M13 Knig9404 Ism C13 PDF

13
NEWTONS THEORY OF GRAVITY
Conceptual Questions
13.1. Newtons third law tells us that the forces are equal. They are also clearly equal when Newtons law of gravity
is examined: F12 = Gm1m2 /r 2 has the same value whether m1 = Earth and m2 = sun or vice versa.
13.2. The force of the star on planet 1 is F1 = G
M s m1
r12
. The force of the star on planet 2 is F2 = G
M s m2
r2 2
. Since
m2 = 2m1, and r2 = 2r1,
M (2m )
G s 21
F2
2 1
(2r1 )
=
= =
M
m
F1
4 2
G s2 1
r1
13.3. (a) The force of the Earth on the first satellite is F1 = G
M e m1
r12
, while F2 = G
M e m2
r2 2
. Since r1 = r2 ,
F1 m1 1000 kg 1
=
=
= .
F2 m2 2000 kg 2
(b) With Fnet = ma, F1 = m1a1 and F2 = m2a2 , so
a1 F1 m2 1 2000 kg
=
=
=1
a2 F2 m1 2 1000 kg
The free-fall acceleration is the same for objects of different mass.
13.4. The astronauts can be weightless at any distance because an object is said to be weightless if it is in free fall
(as in orbit). For the gravitational force to become zero, the spacecraft would have to be an infinite distance away.
13.5. The hammer will not fall to the Earth. The astronaut, shuttle, and hammer are all in free fall around the Earth
(in an orbit), so the hammer has the same acceleration as the astronaut and does not move away from him.
13.6. The acceleration due to gravity is g = G
g2 = G
M2
R22
M
R2
=G
. With g1 = 20 m/s 2 , M 2 = 2 M1, and R2 = 2 R1,
(2M1 )
(2 R1 )
=G
M1 1 1
2
= g1 = 10 m/s
R12 2 2
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
13-1
13-2
Chapter 13
13.7. The gravitational potential energy is negative because we choose to place the zero point of potential energy at
infinity (U at = 0). With this choice, the gravitational potential energy is negative because the conservative force of
gravity is attractive. The two masses will gain kinetic energy as they approach each other.
13.8. The escape speed from Planet X is

vescape X =
2GM X
= 10,000 m/s.
RX
Planet Y is twice as dense as Planet X but the same size so has twice the mass. Therefore
2G (2 M X )
= 2vescape X = 14,142 m/s
RX
vescape Y =
13.9. The Earths new orbital period would be about 11.9 years. For circular orbits, Keplers third law relates orbital
2
2 4 3
period to radius and can be written T =
r . Here M is the mass of the body being orbited (the Sun in this
GM
problem.) The orbital period is independent of the mass of the orbiting body.
13.10. For a circular orbit, v = GM/r (Equation 13.22). As r decreases, v increases, so the satellite speeds up as
the satellite spirals inward.
Exercises and Problems

Section 13.3 Newtons Law of Gravity
13.1. Model: Model the sun (s) and the earth (e) as spherical masses. Due to the large difference between your size
and mass and that of either the sun or the earth, a human body can be treated as a particle.
GM s M y
GM e M y
Solve: Fs on you =
and Fe on you =
2
rs-e
re2
Dividing these two equations gives
2
Fs on y
Fe on y
M r 1.99 1030 kg 6.37 106 m

4
= s e =
= 6.00 10
24
11
M e rs-e 5.98 10 kg 1.50 10 m
13.2. Model: Assume the two lead balls are spherical masses.
Gm1m2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(10 kg)(0.100 kg)
= 6.7 109 N
(0.10 m) 2
r2
(b) The ratio of the above gravitational force to the gravitational force on the 100 g ball is
Solve: (a) F1 on 2 = F2 on 1 =
6.67 109 N
(0.100 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
= 6.8 109
Assess: The answer in part (b) shows how small is the gravitational force between two lead balls separated by 10 cm
compared to the gravitational force on the 100 g ball.
13.3. Model: Model the sun (s), the moon (m), and the earth (e) as spherical masses.
Solve: Fs on m =
GM s M m
2
rs-m
and Fe on m =
GM e M m
2
re-m
Newtons Theory of Gravity
13-3
Dividing the two equations and using the astronomical data from Table 13.2,
2
Fs on m M s re-m 1.99 1030 kg 3.84 108 m

=
= 2.18
=
1.50 1011 m
Fe on m M e rs-m 5.98 1024 kg
Note that the sun-moon distance is not noticeably different from the tabulated sun-earth distance.
13.4. Solve: Fsphere on particle =
GM s M p
2
rs-p
and Fearth on particle =
GM e M p
re2
Dividing the two equations,

Fsphere on particle
Fearth on particle
M r 5900 kg 6.37 106 m

7
= s e =
= 1.6 10
24
M
r
0
50
m
.
e s-p 5.98 10 kg
13.5. Model: Model the woman (w) and the man (m) as spherical masses or particles.
Solve: Fw on m = Fm on w =
GM w M m
2
rm-w
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(50 kg)(70 kg)

(1.0 m) 2
= 2.3 107 N
13.6. Model: Model the earth (e) as a sphere.

Visualize:
The space shuttle or a 1.0 kg sphere (s) in the space shuttle is Re + rs = 6.37 106 m + 0.30 106 m = 6.67 106 m away
from the center of the earth.
GM e M s (6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)(1.0 kg)
Solve: (a) Fe on s =
=
= 9.0 N
( Re + rs ) 2
(6.67 106 m) 2
Section 13.4 Little g and Big G

13.7. Model: Model the sun (s) as a spherical mass.
Solve: (a) gsun surface =
(b) gsun at earth =
GM s
2
rs-e
GM s
Rs2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)

(6.96 108 m) 2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)

(1.50 1011 m) 2
= 274 m/s 2
= 5.90 103 m/s 2
13.8. Model: Model the moon (m) and Jupiter (J) as spherical masses.
Solve: (a) g moon surface =
GM m
2
Rm
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(7.36 1022 kg)

6
(1.74 10 m)
= 1.62 m/s 2
13-4
Chapter 13
(b) g Jupiter surface =
GM J
RJ2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.90 1027 kg)

(6.99 107 m) 2
= 25.9 m/s 2
13.9. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

Visualize: The acceleration due to gravity at sea level is 9.83 m/s 2 (see Table 13.1) and Re = 6.37 106 m (see
Table 13.2).
Solve: g observatory =
GM e
( Re + h)
GM e
2
Re (1 + h/Re )2
g earth
(1 + h/Re ) 2
= (9.83 0.0075) m/s 2
Here g earth = GM e /Re2 is the acceleration due to gravity on a non-rotating earth, which is why weve used the value
9.83 m/s 2 . Solving for h,
9.83
h =
1 Re = 2.4 km
9
.
8225
13.10. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

Solve: Let the acceleration due to gravity be 3.0gsurface when the earth is shrunk to a radius of x. Then,
gsurface =
3
GM e
Re2
GM e
Re2
GM e
x
and 3.0 gsurface =

x=
GM e
x2
Re
= 0.58 Re
3. 0
The earths radius would need to be 0.58 times its present value.
13.11. Model: Model Planet Z as a spherical mass.

