUM is a framework for developing measurement data processing
applications that handle uncertainty. You can use SGUM to write spreadsheets that carry out
full uncertainty calculations according to the so-called Law of Propagation of Uncertainty
(LPU), described in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement [1] (see also
[2, 3], which are available on-line).
SGUM is designed to allow uncertainty calculations to be included in any Excel-based
application. It is simple and flexible enough to be able to meet the requirements of many
different needs and applications. SGUM is definitely not just another uncertainty calculator
application, of which there are now quite a number on the market.
The distribution includes a file Example.xls that shows some ways of using SGUM.
Worksheet function documentation is provided in a Microsoft Help file. The Paste
Function button (fx ), in the standard Excel tool bar, can access on-line help (SGUM
functions are in the function category mstSGUM). The Excel Formula Palette also provides
guidance when entering SGUM function parameters.
The remainder of this section introduces the idea of an uncertain number, which is central to
SGUM. The rest of this manual then deals with some examples.

4.1 Uncertain number terminology

SGUM uses the notion of an uncertain number as a new data type, encapsulating value and
uncertainty information [4]. SGUM functions can create uncertain numbers and perform data
processing with them to obtain numerical results for value and uncertainty.
Uncertain number data processing can be thought of as the simultaneous calculation of value
and uncertainty. The equations that define a measurement result also apply to uncertain
numbers. However, one gets both value and full uncertainty information from an uncertain
number calculation.
There is a little terminology associated with uncertain numbers and the use of SGUM.
We distinguish between two kinds of uncertain number, depending on how they are defined.
Elementary uncertain numbers have a value, a standard uncertainty, and a number of degrees
of freedom assigned directly. Any other uncertain number is defined by an equation.
All uncertain numbers possess a set of properties that can be evaluated as numbers. These
include:
a value, which is just the number that would be obtained by running the raw data
through the same real-valued equations;
a standard uncertainty, which is the same as the combined standard uncertainty
referred to in the Guide [1, Appendix J]. For an elementary uncertain number, it is just
the assigned standard uncertainty;
a degrees of freedom, which is the same as the effective degrees of freedom referred to
in the Guide [1, Appendix J]. For an elementary uncertain number, it is just the value of
degrees of freedom assigned;

 a component of uncertainty, represents the change that would occur to a result y if the
value of an influence quantity x were to change by an amount equal to its standard
uncertainty. For an elementary uncertain number, this is equal to the assigned standard
uncertainty.
Worksheet functions can evaluate these properties for any uncertain number.

5 Examples
The Excel workbook Examples.xls contains several spreadsheets that show how to use
SGUM functions to process measurement data.

5.1 Uncertainty calculations from the Guide

Two examples from Appendix H of the Guide [1] are described in detail below.
5.1.1 End-gauge calibration
The problem is to determine the length of a nominal 50 mm end-gauge [1, H.1]. The block to
be calibrated is compared with a known standard of the same nominal length.
The Guide expresses the measurement equation as a function of six terms
l = f (ls , d, s , , , )

(1)

= ls + d ls [ + s ] ,
where ls is the length of the standard at 20 C; s is the coefficient of thermal expansion for
the standard, and is the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the two
gauges; is the temperature deviation, from 20 C, of the gauge being calibrated, and is the
temperature difference between the two gauge blocks; d is the measured difference between
the lengths of the two blocks.
However, there are a total of nine of influence quantities. The intermediate quantities d and
are defined by
d = d1 + d2 + d3

(2)

= 1 + 2 .

(3)

Table 1 summarizes the influence quantities, their values and uncertainties, as well as the
names given to the uncertain numbers for each quantity in the Excel worksheet.
Table 1: Influence quantity data for the end-gauge problem

influence
quantity
ls
d1
d2
d3
s
1
2

Excel
name
ls
d1
d2
d3
alpha s
theta 1
theta 2
delta alpha
delta theta

type
Gaussian
Gaussian
Gaussian
Gaussian
uniform
Gaussian
arcsine
uniform
uniform

