Engineering Formula Sheet

Statistics

Mode

Mean

Place data in ascending order.

Mode = most frequently occurring value

x
= mean value
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3,
n = number of data values

(x

Median
Place data in ascending order.
If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values

Standard Deviation

If two values occur at the maximum frequency the

data set is bimodal.
If three or more values occur at the maximum
frequency the data set is multi-modal.

n = number of data values

= standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3,

Range

n = number of data values

xmax = maximum data value

xmin = minimum data value

Range = xmax - xmin

Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC

Frequency

P (A and B and C) = probability of independent

events A and B and C occurring in sequence
PA = probability of event A

Mutually Exclusive Events

fx = relative frequency of outcome x
nx = number of events with outcome x
n = total number of events
Px = probability of outcome x
fa = frequency of all events
Binomial Probability (order doesnt matter)

P (A or B) = PA + PB
P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3,
n = number of data values
Conditional Probability

Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials

p = probability of a success
q = 1 p = probability of failure
k = number of successes
n = number of trials

PLTW, Inc.

( | )

( )

( )
( | )

( | )
( )

( |

P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D

P(A) = probability of event A occurring
P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur

Engineering Formulas

IED POE

DE

CEA

AE

BE

CIM EDD

Plane Geometry

Ellipse

Rectangle

2b

Circle

Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ab

2a

Triangle
Parallelogram
h

Area = bh

a = b + c 2bccosA
2
2
2
b = a + c 2accosB
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcosC

A
b

Regular Polygons

Right Triangle
2

Area = bh

c =a +b

n = number of sides

a
h

Trapezoid
Area = (a + b)h

h
h
b
h

Solid Geometry
Cube

Sphere

Volume = s
2
Surface Area = 6s

Volume =
r
Surface Area = 4

Rectangular Prism
Cylinder

h
Volume = wdh
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh)

Volume = r h
Surface Area = 2

r h+2

Right Circular Cone

h

Irregular Prism
r

Volume = Ah
A = area of base

Pyramid

h
A = area of base

PLTW, Inc.

Constants
2

g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s

-11
3
2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kgs
= 3.14159

Engineering Formulas

IED POE

DE

CEA

AE

BE

CIM EDD

Conversions
Mass

Area

Force
2

1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi

1 kg
= 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
1 ton = 2000 lbm

1N
1 kip

Energy
= 0.225 lbf
= 1,000 lbf

1J

= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ftlbf
1kW h = 3,600,000 J

Pressure
Length

Volume

1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd

= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft

1L

1mL

1 atm
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi

Temperature Unit
Equivalents

Time
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr

1K

= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d

= 1 C
= 1.8 F
= 1.8 R

= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O

Defined Units
1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H

Power
1W

See below for

temperature calculation

= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ftlbf/s

= 1 Nm
= 1 kgm / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 As / V
= 1 Vs / V

SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24

decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-

Equations
Mass and Weight

Numbers Greater Than One

Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024

d
c
m

n
p
f
a
z
y
Temperature
TK = TC + 273

M = VDm

TR = TF + 460

W = mg

TF =

PLTW, Inc.

da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y

Force
F = ma
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration

Tc + 32

W = VDw
V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
g = acceleration due to gravity

decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYotta-

Equations of Static Equilibrium

TK = temperature in Kelvin
TC = temperature in Celsius
TR = temperature in Rankin
TF = temperature in Fahrenheit

Engineering Formulas

Fx = 0

Fy = 0

MP = 0

Fx = force in the x-direction

Fy = force in the y-direction
MP = moment about point P

IED POE

DE

CEA

AE

BE

CIM EDD

Equations (Continued)
Energy: Work

Electricity
Ohms Law

Fluid Mechanics

V = IR
P = IV

W = work
F = force parallel to direction of
displacement
d = displacement
Power

Efficiency
y
Pout = useful power output
Pin = total power input

(Gay-L
p1V1 = p2V2

P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
= torque
rpm = revolutions per minute

RT (series) = R1 + R2+ + Rn

B y L

Kirchhoffs Current Law

Q = Av

IT = I1 + I2 + + In

or

A1v1 = A2v2

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn

or
absolute pressure = gauge pressure
+ atmospheric pressure

p = absolute pressure
F = Force
A = Area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity

V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
Thermodynamics

Mechanics

Energy: Potential
g

U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
Energy: Kinetic

L
A1v1 = A2v2
g
v = v0 + at
d = d0 + v0t + at
2

v = v0 + 2a(d d0)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
Energy: Thermal

Q = thermal energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
T = change in temperature

PLTW, Inc.

= dFsin

g
y
v = velocity
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = change in displacement
d = distance
g = acceleration due to gravity
= angle
= torque
F = force

Engineering Formulas

P = rate of heat transfer

Q = thermal energy
A = Area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat conductivity
(U-factor)
T = change in temperature
g
R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
k = thermal conductivity
v = velocity
Pnet = net power radiated
= 5.6696 x 10

-8

e = emissivity constant
L = thickness
T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2

v = flow velocity

POE 4 DE 4

Section Properties
Moment of Inertia

Rectangle Centroid
h

x
xx

Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section

about x-x axis

and y

and y

Right Triangle Centroid

x

and y

Semi-circle Centroid

Complex Shapes Centroid

x x
y y
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i

x x
y y

Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
Reaction

Stress (axial)

B
L

Moment
Deflection
= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area

B
L

Moment

Reaction

= strain
L0 = original length
= change in length

Moment

Deflection

PLTW, Inc.

and

Deformation: Axial

= deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

Engineering Formulas

) (at center)

(at Point of Load)

Deflection
(at

E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
= strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
= deformation

( L L

Moment

(at center)

Reaction

Modulus of Elasticity

(at center)

Deflection

(at point of load)

L

Reaction

Strain (axial)

(at point of load)

Truss Analysis
2J = M + R
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces

POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

Simple Machines
Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)

y (

)
Wedge

IMA = Ideal Mechanical Advantage

AMA = Actual Mechanical Advantage
DE = Effort Distance
DR = Resistance Distance
FE = Effort Force
FR = Resistance Force

Lever
Screw
1st
Class

IMA =

Pitch =
2nd
Class

C = Circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch

3rd
Class

Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .

Wheel and Axle

Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys with

Belts Ratios

Effort at Axle
(

Compound Gears
B
GRTOTAL = ( ) (

Effort at Wheel

Pulley Systems
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
IMA =

PLTW, Inc.

GR = Gear Ratio
in = Angular Velocity - driver
out = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
in = Torque - driver
out = Torque - driven

Engineering Formulas

POE 6