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WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

Department of Anthropology

A ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FISH REMAINS FROM THE LAKE


TITICACA FORMATIVE PERIOD (ca. 1000 B.C. A.D. 500) SITE OF
KALA UYUNI, BOLIVIA

by
Jose Mariano Capriles Flores

A thesis presented to the


Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
of Washington University in
partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the
degree of Master of Arts
May, 2006

Saint Louis, Missouri

Copyright by
Jose Mariano Capriles Flores
2006

ii

To my parents,
Carlos and Eliana
and to
Alejandra.

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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES

vi

LIST OF TABLES

ix

LIST OF APPENDIXES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Goals of the Taraco Archaeological Project

Goals of the Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Fish Remains

CHAPTER 2. STUDY AREA

The Lake Titicaca Basin

Aquatic Resources and Fish in Lake Titicaca

The Taraco Peninsula and Kala Uyuni

12

Archaeological Excavations in Kala Uyuni

14

Archaeological Evidence for Fish in Lake Titicaca

16

Zooarchaeological Analysis of Fish Remains from Lake Titicaca

19

CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

22

Field Sampling

22

Samples Selection

22

Flotation Recovery Procedure

26

Laboratory Analysis

27

Analysis of Dataset

29

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CHAPTER 4. RESULTS

31

Quantification Issues

31

Identifiability

35

General Patterns

39

Changes Through Time

45

CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION

64

Diachronic and Contextual Interpretations

64

The Early Formative Period

64

The Middle Formative Period

68

The Late Formative Period

79

CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS

84

Activities

84

Technology

86

Taphonomy

88

Paleoenvironment

90

Trade-Offs

91

Future Directions

93

REFERENCES CITED

96

APPENDIXES

107

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Satellite image of the South Central Andes showing the Lake Titicaca basin
and the Taraco Peninsula where the site Kala Uyuni is situated. Images URL:
http://titicaca.ucsb.edu/chamak_pacha/landscape/lake_space_imagery/images/modis_ann
otated.jpg
8
Figure 2.2. Typical specimen of Trichomycterus dispar caught in the Taraco Peninsula in
July 2004.
9
Figure 2.3. Unusually large specimen of Orestias agassii caught in the Taraco Peninsula
in July 2004.
11
Figure 2.4. Typical specimen of Orestias luteus caught in the Taraco Peninsula in July
2004.
11
Figure 2.5. Map of the Taraco Peninsula with the location of Kala Uyuni, Bolivia
(modified from Bandy et al. 2004).
14
Figure 2.6. Topographic map of Kala Uyuni with the location of the different excavation
areas (from Bandy et al. 2004).
15
Figure 4.1. Scatter plot of the flotation volume of each sample analyzed in this study and
their respective fish weight.
32
Figure 4.2. Scatter plot of the flotation NISP and MNI values and their correspondent
curvilinear relation.
33
Figure 4.3. Scatter plot showing the relationship between NISP and weight and their
correspondent predictability.
34
Figure 4.4. Relationship between indeterminate and determinate fish bones from the
analyzed flotation samples of Kala Uyuni (NISP=69,840, weight=467.71 g).
40
Figure 4.5. Frequencies of cranial and postcranial bones, and scales from the analyzed
flotation samples of Kala Uyuni (Cranial NISP=3004, weight=75.64 g; Postcranial
NISP=11,124, weight=110.1 g; Scales NISP=30,084, weight=171.43 g).
41
Figure 4.6. Relative frequencies of taxa represented in the samples analyzed identified
from cranial bones (Orestias NISP=2672, weight=71.55 g, MNI=227; Trichomycterus
NISP=332, weight=4.09 g, MNI=86).
42
Figure 4.7. Relative frequency of postcranial elements: rays, ribs, and vertebrae from the
Kala Uyuni site (rays NISP=749, weight=2.96 g; ribs NISP=4169, weight=29.63 g;
vertebrae NISP=6206 weight=77.43 g).
42
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Figure 4.8. Relative frequencies of scales sorted by morphology and size (NISP=30,084,
weight=171.43 g).
44
Figure 4.9. Relative frequencies of fish specimens modified and unmodified from Kala
Uyuni (NISP=69,840, weight=467.71 g).
44
Figure 4.10. Relative frequencies of fish specimens in the analyzed flotation samples
from Kala Uyuni (NISP=69,840, weight=467.71 g, MNI=313).
45
Figure 4.11. Frequencies of densities (grams/liters) for the flotation samples.

46

Figure 4.12. Frequencies of densities (grams/liters) for the 1/4 screen samples.

47

Figure 4.13. Box-plots of the densities of the flotation samples analyzed and their
differences through time.
48
Figure 4.14. Relative frequencies of Orestias and Trichomycterus, organized through
time and sample size (Orestias NISP=2672, MNI=227, weight=71.65 g; Trichomycterus
NISP=332, MNI=86, weight=4.09 g).
49
Figure 4.15. Relative proportions of Orestias and Trichomycterus cranial specimens and
change through time (1EF: NISP=513, weight=7.76 g, MNI=64; 2MF: NISP=2371
weight=64.69 g, MNI=222; 3LF: NISP=120, weight=3.19 g, MNI=27).
50
Figure 4.16. Frequency of Orestias cranial specimens by through time
(NISP=2672).

51

Figure 4.17. Frequency of Trichomycterus cranial specimens through time


(NISP=332).

52

Figure 4.18. Box-plots of MNI changes through time and by context, all of the 1EF
samples are middens.
53
Figure 4.19. Box plots of NISP change through time and by contexts.

55

Figure 4.20. Box-plot of the fish weight distribution per sample through time from the
flotation samples of Kala Uyuni.
56
Figure 4.21. Box-plots of Orestias and Trichomycterus MNI and their difference between
time and contexts.
57
Figure 4.22. Box-plots of Orestias and Trichomycterus NISP and their change through
time and between contexts.
59

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Figure 4.23. Box-plots of ranges of body weight estimations for the entire sediment
excavated using allometric regression of Osteichties (Reitz et al. 1987; Reiz and Wing
1999).
60
Figure 2.24. Box-plot graph comparing the densities of large mammals and fish
remains.