Solve: (a) g Z surface =
GM Z
8.0 m/s 2 =
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 ) M Z
RZ2
(b) Let h be the height above the north pole. Thus,
g above N pole =
GM Z
( RZ + h)
GM Z
RZ2 (1 + h/RZ ) 2
(5.0 106 m) 2
g Z surface
(1 + h/RZ )
M Z = 3.0 1024 kg
8.0 m/s 2
10.0 10 m
1 +
5.0 106 m
= 0.89 m/s 2
Section 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy

13.12. Model: Model Mars (M) as a spherical mass. Ignore air resistance. Also consider Mars and the ball as an
isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved.
13-5
Visualize:
Solve: A height of 15 m is very small in comparison with the radius of earth or Mars. We can use flat-earth gravitational potential energy to find the speed with which the astronaut can throw the ball. On earth, with yi = 0 m and
vf = 0 m/s, energy conservation gives

1 mv 2
f
2
+ mgyf = 12 mvi2 + mgyi
vi = 2 g e yf = 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(15 m) = 17.2 m/s
Energy is also conserved on Mars, but the acceleration due to gravity is different.
g Mars surface =
GM M
2
RM
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(6.42 1023 kg)

(3.37 106 m) 2
= 3.77 m/s 2
On Mars, with yi = 0 m and vf = 0 m/s, energy conservation is

1 mv 2
f
2
+ mgyf = 12 mvi2 + mgyi
yf =
vi2
(17.2 m/s) 2
=
= 39 m
2 g m 2(3.77 m/s 2 )
13.13. Model: Model Jupiter as a spherical mass and the object as a point particle. The object and Jupiter form an
isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved. The minimum launch speed for escape, which is called the escape speed, allows an object to escape to an infinite distance from Jupiter (or, in general, from its partner object).
Visualize:
13-6
Chapter 13
Solve: The energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is

1 m v2
2 o 2
GM J mo 1
GM J mo
= 2 mov12
r2
RJ
where RJ and M J are the radius and mass of Jupiter. Using the asymptotic condition v2 = 0 m/s as r2 ,
0 J = 12 mov12
GM J mo
RJ
v1 =
2GM J
2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.90 1027 kg)
=
= 6.02 104 m/s
RJ
6.99 107 m
Thus, the escape velocity from Jupiter is 60.2 km/s.
13.14. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass. Compared to the earths size and mass, the rocket (r) is
modeled as a particle. This is an isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize:
Solve: The energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is

1 m v2
2 r 2
GM e mr 1
GM e mr
= 2 mr v12
r2
Re
In the present case, r2 , so

1 m v2
2 r 2
= 12 mr v12
v2 = (1.5 104 m/s)2
GM e mr
Re
v22 = v12
2GM e
Re
2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)

6.37 106 m
= 10 km/s
13.15. Model: The probe and the sun form an isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved. The minimum
launch speed for escape, which is called the escape speed, allows an object to escape to an infinite distance from the
sun, where the object will have slowed to zero speed with respect to the sun.
13-7
Visualize:
We denote by mp the mass of the probe. M s is the suns mass, and Rs-p is the separation between the centers of the
sun and the probe.
Solve: The conservation of energy equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is
GM s mp 1
GM s mp
1
= mpv12
mpv22
2
2
r2
Rs-p
Using the condition v2 = 0 m/s asymptotically as r2 ,
GM s mp
1
2
mpvescape
=
2
Rs-p
vescape =
2GM s
2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)
=
= 4.21 104 m/s
Rs-p
1.50 1011 m
13.16. Model: Model the distant planet (p) and the earth (e) as spherical masses. Because both are isolated, the
mechanical energy of the object on both the planet and the earth is conserved.
13-8
Chapter 13
Visualize:
Let us denote the mass of the planet by M p and that of the earth by M e . Your mass is m0 . Also, acceleration due to
gravity on the surface of the planet is g p and on the surface of the earth is g e . Rp and Re are the radii of the planet
and the earth, respectively.
Solve: (a) We are given that M P = 2 M e and g p = 14 g e .
Since g p =
GM p
Rp2
and g e =
GM p
Rp2
GM e
Re2
, we have
1 GM e 1 G ( M p / 2)
=
4 Re2
4
Re2
Rp = 8 Re = 8(6.37 106 m) = 1.80 107 m
(b) The conservation of energy equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is
GM p m0 1
GM p m0
1
m0v22
= m0v12
r2
Rp
2
2
Using v2 = 0 m/s as r2 , we have
GM p m0
1
2
m0vescape
=
2
Rp
vescape =
2GM p
Rp
2G (2 M e )
4(6.67 10211 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)
=
= 9.41 km/s
Rp
1.80 107 m
Section 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies

13.17. Model: Model the sun (s) as a spherical mass and the asteroid (a) as a point particle.
Visualize: The asteroid, having mass ma and velocity va , orbits the sun in a circle of radius ra . The asteroids time
period is Ta = 5.0 earth years = 1.58 108 s.
13-9
Solve: The gravitational force between the sun (mass = M s ) and the asteroid provides the centripetal acceleration
required for circular motion.

GM s ma
ra2
1/3
ma va2
ra
GM sTa2
GM s 2 ra
=
ra =
2
ra
Ta
4
Substituting G = 6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 , M s = 1.99 1030 kg, and the time period of the asteroid, we obtain
ra = 4.4 1011 m. The velocity of the asteroid in its orbit will therefore be
va =
2 ra 2 (4.4 1011 m)
=
= 1.7 104 m/s
Ta
1.58 108 s
Solve: We give the answer to two significant figures because the asteroid period is given to two significant figures.
13.18. Model: Model the sun (s) and the earth (e) as spherical masses.
Visualize: The earth orbits the sun with velocity ve in a circular path with a radius denoted by rs-e . The suns and
the earths masses are denoted by M s and me , respectively.

Solve: The gravitational force provides the centripetal acceleration required for circular motion.
GM s me
2
rs-e
Ms =
3
4 2rs-e
GTe2
meve2 me (2 rs-e ) 2
=
rs-e
rs-eTe2
4 2 (1.50 1011 m)3

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(365 24 3600 s) 2
= 2.01 1030 kg
Assess: The tabulated value is 1.99 1030 kg. The slight difference can be ascribed to the fact that the earths orbit
isnt exactly circular.
13.19. From Keplers third law, the orbital period squared is proportional to the orbital radius cubed: T 2 r 3 .
Thus, at ry = 4rx , Ty2 (4rx )3 = 64rx3 (8Tx ) 2 . Therefore Ty = 8Tx . A year on Planet Y is 8 200 = 1600 earth days
long.
13.20. Model: Model the star (s) and the planet (p) as spherical masses.
Solve: From the planets acceleration due to gravity, we find its mass to be
gp =
Mp =
g p Rp2
G
GM p
Rp2
(12.2 m/s 2 )(9.0 106 m) 2
6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2
= 1.5 1025 kg
(b) From the planets orbital period, we find the mass of the star Omega to be
4 2 3
T2 =
r
GM
s
Ms =
4 2r 3
GT
4 2 (2.2 1011 m)3

211
(6.67 10
N m 2 /kg 2 )(402 24 3600 s) 2
= 5.2 1030 kg
13.21. Model: Model the planet and satellites as spherical masses.

Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX13.21.
13-10
Chapter 13
Solve: (a) The period of a satellite in a circular orbit is T = [4 2r 3/(GM )]1/2 This is independent of the satellites
mass, so we can find the ratio of the periods of two satellites a and b:
r
Ta
= a
Tb
rb
Satellite 2 has r2 = r1, so T2 = T1 = 250 min. Satellite 3 has r3 = (3/2) r1, so T3 = (3/2)3/2 T1 = 459 min.
(b) The force on a satellite is F = GMm/r 2 . Thus the ratio of the forces on the two satellites a and b is
2
Fa rb ma
=
Fb ra mb
Satellite 2 has r2 = r1 and m2 = 2m1, so F2 = (1) 2 (2) F1 = 20,000 N. Similarly, satellite 3 has r3 = (3/2) r1 and
m3 = m1, so F3 = (2/3) 2 (1) F1 = 4440 N.

