Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B.3) Entrepreneurial Job (50% intelligence, 50% physical skills)- this labor is usually profit-oriented in nature; hence, this
includes business person not limited to sari-sari store owners, farmers, networkers (networking business). This also includes your
favorite television artists (though not licensed by any regulation body, they are not also bounded in blue-collar labor)
Furthermore, the international definition of employment adopted by the 13th International Conference of Labor Statisticians
(ICLS) is formulated in terms of the labor force framework that is with respect to a short reference period. This includes the two broad
categories of employment:
A.) Paid Employment- includes all employees including members of the armed forces either long-term duration or short-term
duration
B.) Self-Employment- includes all employers (who manage their employees) and own-account workers including producers of
goods for final consumption (entrepreneurs).
BUT: In Philippines, the Supreme Court contemplates 4 kinds of employment as enumerated in the case of LEYTE
GEOTHERMAL POWER PROGRESSIVE EMPLOYEES UNION VS. PNOC-Energy Development Corporation (2011)
1.) REGULAR EMPLOYEE- who have been engaged to perform activities which are usually necessary or desirable in the usual
business or trade of the employer (E.g. Company Lawyer (YOU)===> Boss Manny (Employer))
2.) PROJECT EMPLOYEE- whose employment has been fixed for a specific project or undertaking, the completion of termination
of which has been determined at the time of the engagement of the employee (E.g. Artist (employee) ===> TV Network (Employer))
3.) SEASONAL EMPLOYEE- who work or perform services which are seasonal in nature and the employment is for the duration
of the season (E.g. Sepulturero (Tomb worker) as employee==> SEASON: All Souls Day)
4.) CASUAL EMPLOYEE- who are not regular employee, project or seasonal employee. (E.g. Part-time faculty)
*In Philippines. The Labor force of the Philippines refers to that part of our population whose age ranges from 15 (can already perform
work) to 64 years old. The members of the labor force are those who are willing and able to work. Those who are actually working and
contributing positively to the economy constitute what we call the participating labor force. (Azarcon,et al., 2008)
Thus the following legal provisions protect the rights of the workers.
1.) Labor Code of the Philippines- also known as the Presidential Decree 442 of 1974 (under Marcos Presidency). the blueprint
(framework) of all Philippine labor laws. This code specifies all working conditions that must be enjoyed by a Filipino laborer. (Minimum
number of working hours: 8 hours/day; 40 hours (public sector); 48 hours (private))
FOR WOMEN: Maternity Leave (6 weeks=42 days); Paternity leave (n<Maternity leave), Article 133
*Legal Age of Employment: 18 years old; Retirement: 65 years old
**DOLE (Department of Labor and Employment)- the administrative agency responsible for strategizing employment in the country.
Current DOLE SECRETARY: Sec. Rosalinda Baldoz
Current DOLE-CAR Director: Dir. Henry Falbuena
2.) Magna Carta of Women- also known as Republic Act No. 9710 0f 2009. It provides protection from any forms of violence, standard
of just compensation, and human treatment among employed women either in private or public sector in the country.
*House Bill No. 1800- introduced by Gabriela Party list. A bill promoting an increase in maternity leave of female laborers from 6
weeks to 16 weeks. (2-weeks prior to the expected date of delivery, and another 4 weeks after delivery)..
3.) Republic Act 7192- also known as Women in Development and Nation Building Act. This law empowers feminine gender as a
co-worker of the masculine gender in nation building. This law also aimed to lessen any form of discrimination against women in a
working sphere.
4.) Magna Carta of the Poor (HOUSE BILL NO.4629)- authored by at least 182 representatives including F. Belmonte, M. Teodoro of
Marikina, R. Del Mar of Cebu City and E. Santiago (1-Sagip partylist) , it aims to achieve the Millennium Development Goals formulate
by United Nations in eradicating poverty, hunger and unemployment in the Philippines. It proposed to establish National Anti-Poverty
Commission (NAPC) assisted by the NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (NEDA) to provide national poverty
reduction plans including right to education among the poor, right to employment among the poor and right to business among the poor.
Employment Indicators in the Millennium Development Goals:
There are four employment indicators in the MDG:
A.) Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
B.) Achieving full and productive employment and decent work of all
C.) Promoting gender equality and empowerment of Women
D.) Eliminating gender disparity in elementary and secondary education.