61

Figure 4.25. Box-plots representing the estimated standard length (ESLP) in mm of the
Orestias specimens using the operculum greatest height. Top, only flot samples (N=37).
Bottom, composite of both flotation and screen samples (N=75).
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Figure 5.1. Skeletal representations for the Middle Chiripa phase. Left, total NISP by
skeletal element with their respective proportions of unmodified (UMO) and burned
(MOF) specimens. Right, detailed proportions of burned specimens.
67
Figure 5.2. Skeletal representation of fish bones remains from the Late Chiripa phase, AC
midden area.
70
Figure 5.3. NISP counts of skeletal elements of the Late Chiripa phase, AC pits. 73
Figure 5.4. Skeletal representation of fish bone the Late Chiripa phase, AQ domestic
midden.
76
Figure 5.5. Skeletal representations of fish remains from the Late Chiripa phase domestic
AQ midden area. Top, total NISP by skeletal element with their respective proportions of
unmodified (UMO) and burned (MOF) specimens. Bottom, detailed proportions of
burned specimens.
77

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Chronology of the study area with approximate lake levels (modified from
Bandy et al. 2004). Note abbreviations for regional periods and local phases used in other
tables of this sudy.
13
Table 3.1. Description of the provenience and cultural context of the Kala Uyuni flotation
samples analyzed in this study (for additional information see Bandy et al. 2004). 25
Table 4.1. Cranial bones and the urostyle (last caudal vertebra) identified in
archaezoological collection of fish remains from Kala Uyuni.
36

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LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix 1. General results of the fish bone analysis with weight and volume density
values for both flotation and 1/4" screen samples.
108
Appendix 2. General NISP results for the fish analysis of flot samples including Orestias
NISP (ONISP), Trichomycterus NISP (TNISP), total fish NISP (TFNISP), Orestias MNI
(OMNI), Trichomycterus MNI (TMNI), total fish MNI (TFMNI), scales NISP (SCALN),
ribs NISP (RIBN), vertebrae NISP (VERTN), radial NISP (RADN), determinates NISP
(DETN), indeterminates NISP (INDET), total NISP (TOTALN), and presence of
carbonates (CARB), presence of blood? stain on bone (BLO). Weight in grams. 109
Appendix 3. General weight results for the fish analysis including Orestias weight
(ORW), Trichomycterus weight (TRW), total fish weight (TFW), scales weight
(SCALW), vertebrae weight (VERTW), ribs weight (RIBW), radial weight (RADW),
determinates weight (DETW), indeterminate weight (INDETW), total weight (TOTW).
Weight in grams.
110
Appendix 4. Results for the fish analysis of screen samples: Orestias NISP (SONISP),
Trichomycterus NISP (STNISP), total fish cranial NISP (SFNISP), Orestias MNI
(SOMNI), Trichomycterus MNI (STMNI), total fish MNI (SFMNI), Orestias weight
(SOW), Trichomycterus weight (STW), total fish cranial weight (SFW), scales NISP
(SSCALN), scales weight (SSCALW), ribs NISP (SRIBN), ribs (SRIBW), vertebrae
NISP (SVERN), vertebrae weight (SVERW), indeterminate NISP (SINDN),
indeterminate weight (SINDW), total fish NISP (STFW), total fish weight (STFW), and
presence of carbonates (CARB). Weight in grams.
111
Appendix 5. Cranial skeletal representations including burning stages, siding and
additional observations: PBU=partially burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, W=weight
in grams.
112
Appendix 6. Composite table of identified cranial bones organized by taxa with burning
stages and weights and MNI. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire,
PBU=partially burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified. Weight in grams.
126
Appendix 7. Fish vertebrae counts and burning stages in NISP and weight.
UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned,
BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, W=weight in grams.
128
Appendix 8. Fish rib counts and burning stages in NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified,
MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified,
W=weight in grams.
129
Appendix 9. Fish rays counts and burning stages in NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified,
MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified,
W=weight in grams.
130
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Appendix 10. Indeterminate fish bone counts and burning stages in NISP and weight.
UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned,
BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, W=weight in grams.
131
Appendix 11. Fish scale counts and weights by morphology, size, and burning stages.
UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned,
BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, BEN=bent, FUS=fused, W=weight in grams.
132
Appendix 12. Fish scale burning stages by NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified (includes
BEN and FUS), MOF=modification caused by fire (does not include BEN and FUS),
PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, BEN=bent, FUS=fused, W=weight
in grams.
136
Appendix 13. Fish scale counts by size ranges: larger than 10 mm (>10 mm), between 5
and 9.9 mm (>5 ), and smaller than 5 mm (<5) and surface morphology (plain and
rough). W=weight in grams.
137
Appendix 14. Fish scale counts, weight and their relative frequencies by surface
morphology (plain and rough). W=weight in grams.
138
Appendix 15. Screen cranial specimens with information on siding and burning from the
1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.
139
Appendix 16. Vertebrae recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions.
Weight in grams.

141

Appendix 17. Fish ribs recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions.
Weight in grams.

141

Appendix 18. Scales recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams. 141
Appendix 19. Scale data from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.

141

Appendix 20. Carbonates with fish incrustations recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions.
Weight in grams.
141
Appendix 21. Osteometric measurements from the fish specimens in mm. Measurements
codes after Morales and Rosenlund (1979).
141
Appendix 22. Osteometric measurements of the fish bones recovered in the 1/4" screen
fractions in mm. Measurement codes after Morales and Rosenlung (1979).
156
Appendix 23. Operculum osteometric measurements in mm and derived determination of
standard length (ESL) using both least squares (L) and power functions (P). Measurement
codes following Morales and Rosenlund (1979).
160