(c) The speed of a satellite in a circular orbit is v = (GM/r ) 2 , so its kinetic energy is K = 12 mv 2 = GMm/2r. Thus the
ratio of the kinetic energy of two satellites a and b is

K a rb ma
=
K b ra mb
Satellite 3 has r3 = (3/2)r1 and m3 = m1, so K1/K3 = (3/2)(1/1) = 3/2 = 1.50.
13.22. Model: Model the sun (S) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle.
Visualize: The satellite, having mass ms and velocity vs , orbits the sun with a mass M S in a circle of radius rs .
Solve: The gravitational force between the sun and the satellite provides the necessary centripetal acceleration for
circular motion. Newtons second law gives
GM Sms
rs2
msvs2
rs
Because vs = 2 rs /Ts where Ts is the period of the satellite, this equation simplifies to
GM S
rs2
(2 rs ) 2
rs3 =
Ts2rs
GM STs2
4 2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)(24 3600 s) 2

4 2
rs = 2.9 109 m
13.23. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle.
Visualize: The satellite has a mass is ms and orbits the earth with a velocity vs . The radius of the circular orbit is
denoted by rs and the mass of the earth by M e .

Solve: The satellite experiences a gravitational force that provides the centripetal acceleration required for circular
motion:
GM e ms
rs2
msvs2
rs
rs =
Ts =
GM e
vs2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)

(5500 m/s)2
= 1.32 107 m
2 Rs 2 (1.32 107 m)
=
= 1.51 104 s = 4.2 h
vs
5500 m/s
13.24. Model: Model Mars (m) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle.
Visualize: The geosynchronous satellite whose mass is ms and velocity is vs orbits in a circle of radius rs around
Mars. Let us denote mass of Mars by M m .
13-11
Solve: The gravitational force between the satellite and Mars provides the centripetal acceleration needed for circular motion:
GM m ms
rs2
msvs2 ms (2 rs ) 2
=
rs
rsTs2
1/3
GM mTs2
rs =
4 2
Using G = 6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 , M m = 6.42 1023 kg, and Ts = (24.8 hrs) = (24.8)(3600) s = 89,280 s, we obtain
rs = 2.05 107 m. Thus, altitude = rs Rm = 1.72 107 m. The speed is the orbital circumference divided by the
period, or
vs =
2 rs 2 (2.05 107 m/s)

=
= 1.44 km/s
Ts
89,280 s
13.25. Solve: We are given M1 + M 2 = 150 kg which means M1 = 150 kg M 2 . We also have
GM1M 2
(0.20 m) 2
= 8.00 106 N M1M 2 =
(8.00 106 N)(0.20 m)2

6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2
= 4798 kg 2
Thus, (150 kg M 2 ) M 2 = 4798 kg 2 or M 22 (150 kg) M 2 + (4798 kg 2 ) = 0. Solving this equation gives M 2 = 103.75 kg
and 46.25 kg. The two masses are 104 and 46 kg.
13.26. Visualize: We placed the origin of the coordinate system on the 20.0 kg mass (m1) so that the 5.0 kg mass
(m3 ) is on the y-axis and the 10.0 kg mass (m2 ) is on the x-axis.
Solve: (a) The forces acting on the 20.0 kg mass (m1) are
G
Fm2
on m1
gm1m2 (6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(20.0 kg)(10.0 kg)

i=
i = 1.33 106 i N
(0.10 m) 2
r122
gm1m3 (6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(20.0 kg)(5.0 kg)

j=
j = 1.67 107 j N
(0.20 m)2
r132
G
G
G
Fon m1 = Fm2 on m1 + Fm3 on m1 = 1.33 106 i N +1.67 107 j N Fon m1 = 1.34 106 N
G
( Fon m ) x
1.33 106 N
1
= tan G 1 = tan 1
= 83
1.67 107 N
( Fon m ) y
G
Thus the force is Fon m1 = 1.3 106 N, 83 cw from the +y-axis
G
Fm3
on m1
13-12
Chapter 13
(b) The forces acting on the 5.0 kg mass (m3 ) are

G
G
Fm1 on m3 = Fm3 on m1 = 1.67 107 j N
gm2m3
on m3
G
Fm2
on m3
= (6.67 108 N)sin i (6.67 108 N)cos j
G
Fon m3
2
r23
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(10.0 kg)(5.0 kg)
Fm2
(0.20 m) 2 + (0.10 m) 2
= 6.67 108 N
10 cm
20 cm
8
= (6.67 108 N)
i (6.67 10 N)
j
22.36 cm
22.36 cm
= (2.983 108 N)i (5.966 108 N) j
G
G
= Fm1 on m3 + Fm2 on m3 = 2.983 108 i N 2.264 107 j N
Fon m3 = (2.983 108 N) 2 + (2.264 107 N) 2 = 2.284 107 N

G
( Fon m ) x
2.983 108 N
1
= tan G 3 = tan 1
= 7.51
7
( Fon m ) y
2.264 10 N
3
G
Thus Fon m3 = 2.3 1027 N, 7.5 ccw from the y-axis.
13.27. Visualize:
5
Solve: The angle = tan 1 = 14.04. The distance r1 = r2 = (0.050 m) 2 + (0.200 m)2 = 0.206 m. The forces
20
on the 20.0 kg mass are
G
Mm
F1 = G 2 1 ( sin i + cos j )
r1
G
Mm2
F2 = G 2 (sin i + cos j )
r2
Note m1 = m2 and r1 = r2 . Thus, the net force on the 20.0 kg mass is

G
G G
Mm
Fnet = F1 + F2 = 2G 2 1 cos j
r1
=
2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(20.0 kg)(5.0 kg)cos(14.04)

j
(0.206 m)2
= 3.0 107 j N
13-13
13.28. Visualize:
Solve: The total gravitational potential energy is the sum of the potential energies due to the interactions of the pairs
of masses.
U = U12 + U13 + U 23
= G
m1m2
mm
mm
G 1 3 G 2 3
r12
r13
r23
With m1 = 20.0 kg, m2 = 10.0 kg, m3 = 5.0 kg, r12 = 0.20 m, r13 = 0.10 m, and r23 = 0.2236 m,
U = 1.48 107 J
Assess: The gravitational potential energy is negative because the masses attract each other. It is a scalar, so there
are no vector calculations required.
13.29. Visualize:
Solve: The total gravitational potential energy is the sum of the potential energies due to the interactions of the pairs
of masses.
U = U12 + U13 + U 23
= G
m1m2
mm
mm
G 1 3 G 2 3
r12
r13
r23
13-14
Chapter 13
With m1 = 20.0 kg, m2 = m3 = 10.0 kg, r12 = r13 = (0.050 m)2 + (0.200 m)2 = 0.206 m, and r23 = 0.100 m,
U = 1.96 107 J
Assess: The gravitational potential energy is negative because the masses attract each other. It is a scalar, so there
are no vector calculations required.
13.30. Visualize: Because of the gravitational force of attraction between the lead spheres, the cables will make an
angle of with the vertical. The distance between the sphere centers is therefore going to be less than 1 m. The freebody diagram shows the forces acting on the lead sphere.
Solve: We can see from the diagram that the distance between the centers is d = 1.000 m 2 L sin . Each sphere is
in static equilibrium, so Newtons second law is
Fx = Fgrav T sin = 0 T sin = Fgrav

Fy = T cos mg = 0 T cos = mg
Dividing these two equations to eliminate the tension T yields
Fgrav Gmm/d 2 Gm
sin
= tan =
=
= 2
cos
mg
mg
d g
We know that d is going to be only very, very slightly less than 1.00 m. The very slight difference is not going to be
enough to affect the value of Fgrav , the gravitational attraction between the two masses, so well evaluate the right
side of this equation by using 1.00 m for d. This gives
tan =
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(100 kg)

