EXPERIMENT NO.1:To determine Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) for given Venturi meter.

Objective:
Objective of this experiment is to determine coefficient of discharge of given venture meter.

Apparatus:
Venturimeter fitted across a pipeline leading to a collecting tank,Stop Watch, U-Tube manometer
connected across entry and throat sections.

Hydraulic Bench:

Valve

Scale
Volumetric Tank

Start Button

Centrifugal Pump

Sump Tank

Function of Hydraulic Bench:

The Hydraulic Bench serves as a reservoir of water with a pump to supply the testing equipments
with a controlled water flow rate. It also provides a method of determining the volumetric flow rate
of water in experiments.

Working of Hydraulic Bench:

The Bench has a closed water circulating system to facilitate mobility. Water is stored in an
enclosed tank at the bottom of the bench then pumped up to the experimental setup situated on top
of the bench from which water flows into the upper tank. The upper tank has a drain controlled by a
plug to collect and gauge the water in the upper tank after which water is drained to the bottom
tank. The volume of water collected in the upper tank (in liters) can be measured using the
graduated scale fixed at the side of the Hydraulics Bench. The switch of the water pump and the

control valve that regulates the amount of water that flows to the experimental setup are at the front
side of the Hydraulic Bench.

Venturi Meter:

H3
H1

Throat

Inlet

Procedure:

Note the pipe diameter and throat diameter of Venturimeter.

Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline for maximum discharge.
Measure the pressure difference across the Venturimeter by using U tube manometer.
Measure flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Qac) through Venturimeter by means of
collecting tank.
Calculate the theoretical discharge (Qth) through Venturimeter by using the formula.
Decrease the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and repeat the process for at least
three times.
Determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) for each flow rate and find the mean value of
coefficient of discharge (Cd) mean.
Plot a graph of (Qac) on y-axis versus (Qth) on x- axis.
Calculate the slope of graph of (Qac) versus (Qth), it gives the mean value of
coefficient of discharge (Cd) mean graphically.

Derivation:
According to Bernoulli equation:
v 21
+ 2g

P1

P1 P 2

h =

v 22 v 21

2 g 2g

A 1 A 2
A1

h =

v 22 A 22 v 22

2 g A 21 2 g

h =

v 22
A2
1 22
2g
A1

h =

v2
2g

[ ]

2
2

v 22 v 21

2 g 2g

v 1=

z1

v =2 g h

A1 A 2
A 21

A 21 A22
A 21

P2

v 22
+ 2g

+ z2

v 2=

A 1 2 g h
2
1

A A

2
2

Q= A 2 v 2

Q=

A 2 A 1 2 g h
2
1

A A

2
2

Actual Discharge:

Serial no.
1
2
3

Change in
volume
(liters)
20
17
16

Time taken to
change that
volume
35sec
33sec
32sec

Discharge
=litre/minute
11.45
9.3
8.41

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

D1 = Inlet Diameter = 26 mm
Inlet Area = A1 = 5.309 x 10-4 m2

D2 = Throat Diameter = 12.5mm

Throat Area = At = 1.2272 x 10-4 m2
WATER HEAD(mm)

QAct
(Litre/minute)

H1

H3

11.45

160

37

9.3

180

98

8.41

200

135

H = (H1 - H3) / 1000 = M

Q=

A 2 A 1 2 g h
2
1

A A

2
2

QAct
(Litre/minute)

H1-H3
(m)

QTh
(Litre/minute)

11.45

1.23 X 10-1

11.75

9.3

82 X 10-3

9.6

8.41

65 X 10-3

8.548

COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:
Cd = QAct / QTh
QAct
(Litre/minute)

QTh
(Litre/minute)

Cd

Qcal
(Litre/minute)

%ERROR

11.45

11.75

0.95

11.1625

2.5

9.3

9.6

0.95

9.12

1.9

8.41

8.548

0.95

8.1206

3.4

GRAPH:

14
12
10
8
ACTUAL DISCHARGE

ACTUAL FLOW RATE VS

IDEAL FLOW RATE

Linear (ACTUAL FLOW

RATE VS IDEAL FLOW
RATE)

4
2
0
8

10

12

THEORETICAL DISCHARGE

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Take the reading carefully i.e eye should be horizontal to the graduated scale.
2. Before taking reading, wait until air bubbles are escaped from manometer.

EXPERIMENT NO.2:
To measure the flow of a pipe using Venturi-meter of Cd=0.95.

AIM:
To determine the flow of a pipe through venture meter.

APPARATUS:
Venturi-meter, manometer, stop watch.

PROCEDURE:

Note the pipe and throat diameter, if not given, as D1 and D2 respectively.
Intiate the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline for maximum discharge.

Attach the venture-meter of Cd=0.95 to the pipe.

Note the readings on manometer as H1 and H2 .
Measure actual discharge (Qac) through Venturi-meter by means of collecting tank.
Find the theoretical discharge (Qth) through Venturi-meter by using the formula.
Qth = (A1* A22gh) (A21-A22)

By adjusting the control valve, do it twice or thrice for accuracy.

Observation and calculations:

Cd = 0.95 ;
D1= Pipe Diameter = 26 mm

D2 = Throat Diameter = 12.5mm

Pipe Area = A1 = 5.309 x 10-4 m2

Throat Area =At = 1.2272 x 10-4 m2

QAct
(Litre/minute)

QTh
(Litre/minute)

Cd

Qcal
(Litre/minute)

%ERROR

11.45

11.75

0.95

11.1625

2.5

9.3

9.6

0.95

9.12

1.9

8.41

8.548

0.95

8.1206

3.4

Qmean= 28.4031 LPM