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of people have contributed directly and indirectly to the elaboration of
the present study and they deserved my thankfulness for their significant contributions. It
goes without saying that I owe them more than this simple work can represent. David L.
Browman enthusiastically encouraged me to develop this research and to transform it into
a thesis and I owe him my gratitude for guiding me through graduate and scholarly life in
Washington University. Fiona Marshall has provided me with encouragement and useful
suggestions from her vast and wonderful experience as a zooarchaeologist. The Faculty
of the Department of Anthropology at Washington University including Gayle Fritz, T.
R. Kidder, Michael Frachetti, John Kelly, Tab Rasmussen, Bret Gustafson, and Jennifer
Smith, have shared with me their valuable knowledge, time, and handy advice when I
needed it. The Department of Anthropologys outstanding staff including Kathleen Cook,
Elaine Beffa, Ronda Sackett, and Michele Capio were of invaluable help at many times.
Katherine M. Moore has been and continues to be my mentor in Andean
zooarcheology, she has led this research and provided endless suggestions and comments
on several significant aspects. Christine Hastorf and Matthew Bandy co-directors of the
Taraco Archaeological Project welcomed me in the great TAP family warmly and offered
me countless useful suggestions. Juan Albarracin-Jordan, has improved my scholarly life
with thoughtful and priceless advice.
Alejandra I. Domic has contributed more than anyone to this investigation both
inside and outside of it; her hard work and creative spirit have brought a little life to this
research, I owe her more than what words can describe. Maria C. Bruno has been a great
friend and colleague; she has reviewed not only the manuscript but my thinking regarding
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the Formative Period in the Lake Titicaca Basin in more than one occasion. Jaime
Sarmiento, Soraya Barrera and the people of the Coleccin Boliviana de Fauna, Museo
Nacional de Historia Natural have helped this study by providing space in their labs as
well as improving my understanding of Lake Titicacas ecology and ichtyofauna.
Lucretia S. Kelly, has shared her vast experience on how to address fish
zooarchaeologically. Dante Angelo, always offered friendship and the most stimulating
thoughts. Eduardo Machicado with good humor, provided insightful and critic ideas.
Justin Adams read a previous version of this work and offered many helpful comments.
Rolando Ajata, Sonia Alconini, Karina Aranda, Patricia Ayala, Silvia Blanco,
Pablo Cahiza, Sergio Calla, Luis Callisaya, Javier Escalante, Soledad Fernndez, Martn
Giesso, Daniel Gutierrez, Ruth Fontenla, Daniella Jofr, Carlos Lmuz, Pilar Lima,
Marcos Michel, Axel Nielsen, Eduardo Pareja, Adolfo Prez, Maribel Prez, Claudia
Rivera Casanovas, lvaro Romero, Calogero Santoro, Matthias Strecker, Delfor Ulloa,
and other great Bolivian and South American archaeologists have framed my thoughts on
how to be a responsible Latin American scholar. Marc Bermann, Deborah Blom, Amanda
Cohen, Tom Dillehay, Robert Drennan, Randi Gladwell, Kirk Frye, Paul Goldstein,
Cynthia Herhahn, John Janusek, Catherine Julien, Elizabeth Klarich, Amanda Logan,
Arik Ohnstad, Jeffrey Parsons, John Rick, Andrew Roddick, Charles Stanish, Lee
Steadman, Emily Stobel, William T. Whitehead, and Patrick Ryan Williams, have shared
bibliography, friendship, and very interesting ideas about Andean archaeology.
My colleagues and friends in the Department of Anthropology of Washington
University including Catrina Adams, Lee Arco, Susana Bailey, Anna Blackburn, Laura
Cochrane, Libby Cowgill, Rachel Dunn, Tafline Crawford, Michael Glore, Angela

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Gordon, Kate Grillo, Mercedes Gutierrez, Kevin Hanselka, Elizabeth Hildebrand,


Elizabeth Horton, Lisa Isenhart, Dawn Kaufmann, LeAndra Luecke, Blaine Maley,
Christina Pugh, Timothy Schilling, Rajnish Vandercone, Sarah Walshaw, Annie Way,
and Lior Weissbrod, have shared their invaluable friendship and exciting talks with me.
A great network of friends have enthusiastically accompanied me during these
last two years in the U.S. through cyberspace and I wish to thank them for their fond
conversations and support, they include: Marcelo Argote, Juan Manuel Aviles, Marita
Ballivian, Sergio Ballivian, Alejandro Barrientos, Maya Benavides, Cesar Castillo, Ariel
Conitzer, Nayra Corzn, Yoko Corzn, Joaquin Cuevas, Cristian Goytia, Alvaro
Landivar, Marcelo Mariaca, Paula Pacheco, Luis Pearanda, Sergio Picolomini, Carlos
Revilla, Alejandro Rivas, Christian Rivera, Isaac Rivera, Fabian Rocha, Miguel Angel
Saavedra, Martin Schulze, Mariana Serrano, Xavier Pino, Alejo Torrico, Karol
Szwagrzak, Alejandro Ustarez, Daniela Vasquez, and Susana Villarroel.
My parents, Carlos Capriles and Eliana Flores have supported me and provided
me with indispensable affection and care even across great distances. My brother Gabriel
Capriles Flores and my sister Carmen Capriles Flores have motivated me with their
powerful and motivating energy.
Last but not least, the local communities of Coacollo, San Jose and Santa Rosa de
Taraco deserve my deepest thanks for welcoming the archaeological investigation of their
land and their history. Finally, I remain solely responsible for the contents and
shortcomings of the present work.

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CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
Fish are said to be owned by the Lake Spirit, who demands that they be well treated.
(Tschopik 1946:59)

This thesis has the general goal of improving our current understanding of the role
that fish played in the lives of the people that settled on the shores of Lake Titicaca
during pre-Hispanic times. In particular, it provides a zooarchaeological assessment of
fish use in terms of differential exploitation, preparation, consumption, and discard at the
Formative Period (ca. 1500 B.C. A.D. 500) site of Kala Uyuni, located on the southern
shore of Lake Titicaca.
This investigation is part of a broader, long-standing archaeological interest in the
economic, social, political, and religious conditions that preceded and enhanced the
development and independent formation of the Tiwanaku state ca. A.D. 500 (AlbarracinJordan 1999; Bandy 2001; Browman 1981; Janusek 2004; Kolata 1993; Stanish 2003).
This work is structured under the broader Taraco Archaeological Project (TAP),
which carried out archaeological research at the Kala Uyuni site during the summers of
2003 and 2005 (Bandy et al. 2004; Hastorf et al. 2005). I have participated in the TAP
both as a field excavator and a faunal analyst. This thesis presents an analysis of a select
sample of 31 flotation samples recovered in the 2003 excavations of the Kala Uyuni site
and interpretations of these data (Bandy et al. 2004). The results offer detailed
information about the fish remains preserved in these contexts and are useful for both

inter and intra-specific comparisons between assemblages grouped by cultural context,


chronology, and spatial distribution.

Goals of the Taraco Archaeological Project


The Taraco Archaeological Project (TAP) is a long-term research project focused
on the study of the early social and political organizations that developed on the Taraco
Peninsula of the southeastern shore of Lake Titicaca prior to the advent of the Tiwanaku
state. Since 1992, TAP has been excavating and investigating the Formative Period of the
peninsula (Hastorf 1999). Initially centered on the famous site of Chiripa (Bennett 1936;
Kidder 1956; Browman 1978), TAP has gathered important information about the sites
architectural configuration, material culture repertoire, and subsistence economy for the
Early Formative (1500-800 B.C.) and Middle Formative (800-200 B.C.) periods (Hastorf
1999; Hastorf et al. 2001).
Continuing with this research, Matthew Bandy (2001) carried out a pedestrian
survey of the Taraco Peninsula, describing the settlement pattern and explaining its
changes through time in terms of evolutionary socio-political processes (Bandy 2001,
2004, 2005). Bandy (2001) proposed that during the Late Formative (200 B.C. A.D.
500), a change is observed from the regular distribution of four independent settlements
to the growth of a single site, Kala Uyuni (T-232). This site grew to the point of possibly
becoming the sociopolitical center of the Peninsula and competing with the contemporary
neighboring centers of Lukurmata and Tiwanaku. The 2003 excavations in Kala Uyuni
were concerned with understanding the processes that produced its growth and change

from a decentralized and autonomous settlement to an increasingly hierarchical center of


a multi-community polity (Bandy et al. 2004).