(1.00 m) 2 (9.81 m/s2 )
= 6.80 1010
= (3.90 108 )
This small angle causes the two spheres to move closer by 2 L sin = 1.4 107 m = 0.00000014 m. Consequently,
the distance between their centers is d = 0.99999986 m.
13.31. Visualize:
We placed the origin of the coordinate system on the 20 kg sphere (m1 ). The sphere (m2 ) with a mass of 10 kg is
20 cm away on the x-axis. The point at which the net gravitational force is zero must lie between the masses m1
13-15
and m2 . This is because on such a point, the gravitational forces due to m1 and m2 are in opposite directions. As the
gravitational force is directly proportional to the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them, the mass m must be closer to the 10-kg mass. The small mass m, if placed either to the left of m1 or to
the right of m2 , will experience gravitational forces from m1 and m2 pointing in the same direction, thus always
leading to a nonzero force.
Solve:
Fm1 on m = Fm2
on m
m1m
x
=G
10 x 2 8 x + 0.8 = 0
m2m
(0.20 x)
20
x
10
(0.20 x) 2
x = 0.683 m and 0.117 m
The value x = 68.3 cm is unphysical in the current situation, since this point is not between m1 and m2 . Thus, the
mass should be placed 11.7 cm to the right of the larger mass. To two significant figures, this is 12 cm.
13.32. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle.
Visualize: Let h be the height from the surface of the earth where the acceleration due to gravity ( g altitude ) is 10%
of the surface value ( gsurface ).

Solve: (a) Since g altitude = (0.10) gsurface , we have
GM e
( Re + h) 2
h = 2.162 Re
= (0.10)
GM e
Re2
( Re + h) 2 = 10 Re2
h = (2.162)(6.37 106 m) = 1.377 107 m = 1.4 107 m
(b) For a satellite orbiting the earth at a height h above the surface of the earth, the gravitational force between the
earth and the satellite provides the centripetal acceleration necessary for circular motion. For a satellite orbiting with
velocity vs ,
GM e ms
( Re + h)2
msvs2
( Re + h)
vs =
GM e
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)
=
= 4.5 km/s
Re + h
(6.37 106 m + 1.377 107 m)
13.33. Model: Model the earth as a spherical mass and the object (o) as a point particle. Ignore air resistance. This
is an isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize:
13-16
Chapter 13
Solve: (a) The conservation of energy equation K 2 + U g2 = K1 + U g1 is

1
GM e mo 1
GM e mo
= mov12
mov22
2
2
Re
Re + y1
1
1
v2 = 2GM e
Re Re + y1
1
1
= 2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)
= 3.02 km/s
6.37 106 m 6.87 106 m
(b) In the flat-earth approximation, U g = mgy. The energy conservation equation thus becomes
1
1
mov22 + mo gy2 = mov12 + mo gy1
2
2
v2 = v12 + 2 g ( y1 y2 ) = 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(5.00 105 m 0 m) = 3.13 km/s
(c) The percent error in the flat-earth calculation is
3130 m/s 3020 m/s
3.6%
3020 m/s
13.34. Model: Consider the object as a particle and take the planet to be a spherical mass.
Solve: Conservation of mechanical energy of the object gives
Mm 1 2
Mm
= mv G
R+h 2
R
The objects mass drops out. Solving for the speed as it hits the ground,
R+hR
1
1
v = 2GM
=
= 2GM
R R+h
R ( R + h)
Assess: Compare this to v = 2 gh =
2GMh
R2
2GMh
R ( R + h)
, which is the result if the potential U = mgh is used.
13.35. Model: Model the earth and the projectile as spherical masses. Ignore air resistance. This is an isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize:
A pictorial representation of the before-and-after events is shown.
13-17
Solve: After using v2 = 0 m/s, the energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is
0 J
GM e mp
GM e mp
1
= mpv12
Re + h
Re
2
The projectile mass cancels. Solving for h, we find
1
v2
h= 1
Re 2GM e
Re = 4.2 105 m
13.36. Model: Model the earth as a spherical mass and the meteoroids as point masses.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 gives

1 mv 2
2
2
GM e m 1 2 GM e m
= 2 mv1
Re
rm
1/ 2
1
1
v2 = v12 + 2GM e
Re rm
1/2
1
1
11
2
2
2
24
(2000 m/s) + 2(6.67 10 N m /kg )(5.97 10 kg)

6
8
6.37 10 m 3.85 10 m
= 1.1 104 m/s = 11 km/s
The speed does not depend on the meteoroids mass.

(b) This part differs in that r2 = Re + 5000 km = 1.137 107 m. The shape of the meteoroids trajectory is not important for using energy conservation. Thus
1 mv 2
2
2
GM e m
GM e m
= 1 mv12
Re + 5000 km 2
rm
1/ 2
1
1
v2 = v12 + 2GM e

Re + 5000 km rm
= 8.9 103 m/s = 8.9 km/s
13.37. Model: Model the two stars as spherical masses, and the comet as a point mass. This is an isolated system,
so mechanical energy is conserved.
13-18
Chapter 13
Visualize:
In the initial state, the comet is far away from the two stars and thus it has neither kinetic energy nor potential energy.
In the final state, as the comet passes through the midpoint connecting the two stars, it possesses both kinetic energy
and potential energy.
Solve: The conservation of energy equation K f + U f = Ki + U i gives
1 2 GMm GMm
mvf
=0 J+0 J
rf1
rf 2
2
vf =
4GM
4(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)
=
= 32,600 m/s = 33 km/s
rf
0.50 1012 m
Assess: Note that the final velocity of 33 km/s does not depend on the mass of the comet.
13.38. Model: Model the asteroid as a spherical mass and yourself as a point mass. This is an isolated system, so
mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize: The radius of the asteroid is M a and its mass is Ra .
Solve: The conservation of energy equation K f + U f = Ki + U i for the asteroid gives
1 2 GM a m 1 2 GM a m
mvf
= mvi
2
Ra + r 2
Ra
The minimum speed for escape is the one that will cause you to stop only when the separation between you and the
asteroid becomes very large. Noting that vf 0 m/s as r , we have
vi2 =
2GM a 2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.0 1014 kg)

=
Ra
2.0 103 m
vi = 2.58 m/s
That is, you need a speed of 2.58 m/s to escape from the asteroid. We can now calculate your jumping speed on the
earth. The conservation of energy equation gives
1
0 J mvi2 = mg (0.50 m) vi = 2(9.8 m/s 2 )(0.50 m) = 3.13 m/s
2
This means you can escape from the asteroid.
13.39. Model: The projectile is a particle. The earth and moon are spherical masses.
Solve: The projectile is attracted to both the moon and earth. Its final velocity and potential energy are zero. Since
the projectile is fired from the far side of the moon, its initial distance from the center of the earth is the earth-moon
13-19
distance Re-m plus the radius of the moon Rm . Let the projectile have mass m. The conservation of mechanical energy equation is
1 2
M em
M m
mvescape G
G m = 0 J +0 J
2
( Re-m + Rm )
Rm
Me
M
2
vescape
= 2G
+ m
Re-m + Rm Rm
From Table 13.2, Re-m = 3.84 108 m, Rm = 1.74 106 m, M e = 5.98 1024 kg, and M m = 7.36 1022 kg, which
gives vescape = 2.78 km/s.
Assess: The escape velocity does not depend on the mass of the object which is trying to escape.
13.40. Model: The two asteroids make an isolated system, so mechanical energy is conserved. We will also use the
law of conservation of momentum for our system.
Visualize:
Solve: The conservation of momentum equation pfx = pix is
M (vfx )1 + 2 M (vfx ) 2 = 0 kg m/s (vfx )1 = 2(vfx ) 2

The equation for mechanical energy conservation K f + U f = Ki + U i is
1
1
G ( M )(2 M )
G ( M )(2M )
1
0.8GM
M (vfx )12 + (2 M )(vfx ) 22

[2(vfx )2 ]2 + (vfx ) 22 =
=
2
2
2R
10 R
2
R
GM
GM
(vfx )1 = 2(vfx )2 = 1.032
(vfx ) 2 = 0.516
R
R
The heavier asteroid has a speed of 0.516(GM/R)1/2 and the lighter one a speed of 1.032(GM/R )1/2 .
13.41. Model: Gravity is a conservative force, so we can use conservation of energy.

