19 - Beam Columns

Prof. Dr.
Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
BEAM COLUMNS
Beam columns are structural members that are
subjected to a combination of bending and axial
stresses.
The structural behaviour resembles
simultaneously to that of a beam and a column.
Majority of the steel building frames have
columns that carry sizable bending moments in
addition to the usual compressive loads.
Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
The sources of this bending moment are shown in

Figure 5.1 and explained below:
P
e
P
e
M=Pe
a) Out-Of-Plumb
b) Initial Crookedness
c) Eccentric Load
Figure 5.1. Sources of Eccentricity in Columns.
It is almost impossible to erect the columns

perfectly vertical and centre loads exactly on
columns.
Columns may be initially crooked or have other
flaws with the result that lateral bending is
produced.
In some cases, crane beams parallel to columnsline and other perpendicular beams rest on brackets
projecting out from columns. This produces high
values of bending moments.
Wind and other lateral loads act within the

column height and produce bending.
The bending moments from the beams are
transferred to columns if the connections are
rigid.
CONTROLLING DESIGN FACTOR:
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS
The elastic analysis carried out to calculate
deflections and member forces for the given
loads is called 1st order and analysis.
The high axial load present in the column

combined with this elastic deflection produces
extra bending moment in the column, as is clear
from Figure 5.2.
The analysis of structure including this extra
moment is called 2nd order analysis.
Similarly, other higher order analysis may also be
performed.
In practice, usually 2nd order analysis is
sufficiently accurate with the high order results of
much lesser numerical value.
d
Maximum lateral
deflection due to
bending moment
(M)
Deflected shape
or elastic curve
due to applied
bending moment
(M)
Extra moment = Pd,
P which produces more
deflections
Figure 5.2. Eccentricity Due to First Order Deflections.
The phenomenon in which the moments are

automatically increased in a column beyond the
usual analysis for loads is called moment
magnification or 2nd order effects.
The moment magnification depends on many
factors but, in some cases, it may be higher
enough to double the 1st order moments or even
more.
In majority of practical cases, this magnification
is appreciable and must always be considered for
a safe design.
1st order deflection produced within a member

(d) usually has a smaller 2nd order effect called Pd effect, whereas magnification due to sides-way
(D) is much larger denoted by P-D effect (refer to
Figure 5.3).
P-Delta effect is defined as the secondary effect
of column axial loads and lateral deflections on
the moments in members.
The calculations for actual 2nd order analysis are
usually lengthy and can only be performed on
computers.
For manual calculations, empirical methods are

used to approximately cater for these effects in
design.
2nd order effects are more pronounced when loads
closer to buckling loads are applied and hence the
empirical moment magnification formula contains
a ratio of applied load to elastic buckling load.
The factored applied load should, in all cases, be
lesser than 75% of the elastic critical buckling load
but is usually kept much lesser than this limiting
value.
INTERACTION EQUATION AND

INTERACTION DIAGRAM
The combined stress at any
point in a member subjected to
bending and direct stress, as in
Figure 5.3, is obtained by the
formula:
P
Mxy
f =
Ix
A
M yx
Iy
P D
Extra Moment
M = PD
P
Figure 5.3.
A Deflected Beam-Column.
For a safe design, the maximum compressive

stress (f) must not exceed the allowable material
stress (Fall) as follows:
P
Mxy
f =
Ix
A
M yx
Iy
Mx
P
My
+ S F
+
AFall
S y Fall
x all
P
My
Mx
+
+ M
Pmax
M x , max
y , max
Fall
This equation is called interaction equation

showing interaction of axial force and bending
moment in an easy way.
If this equation is plotted against the various terms

selected on different axis, we get an interaction
curve or an interaction surface depending on
whether there are two or three terms in the
equation, respectively.
1.0
1.0
0,0
Figure 5.4. A Typical Interaction Curve.
Pr = required axial compressive strength

(Pu in LRFD)
Pc = available axial compressive
strength
= fcPn, fc = 0.90 (LRFD)
= Pn / Wc, Wc = 1.67 (ASD)
Mr = required flexural strength (Mu in
LRFD)
Mc =
available flexural strength
= fbMn, fb = 0.90 (LRFD)
= Mn / Wb, Wb = 1.67 (ASD)
AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS

The following interaction equations are
applicable for doubly and singly symmetric
members:
If
Pr
Pc
0.2, axial load is considerable, and
following equation is to be satisfied:
Pr 8 M rx M ry
+
+
Pc 9 M cx M cy
1.0
Pr
< 0.2, axial load is lesser, beam
Pc
If
action is dominant, and the applicable

equation is:
Pr M rx M ry
+
+
2 Pc M cx M cy
1.0
MOMENT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

(Cmx or Cmy)
Moment adjustment factor (Cm) is based on
the rotational restraint at the member ends
and on the moment gradient in the members.
It is only defined for no-sway cases.
1.
For restrained compression members in
frames braced against joint translation (no
sidesway) and not subjected to transverse loading
between their supports in the plane of bending:
M1
Cm = 0.6 0.4
M2
where M1 is the smaller end moment and M2 is
the larger end moment.
M 1 / M 2 is positive when member is bent in
reverse curvature and it it is negative when
member is bent in single curvature (Figure 5.5b).
M1
M2
a) Reverse Curvature
M2
M1
b) Single Curvature
Figure 5.5. Columns Bent in Reverse and Single Curvatures.
When transverse load is applied between the

supports but or sway is prevented,
for members with restrained ends
Cm = 0.85
for members with unrestrained ends Cm = 1.0
K-VALUES FOR FRAME BEAM-COLUMNS
K-values for frame columns with partially fixed

ends should be evaluated using alignment charts
given in Reference-1.
However, if details of adjoining members are not
given, following approximate estimate may be
used:
K = 1.2 1.5 if sidesway is permitted with
partially fixed ends
K =1
if sidesway is prevented but end
conditions are not mentioned
MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FACTORS

Moment magnification factors (B1 and B2) are
used to empirically estimate the magnification
produced in the column moments due to 2nd order
effects.
These are separately calculated for sway or lateral
translation case (lt-case) and for no-sway or no
translation case (nt-case).
Accordingly, the frame is to be separately
analysed for loads producing sway and not
producing sway.
Ml t =
moment due to lateral loads producing

appreciable lateral translation.
B2
moment magnification factor to take

care of PuD effects for sway and
deflections due to lateral loads.
Mnt =
the moment resulting from gravity

loads, not producing appreciable lateral
translation.
B1
moment magnification factor to take

care of Pud effects for no translation
loads.
Mr
Pr
required magnified flexural strength

for second order effects
B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt
=
=
required magnified axial strength

Pnt + B2 Plt
No-Sway Magnification
B1
Cm
=
1 - a Pr Pe1
1.0
where
a =
1.0 (LRFD) and 1.60 (ASD)
Pe1 = Euler buckling strength for

braced frame
=
p2 EI / (K1 L)2
K1 =
effective length factor in the
plane of bending for no lateral
translation, equal to 1.0 or a
smaller value by detailed analysis
Sway Magnification
The sway magnification factor, B2, can be
determined from one of the following formulas:
1
B2 =
a Pnt
1 Pe 2
where,
a
SPnt =
1.0 (LRFD) and 1.60 (ASD)

total vertical load supported by
the story, kN, including gravity loads
SPe2 =
elastic critical buckling

resistance for the story
determined by sidesway
buckling analysis
=
Sp2 EI / (K2 L)2
where I and K2 is calculated in the plane of

bending for the unbraced conditions
SELECTION OF TRIAL BEAMCOLUMN SECTION

The only way by which interaction of axial
compression and bending moment can be
considered, is to satisfy the interaction equation.
However, in order to satisfy these equations, a
trial section is needed.
For this trial section, maximum axial compressive
strength and bending strengths may be
determined.
The difficulty in selection of a trial section for a

beam column is that whether it is selected based
on area of cross-section or the section modulus.
No direct method is available to calculate the
required values of the area and the section
modulus in such cases.
For selection of trial section, the beam-column
is temporarily changed into a pure column by
approximately converting the effect of bending
moments into an equivalent axial load.
Peq
=
=
equivalent or effective axial load