value
xi
5 107 nm
0.0 nm
0.0 nm
0.0 nm
11.5 106 C1
0.1 C
0.0 C
0.0 C1
0.0 C

uncertainty
u(xi )
25 nm
5.8 nm
3.9 nm
6.7 nm
2 106 C1
0.2 C
0.5 C
1 106 C1
0.05 C

degrees of
freedom
18
24
5
8

50
2

The Excel worksheet calculation The Excel calculation for this problem is on the End
gauge worksheet, in the Examples.xls workbook.
The raw data from Table 1 is used to create elementary uncertain numbers for the nine
influence quantities. The worksheet functions unGaussian, unUniform and unArcsine
are all used, according to the type of distribution associated with the uncertainty in the
influence quantity.
Intermediate results are calculated using unEquation. This function takes a string,
representing an equation of uncertain numbers, and a series of references to cells containing
uncertain numbers. Note, there are four intermediate results in the sheet, two more than used
in the Guide. These extra equations correspond to terms ls and ls s , from equation (1).
The result, l, is obtained by combining the intermediate uncertain numbers. The standard
uncertainty of l, the effective degrees of freedom and the coverage factor, for a 99% expanded
uncertainty interval, are calculated with unUncertainty, unDoF and unCover,
respectively.
The worksheet function unComponent can be used to find the contribution of individual
influence quantities to the uncertainty in l. It evaluates
ux (l) =

l
u(x) ,
x

(4)

where x must be an elementary uncertain number and u(x) is its standard uncertainty. The
worksheet evaluates the absolute value of ux (l) for x {ls , d1 , d2 , d3 , s , 1 , 2 , , }. A
chart displays the relative importance of each term.
Alternatively, the contribution of any uncertain number can be examined with the worksheet
function unIntermediate, which evaluates
uy (l) =

l
u(y) ,
y

(5)

where y need not be an elementary uncertain number and u(y) is the standard uncertainty of y.
The worksheet evaluates the absolute value of uy (l) for y {ls , d, s , , , } and displays
the values in a chart.
5.1.2 Reactance and impedance
In this example, estimates of three quantities associated with an electrical circuit element are
required: the resistance, R; the reactance, X and the magnitude of the impedance, Z [1, H.2].
Measurements have been made of the magnitude of the potential difference across the element,
V , the magnitude of alternating current flowing in the element, I, and the phase angle of the
potential difference with respect to current. Values of V , I and and their uncertainties are all
estimated from a set of repeated measurements of these quantities. Table 2 summarizes the
data used in the calculation. This table includes estimated correlation coefficients for the three
quantities.
The Excel worksheet calculation The Excel calculation is on the Impedance worksheet,
in the Examples.xls workbook.
The data from Table 2 are used to create elementary uncertain numbers for the three influence
quantities. Only the worksheet function unGaussian is used this time. Correlation
coefficients are assigned with unSetCorrelation. In addition, note that the function

Table 2: Influence quantities and correlation coefficients used in the resistance reactance example

influence
quantity
V
I

Excel
value
uncertainty
name
xi
u(xi )
v
4.9990 (V)
0.0032 (V)
i
19.661 (mA) 0.0095 (mA)
phi 1.04446 (rad) 0.00075 (rad)
Correlation coefficients
r(V, I) = 0.36
r(V, ) = +0.86
r(I, ) = 0.65

unCorrelations is used to group references to the three unSetCorrelation cells.

This is needed too ensure the correct execution order of worksheet functions (see below).
The three quantities of interest are
R =
X =
Z =

V
cos()
I
V
sin()
I
V
.
I

(6)
(7)
(8)

Because this probolem involves correlations, some worksheet functions require a trigger input
to synchronize their execution order with respect to other worksheet cells. This is the case for
the standard uncertainty calculation. unUncertainty takes a second argument referring to
the cell containing unCorrelations as a trigger. Calculation of correlation coefficients,
using unGetCorrelation, also needs synchronization. Excel may not calculate correctly
if these functions are executed in an arbitrary order.
As in the previous example, the relative importance of influences quantities on the uncertainty
in the results are examined using unComponent and displayed in charts.