Visualize:
The planets will be pulled together by gravity and each will have speed v2 as they crash and the separation between
their centers will be 2R.
13-20
Chapter 13
Solve: The planets begin with only gravitational potential energy. When they crash, they have both potential and
kinetic energy. Thus,
1
1
GMM
GMM
K 2 + U 2 = Mv22 + Mv22
= K1 + U1 = 0 J
2
2
r2
r1
1 1
v2 = GM
r2 r1
Because the planet is Jupiter-size, well use M = M Jupiter = 1.9 1027 kg and r2 = 2 RJupiter = 1.4 108 m. Inserting
these values into the expression above gives the crash speed of each planet as v2 = 3.0 104 m/s.
Assess: Note that the force is not constant, because it varies with distance, so the motion is not constant acceleration
motion. The formulas from constant-acceleration kinematics do not work for problems such as this.
13.42. Model: Model the distant planet (P) as a spherical mass.

Solve: The acceleration at the surface of the planet and at the altitude h are
gsurface =
2
GM P
R
( R + h) = 2 R 2
and g altitude =
1
MP
1 GM P
=
gsurface G
2
2
2 R2
( R + h)
R + h = 2 R h = ( 2 1) R = 0.414 R
That is, the starship is orbiting at an altitude of 0.414R.
13.43. Model: The stars are spherical masses.

Visualize:
Solve: The starts are identical, so their final speeds vf are the same. They collide when their centers are 2R apart.
From energy conservation,
M2
M2
1
2
3 G
= 3 Mvf 3 G
(5.0 10 m)
2
2 R
1
1
vf2 = 2GM
9
2 R 5.0 10 m
vf = 3.7 105 m/s
13.44. Model: The stars are spherical masses. They each rotate about the systems center of mass.
13-21
Visualize:
Solve: (a) The stars rotate about the systems center of mass with the same period: T1 = T2 = T . We can locate the
center of mass by letting the origin be at the smaller-mass star. Then

r1 = rcm =
(2.0 1030 kg)(0 m) + (6.0 1030 kg)(2.0 1012 m)

2.0 1030 kg + 6.0 1030 kg
= 1.5 1012 m
Mass m2 undergoes uniform circular motion with radius r2 = 0.5 1012 m due to the gravitational force of mass m1
at distance R = 2.0 1012 m. The gravitational force is responsible for the centripetal acceleration, so
Fgrav =
1/2
4 2
T =
r2 R 2
Gm1
Gm1m2
R2
= m2acentripetal =
m2v22 m2 2 r2
4 2m2r2
=
=
r2
r2 T
T2
1/2
4 2 (0.5 1012 m)(0.5 1012 m)2
2
2
30
11
(6.67 10 N m /kg )(2.0 10 kg)
= 7.693 108 s = 24 years
(b) The speed of each star is v = (2 r )/T . Thus
v1 =
2 r1 2 (1.5 1012 m)
=
= 12.3 km/s
T
7.693 108 s
v2 =
2 r2 2 (0.5 1012 m)
=
= 4.1 km/s
T
7.693 108 s
13.45. Model: Model the moon (m) as a spherical mass and the lander (l) as a particle. This is an isolated system,
so mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize: The initial position of the lunar lander (mass = m1 ) is at a distance r1 = Rm + 50 km from the center of
the moon. The final position of the lunar lander is the orbit whose distance from the center of the moon is
r2 = Rm + 300 km.
13-22
Chapter 13
Solve: The external work done by the thrusters is
Wext = Emech = 12 U g
where we used Emech = 12 U g for a circular orbit. The change in potential energy is from the initial orbit at
ri = Rm + 50 km to the final orbit rf = Rm + 300 km. Thus
1 GM m m GM m m GM m m 1 1
Wext =
=

2
rf
ri
2 ri rf
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(7.36 1022 kg)(4000 kg)

1
1
2
1.79 106 m 2.04 106 m
= 6.7 108 J
13.46. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the space shuttle (s) as a point particle. This is an isolated system, so the mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize: The space shuttle (mass = ms ) is at a distance of r1 = Re + 250 km.
Solve: The external work done by the thrusters is
Wext = Emech = 12 U g
where we used Emech = 12 U g for a circular orbit. The change in potential energy is from the initial orbit at
r1 = Re + 250 km to the final orbit rf = Re + 610 km. Thus
1 GM e m GM e m GM e m 1 1
Wext =
=

2 rf
ri
2 ri rf
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)(75,000 kg)

1
1
6
6
2
6.62 10 m 6.98 10 m
= 1.2 1011 J
This much energy must be supplied by burning the on-board fuel.
13.47. Model: Assume a spherical asteroid and a point mass model for the satellite. This is an isolated system, so
mechanical energy is conserved.
13-23
Visualize:
The orbital radius of the satellite is

r = Ra + h = 8,800 m + 5,000 m = 13,800 m
Solve: (a) The speed of a satellite in a circular orbit is
1/2
GM (6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.0 1016 kg)

v=
=
r
13,800 m
= 7.0 m/s
(b) The minimum launch speed for escape (vi ) will cause the satellite to stop asymptotically (vf = 0 m/s) as
rf . Using the energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1, we get

GM a ms 1
GM a ms
1
msvf2
= msvi2
rf
Ra
2
2
GM a
1 2
0 J 0 J = vescape
Ra
2
2GM a
2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.0 1016 kg)
=
= 12 m/s
Ra
8800 m
vescape =
13.48. Model: Model the moon as a spherical mass and the satellite as a point mass.
Visualize: The rotational period of the satellite is the same as the rotational period of the moon around its own axis.
This time happens to be 27.3 days.
Solve: The gravitational force between the moon and the satellite provides the centripetal acceleration necessary for
circular motion around the moon. Therefore,
GM m m
r2
r3 =
GM mT
4 2
(6.67 10
11
2
= mr 2 = mr
N m 2 /kg 2 )(7.36 1022 kg)(27.3 24 3600 s)2

4 2
r = 8.84 107 m
Since r = Rm + h, then h = r Rm = 8.84 107 m 1.74 106 m = 8.67 107 m.
13.49. Model: Model the earth as a spherical mass and the satellite as a point mass.
Visualize: The satellite is directly over a point on the equator once every two days. Thus, T = 2Te = 2 24
3600 s = 1.728 105 s.
13-24
Chapter 13
Solve: From Keplers laws applied to a circular orbit:
4 2 3
T2 =
r
GM
e
r3 =
GM eT 2
4 2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)(1.728 105 ) 2

4 2
7
r = 6.71 10 m
Assess: The radius of the orbit is larger than the geosynchronous orbit.
13.50. Visualize: Please refer to Figure P13.50.