Pr + Mrx mx + Mry my
mx (for first trial) =
8.5 - 0.7K1xLx
my (for first trial) =
17 - 1.4K1yLy
mx
10 - 14(d / 1000)2 - 0.7K1xLx
my
20 - 28(d / 1000)2 - 1.4K1yLy
The above equation is evaluated for Peq and a

column section is selected from the
concentrically loaded column tables for that
load.
The equation for Peq is solved again using a
revised value of m.
Another section is selected and checks are then
applied for this trial section.
WEB LOCAL STABILITY

For stiffened webs in combined flexural and axial
compression:
Pu
E 2.75 Pu
1If
0.125 lp = 3.76
Fy
f b Py
f b Py
2.75 Pu
For A36 steel, lp = 106.7 1 - f P
If
Pu
f b Py
> 0.125
lp =
For A36 steel, lp =
E
1.12
Fy
2.33 - Pu
f b Py
Pu
31.8 2.33
f b Py
where l = h / tw and Py = Fy Ag
1.49 E
Fy
42.3
FLOW CHART FOR DESIGN OF

BEAM-COLUMNS
Known Data: Pu, Mntx, Mltx , Mnty, Mlty, KxLx, KyLy
Mr = Mu = Mnt + Mlt for the first trial
Calculate Mr both in the x and y directions
Assume an approximate magnification of
15% for the moments only.
Peq
Pr + Mrx(mx) + Mry(my)
mx (for first trial)

my (for first trial)
mx
my
=
=
=
=
8.5 - 0.7K1xLx
17 - 1.4K1yLy
10 - 14(d / 1000)2 - 0.7K1xLx
20 - 28(d / 1000)2 - 1.4K1yLy
Select section as a simple column depending

upon the following criteria:
1.
Asel Areq
2.
Minimum weight
3.
Connecting leg width b > bmin
4.
Depth of W-section 360 mm
The column selection tables may also be

employed to select the section using the values of
Peq and KyLy.
See rx/ry from column selection table for selected
section
Calculate (KyLy)eq
K x Lx
rx ry
Re-enter the table for greater of KyLy and (KyLy)eq

and revise to obtain suitable section for the load
Peq.
Find new values of m for subsequent trials.

Select a new section and repeat until values
of load capacities, Peq, and m are stabilized.
Peq
Pr + Mrx (mx) + Mry (my)
Select a new section and repeat until values of

load capacities, Peq and m are stabilized.
Calculate Cmx and Cmy for no sway conditions

K 2 y Ly
K 1 x L x K 2 x Lx K 1 y L y
Calculate
,
,
and
ry
ry
rx
rx
R = maximum of the above values

Check for maximum slenderness ratio: R 200
Axial strength of trial section:

Calculate fcFcr corresponding to the R-value or
directly read it from the table in Reference-1 and
evaluate the compression capacity by multiplying
with the area of cross-section.
Pc
= fcPn
= fcFcr Ag / 1000
Calculate Euler buckling strength (Pe1)x, (Pe1)y

, (Pe2)x and (Pe2)y for both lt and nt cases.
Pe1 = p2 EI / (K1 L)2 / 1000 (kN)
Calculate no-sway moment magnification factors

B1x =
C mx
Pr
1-a
(Pe1 )x
1.0 : B1y =
C my
Pr
1-a
(Pe1 )y
1.0
where a = 1.0 for LRFD procedure.

Note:
Pr in the above formulas is the actual
factored axial load and not Peq.
Calculate B2x and B2y.
B2 =
1
a Pnt
1 Pe 2
Calculate design moments

Mrx
Mry
=
=
Mux =
Muy =
B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx

B1y Mnty + B2y Mlty
Bending strength of the trial section:

fbMny
=
fb Fy Zy / 106 (kN-m)
There are no chances of lateral buckling because
the lateral direction for y-axis bending is the
stronger direction.
Check conditions of compact section as a beam.