PROBLEMS REGARDING EMPLOYMENT IN PHILIPPINES:
a.) Insufficient wage
b.) Poor working conditions (exposed to hazardous substance)
c.) Inhumane treatment (violence against workers, e.g. The OFW)
d.) Absence of Job Security (issue on contractualization)
e.) Discrimination
II.) SOCIAL PROBLEM REGARDING EMPLOYMENT:
A.) UNEMPLOYMENT- it is a situation in which a worker of minimum legal age or beyond who is not employed but currently seeking
for employment. It includes the situation that workers who seek work but believe no job is available. Unemployment also refers to a
condition by which individual who has willingness to work and ability to work is disengaged whether in an occupation, profession or in a
business activities. According to Hayek, unemployment is due to discrepancy between the distribution of labor between industries and
profit through 1.) finding particular market 2.) acquisition of productive agents 3.) skillful combination of factors of production, 4.)
successful sales policy and 5.) innovations. Thus, employment is determined by capitalist with entrepreneurial motive to gain wealth.
Therefore, unemployment occurs when the entrepreneur decided for innovations such as opening of new market, introducing new
technology, etc. that impedes the potential of human laborers to work.
3.) THEORY OF EFFECTIVE DEMAND OF UNEMPLOYMENT: elaborated by Veblen (1904) and Keynes (1936); argued that capitalist
individuals as well as the state are generating deficient aggregate demand for labor; hence, many people were becoming unemployed.
Capitalists invest more on machinery that can substitute human labor. Therefore, unemployment is involuntary phenomenon.
4.) THE REAL BUSINESS CYCLE THEORY OF UNEMPLOYMENT: as elaborated by Chatterjee (1995); states that technology is the
main source of employment and unemployment. Technology for production also fuels the vitality of the countrys business cycle.
For instance: Machines (need operators) for manufacturing ============> More employment
Machines (replace human labor at cheaper cost) =========> Less employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT:
1.) Demographic Characteristics of Labor- refers to the age, qualification and behavior of participating labor force.
2.) Poor quality of labor - individual-level, laborers did not allocate maximum efficiency in labor
3.)Geographic distribution of labor- individuals who live in an agricultural location tends to become unemployed in farming activities
whereas those who reside in industrialized place tend to become unemployed in manufacturing or sales activities.
4.) Mobility of labor- Unemployment is greatly felt in place where most people are highly condensed and they compete for employment
E.g.: In Philippines, the following regions indicate the highest rate of unemployed people (SWS survey)
National Capital Region---------------- 9.3 %
CALABARZON--------------------------- 8.6 %
ILOCOS REGION----------------------- 8.5%
CENTRAL LUZON---------------------- 8.5%
Effects of Unemployment:
A.) Direct Effects- these effects are vividly and immediately observable such as;
1.) Poverty among families
2.) Lose of Income resulting to starvation
3.) Failure to meet financial obligations
4.) Failure in National Productivity
5.) Lowering of Self-Confidence
B.) Indirect Effects- these effects are felt gradually by the business sector, the government and the individual in the long run.
1.) Loss of tax revenue (Government)
2.) Adverse health and psychological effects (Individual)
3.) Loss of human capital (Business Sector)
*PHILIPPINE SETTING: Tabular Presentations of Employment and Underemployment in the Philippines according to joint Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA) and International Labor Organization (ILO).
Natural Unemployment Rate in the Philippines: 4%; the government can still tolerate this condition and can provide subsidies
TABLE 1:
Indicator
Total Unemployment
Persons)
2015 (Jan-Mar) 2014
(Estimated
Number
2013
Male
Female
1.920 Million
1.080 Million
1.899 Million
1.070 Million
1.764 Million
1.012 Million
Ages
15-24
25-54
55-above
*1.447 Million
*1.420 Million
*0.133 Million
1.432 Million
1.405 Million
0.132 Million
1.368 Million
1.293 Million
0.114 Million
of
Unemployment Rate
2015 (Jan-Mar)
6.6 %
2014
2013
6%
7.3 %
*estimated
IN WORLDS PERSPECTIVE: The Philippines is better compared to Great Britain and United States which both have an
unemployment rate of 7.5 % as of 2013. Among countries with the highest unemployment rates are: EGYPT (12.7%), GREECE (27.6%)
and SPAIN (27.6%).
IN GENERAL VIEW, Unemployment is:
*Structural-Functionalist View: The reality of unemployment is needed by the society in order for the people to be motivated in
maximizing their potentials by acquiring quality education, purposeful skills and effective social relations to function well in the society
resulting to progress and socio-economic development. On the other hand, capable but unemployed people, can be viewed as
human-reserved force by an institution i.e. Government in times of calamities, war, etc.
*Marxist View (Conflict View)- Unemployment is an evidence of capitalist rule in a society. Capitalists innovate the factors of
production through advance technologies resulting to alienation of laborers.