Solve: The gravitational force on one of the masses is due to the star and the other planet. Thus
G
Mm
r2
Gmm
(2r )2
mv 2 m 2 r
=
r
r T
G
m 4 2r 2
M + =
r
4
T2
GM Gm 4 2r 2
+
=
r
4r
T2
1/2
4 2r 3
1
T =
G ( M + m/4)
13.51. Solve: (a) Taking the logarithm of both sides of v p = Cu q gives

[log(v p ) = p log v] = [log(Cu q ) = log C + q log u ] log v =
q
log C
log u +
p
p
But x = log u and y = log v, so x and y are related by
q
log C
y = x +
p
p
(b) The previous result shows there is a linear relationship between x and y, so there is a linear relationship between
log u and log v. The graph of a linear relationship is a straight line, so the graph of log v-versus-log u will be a
straight line.
(c) The slope of the straight line represented by the equation y = (q/p ) x + log C/p is q/p. Thus, the slope of the log vversus-log u graph will be q/p.
(d) The predicted y-intercept of the graph is log C/p, and the experimentally determined value is 9.264. Equating
these, we can solve for M. Because the planets all orbit the sun, the mass we are finding is M = M sun .
4 2
1
1
log C = log
GM
2
2
sun
M sun
4 2
1
= 1018.528 = 18.528
= 9.264
GM
10
sun
2
4 18.528
(10
) = 1.996 1030 kg
=
G
The tabulated value, to three significant figures, is M sum = 1.99 1030 kg. We have used the orbits of the planets to
weigh the sun!
13.52. Solve: (a) Dividing the circumference of the orbit by the period gives
v=
2 Rs 2 (1.0 104 m)
=
= 6.3 104 m/s
T
1.0 s
(b) Using the formula for the acceleration at the surface,
gsurface =
GM s
Rs2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)

(1.0 104 m) 2
= 1.3 1012 m/s 2
13-25
(c) The mass of an object on the earth will be the same as its mass on the star. The gravitational force is
( FG )star = mg surface = 1.3 1012 N
(d) The radius of the orbit of the satellite is r = 1 104 m + 1.0 103 m = 1.1 104 m. The period is
T2 =
4 2r 3
4 2 (1.1 104 m)3
=
GM s (6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)
T = 6.29 104 s
This means there are 1589 revolutions per second or 9.5 104 orbits per minute.
(e) Applying Equation 13.25 for a geosynchronous orbit,
r3 =
GM s
4 2
T2 =
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)(1.0 s)

4 2
r = 1.5 106 m
13.53. Model: Assume the solar system is a point particle.

Solve: (a) The radius of the orbit of the solar system in the galaxy is 25,000 light years. This means
r = 25,000 light years = 2500(3.0 108 m/s)(365 d/y)(24 h/d)(3600 s/h)(1 y) = 2.36 1020 m
T=
2 r 2 (2.36 1020 m)
=
= 6.64 1015 s = 2.1 108 years
v
2.30 105 m/s
(b) The number of orbits =
5.0 109 years
2.05 108 years

(c) Applying Newtons second law yields
GM g center mss
r
mssv 2
r
= 24 orbits.
M g center =
v 2r (2.30 105 m/s) 2 (2.36 1020 m)

=
= 1.9 1041 kg
G
6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2
(d) The number of stars in the center of the galaxy is
1.87 1041 kg
1.99 1030 kg
= 9.4 1010
13.54. Model: Assume the three stars are spherical masses.

Visualize:
The stars rotate about the center of mass, which is the center of the triangle and equal distance r from all three stars.
The gravitational force between any two stars is the same. On a given star the two forces from the other stars make an
angle of 60.
13-26
Chapter 13
Solve: The value of r can be found as follows:
L/2
L
1.0 1012 m
= cos(30) r =
=
= 0.577 1012 m
r
2cos(30) 2cos(30)
The gravitational force between any two stars is
Fg =
GM 2
2
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg) 2

(1.0 1012 m) 2
= 2.64 1026 N
The component of this force toward the center is

Fc = Fg cos(30) = (2.64 1026 N)cos(30) = 2.29 1026 N
The net force on a star toward the center is twice this force, and that force equals MR 2 . This means
2
2 2.29 1026 N = MR 2 = MR
T
T=
4 2 MR
4.58 10
26
4 2 (1.99 1030 kg)(0.577 1012 m)

4.58 1026 N
= 3.15 108 s = 10 years
13.55. Model: Angular momentum is conserved for a particle following a trajectory of any shape.
Visualize:
For a particle in an elliptical orbit, the particles angular momentum is L = mrvt = mrv sin , where v is the velocity
G
G
tangent to the trajectory and is the angle between r and v.
Solve: At the distance of closest approach (rmin ) and also at the most distant point, = 90. Since there is no tangential force (the only force being the radial force) there is no torque, so angular momentum must be conserved:
mPlutov1rmin = mPlutov2rmax
v2 = v1 (rmin /rmax ) = (6.12 103 m/s)((4.43 1012 m)/(7.30 1012 m) = 3.71 km/s
13.56. Model: Angular momentum is conserved for a particle following a trajectory of any shape.
13-27
Visualize:
For a particle in an elliptical orbit, the particles angular momentum is L = mrvt = mrv sin , where v is the velocity
G
G
tangent to the trajectory, and is the angle between r and v.
Solve: At the distance of closest approach (rmin ) and also at the most distant point, = 90. Since there is no tangential force (the only force being the radial force) there is no torque, so angular momentum must be conserved:
mMercuryv1rmin = mMercuryv2rmax
rmin = rmax v2 /v1 =
(6.99 1010 m)(38.8 km/s)

= 4.60 1010 m
59.0 km/s
13.57. Model: For the sun + comet system, the mechanical energy is conserved.
Visualize:
Solve: The conservation of energy equation K f + U f = Ki + U i gives
1
GM s M c 1
GM s M c
M cv22
= M cv12
2
r2
2
r1
Using G = 6.67 1011 Nm 2 /kg 2 , M s = 1.99 1030 kg, r1 = 8.79 1010 m, r2 = 4.50 1012 m, and v1 = 54.6 km/s,
we get v2 = 4.49 km/s.
13.58. Model: Model the planet (p) as a spherical mass and the spaceship (s) as a point mass.
13-28
Chapter 13
Visualize:
Solve: (a) For the circular motion of the spaceship around the planet,
GM p ms
r02
mv02
r0
v0 =
GM p
r0
Immediately after the rockets were fired v1 = v0 /2 and r1 = r0 . Therefore,

v1 =
1 GM p
r0
2
(b) The spaceships maximum distance is rmax = r0 . Its minimum distance occurs at the other end of the ellipse. The
energy at the firing point is equal to the energy at the other end of the elliptical trajectory. That is,
GM p ms 1
GM p ms
1
msv12
= msv22
r1
r2
2
2
Since the angular momentum at these two ends is conserved, we have
mv1r1 = mv2r2
v2 = v1 (r1/r2 )
With this expression for v2 , the energy equation simplifies to

GM p
1 2 GM p 1 2
v1
= v1 (r1/r2 )2
r1
r2
2
2
Using r1 = r0 and v1 = v0 /2 =
1 GM p
,
2
r0
1 1 GM p GM p 1 1 GM p r02 GM p
1
1
r
1
=
= 0

2 4 r0
r0
2 4 r0 r22
r2
8r0 r0 8r22 r2
7 2
7
r
1
r0
+ 02 = 0
r2 r2 + = 0
8r0 8r2 r2
8
r
8
0
The solutions are r2 = r0 (the initial distance) and r2 = r0 /7. Thus the minimum distance is rmin = r0 /7.
13.59. Solve: (a) At what distance from the center of Saturn is the acceleration due to gravity the same as on the
surface of the earth?
13-29
(b)
(c) The distance is 6.21 107 m. This is 1.06RSaturn
13.60. Solve: (a) A 1000 kg satellite orbits the earth with a speed of 1997 m/s. What is the radius of the orbit?
(b)
(c) The radius of the orbit is
r=
GM E
(vpayload )
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)

(1997 m/s)
= 1.00 108 m
13.61. Solve: (a) A 100 kg object is released from rest at an altitude above the moon equal to the moons radius. At
what speed does it impact the moons surface?
(b)
13-30
Chapter 13
(c) The speed is v2 = 1680 m/s.
13.62. Solve: (a) Keplers third law for circular orbits is