Find Lp and Lr from column table and check
against Lbx.
Calculate fbMnx as for a beam using Lbx, Lp, Lr
and beam selection tables. Use Cb = 1.0 in the
expressions.
Pr
Calculate
to see which interaction
Pc
equation is applicable.
Check interaction equations:

For
Pr
Pc
0.2
For
Pr
Pc
< 0.2
Pr 8 M rx M ry
+
+
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pr M rx M ry
+
+
2 Pc M cx M cy
1.0
1.0
Get the value of Left Side of equation (LS) up to

2nd decimal place, truncating the 3rd decimal digit,
which should not be more than 1.00.
This means that LS can be as high as 1.0099 but
not 1.01.
Values of LS between
0.9 and 1.0

0.8 and 0.9
0.7 and 0.8
Values of LS lesser than 0.7
Values of LS greater than 1.0099
Very economical design

Economical design
May be acceptable,
but better to try
an economical section
Revise by selecting
a lighter section
Select a stronger section
Check shear strength, which may usually be

omitted in hot rolled W sections because of very
high available strength.
Write the final solution using standard designation.
Example 5.1: Design the columns in a singlebay multi-storey unbraced frame shown in Figure
5.6, where P is the load from the top stories.
Ratio of moment of inertia of beams with respect
to columns may be assumed as shown in the
figure. Approximate analyses results are also
provided in Figures 5.7 and 5.8. Assume that
sway is not allowed in the y-direction.
Solution:
Total Factored Loads
1.
Load Combination 1, Gravity Load
Combination
(1.2 D + 1.6 L)
P
6.0 m
H
1.4 I
6.0 m
8.5 m
Figure 5.6. Frame And Loading For Example 5.1.
Pu
1.2(1025) + 1.6(410) = 1886 kN
wu
1.2(7.3) + 1.6(22.0)
1025 kN dead load
410 kN live load
7.3 kN/m dead load
22.0 kN/m live load
345 kN wind load
= 43.96 kN/m
1886kN
1886kN
43.96kN/m
75.8 kN-m
227 kN-m
37.9 kN-m
Figure 5.7. Partial Gravity Load Analysis Results.
2.
Load Combination 2, Wind Load

Combination
(1.2D+0.5L+1.3W)
Pu
1.2(1025) + 0.5(410) = 1435 kN
Hu
1.3(345)
= 448.5 kN
wu
1.2(7.3)+0.5(22.0)
= 19.76 kN/m
Value of Kx
Gtop =
Gbotton
(I L ) for columns
(I L ) for beams
2(I 6 )
1.4 I 8.5
1.0 for sway columns
= 2.02
Doh
1435kN
19.76kN/m
1435kN
448.5kN
93.7 kN-m
586 kN-m
586 kN-m
51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
25.6 kN-m
( No Sway Part )
138 kN
( Sway Part )
Figure 5.8. Partial Lateral Load Analysis Results.
759 kN-m
138 kN
Kx
Kx
= 1.0 for braced frame

= 1.45 for unbraced conditions
Value of Ky:
No data of connected elements is given for ydirection and hence the approximate value may
conservatively be assumed for no sway in this
direction.
Ky = 1.0
Here, design is made for the wind combination and

check is then made for the gravity combination.
Design for Combination 2:
Pr
=
=
1435 + 138 + 19.76 8.5/2

1656.7 kN
According to AISC, max. moments for different

types of loading (nt or lt case), acting at different
locations or of different signs, are to be added
magnitude-wise in any combination.
The Right column is critical for the axial load.
Mntx =
Mltx =
Mnty =
K2xLx =
K1xLx =
K1yLy =
51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
Mlty = 0
1.45 6 = 8.7 m
1.00 6 = 6.00 m
1.00 6 = 6.00 m
for lt-case
for nt-case
= 8.5 - 0.7K1xLx
= 8.5 - 0.7 6 = 4.3
Assume 15% magnification of moments.
Peq =
Pu + 1.15 Mux (m)
mx (for first trial)
=
=
1656.7 + 1.15 (51.2 + 759.0) (4.3)

5663 kN
Using column tables of Reference 1 for this Peq

and KyLy = 6.0 m;
Trial Section
W360 262
Revised mx = 10 - 14(d / 1000)2 - 0.7K1xLx

= 10 - 14 0.362 - 0.7 6
= 3.99
Peq
=
=
=
Pu + 1.15 Mux (m)