Goals of the Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Fish Remains


The present study provides the results of a detailed study of a sample of
archaeological fish remains that can potentially provide information with which to
evaluate the existing models of cultural continuity and change at the Taraco Peninsula
during the Formative Period. The general goals of this project are to improve our present
understanding of the specific activities and processes associated with this exclusive but
important resource and to provide systematic information with which to test several
competing models of social change that explain the increasingly centralized political life
of the Lake Titicaca Basins people and the eventual formation of the Tiwanaku state ca.
A.D. 300-500 (e.g., Albarracin-Jordan 1992, 1996a, 1996b, 1999, 2003; Browman 1981,
1997; Janusek 2004; Kolata 1993, 1996, 2003; Moseley 2001; Stanish 2003).
The specific goal of this study is to retrieve detailed information about the
differential exploitation, preparation, consumption, and discard of fishes from the
excavated areas and deposits of Kala Uyuni in order to improve our understanding of
these activities and their variability during the Formative Period.
One of the main concerns addressed in this study is the relative contribution or
importance of fish remains in the diet of the inhabitants of the site and how it changed
through time. To address this important problem, the fish data were compared with the
information available from other taxa, particularly camelids and other large mammals
that might provided higher nutrition values including calories, protein, and animal fats.

A second major concern was to improve our understanding of the taxa exploited,
as well as determining how the fishing exploitation might have worked. Knowing which
species were preferentially exploited, consumed, and discarded provides insights in how
fishing was organized, when it occurred, how much time was spent of this activity, and
even where it was carried out. Differences across time in this information could
potentially suggest shifts in fishing practices, introduction of new technology, labor
specialization, as well as environmental change.
This takes us to the third question of this study which was aimed at assessing how
environmental change affected fishing practices carried out at the site. Paleolimnological
data (Abbott et al. 1997; Binford et al. 1997), suggests that there were at least three
periods in the time frame of this investigation when the levels of Lake Titicaca were
considerably lower than at its present level (Table 2.1). This should have produced major
changes in both the behavior of the fish and of the fisherfolk with their consequent
manifestation in the archaeological record.
Finally, a fourth problem that this investigation addresses is the issue of
taphonomy and the preservation of fish remains. Taphonomic information on fish
preservation for Lake Titicaca is completely lacking. The overall preservation of fish
remains seems to be relatively good, particularly when fine recovery methods such as
flotation are implemented. An important concern of this study was to evaluate the
potential of the information retrieved and lost, as well as to improve our understanding of
the contents of fish assemblages recovered archaeologically. Pre-depositional cultural
modifications such as fish processing (cooking, boiling, roasting, etc.) are assessed in

conjunction with post-depositional processes such as trampling, mechanical stress,


weathering, biochemical degradation, among others.
This study is rooted in previous fish zooarchaeological studies in the Andes and
around world where similar problems have been confronted (Casteel 1976; Colley 1990;
Falabella et al. 1994; Gifford-Gonzales et al. 1999; Marcus 1987; Marcus et al. 1999;
Reitz 2001, 2004a, 2004b; Sandweiss 1996; Wheeler and Jones 1989; Zohar and Cooke
1997). The limited available information of previous studies on fish remains carried out
in Lake Titicaca will be discussed and when possible compared with the results from this
investigation (e.g., Capriles 2003, 2006; Moore et al. 1999).
The lack of previous investigation focused specifically on fish remains has
required the development of exploratory methods designed to retrieve and evaluate
information that fish remains can contribute to archaeological interpretations from Kala
Uyuni and similar sites across the Lake Titicaca Basin. The results of this study are in
part oriented to describing the potential and limitations of data on fish in light of the
newly implemented method. Moreover, the fish study was specifically oriented to
provide information from different depositional contexts, excavated from different areas
and occupation phases searching for patterns and their behavioral correlates.

CHAPTER 2.
STUDY AREA

The Lake Titicaca Basin


The Lake Titicaca Basin is located in the South Central Andes, approximately at
1550 South Latitude and 6925 West Longitude (Figure 2.1). The lake itself currently
covers a surface area of 8560 km2, and with its surrounding basin it roughly exceeds
57,340 km2 (7:1 catchment/surface area ratio) (Binford and Kolata 1996). The Titicaca
basin is situated in a deep geological depression that separates the Andes in two mountain
ranges, known as the altiplano. Lake Titicaca has an elevation of approximately 3810 m
a.s.l. It has an antiquity of at least 3 million years, and is one of fewer than 20 lakes in
world considered that ancient (Dejoux and Iltis 1992). It has a complex history of water
level changes that is related to macroclimatic fluctuations as well as to mesoclimatic
variables (Abbott et al. 1997; Binford and Kolata 1996; Binford et al. 1997). Lake
Titicacas surface area and its closeness to the Andean cordillera allow it to receive more
precipitation than most of the Andean altiplano, averaging 800 mm per year (Roche et al.
1992). Although several large rivers flow into it, only one flows out of it, the
Desaguadero.
Lake Titicaca can be divided into two portions that meet in the Tiquina strait; the
northern or big lake (also called Chucuito) and the southern or small lake (also called
Wiaymarca). The northern portion is larger (7130 km2) and deeper (mean depth 109 m)
and the southern portion is smaller (1430 km2) and much shallower (mean depth 7.4 m).

Tiwanaku

Taraco Peninsula

Figure 2.1. Satellite image of the South Central Andes showing the Lake Titicaca Basin
and the Taraco Peninsula where the site Kala Uyuni is situated. Images URL:
http://titicaca.ucsb.edu/chamak_pacha/landscape/lake_space_imagery/images/modis_ann
otated.jpg

The fact that the southern portion is shallower may imply that it can support a
higher density of biomass than the larger portion, but it also means that it is more
vulnerable to climatic change and lake level fluctuations. In fact, during the last 4000
years its surface has oscillated considerably a number of times (Abbott et al. 1997;
Binford et al. 1997) (Table 2.1).