4 2 3
4 2 32
T2 =
r T=
r
GM
GM
Letting a =
3
4 2
, the first satellite obeys T = ar 2 . For the second satellite, which orbits the same mass,
GM
3
r 2
T + T = a( r + r ) = ar 1 +
3
2
Since
3
2
r
1, we can use the approximation (1 x )n 1 nx.
r
Thus
3
3 r
T + T ar 2 1 +
2 r
Subtracting the equation T = ar 2 for the first satellite from this,

3 3 r
T = ar 2
2
r
Dividing this by the equation for the first satellite,

T 3 r
=
2 r
T
(b) The satellites orbit the earth. The fractional difference in their periods is
T 3 1 km
=
= 2.24 104
T
2 6700 km
After
1
2.24 104
= 4467 periods they will meet again. For the inner satellite,
T=
4 2
G (5.98 10
24
kg)
(6.700 106 m) 2
= 5456 s = 1.52 hrs

So the satellites will meet again in 4467 1.52 hrs = 6770 hrs = 282 days.
Assess: A communications satellite has an orbital period of around 1.5 h. The surprising length of time between the
two satellites meeting is due to the small differences in their periods.
13.63. Model: Model the earth and sun as spherical masses, the satellite as a point mass. Assume the satellites
distance from the earth is very small compared to the earths (and satellites) distance to the sun.
Visualize:
13-31
Solve: The net force on the satellite is the sum of the gravitational force toward the sun and the gravitational force
toward the earth. This net force is responsible for circular motion around the sun. We want to chose the distance d to
make the period T match the period Te with which the earth orbits the sun. The earths orbital period is given by
Te2 = (4 2 /GM s ) Re3 . Thus

Fnet =
GM s m
r2
GM e m
d2
= macentripetal =
mv 2 m 2 r
4 2
GM s
=
= mr 2 = mr 3
r
r Te
Te
Re
Using r = Re d and canceling the Gm term gives

Ms
( Re d ) 2
Me
d2
Ms
Re3
( Re d )
This equation cant be solved exactly, but we can make use of the fact that d Re to use the binomial approximation. Factor the Re out of the expressions Re d to get
Ms
2
Re (1 d/Re )2
Me
d
Ms
Re2
(1 d/Re )
If we think of d/Re = x 1, we can simplify the first term by using (1 x )n 1 nx. Here n = 2, so we get
Ms
Re2
[1 (2)d/Re ]
Me
d
Ms
Re2
(1 d/Re )
Me
d
=3
Ms
Re2
Thus d = [ M e /(3M s )]1/3 Re = 1.50 109 m.

Assess: d/Re = 0.010, so our assumption that d/Re 1 is justified.
13.64. Model: The earth and sun are spherical masses. The earth is in a circular orbit around the sun. The projectile is a particle. The effect of the earths rotation on the projectiles velocity is ignored. The earth and sun are so
massive compared to the rocket that they are unaffected by the rockets motion (no recoil). The rocket escapes from
the influence of the earths gravitation in a distance small in comparison with the distance from the earth to the sun,
so that the change in solar potential of the rocket as it escapes the earth is negligible.
Visualize:
Solve: To escape the suns gravitational pull at the earths distance from the sun, a projectile must have speed
vescape . The energy conservation equation for the projectile is
1 2
M m
mvescape G s = 0 J
2
Re-s
vescape = 2G
Ms
2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)
=
= 4.207 104 m/s
Re-s
(1.50 1011 m)
13-32
Chapter 13
The earths speed in its orbit is found by considering Equation 13.22:

ve =
GM s
= 2.975 104 m/s
Re-s
The projectile must also escape from the earths gravitational pull. Far from the earth, the projectiles total speed is
the sum of its speed relative to the earth far from the influence of earths gravity, vp , and the earths speed.
vescape = ve + vp
vp = vescape ve = 4.207 104 m/s 2.975 104 m/s = 1.232 104 m/s.
To obtain the speed vp far from the earth, the projectile must be launched from the earth with speed vlaunch . Using
energy conservation,
1 2
M m 1
mvlaunch G e = mvp2
2
Re
2
vlaunch = 2G
2(6.67 10211 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)

(6.37 106 m)
Me
+ vp2
Re
+ (1.232 104 m/s) 2
= 1.66 104 m/s

Assess: The projectile must attain a speed of 16.6 km/s if launched in the direction of earths motion. This is about a
factor of 7 times less than what is required from rest. Note that the speed of the earth in its orbit about the sun ve
differs from the escape speed from the sun vescape by a factor of
2.
13.65. Model: Model the 400 kg satellite and the 100 kg satellite as point masses and model the earth as a spherical
mass. Momentum is conserved during the inelastic collision of the two satellites.
Visualize:
Solve: For the given orbit, r0 = Re + 1 106 m = 7.37 106 m. The speed of a satellite in this orbit is
v0 =
GM e
= 7357 m/s
r0
The two satellites collide, stick together, and move with velocity v1. The equation for momentum conservation for
the perfectly inelastic collision gives
(400 kg + 100 kg)v1 = (400 kg)(7357 m/s) (100 kg)(7357 m/s)
v1 = 4414 m/s
13-33
The new satellites radius immediately after the collision is still r1 = r0 = 7.37 106 m. Now it is moving in an elliptical orbit. We need to determine if the minimum distance r2 is larger or smaller than the earths radius
Re = 6.37 106 m.
The combined satellites will continue moving in an elliptical orbit. The momentum of the combined satellite is
L = mrv sin (see Equation 13.26) and is conserved in a trajectory of any shape. The angle is 90 when
v1 = 4414 m/s and when the satellite is at its closest approach to the earth. From conservation of angular momentum,
we have
r1v1 = r2v2 = (4414 m/s) = 3.253 1010 m 2 /s
r2 =
3.253 1010 m 2 /s
v2
Using the conservation of energy equation at positions 1 and 2,

1
GM e (500 kg) 1
GM e (500 kg)
(500 kg)(4414 m/s) 2
= (500 kg)v22
6
2
r2
7.37 10 m 2
Using the above expression for r2 , we can simplify the energy equation to
v22 (2.452 104 m/s)v2 + (8.876 107 m 2 /s 2 ) = 0 m 2 /s 2
v2 = 20,107 m/s and 4414 m/s
A velocity of 20,107 m/s for v2 yields
r2 =
3.253 1010 m 2 /s
= 1.62 106 m
20,107 m/s
Since r2 < Re = 6.37 106 m, the combined mass of the two satellites will crash into the earth.
13.66. Model: Planet Physics is a spherical mass. The cruise ship is in a circular orbit.
Solve: (a) At the surface, the free-fall acceleration is g = GM/R 2 . From kinematics,
y f = yi + v0t 2 g (t ) 2
0 m = 0 m + (11 m/s)(2.5 s) 2 g (2.5 s) 2
g = 2.20 m/s 2
The period of the cruise ships orbit is 230 60 = 13,800 s. For the circular orbit of the cruise ship,
4 2
T2 =
(2 R )3
GM
R=
R2
= R
GM
32
T2
(2.20 m/s 2 )(13,800 s) 2

32 2
1
= R
g
= 1.327 106 m.
The mass is thus M = ( R 2 /G ) g = 5.8 1022 kg.