*Symbolic-Interactionist View: Unemployment is a symbol of social order and social stability. Social order, in the sense that through
unemployment condition, there are people who will easily obey the authority particularly the government for they have no means to
oppose (Sign of Oppression) but if all members of the society will be employed, there would be a manifestation of extreme competition
in terms of material wealth. Unemployment, as a symbol of social stability, enlightens the members of society to be sympathetic to
others. Employed members will help those unemployed members by giving them financial assistance or helping them to seek
employment.
BUT, UNEMPLOYMENT IS A PROBLEM BECAUSE:
It impeded the potential of a well-abled individual to work.
It causes the fall of national productivity in global market.
It results to poverty and hunger among large number of households.
It lowers the self-confidence among individuals.
It is generally experienced by significant number of people around the world
It can result to other social disorders such as crimes like theft, human trafficking, syndicated carnapping, etc.
III.) UNDEREMPLOYMENT AS A SOCIAL REALITY
Underemployment (Income-Related Inadequate employment)- it is a condition when an employed individual expressed the
desire to have additional hours in their present jobs or to have a new job with longer hours in order to gain more income to sustain daily
living.
According to the definition adopted by the 16th ICLS, underemployment comprise all persons engaged in particular employment who
were willing to work for additional hours to have higher wages since the current employment is not sufficient to achieve standards of
convenient living.
Underemployment is determined through these three-point criteria:
Willingness to work for additional hours
Availability to work for additional hours
Insufficiency of current employment (low-graded salary)
Lets examine:
Table of Minimum Wage Rates By Sector And Region, Philippines
REGION
Indicator (SECTOR)
Non-Agriculture
Service Sector
Industry Sector
(White-Collar Job, Paid
Employment)
NCR
P456.00 + 15.00
P419.00 + 15
P419.00 + 15.00
(establishments
(Manufacturing)
employing at least 15
workers or less)
CAR
P280.00 + 15.00
280.00 + 15.00
280.00 + 15.00
(Baguio City, La
(Baguio City, La
(Baguio City, La
Trinidad, Tuba, Itogon,
Trinidad, Tuba, etc.)
Trinidad, Tuba, etc.)
Sablan)
260.00 : 10 workers or
less
P263.00 + 15.00
263.00 + 15.00
(Mt. Province, Abra,
263.00 + 15.00
(Mt. Province, Abra,
Kalinga, Ifugao,
(Mt. Province, Abra,
Kalinga, Ifugao,
Kalinga and Apayao)
Kalinga, Ifugao,
Kalinga and Apayao
Kalinga and Apayao
239.00: 10 workers or
less
ILOCOS REGION
P205.00 + 15.00
205.00 + 15.00
253.00 + 15.00
(small-scaled)
(Mining and Quarrying)
Agriculture Sector
P419.00 + 15.00
262.00 + 15.00
(Baguio City, Tuba,
etc.)
246.00 + 15.00
(Mt. Province, Abra,
etc.)
233.00 + 15.00
(including
aquaculture)
253.00 + 15.00
(Large-scaled)
CENTRAL VISAYAS
P210.00 + 15.00
220.00 + 15.00
253.00 + 15.00
233.00 + 15.00
(tourism-influence)
CENTRAL MINDANAO
P210.00 +15.00
N<200.00 + 15.00
230.00 + 15.00
230.00 + 15.00
(due to security threat)
*15.00 pesos addition to minimum wage as approved by the Philippine government this 2015.
*In Baguio City: Minimum salary: Php 7,000-8,000 =========================> Standard of Convenient living Costs
(3-members): Php 13,000-Php 15,000
Two Kinds of Underemployment:
A.) Visible Underemployment- is a type of underemployment wherein the employed person, preferably a part-time employee who
worked less than 40 hours (public sector) or less than 48 hours (private sector) a week is wanting additional hours of labor.
B.) Indivisible Underemployment- is a type of underemployment wherein the fully employed person (working for 40-48 hours a week)
still wants additional work to finance his/her needs.
Situations:
Mr. Macipag, a computer layout artist in PACIFICA Comics, is earning at least 1000 pesos a day and he is satisfied with his
income. He only consumed at least 5 hours a day for that job or equivalent to 30 hours a week. Will you considered Mr. Cipag
underemployed?
Ms. Ayat, a full time civil servant in the provincial office of Pangasinan, is earning at least 18,000 pesos a month. However after
her work at 6 p.m., she accepted online tutorial sessions for English, Philippine history and Business Mathematics at the rate of
300 an hour per tutee. Do you consider her as underemployed?
Ms. Veki, a part-time instructor at Saint Luisito Agapito College, earns at least 12,000 pesos a month. In order to finance the
demand of her large family, she still needs to work for additional hours as field research assistant of DSWD to earn additional 300
pesos a day. Is Ms. Veki underemployed?