1656.7 + 1.15 (51.2 + 759.0) (3.99)
5374 kN
Trial Section-1: W360 237

A = 30,100 mm2
rx = 162 mm, ry = 102 mm
rx/ry = 1.60
Ix = 79,100 104 mm4
M1 / M2 is positive because of reverse curvature
K 2 x Lx
rx / ry
8.7
1.60
(KyLy)eq
Cmx =
0.6 0.4
M1
M2
0.6 0.4
25.6
51.2
=
K 1 x Lx
rx
6.0 1000
162
= 37.04
= 5.44 m (not critical)
= 0.4
( for nt case)
K 2 x Lx
rx
K1 y L y
ry
8.7 1000
162
= 53.70 (for lt-case)
6.0 1000
102
= 58.82
R 59 < 200
OK
fcFcr = 187.09 MPa

Pc = fcFcr Ag =
187.09 30,100
1000
= 5,631 kN
Pe1x = p2 EI / (K1x L)2

p 2 200,000 79,100 10 4
=
= 43,371 kN
2
6000 1000
for nt-case
Pe2x = p2 EI / (K2x L)2

=
p 2 200,000 79,100 10 4
8700 2 1000
= 20,628 kN
B1x
C mx
=
1 - aPr Pe1, x
= 0.42
for lt-case
=
0 .4
1 - 1 1656.7 43,371
\ B1x = 1.0
SPnt = 1435 2 + 19.75 8.5 = 3038 kN

SPe2,x
= 2 20,628 = 41,256 kN
B2x
1
=
a Pnt
1 Pe 2, x
1
1.0 3038
141,256
= 1.08
Mrx = B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx

= 1.0 (51.20) + 1.08(759.00)
= 870.9 kN-m
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
= 1518.98 + 1.08(138)
= 1668.02kN
From column selection table:
Lp = 5.06 m, Lr = 25.43 m
Check conditions of compact section:

bf
2t f
Pu
f b Py
= 6.5 < lp = 10.8
OK
1656.7
=
= 0.245
0.9 (250 / 1000) 30,100
For web, lp
Pu
31.8 2.33
f b Py
42.3
= 66.3 for A36 steel

h
=
15.3
<
tw
lp
OK
Lb = 6.00m > Lp, bending strength is to be

calculated using the inelastic LTB formula.
Mp
= 250 4700 103 / 106 = 1175.0 kN-m
fbMp = 0.9 1175 = 1057.5 kN-m

Mr
= 0.7 Fy Sx / 106
= 0.7 250 4160 103 / 106
= 728.0 kN-m
BF
M p - Mr
Lr - L p
1175 - 728
=
25.43 - 5.06
= 21.94 kN
Mcx = fb[Mp - BF(Lb - Lp)]

= 0.9 [1175 - 21.94(6.0 - 5.06)]
= 1038.9 kN-m
Check Interaction Equation:
Pr
Pc
1668.02
= 0.296 > 0.2
=
5,631
8 870.92
Pr
8 M rx
= 0.296 +
+
Pc
9 M cx
9 1038.9
= 1.041 > 1.00
NG
Trial Section-2:
W360 262
A = 33,400 mm2
rx = 163 mm, ry = 102 mm
rx/ry = 1.60
Ix = 89,100 104 mm4
(KyLy)eq
K 2 x Lx
=
rx / ry
8.7
=
= 5.44 m (not critical)
1.60
Cmx =
0.4 (as before)
K 1x Lx
6.0 1000
=
rx
163
K 2 x Lx
rx
K1 y L y
ry
= 36.81
( for nt case)
8.7 1000
= 53.37 ( for lt case)
=
163
6.0 1000
=
= 58.82
102
R 59 < 200
fcFcr = 187.09 MPa
OK
Pc
Pe1x
Pe2x
= fcPn = fcFcr Ag
187.09 33,400
=
= 6,248 kN
1000
= p2 EI / (K1x L)2
2
4
p 200,000 89,100 10
=
2
6000 1000
= 48,854 kN for nt-case
= p2 EI / (K2x L)2
2
4
p 200,000 89,100 10
=
2
8700 1000
= 23,236 kN for lt-case
B1x
C mx
=
1 - aPr Pe1, x
0 .4
= 1 - 1 1656.7 48,854
= 0.41 \ B1x = 1.0
SPnt = 1435 2 + 19.75 8.5