Aquatic Resources and Fish in Lake Titicaca


Lake Titicaca is one of the highest navigable lakes in the world and its whole
basin has a long and complex history of human occupation that started during the
Preceramic or Archaic period (8000-1500 B.C.) and continues today. The basin has been
the center of complex sociopolitical processes including the development of multicommunal polities during the Formative Period and subsequently the independent
formation of the Tiwanaku state. Environmental as well as economic factors are
considered relevant (Bandy 2001; Janusek 2004; Hastorf 1999; Kolata 1993, 2003;
Stanish 2003). Scholars agree that control of the exploitation of agricultural, herding, and
aquatic resources was the key economic factor in the development of complex societies
in the basin. Recent studies have allowed a better understanding of the development of
agricultural intensification (e.g., Bandy 2001; Bruno and Whitehead 2003; Kolata 1996,
2003), and herding management (Browman 1981; Kent 1982; Webster 1993; Webster
and Janusek 2003).
Two aquatic resources are considered the most significant for ancient economies.
Totora (Scirpus totora also named Schoenoplectus totora) reeds were extremely
important and had multiple uses. Browman (1989:150-151) has argued that the totora

paleoethnobotanical remains found at Chiripa could have been brought to the site for
direct use as food, indirect use as a construction material for thatch roofs and balsas
manufacture, and incidentally, as a component of camelid dung, used for fuel (this also
implies that camelids browsed on totora). Interestingly Browman (1989:156) also found
fish scales inside a sample of burned dung, which would suggest that aquatic vegetation
was fed to domestic camelids at least since 1000 B.C. Along with totora, other aquatic
plants were also used by the inhabitants of the lake during prehispanic times (Browman
1989; Orlove 2002; Portugal 2002).
The other important aquatic resource was fish. Fish in the basin are relatively
small (rarely exceeding a standard length of 30 cm). Two genera and about 26 species of
native fish have been described for this region (Parenti 1984; Vaux et al. 1988). The
catfish genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes, Trichomyteridae) is represented by two muddwelling species: Trichomycterus rivulatus or suche and Trichomycterus dispar or mauri
(Tchernavin 1944b) (Figure 2.2). The former is usually distributed on the bottom of the
rivers that flow into the lake as well as the shoreline and littoral zones, whereas the latter
is distributed in more demersal zones of the lake.

Figure 2.2. Typical specimen of Trichomycterus dispar caught in the Taraco Peninsula in
July 2004. Photograph by William T. Whitehead.

The killifish Orestias (Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae) is the most


abundant genus of the lake. Presently there is no real consensus on the number of
Orestias species and subspecies present in Lake Titicaca, but at least 24 are clearly
recognized (Lauzanne 1982, 1992; Parenti 1981, 1984; Osorio and Sarmiento 2002;
Sarmiento and Barrera 2003, 2004; Tchernavin 1944a; Vaux et al. 1988; Villwock 1986).
Parentis (1984) monograph on the Orestias genus is considered the most important
synthesis on the systematics of this group. A recent genetic study has however, seriously
questioned the phylogenies that it proposed. Consequently, more work is necessary to
understand the evolution of this genus (Lssen et al. 2003). Moreover, two factors have
been neglected in the understanding of such evolutionary processes: (1) environmental
change and the highly dynamic nature of factors such as Lake Titicacas water level, and
(2) human impact through direct and continuous fish exploitation for over 4000 years.
The species of the genus Orestias exhibit high genetic diversity and ecological
specialization. Most species are highly specialized and adapted to specific microecosystems and zones of the lake and its tributaries, most of them are particularly small
and usually do not exceed 5 cm in standard length.
The species commonly cited as economically exploited are O. ispi, O. mulleri, O.
olivaceus, O. luteus, O. agassii, O. albus, O. pentlandii, and O. cuvieri. The species O.
agassii or carachi negro (Figure 2.3) and O. luteus or carachi amarillo (Figure 2.4) are
quoted as both the most common species in the lake and the most exploited (Sarmiento
and Barrera 2003, 2004; Castan et al. 2002). All of the Orestias species are considered
endangered and O. cuvierii or umantu is considered formally extinct (Lauzanne 1992;
Sarmiento and Barrera 2003).

10

Figure 2.3. Unusually large specimen of Orestias agassii caught in the Taraco Peninsula
in July 2004. Photograph by William T. Whitehead.

Figure 2.4. Typical specimen of Orestias luteus caught in the Taraco Peninsula in July
2004. Photograph by William T. Whitehead.
Finally, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the silverside (Odontesthes
bonariensis) were introduced in the 1940s and 1950s, respectively, and presently are part
of the lakes ichthyofauna. Orlove (1986, 2002; Levieil and Orlove 1990; Orlove et al.
1992), based on an extensive census of Peruvian fishermen, has stated that currently
11

around 67% of the catch in Lake Titicaca is composed of Orestias, 4% of


Trichomycterus, and the rest (29%) of the introduced species silverside and trout.
Currently, the distribution of the silverside has spread quite effectively and many
fisheries are focused on its catch with the use of gillnets. Conversely, the trout has not
had good reproductive success and presently is rarely found in the lake, although some
populations are bred in cages (i.e., trout farms). The introduction of these two species has
had a considerable impact on the fishing practices and techniques used in Lake Titicaca,
as well as on the local populations of fishermen, although not to the point of rejecting
fishing and consumption of the native species (see Castan et al. 2002; Horn 1984;
Orlove 1986, 2002; Orlove et al. 1992; Osorio and Sarmiento 2002; Portugal 2002; Ros
and Rocha 2002; Sarmiento and Barrera 2003, 2004).

The Taraco Peninsula and Kala Uyuni


The Taraco Peninsula is located on southeastern shore of the southern portion of
the lake, following an east to west direction with the Tiwanaku valley to the southeast
and the lake surrounding it from the southwest, west, and north directions (Figure 2.5). Its
backbone is a moderately high range of hills (between 70 and 100 meters above the lake)
that cross-cuts it through its longitudinal axis. The hills are composed of red-orange
conglomerates and sandstones that belong to the Tertiary Taraco Formation. These are
surrounded by more recent Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine deposits, colluvial-fluvial
deposits, colluvial deposits, alluvial deposits, and some occasional patches of the slightly
earlier Kollu Kollu Formation composed of reddish sandstones with lenses of
conglomerates, tuffs and clays (Argollo et al. 1996).

12

The site of Kala Uyuni (T-232) is located in the southwest portion of the Taraco
Peninsula, flanking the Achachi Coacollu hill, the highest in the area (3920 m a.s.l.)
(Table 2.1, Figure 2.5). It is a large multi-component site that roughly covers 15 ha of
extension (Bandy 2001:101). The ceramic scatters of the different occupation phases are
segregated in different sectors. Along with the colluvial terraces where largest sectors of
the site are located, the hilltop of the Achachi Coacollu was also occupied. Minor Early
and Middle Chiripa phase occupations were identified, and during the Late Chiripa phase
at least two trapezoidal sunken courts were built on the hilltop, keeping the domestic
occupations in the lower colluvial terraces. By the Tiwanaku 1 phase, the residential
occupations increased considerably, configuring Kala Uyuni as the sociopolitical center
of the Peninsula (Bandy 2001). Interestingly, the courts of the hilltop were no longer in
use during this phase.