STATISTICAL PRESENTATION
Employment Rate
Underemployment Rate
(From Employment Rate)
Unemployment Rate
93.4 %
17.3 %
6.6%
VS.
Over-employment (Inadequate employment related to excessive hours)- comprises all employed persons who want to seek work,
either the same job or in another job, less than they actually worked during the reference period.
IV.) JOB MISMATCH AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
Job-skill mismatch (Skill-related inadequate employment)- is defined as a condition by which an individual who earned a
particular aptitude through formal education cannot able to seek employment corresponding to the acquired skills; thus, the individual
will be forced to employ in another field without considering the real skills imbibed just to earn money for daily needs. It signifies poor
utilization of human capital.
Situations:
. BS Industrial Engineering graduate ==============> Job: Mall cashier
BS Accountancy graduate
==============> Job: Call-center agent
Assoc. Course in Culinary Arts
=============> Job: Chef at Hotel Venus
BA Political Science graduate
==============> Job: Municipal Civil Servant
BS Social Work graduate
==============> Job: Local DSWD employee
(Which is/are job-skill mismatch/es?)
According to Alvin Ng, Department of Economics-UST: Labor mismatch impacts the economy in such a way that the time spent
pursuing a particular course in college becomes a futile exercise for the student and brings about an oversupply of talents to a certain
profession. The problem is cultural mindset, of need to become a professional with specialized skills regardless if there is an existing
demand in the economy.
E.g. Society (needs 2 million nurses) ========================> 5 million Nursing graduates (2-million;hired *others: 3 million?)
Society (needs 3 million teachers) =======================> 10 million (BSED, BEED graduates); 3 M hired; 7 million?
*Effects: Labor mismatch, extreme competition (individual level), brain-drained
STATISTICS: According to Philippine Statistics Authority headed by Lisa Grace S. Bersales, PhD, 22.4% of unemployed individuals
were college graduates (2014) and 32.7 % were high school graduates.
To MITIGATE THIS PHENOMENON: The labor force has to strike a balance between individuals with basic skills and those special
skills in certain professions. The implementation of K+12 educational system-the program meant to align the Philippines with the
international 12-year basic education program is the first step to solve labor mismatch according to Ng. The assumption is that K+12
graduates can take care of basic jobs (e.g. In manufacturing process) that do not need highly technical skills such as metagenomic
analysis (BS Biology), political methodology (BA Political Science), Behavioral analysis (BS Psychology), etc.
IN GENERAL:
TYPOLOGY OF DISADVANTAGED WORKERS (as adopted in Cabegin, Dacuycuy and Alba, 2010)
Openly Unemployed
Discouraged Workers
Underemployed workers
Full-employed vulnerable
workers
Persons who comprise those Persons who are without work Persons who are reported Persons who do not share the
who are without work but are but not seeking work because waiting additional hours to work same entitlements or protection
available and actively seeking they believe that there is none in the present job or through an accrued to regular workers.
work
available
additional job.
Model
Nature
Complementary-Traditional
Complementary-gender-reversed
Womens Double Burden
(PROBLEM)
Wife is doing more unpaid work and husband more paid work
Husband is doing more unpaid jobs and wife more paid works
Wife is doing the same amount of, or more, paid work and more
unpaid work
CAUSES: Death of husband
Husbands incapability to work
Unwanted pregnancy
Mens Double Burden
Husband is doing the same amount of, or more, paid work and
(PROBLEM)
more unpaid work
CAUSES: Death of wife
Wifes incapability to work
Wifes delicate condition (pregnancy) *short-term
TREND:
Wife and husband are doing the same amount of work.
SHARED ROLES
Condition: Husband (night shift employment; laundry course in
*In Philippines, from highly patriarchal form of employment the afternoon)
to gender-sensitive employment
Wife (day shift; washing of plates in the evening,
(Good labor force = Gender equality)
helping the children in making assignments
OR
HIRING HOUSEHELPER : In Philippines, KASAMBAHAY LAW
as authored by JV Ejercito
C.) GENDERING LABOR
In Philippines, gendering labor is a cultural orientation in which a particular job must correspond to particular gender.
FOR INSTANCE:
*Teacher: only for females
*Caregiver: only for females
*Welder: only for males
*Driver: only for males
*Doctor: only for males
*Nurses: only for females
Other concern: AGING OF LABOR- age as key determinant for employment. In Philippines, there is a senate bill proposed by Sen.
Pia Cayetano regarding the employment of well-abled senior citizens or those who are at least 40 years old and above.
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