APPLIED FUNCTION ANALYSIS

Date: 2nd Mar 2011

Submission Date: 12th Mar 2011

Assignment Problems 4
(Linear Operators)

1. Describe the range and null space of the following operators:

a)
  

      



b)  
     


c)       !" 

2. Find the null space of


#$


and


&
%

  
'  (  % )*
  )
3. Which of the following operators is one-to-one? Surjective?
,

a)  +  +      

b) '

 '     
4. Describe the composition #' and '# for the operators
#

 #     
a) '

 '     
b) '   '  -." 
#   #  
 
5. Suppose that # /  0 and ' 0  1 are invertible operators. Show that '# is invertible and that
'#2  # 2 ' 2 .
6. Which of the following are linear operators?


a) ' 
  
 '  2    
56

b) ' +  3 4  +3 4 '  

5, 7 

7.

8.
9.
10.

c)

 
   
An operator ' 8  8 is called an affine transformation if '  9 7 4 where 9 is a : ; : matrix
and 4 is a : ;  vector. Find the affine transformation in
that takes the triangle with the vertices
at    to the triangle with verticesat )<  %.
If ' /  0 is an invertible linear operator, where / and 0 are vector spaces, show that ' 2 is
linear.
Show that the norm of a bounded linear operator can equivalently be defined by
='=  ->?@='= ==  A
8
Let B be the space with the norm ==C  D!EFGF8 HG H. If 9 B  B is a linear operator

represented by an : ; : matrix, show that =9=C  D!EI J8GKH9IG H. Determine =9=Cif 9 

 )
&.
$
 %
11. The  ;  matrix 9 has elements 9  9

 3, 9
 9
  4 with 3 L  and 4 L . Show that
=9=
 3 7 4.

12. Show that the identity operator M B  B is continuous, where B is any normed space. If 0 is the
normed space +  3 4 with the sup-norm, and 1 is the space +  3 4 with the norm ==N 
==C 7 =O=C, give an example to show that M 0  1 is not continuous.
13. If ' /  0 and # 0  1 are bounded linear operators, show that #' /  1 is bounded.
14. Show that the null space P' of a linear operator ' /  0 is closed if ' is a bounded linear
operator.
15. An operator ' /  0 is bounded below if there exists a constant  such that ='=Q R ==S 
 T /. If ' is a bounded linear operator, show that ' is one-to-one and that ' 2  U'  / is a
bounded operator.
16. Show that the operator V +   + V 
17.
18.
19.
20.

W6
is
W,

bounded below, where + is the space of

functions in +  that are zero at   and   . Use the sup-norm.

If X /  / is a projection operator, show that M  X is also a projection. How are UM  X and
PM  X related to UXand PX?
Show that =X=   if X is an orthogonal projection.
Show that PX  UXY if X is an orthogonal projection on an inner product space.
Let 9 be a positive definite symmetric : ; : matrix; that is,  Z 9 L  for all nonzero vectors .
Then the space 8 is a Hilbert space when endowed with the inner product
8

   [ 9IG I G
IGK

Given a functional \ 8  , find the element  such that ]\ ^    when \ is defined by
a) ]\ ^   7 _ 7 8
b) ]\ ^  
21. For each  T 
, let  be the solution of `` 7 `     with     . Define
the functional \ by
\ 
  

]\ ^  a  


Show that \ is a bounded linear functional, and find the function u, the value of ]\ ^, and the
element b such that ]\ ^  b , when   .
22. If B is a normed space (not necessarily complete), prove that B ` is a Banach space.
23. For any c and d such that  e c f g and hc 7 hd  , let b be a function in i and define a
functional \j on k according to
]\j  ^  a bl nop!qqr:k
m

Show that s\j s  =b=.

24. If t is a dense subset of a normed space B and \ is a member of B ` , show that
]\ u^  nop!qqu."t
implies that \  .
25. If 3 B ; B  is a continuous bilinear form on an inner product space B, show that
q.D 38  u8   3 u
if8   and u8  u.

8C

26. Let \ v   and 3 v  ; v   be defined by


]\ u^  a   )u 


3 u  a  7 ` u ` 


where

v   @u T 
 u ` T 
 u  u  A
is a Hilbert space with the inner product


 uwxy  a u 7 ` u `     uz{ 7 `  u ` z{



Show that \ is continuous, that 3 is continuous and v elliptic, and verify that the unique element 
satisfying
3 u  ]\ u^nop!qqu T v 
is   
 .
27. Let 3 v ; v  be a continuous, v-elliptic bilinear form, and define the bilinear form 3| v ; v 
by
3| u  3 u 7  }uz{
 
If v  v
and } is continuous and satisfies  f } e } e }
for some constants } and
}
, show that 3| is continuous and v-elliptic.