= 3038 kN
SPe2,x = 2 23,236 = 46,472 kN
B2x
1
1
=
=
1.07
a Pnt =
1.0 3038
11 Pe 2, x
46,472
Mrx = B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx

= 1.0 (51.20) + 1.07(759.00)
= 863.33 kN-m
Pr
= Pnt + B2 Plt
= 1518.98 + 1.07(138)
= 1666.64 kN
From column selection table:

Lp = 5.08 m, Lr = 30.44 m
Check conditions of compact section:

bf
= 6.0 < lp = 10.8
OK
2t f
1656.7
Pu
= 0.220
=
f b Py
0.9 (250 / 1000 ) 33,400
For web,
lp
Pu
31.8 2.33
f b Py
= 67.1
h
tw
= 13.7 < lp
42.3
for A36 steel
OK
Lb = 6.00m > Lp, bending strength is to be

calculated using the inelastic LTB formula.
Mp
= 250 5240 103 / 106

= 1310.0 kN-m
fbMp = 0.9 1310 = 1179 kN-m

Mr
= 0.7 Fy Sx / 106
= 0.7 250 4600 103 / 106
= 805.0 kN-m
BF =
M p - Mr
Lr - L p
1310 - 805
=
30.44 - 5.08
= 19.91 kN
Mcx = fb[Mp - BF(Lb - Lp)]
= 0.9 [1310 - 19.91(6.0 - 5.08)]
= 1162.5 kN-m
1666.64
Pr
= 0.267 > 0.2
=
6,248
Pc

Pr
8 M rx
+
Pc
9 M cx
= 0.267 +
8 863.33
9 1162.5
= 0.927 < 1.00

Section Selected For Wind
Combination: W360 262
Check for Combination 1:
Pr
= Pu = 1886 + 43.96 8.5/2

= 2073 kN
Mntx = 75.8 kN-m
OK
Cmx = 0.4 same as before

B1x
C mx
=
1 - aPr Pe1, x
= 0.42
0 .4
=
1 - 1 2073 48,854
\ B1x = 1.0
Mrx = B1x Mntx = 75.8 kN-m
Pr
Pc
2073
=
= 0.332 > 0.2
6,248
Pr
8 M rx
+
Pc
9 M cx
8 75.8
= 0.332 +
9 1162.5
= 0.39 < 1.00
OK
Final Selection: W360 262
Example 5.2: Design the column for the

following data:
1.Braced frame
2.Pu
= 1750 kN
3.Mntx = 330 kN-m
4.Mltx = 0
5.Mnty = 105 kN-m
6.K1xLx = K1yLy = 7.3 m
7.Lb
= 7.3 m
8.Cm = 0.85
9.Fy
= 250 MPa
Solution:
Peq
= Pu + Mux mx + Muy my
For first trial: mx = 8.5 - 0.7 K1xLx

= 8.5 - 0.7 7.3 = 3.39
my
= 17 - 1.4 K1yLy
= 17 - 1.4 7.3 = 6.78

Assume 15% magnification.
Peq = 1750 + 1.15 330 3.39 + 1.15
105 6.78
= 3855 kN
KyLy = 7.3 m
From column load table, the trial section is:
W360 196
mx = 10 - 14 (d/1000)2 - 0.7 K1xLx
= 10 - 14 (0.36)2 - 0.7 7.3 = 3.08
my = 20 - 28 (d/1000)2 - 1.4 K1yLy
= 20 - 28 (0.36)2 - 1.4 7.3 = 6.15
Peq = 1750 + 1.15 330 3.08
+ 1.15 105 6.15
= 3661 kN

W360 179
rx/ry = 1.67
K1xLx / 1.67 = 4.37 < KyLy
\ KyLy is critical
Trial Section No. 1: W360 179
Ag
rx
ry
Lp
Lr
Ix
Iy
Zx
= 22,800 mm2
= 158 mm
= 95.0 mm
= 4.73 m
= 21.20 m
= 57,400 104 mm4
= 20,600 104 mm4
= 3,474 103 mm3
Zy
Sx
Mp
Mr
BF
Mcx
= 1,671 103 mm3