5.2 Some other SGUM features

5.2.1 Summing and systematic sources of uncertainty
The next example shows how to sum a range of uncertain numbers and how to handle
systematic sources of uncertainty.
A systematic uncertainty is an unknown error that does not change its value between one
measurement and the next. Often, systematic uncertainties are associated with parameter
setting during set-up of instruments (e.g., zero setting). When measurements are combined
(e.g. in weighings, there is usually the tare weight) it is important not to double-count such
uncertainties. In SGUM systematic uncertainties are handled in an easy and intuitive manner.
We now consider a simple scenario in which systematic uncertainty needs to be considered.
Suppose that the length of a set of widgets is measured. To estimate the length of one widget,
two measurements with a ruler are performed, which locate each end of the widget on the
rulers scale.
We assume that there are two sources of uncertainty in reading the ruler scale. One random,
due to errors in reading the scale, and imperfect scale division markings. The other systematic,

due to errors in the scale as a whole, such as a manufacturing scale-factor error, or due simply
thermal expansion. The (unknown) systematic error will stay constant for a particular ruler,
given steady environmental conditions.
Each time a ruler is used, the accuracy of the measurement will be described by following
uncertain-number equation
x = scale (xraw + reading) ,

(9)

where x, scale and reading are uncertain numbers, shown in bold Roman font, and xraw is
the raw scale value.
The difference between a pair of measurements estimates the length of a widget and has three
sources of uncertainty: the systematic scale uncertainty, which is common, and an independent
uncertainty for each scale reading. As an uncertain-number equation we can write
li = scale [(xright + readingright ) (xleft + readingleft )] .

(10)

Here, the raw values are xleft and xright . We can think of the independent reading uncertainties
at each end of a widget, readingleft and readingright , as having value zero and uncertainty
0.03 mm. The systematic uncertainty, scale, has value 1 with relative uncertainty 1%.
Now the average length of N widgets is required, so the final step in the data processing
calculates
N
1 X
li .
(11)
lav =
N
i=1

It is interesting to see how the systematic and independent uncertainties propagate through this
last calculation into the mean. A full analysis of the problem shows that the systematic
uncertainty contribution to lav should not depend on the number of measurements in the
sample. On the other hand, the random errors should diminish in importance as the sample size
increases.
The Excel worksheet calculation The Excel calculation is in on the Length worksheet, of
the Examples.xls workbook.
Uncertain numbers for x left and x right, the raw data values, are created with
unConstant, which means that they are uncertain numbers of zero uncertainty. The reading
uncertainties, reading left and reading right, are created with a value of zero and a
standard uncertainty of 0.03 mm, using unGaussian. The scale uncertainty is defined just
once in the sheet, as scale. It has value 1 and standard uncertainty 0.01 (representing a
relative uncertainty of 1%).
Widget length is calculated using unEquation, taking references to uncertain numbers for
x left, x right, readingleft and readingright , as well as to scale. The single-cell
reference to scale ensures that it is treated as a single systematic source of uncertainty in the
calculations (there is a simple analogy here: each uncertain number cell corresponds to a
distinct source of uncertainty).
To sum up the widget lengths, unSum is used.2 The average widget length is obtained by
dividing by the number of widgets.
The components of uncertainty in the mean are calculated using unComponent. Note that the
uncertainty contribution in l av due to each of the reading left and reading right
influences is about 0.006 mm, smaller than the individual reading uncertainty of 0.03 mm.
2

There is also unSumIf, which can selectively include rows from a range.

These independent uncertainties are reduced by averaging. On the other hand, the uncertainty
contribution in l av due to scale is about 0.015 mm, which is 1% of the mean value. Hence
we see that the systematic uncertainty has not been reduced by averaging.
Correct treatment of systematic uncertainties is made easy by the way that individual uncertain
number (cells) are associated with corresponding (unknown) error values in the measurement
model.

References
[1] IS0 1995, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva)
[2] B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty
of NIST Measurement Results, (NIST Technical Note 1297); see also
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/index.html
[3] United Kingdom Accreditation Service, The Expression of Uncertainty and Confidence
in Measurement, 2nd ed. (M3003, January 2007); see also
http://www.ukas.com/Library/downloads/publications/M3003.pdf
[4] B. D. Hall, Computing with Uncertain Numbers, Metrologia, 43 (2006) L56-L61.
[5] http://mst.irl.cri.nz/

10

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11

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Term And Termination

8.1 This Licence shall commence on the date the Software is downloaded from the
Licensors Website and shall continue until terminated in accordance with this clause 8 or as
otherwise provided in this Licence.