Table 2.1. Chronology of the study area with approximate lake levels (modified from
Bandy et al. 2004:Fig. 2). Note abbreviations for regional periods and local phases used
in other tables of this study.
Time

Regional Period

Local Phase

A.D. 1825-2006
A.D. 1550-1825
A.D. 1450-1550
A.D. 1100-1450
A.D. 900-1100
A.D. 500-900
A.D. 300-500

Republican Period
Colonial Period
Late Period
Late Intermediate Period

Ingavi
Colonial Pacajes
Inka Pacajes
Early Pacajes
Tiwanaku 5
Tiwanaku 4
Tiwanaku 3 (4T3)

200 B.C. A.D. 300


800-200 B.C.
1000-800 B.C.
1500-1000 B.C.
2000-1500 B.C.
4000-2000 B.C.

Middle Period
Late Formative (1LF)
Middle Formative (2MF)

Tiwanaku 1 (3T1)
Late Chiripa (2LC)

Middle Chiripa (1MC)


Early Chiripa
Terminal Archaic
Late Archaic

Early Formative (1EF)

13

Lake Level
High
Low (-13-28 m)
High
Low (-16-18 m)
High
Low (-16-18 m)
High
Low (-11-14 m)
High
Low (-20-30 m)

Kala Uyuni

Figure 2.5. Map of the Taraco Peninsula with the location of Kala Uyuni, Bolivia
(modified from Bandy et al. 2004:Fig. 1).

Archaeological Excavations in Kala Uyuni


The 2003 excavations were focused on increasing our understanding of the
occupation of Kala Uyuni during the Middle Formative and Late Formative periods.
Three separate areas were tested: AQ, AC, and KU (Bandy et al. 2004) (Figure 2.6).
The AQ (Ayrampu Qontu) area consisted of a residential area dated to the Late
Chiripa phase with an initial Middle Chiripa occupation. The Late Chiripa phase,
however, includes dense and thick stratified concentrations of domestic refuse, and in
fact, the whole tested deposit seems to constitute a large domestic midden (Bruno 2004).
The AC (Achachi Coacollu) area corresponds to the hilltop where the two
identified courts were sampled (Cohen and Roddick 2004). The excavation strategy

14

emphasized the location of the four walls of each structure in order to define their size
and shape, as well as to determine the sequence of their construction, use, modification,
and abandonment. At least two different clay prepared floors (red and yellow in color)
were noted in each structure. A great deal of variation and modification was observed in
the wall construction, although following certain standards, such as the irregular
placement of white limestone boulders with cobbles between them (Cohen and Roddick
2004). A number of primary refuse pits were located in the outside of the court, often
containing very high densities of fish bone remains. In addition, a midden sector where
the refuse related to the activities of the courts were likely deposited, was located in the
southwest of the AC and excavated. The courts construction and use were associated
with Late Chiripa phase, but the midden contained some Middle Chiripa and Early
Chiripa phase ceramics.

AC
KU
AQ

Figure 2.6. Topographic map of Kala Uyuni with the location of the different excavation
areas (from Bandy et al. 2004:Fig. 3).

15

The KU (Kala Uyuni) excavation area was aimed at testing the Late Formative
period occupation of the site. Several middens, trash pits, and human burials associated
with this period were recorded and sampled as well as an impressive rectangular Ushaped structure with thick stone cobble foundations (Bruno and Leighton 2004; Paz and
Fernndez 2004). Unfortunately, the archaeologically-dense Tiwanaku 4 and Tiwanaku 5
occupations that overlay the Late Formative deposits impeded a broader sample of the
occupations of this period. In 2005, this area was excavated again, and as a result two
additional contemporary structures were identified as well as exterior activity areas
associated with them.

Archaeological Evidence for Fish in Lake Titicaca


Although archaeologists working in the Lake Titicaca Basin agree that fishes
were truly important in the subsistence economy of the populations that lived in this
region since the Preceramic or Archaic period (8000-1500 B.C.), very few studies have
explicitly focused on them. In this section, I give a cultural historical account of the little
information available about fish utilization in Lake Titicaca during prehispanic times.
Klink and Aldenderfer (1997), using the results of an inland survey of the Ilave
River (one of the main tributaries of Lake Titicaca), have argued that at least two
subsistence strategies were present during the Late Archaic Period (4000-2000 B.C.) in
this valley. One focused on hunting and gathering highland resources, and the other one
complemented these activities with the utilization of aquatic resources. Specific sites
oriented toward the exploitation of marshlands and access to the shores of the lake were
reported in this survey. Stanish and his colleagues (2003; see also Bauer and Stanish

16

2001; Stanish 2003) made a strong case for people traveling to the Island of the Sun using
balsas or other forms of aquatic transportation, possibly since the Late and Terminal
Archaic Periods (4000-1500 B.C.) but surely and continually since the Early Formative
Period (1500-800 B.C.). They do not directly address subsistence, however. There is no
mention of fish remains nor systematic zooarchaeological information from the few sites
excavated and dated to the preceramic period (e.g., Aldenderfer 2002; Stanish et al.
2003), however, detailed study of the fish might provide information about seasonality in
addition to subsistence strategies.
Recently, Cynthia Herhahn (2004) excavated the Early Formative period site of
Wiskachuni in the western shore of Lake Titicaca. Her faunal analysis included the
counting and weighting of fish specimens recovered using both 1/4 screens and 1/16
mesh water-screening. Interestingly, her results showed that fish remains were quite low,
suggesting that the subsistence economy of the inhabitants of this site probably relied
more on large mammals such as camelids and deer than on fish. This implies that the
early sedentary occupants of the lake might have had a greater variability in their food
procurement strategies.
In contrast, Moore and colleagues (1999) discuss the evidence of faunal
utilization during the Early Formative period from the site of Chiripa at the southern
portion of the lake. They argue that subsistence during this time was highly diversified,
but fish were clearly the most important faunal resource. Their results reinforce the
importance given to fish by Kent (1982) and Browman (1989, 1998) for the same
chronological period, as well as for the remaining human occupation sequence that
includes the Middle Formative, Late Formative, and Tiwanaku periods. Kent (1982) has