= 3,110 103 mm3
= 868.5 kN-m
= 544.25 kN-m
= 19.69 kN
= fbMnx
= 736.11 kN-m
Cm = 0.85 (given)
K 1x Lx 7.31000
=
= 46.20
rx
158
K1 y L y
ry
7.3 1000
=
= 76.84
95.0
R 77
<
200
OK
fcFcr = 164.32 MPa
164.32
22,800 = 4108 kN
Pc = fcFcrAg =
1000
p 200,000 57,400 10
Pe1,x =
2
7300 1000
2
= 21,262 kN
p 200,000 20,600 10
Pe1,y =
2
7300 1000
2
= 7,630 kN
Cm
0.85
=
B1x =
aPnt
1 1750
1121,262
Pe1, x
= 0.93
\ B1x = 1.0
0.85
B1y =
= 1.10
1 1750
17,630
Pr is not magnified as Plt = 0.
Mux = B1x Mntx
= 330 kN-m
Muy = B1y Mnty = 1.10 105 = 115.5 kN-m
Mcy = fbMpy
0.9 250 1,671 10 3
=
10 6
= 375.98 kN-m
bf / 2tf
h / tw
Pr
Pc
= 7.8 < 10.8

= 19.3 < 42.3 (worst case)
1750
=
3746
= 0.467 > 0.2
OK
OK
Interaction Equation:
8 330
115.5
Pr 8 M rx M ry
+
+
+
=
0.467
+
9 736.11 375.98
Pc 9 M cx M cy
= 1.139 > 1.0

Ag = 25,000 mm2
rx
= 160 mm
ry
= 95.5 mm
NG
Ix
= 63,700 104 mm4
Iy
= 22,800 104 mm4
Zx
= 3,835 103 mm3
Zy
= 1,852 103 mm3
Sx
= 3,420 103 mm3
Mp
= 958.75 kN-m
Mr
= 598.50 kN-m
BF
= 19.74 kN
Mcx = fbMnx
= 817.57 kN-m
Pc = 4108 kN
Pe1,x = 23,595 kN
Pe1,y = 8,445 kN
B1x = 1.0
B1y = 1.07
Mux = 330 kN-m
Muy = 112.5 kN-m
Mcy = fbMpy = 416.7 kN-m
Pr
Pc
1750
=
4108
= 0.426 > 0.2
Pr 8 M rx M ry
+
+
Pc 9 M cx M cy
8 330
112.5
+
= 0.426 +
9 817.57 416.7
= 1.025 > 1.0
NG
Ag
= 27,500 mm2
rx
= 161 mm
ry
= 101 mm
Lp
= 5.03 m
Lr
= 25.43 m
Ix
= 71,200 104 mm4
Iy
= 28,200 104 mm4
Zx
= 4,260 103 mm3
Zy
= 2,180 103 mm3
Sx
= 3,800 103 mm3
Mp
= 1065 kN-m
Mr
= 665 kN-m
BF = 19.61 kN
Mcx = fbMnx
= 490.5 kN-m
Pr
Pc
= 0.375 > 0.2
1750
=
4665
Pr 8 M rx M ry
+
+
Pc 9 M cx M cy
8 330
107.3
+
= 0.375 +
9 918.44 490.5
= 0.889 > 1.0
OK
Final Selection: W360 216
Example 5.3: Design

the beam column
shown in Figure 5.9, if
sidesway is allowed
along weak axis but is
prevented along strong
axis. The moments
shown are factored
and are due to lateral
loads. The column
ends are partially fixed.
Pu =290 kN
320 kN-m
5.2m
220
kN-m
320 kN-m
Pu =290 kN
Figure 5.9. Column of Example 5.3.
Solution:
Although lateral load is present, sway is not
allowed along strong axis. Hence, the
moments may be considered to be of nt-case.
Pu = 290 kN; Mntx = 320 kN-m; Mltx = 0 kN-m
Due to unavailability of the connection data, use
approximate values of Kx and Ky as follows:
K1x = 1.0 ; K1y = 1.0 ; K2y = 1.2
K1xLx = 5.2 m ; K1yLy = 5.2 m
K2yLy = 6.24 m
For first trial: mx = 8.5 - 0.7 K1xLx