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8.2 The Licensor may by notice in writing to the Licensee terminate this Licence if:
8.2.1 the Licensee is in breach of this Licence and fails to remedy such breach (if capable of
remedy) within thirty (30) days of having received written notice from the Licensor
specifying such breach; or
8.2.2 if Licensee ceases to carry on business or a substantial part of its business or enters into
liquidation whether compulsory or voluntary other than for the purpose of amalgamation
or reconstruction or compounds with its creditors generally or has a receiver or manager
or administrator appointed over all or any part of its assets or in the reasonable opinion
of the Licensor becomes unable to pay its debts as they fall due.
8.3 Either party may terminate this Licence by giving the other party not less than thirty (30)
days written notice.

Consequences of Termination

9.1 If this Licence is terminated for whatever reason:

9.1.1 the Licence granted in clause 1 will immediately end;
9.1.2 the right to incorporate the Software into the Licensees products or other software shall
immediately end; and
9.1.3 the Licensee shall, at the Licensors option, either return to the Licensor the Software
and all Copies, or destroy the Software and all Copies, and certify in writing to the
Licensor that the same has been destroyed.
9.2 Termination will not affect any already existing rights or liabilities of either party, nor
will it affect the coming into force or continuance in force of any provision of this Licence
which is expressly, or by implication, intended to come into or continue in force on or after
termination of this Licence.

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General

10.1 The Licensee shall not assign, sub-license, or otherwise transfer all or any part of the
Software or this Licence without the prior written consent of the Licensor.
10.2 A failure by a party to enforce a provision of this License will not constitute a waiver of
any right to future enforcement of that or any other provision.
10.3 Headings used in this Licence are inserted for convenience or reference only and are not
intended to be part of or to affect the meaning or interpretation of any of the provisions of this
Licence.
10.4 In the event that any term or provision of this License is unlawful, such provision will
be severed to the extent of such violation and the remaining provisions enforceable, but only if
the severance does not materially affect the purpose of, or frustrate, this License.

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10.5 This Licence shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of New
Zealand and shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the New Zealand Courts.
10.6 Any notice to be given by either party to the other may be left at or sent by pre-paid post
or confirmed facsimile transmission (as appropriate) to the address notified by either party
from time to time.
10.7 This Licence supersedes all prior licences, agreements and arrangements of whatever
nature and sets out the entire agreement and understanding between the Parties relating to its
subject matter. No changes to this Licence shall be agreed unless they are signed by both
Parties.
10.8 The United States and other countries control the export of software and information.
The Licensee agrees to comply with such restrictions and not to export or re-export the
Software. By downloading the Software, the Licensee agrees that it is not in a country where
such export is prohibited or it is a person to which such export is prohibited. The Licensee is
responsible for compliance with the laws of its local jurisdiction regarding the import, export
or re-export of the Software.
10.9 The Licensee agrees that it has not relied on any prior representations in entering into
this Licence.

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Definitions

11.1 In this Licence the following expressions have the following meanings:
Copy/ies either a copy of the Software made by the Licensee solely for backup or archival
purposes, or transfer of the Software to a single hard disk provided the Licensee keeps the
original solely for backup or archival purposes.
Licensors Website the website where the Licensee can download the Software the address
of which is mst.irl.cri.nz.
Manual the manual for the Software.
Intellectual Property Rights any and all copyright, trademarks, source code, patents and
pending patents and all other intellectual property rights in the Software, including, without
limitation, any modifications made by the Licensor.
Parties collectively the Licensor and Licensee.
Software means the executable version of the software programs identified in Schedule A
including any derivative of that design and software and any documentation supplied by the
Licensor relating to the design and software, including, without limitation, the Manual.
Use use of the Software by the Licensee, to load or incorporate the Software into, or to run
or load it into a product of the Licensee or service provided by the Licensee, or store and run it.

SCHEDULE A
The SGUM.xllproduct, including the Manual and other supporting files.

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