17

suggested that fish remains adequately reflect their importance for the site inhabitants, as
well as their reliance on aquatic resources. Susan deFrance (1997) in a report on three
sites in the Copacabana Peninsula (between the two portions of the lake) dating to the
Late Formative period (200 B.C. A.D. 400), agrees that fish are the most abundant
taxon. Lmuz (2001, 2002) in his excavations of three Formative and Tiwanaku period
sites on the Santiago de Huata Peninsula (in the northern portion of the lake) has reported
several fish species and suggests that fish were the predominant faunal resource utilized
in that area since the Middle Formative and throughout Tiwanaku. These studies also
agree that, although fish and camelids occur in continual high percentages; waterfowl,
edible rodents, and other taxa decline over time.
Browman (1989) and Moore (1999) recognized bone tools associated with the
manufacture of nets and fishing gear, particularly whole and fragmented net gauges.
Since these rectangular bone objects have been recognized as tools, they have been found
in numerous sites, most of them on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca.
Recent results have confirmed how the initial diversity suggested by Moore and
colleagues (1999; see also Webster 1993) decreases through time, with fish and domestic
camelids becoming the two most important taxa recovered in archaeological samples by
Tiwanaku times. For example, Stanton (1994, see also Isbell and Burkholder 2002),
working with faunal remains from the shoreline site of Iwawi, compared fish and other
taxa weight and counts from flotation samples and saw a strong continuity on the
dependence on fish from the Formative Period through the end of the Tiwanaku
occupation.
My study of the Iwawi faunal materials shows a similar pattern, a change from a

18

diversified diet to one more strictly focused on domestic camelids, with fish being
constantly conspicuous throughout the sequence (Capriles 2003, 2006). As Moore and
coauthors (1999) initially suggested, the importance of fish can only be understood with
the analysis of the heavy fractions of flotation samples.
Because both archaeological and zooarchaeological studies are still few and in the
process of been implemented, a complete lack of data surrounds the Late Intermediate
period (A.D. 1100-1470) and the Late Horizon characterized by the Inka occupation
(A.D. 1470-1532). Pareja (1992) however, in his description of the Tiwanaku and Inka
underwater offerings at the Island of the Sun, mentions remains of several taxa including
domestic camelids and fish. In addition, Wise (1993) in her excavations of a domestic
compound dated to the Inka period in the Lukurmata site identified huge quantities of fish
remains, leading her to believe that the identity of the occupants of the household were
probably fisherfolk.

Zooarchaeological Analysis of Fish Remains from Lake Titicaca


Even though very few studies have reported or analyzed fish remains from
archaeological sites in Lake Titicaca, the methods used have been diverse. The methods
used in recovery and analysis of fish remains are critical to understanding inferences
derived by researchers, and also in evaluating the extent to which comparisons between
data from different sites is feasible. I will describe the different types of analysis, from
the simplest to the more complex, quoting some examples.
Most of the archaeological literature and interpretative synthesis, such as the
works of Kolata (1993) and Stanish (2003), suggest that fish were very important during

19

Tiwanaku and other time periods, but do not mention any study or empirical data to
support this claim. Other types of reports such as Bermanns household investigation
(1990, 1994) only include the identification and number of fish remains (as compared
with birds and camelids) from the 1/4 screened samples. Kents (1982)
zooarchaeological analysis uses only screen samples and, in the case of the fish, is
restricted to the count of operculums: thus, his values could be interpreted as a good
measure of MNI (minimum number of individuals) counts (by simply taking the counts
as they come or dividing them by two [see Reitz and Wing 1999 for other forms of
determining MNI values]), but it certainly complicates the comparison of his results with
other studies. Some works discuss the faunal remains from archaeological sites in Lake
Titicaca but restrict their results to the large mammals (specially camelids) or include
some other taxa, but specifically exclude fish (e.g., Webster 1993; Webster and Janusek
2003; Wing 1986).
Moore and colleagues (1999) make detailed descriptions of their fish bone data in
counts (NISP, or number of identified specimens) and weight values, group all fish taxa
(reporting the identification of the two native genera in their samples), compare them
with the identification of other taxa and calculate biomass estimations (Reitz et al. 1987).
Their results are interesting because they include comparisons between heavy fractions of
flotation samples and 1/4 screened samples.
Grouping all the fish remains within the general fish category for comparison
purposes is common in discussions of faunal remains (e.g., Capriles 2003; deFrance
1997; Lmuz 2001, 2002; Moore et al. 1999; Stanton 1994), and specially for estimating
reconstructions of the weight lost in the 1/4 screened samples (Capriles 2003, 2004;

20

Moore et al. 1999). Very few studies however, provide supporting data about different
species and taxa recorded.
Kent (1982, but see Horn 1984) was the first researcher to provide counts of
Orestias vs. other fish (possibly Trichomycterus), although he does not focus on them,
and only argues that their presence favors the expected intensive use of aquatic resources
in Lake Titicaca. The study of deFrance (1997) also differentiates between Orestias and
Trichomycterus, although the specific data she discusses have not yet been published.
Moore and her colleagues (1999) have so far published the detailed counts and weights of
their identified fish taxa only for the Early Formative Period, although they have
analyzed samples of numerous later dated contexts. Moreover, they report the presence of
the two genera, but do not present differentiated counts and weights for each.
Lmuz (2001, 2002) offered the first counts of different Orestias species. In his
faunal analysis, he classified the fish remains in three complexes: O. albus / O. luteus, O.
cuvieri, and O. cuvieri / O. agassii, in addition to the general categories of Orestias sp.
and Trichomycterus sp. His results are presented in NISP counts.
Based on the work of both Moore and colleagues (1999) and Lmuz (2001, 2002),
I have presented data of Orestias and Trichomycterus in NISP, MNI, and weight
(Capriles 2003, 2006). Working with biologists, I have also tried to further the
identification of Orestias using both morphological characters and morphometric
information based on modern reference collections and their application to archaeological
samples, although more work is still necessary. This thesis is, in part an advance in that
direction.

21

CHAPTER 3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field Sampling
The samples analyzed for this thesis were recovered and processed following the
standard collecting and flotation protocols implemented by the Taraco Archaeological
Project (Bandy et al. 2004; Hastorf et al. 2005; Bruno and Whitehead 2004). Flotation
samples were systematically taken from every locus (i.e., unit of provenience) excavated
and ideally from every depositional stratigraphic event encountered. The standard
procedure required that excavators take a 10 liter soil sample for each locus using a
trowel and a bucket, mapping, and recording its precise location in three-dimensional
coordinates. Each sample was recorded as a bulk when the 10 liters were collected
from a single location or as a scatter when they were gathered from a wider area
(Bruno and Whitehead 2004).
All the soil from especially rich contexts such as small pits and deposits were
collected for flotation and ranged from 1 liter to 20 liters. Important formal cultural
contexts such as floors, pits, and middens were additionally sampled with supplementary
10 liter bulk samples to provide larger intraspecific samples. In addition to the 10 liter
flotation sample, phytoliths, pollen, and loose soil samples were taken for other
specialized analyses.