= 8.5 - 0.7 5.2 = 4.86
Assume 15% magnification.
Peq = Pu + 1.15 Mux (mx)
= 290 + 1.15 320(4.86)
= 2079 kN
W360 110 is uneconomical.
From column selection table, the trial section
is: W310 97
mx
= 10 - 14 (d/1000)2 - 0.7 K1xLx

= 10 - 14 (0.31)2 - 0.7 5.2 = 5.01
Peq = 290 + 1.15 320 5.01

= 2134 kN
W310 97
rx/ry = 1.75
K1xLx / 1.75 = 2.97 < KyLy
\ KyLy is critical
Trial Section No.1: W310 97

Ag
= 12,300 mm2
rx
= 134 mm
ry
= 76.7 mm
Lp
= 3.82 m
Lr
= 13.90 m
Ix
= 22,700 104 mm4
Iy
= 7,240 104 mm4
Zx = 1,586 103 mm3 ; Zy = 723 103 mm3

Sx = 1,440 103 mm3 ; Mp= 396.5 kN-m
Mr= 252 kN-m ; BF= 14.34 kN
Mcx
= fbMnx= 339.04 kN-m
Check for local stability:

bf/2tf
= 9.9
< lp
h/tw = 24.9 < lp 42.3 for the worst case

Compact Section
Cmx = 1.0 (Consider member with

unrestrained ends to be on conservative side.)
K1xLx/rx = 5200/134 = 38.81
K1yLy/ry = 5200/76.7 = 67.80
K2yLy/ry = 6240/76.7 = 81.36
R = 82 < 200
OK
fcFcr = 157.54 MPa

Pc
= fcFcrAg / 1000
= 157.54 12,300/1000 = 1938 kN
p 2 200,000 22,200 10 4
Pe1,x =
5200 2 1000
= 16,206 kN
B1x
C mx
=
aPnt
1Pe1, x
1.0
1
=
1 290
116,206
= 1.018
Mrx = B1x Mntx

= 1.018 320 = 325.76 kN-m
290
= 0.150 < 0.2
=
1938
0.150
325.76
M rx
Pr
=
+
+
2 Pc
2
339.04
M cx
Pr
Pc
= 1.036 > 1.0
NG
Trial Section No.2: W310 107
M rx
Pr
+
2 Pc
M cx
0.134
325.12
=
+
2
379.77
= 0.923 < 1.0
Final Selection:
OK
W310 107

19 - Beam Columns

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

19 - Beam Columns

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prof. Dr.

Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The sources of this bending moment are shown in

Figure 5.1. Sources of Eccentricity in Columns.

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

It is almost impossible to erect the columns

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Wind and other lateral loads act within the

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The high axial load present in the column

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Figure 5.2. Eccentricity Due to First Order Deflections.

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

The phenomenon in which the moments are

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

1st order deflection produced within a member

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

For manual calculations, empirical methods are

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

INTERACTION EQUATION AND

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

For a safe design, the maximum compressive

This equation is called interaction equation

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

If this equation is plotted against the various terms

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Pr = required axial compressive strength

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS

0.2, axial load is considerable, and

following equation is to be satisfied:

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

action is dominant, and the applicable

MOMENT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

Figure 5.5. Columns Bent in Reverse and Single Curvatures.

When transverse load is applied between the

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

K-VALUES FOR FRAME BEAM-COLUMNS

K-values for frame columns with partially fixed

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

MOMENT MAGNIFICATION FACTORS

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

moment due to lateral loads producing

moment magnification factor to take

the moment resulting from gravity

moment magnification factor to take

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

required magnified flexural strength

required magnified axial strength

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

1.0 (LRFD) and 1.60 (ASD)

Pe1 = Euler buckling strength for

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

1.0 (LRFD) and 1.60 (ASD)

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

elastic critical buckling

Sp2 EI / (K2 L)2

where I and K2 is calculated in the plane of

Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi

SELECTION OF TRIAL BEAMCOLUMN SECTION