(b) From part (a), R = 1.3 106 m.
13.67. Model: The moon is a spherical mass. The moon lander is originally in a circular orbit.
13-34
Chapter 13
Visualize:
Solve: Energy and momentum are conserved between points 1 and 2 in the elliptical orbit. Also, at both points
GM m
= 90, so L = mrv sin = mrv. Let h = 1000 km. The original speed of the lander is v0 =
= 1338 m/s.
Rm + h
Conservation of angular momentum requires mr1v1 = mr2v2
v2 r1 Rm + h
= =
. The energy conservation equav1 r2
Rm
tion gives
1
M m 1
M m
mv12 G m = mv22 G m
2
Rm + h 2
Rm
R +h
Substituting v2 = m
v1,
Rm
2
1 2
Mm
1 R +h
Mm
v1 G
= v12 m
G
2
Rm + h 2 Rm
Rm
R + h 2
1
1
v12 1 m
= 2GM m
Rm
Rm + h Rm
v12 =
2GM m h
1
2GM m Rm
6
2 2
=
= 1.392 10 m /s
Rm ( Rm + h) [( Rm + h)/Rm ]2 1 ( Rm + h) 2 Rm + h
v1 = 1180 m/s
The fractional change in speed required to just graze the moon at point 2 is
1338 m/s 1180 m/s
= 11.8%
1338 m/s
Assess: A reduction in speed by almost 12% is reasonable.
13.68. Model: Model the earth as a spherical mass and the satellite as a point mass. This is an isolated system, so
mechanical energy is conserved. Also, the angular momentum of the satellite is conserved.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure CP13.68.
Solve: (a) Angular momentum is L = mrv sin . The angle = 90 at points 1 and 2, so conservation of angular
momentum requires
mr1v1 = mr2v2
r
v1 = 2 v2
r1
The energy conservation equation is

1
GMm 1
GMm
m(v2 )2
= m(v1 ) 2
2
2
r2
r1
1 1
(v2 ) 2 (v1 ) 2 = 2GM
r2 r1
13-35
Using the angular momentum result for v1 gives

2
r2 r2
r
r r
r r
(v2 ) 2 (v2 ) 2 2 = 2GM 1 2 (v2 ) 2 1 2 2 = 2GM 1 2
r1
r1r2
r1r2
r1
v2 =
2GM (r1/r2 )
r1 + r2
r
2GM (r1/r2 )
and v1 = 2 v2 =
r1 + r2
r1
(b) For the circular orbit,
v1 =
GM
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)
=
= 7730 m/s
r1
(6.37 106 m + 3 105 m)
For the elliptical orbit,

r1 = Re + 300 km = 6.37 106 m + 3 105 m = 6.67 106 m
r2 = Re + 35,900 km = 6.37 106 m + 3.59 107 m = 4.23 107 m
v1 =
2GM (r1/r2 )
r1 + r2
v1 = 10,160 m/s
1
1
(c) From the work-kinetic energy theorem, W = K = mv12 mv12 = 2.17 1010 J
2
2
(d) v2 =
2GM ( r1/r2 )
r1 + r2
Using the same values of r1 and r2 as in (b), v2 = 1600 m/s. For the circular orbit,
v2 =
GM
= 3070 m/s
r2
1
1
(e) W = mv22 mv2 2 = 3.43 109 J
2
2
(f) The total work done is 2.52 1010 J. This is the same as in Example 13.6, but here weve learned how the work
has to be divided between the two burns.
13.69. Model: The rod is thin and uniform.

Visualize:
Solve: (a) The rod is not spherical so must be divided into thin sections each dr wide and having mass dm. Since the
rod is uniform,
dm dr
=
M
L
dm =
M
dr
L
13-36
Chapter 13
The width of the rod is small enough so that all of dm is distance r away from m. The gravitational potential energy
of dm and m is
dU = G
m dm
m( M/L) dr
= G
r
r
The total potential energy of the rod and mass m is found by adding the contributions dU from every point along the
rod in an integral:
U = dU =
GMm
L
x+
L
2
dr
GMm x + L/2
=
ln
r
L
x L/2
L
2
Note r is increasing with the limits chosen as they are.

(b) The force on m when at x is
dU GMm d
L
L GMm 1
1
=
ln x + ln x =
dx
L dx
2
2
L
x
+
L
/2
x
L/2
4
L
= GMm 2
, x
2
2
4x L
F =
Assess: The direction of the force is toward the x direction, as expected. The force magnitude approaches as
the mass m approaches the end of the rod, but goes to zero like x 2 as x gets large. This is expected since from far
away the rod looks like a point mass.
13.70. Model: The ring is uniform and is so thin that every point on it may be considered to be the same distance r
from m.
Visualize:
Solve: (a) We must determine the gravitational potential (dU) between m and an arbitrary part of the ring dm, then
add using an integral all the contributions to U. Since the ring is uniform,
dm
dl
=
M 2 r
dm =
M
dl
2 r
The distance from m to dm is r = x 2 + R 2 . The gravitational potential between m and dm is

dU = G
m dm
mM
= G
r
2 r
dl
2
x + R2
The total gravitational potential is

U = dU =
GmM
2 r x 2 + R 2
dl
ring
13-37
Note that x and R do not change for any location of dm. The integral is just the length of the ring.
dl = 2 R
ring
Thus
U =
GmM
x2 + R2
(b) The force on m when at x is
dU
d
1
1
3
= GmM [( x 2 + R 2 ) 2 ] = GmM ( x 2 + R 2 ) 2 (2 x)
dx
dx
2
x
= GmM
3
( x2 + R2 ) 2
Fx =
Thus the magnitude of the force is

F = GmM
x
2
( x + R2 ) 2
Assess: The force is zero at the center of the ring. Elsewhere its direction is toward the origin. As x gets large, the
force decreases like x22 This is expected since from far away the ring looks like a point mass.

M13 Knig9404 Ism C13 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

M13 Knig9404 Ism C13 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

13

NEWTONS THEORY OF GRAVITY

13.2. The force of the star on planet 1 is F1 = G

. The force of the star on planet 2 is F2 = G

m2 = 2m1, and r2 = 2r1,

13.3. (a) The force of the Earth on the first satellite is F1 = G

. With g1 = 20 m/s 2 , M 2 = 2 M1, and R2 = 2 R1,

13.8. The escape speed from Planet X is

Exercises and Problems

M r 1.99 1030 kg 6.37 106 m

M e rs-e 5.98 10 kg 1.50 10 m

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(10 kg)(0.100 kg)

Newtons Theory of Gravity

Fs on m M s re-m 1.99 1030 kg 3.84 108 m

13.4. Solve: Fsphere on particle =

and Fearth on particle =

Dividing the two equations,

M r 5900 kg 6.37 106 m

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(50 kg)(70 kg)

13.6. Model: Model the earth (e) as a sphere.

Section 13.4 Little g and Big G

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.99 1030 kg)

= 5.90 103 m/s 2

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(7.36 1022 kg)

(b) g Jupiter surface =

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(1.90 1027 kg)

13.9. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

= (9.83 0.0075) m/s 2

13.10. Model: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

and 3.0 gsurface =

13.11. Model: Model Planet Z as a spherical mass.

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 ) M Z

Section 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy

Newtons Theory of Gravity

vf = 0 m/s, energy conservation gives

+ mgyf = 12 mvi2 + mgyi

vi = 2 g e yf = 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(15 m) = 17.2 m/s

(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(6.42 1023 kg)

On Mars, with yi = 0 m and vf = 0 m/s, energy conservation is

+ mgyf = 12 mvi2 + mgyi

Solve: The energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is

Thus, the escape velocity from Jupiter is 60.2 km/s.

Solve: The energy conservation equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is

In the present case, r2 , so

v2 = (1.5 104 m/s)2

2(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 1024 kg)

Newtons Theory of Gravity

Rp = 8 Re = 8(6.37 106 m) = 1.80 107 m

(b) The conservation of energy equation K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1 is

Section 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies

Newtons Theory of Gravity

required for circular motion.

the earths masses are denoted by M s and me , respectively.

4 2 (1.50 1011 m)3

isnt exactly circular.

(12.2 m/s 2 )(9.0 106 m) 2

6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2

4 2 (2.2 1011 m)3

N m 2 /kg 2 )(402 24 3600 s) 2

13.21. Model: Model the planet and satellites as spherical masses.

m3 = m1, so F3 = (2/3) 2 (1) F1 = 4440 N.

ratio of the kinetic energy of two satellites a and b is