22

Samples Selection
As discussed above, three areas were excavated at Kala Uyuni, all of them
representing different activity areas of the site. For the present study, 31 flotation samples
were selected and analyzed from these three areas. These samples are composed of 31
flotation heavy fractions and 16 corresponding and available 1/4 screen fractions.
Previous research has suggested that screen information is potentially incomplete and not
representative of the deposited fish faunal remains (Moore et al. 1999). This study
supports this conclusion and, therefore, the results I present unless otherwise noted,
correspond to the information from the flotation samples. The criteria for selection
included: (1) primary, undisturbed depositional contexts related with the discard of food
related remains, (2) events of discard of both domestic and ritual activities, (3)
representation of the three periods of occupation of the site and the three different areas
of the site, and (4) priority as defined by the excavators and other analysts of the project.
The distribution and contextual information of the selected samples is the
following:
From the AQ area, 7 loci were selected, all of which belong to a stratified midden
dating to the Late Chiripa phase. They should provide a useful and consistent sequence of
discard for the Middle Formative Period.
From the AC area, a total of 16 samples were analyzed, four of which date to the
Middle Chiripa phase and correspond to the lower levels of a ritual midden where the
secondary refuse of the activities held in the AC courts was most probably deposited
(Cohen and Roddick 2004). The remaining 12 samples from the AC area date to the Late
Chiripa phase. Five of them belong to the same ritual midden described above and are

23

composed of three midden samples and two trash pits identified inside the midden itself.
Four additional loci consisted of pits located outside of the lower court and are associated
with discrete deposits directly related to the use of the court itself possibly originating
from meals at the site or offerings. Of the remaining loci, one is a sample of the surface
of the courts and two correspond to fill deposited right above them.
From the KU area, only eight Late Formative contexts were selected, even though
earlier and later cultural contexts were excavated from this area as well. Three are
midden deposits, three are from pits, one is the outside surface of the structure excavated
in this area, and lastly, one corresponds to the fill excavated right above this occupation
surface. The specific loci, event numbers, and descriptive contextual information of the
analyzed samples are included in the Table 3.1. Note that the floated volume of soil for
each sample varies, but together have a mean of 8.94 liters. All of the samples selected
were bulk samples.
Note that the relative dates of the samples were derived from the ceramic analysis
of the contexts carried out by Lee Steadman (2004), the ceramic specialist of the TAP, as
well as stratigraphic information in the form of Harris Matrixes and a suite of 15
radiocarbon dates. Four of the loci analyzed in this study were radiocarbon dated and
confirm the information of the ceramic analysis.

24

Table 3.1. Description of the provenience and cultural context of the Kala Uyuni flotation samples analyzed in this study (for
additional information see Bandy et al. 2004).
Locus

Slash

Flot #

North

East

Area

Phase

5015
5063
5065
5075
5080
5086
5088
5091
5134
5164
5167
5178
5178
5180
5192
5193
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5238
5240
5270
5274
5300
5305
5307
5317

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
13230
13245
13249
13359

968
855
855
857
857
857
857
857
1000
890
890
980.40
980.40
980.40
979
979
990
990
990
990
990
990
990
979
979
894
894
894
894
894
894

921
536
536
539
539
539
539
539
947
651
651
928.18
928.18
928.18
935
935
968
968
968
968
968
968
968
957
957
639
639
639
639
639
639

AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Tiwanaku 1
Tiwanaku 1
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Late Chiripa
Middle Chiripa
Middle Chiripa
Middle Chiripa
Middle Chiripa
Tiwanaku 3
Tiwanaku 1
Tiwanaku 3
Tiwanaku 1
Tiwanaku 3
Tiwanaku 1

Context

Event #

Event Description

Fill over floor


Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden

A21
C18
C18
C8
C10
C14
C15
C17
A126
B22
B23
A26
A26
A35
A29
A29
A102
A103
A104
A106
A107
A108
A108
A111
A112
B48
B39
B52
B88
B48
B91

Fill over floor (lower court)


High density midden
High density midden
Medium density midden
High density midden-primary
Midden with substantial amount of rock in matrix
High density midden
High density midden
Occupation zone, deposited during use-outside
Surface inside structure
Fill between floors within structure
Pit fill with fish bone (lower court)
Pit fill with fish bone (lower court)
Fill over floor (lower court)
Pit fill-fish and ash (lower court)
Pit fill-fish and ash (lower court)
Medium density midden-primary
Pit fill-clay (midden sector)
Pit fill-ash (midden sector)
High density midden with ash-primary
Midden with substantial amount of rock in matrix
Medium density midden-primary
Medium density midden-primary
High density midden with ash-secondary
Medium density midden with ash-primary
Pit fill-ash
Medium density midden
Pitt fill-ash
High density midden
Pit fill-ash
High density midden

25

Flotation Recovery Procedure


The analyzed samples were processed with a mechanized water flotation system,
a modified version of SMAP (Shell Mound Archaeological Project, sensu Watson
1976) (Bruno and Whitehead 2004). This particular machine consisted of a 55 gallon
drum used as water container coupled with a gasoline mechanic oil water pump. Water
was pumped into the machine from a local source of water and moved upward through a
submerged shower head. An inner barrel with a half-millimeter brass mesh bottom was
partially flooded inside the drum and over the shower head. Then, the soil was poured
inside the inner barrel.
Usually, the sediment was soaked prior to its submersion in water to facilitate the
process of flotation recovery by the disaggregation of clay. While the sediment was being
floated, charred plants remains floated up to the surface of the water and were recovered
in a fine fabric and using a tea strainer. A gravel siphon was used to recover finer remains
floating below the surface of water. In this way, light and heavy fractions were obtained.
The light fraction was composed of the material that floated, while the heavy fraction
consisted of the material obtained in inner bucket and contained animal bones, fishes
scales, lithics, and ceramic artifacts. The cloth with these remains then was left to dry
under the sun. In the present study, only the heavy fractions materials were analyzed, but
it should be noted that the light fractions also contain few fish remains, and particularly
small scales.
Once dry, the heavy fractions were sorted with the help of geological mesh
screens up to the 1 mm screen size (bagging the rest as residue) by a selected group of
trained local workers from the Coacollo Community and the supervision of TAP

26

archaeologists. The cultural materials were sorted in different classes including animal
bones. The animal bones from the heavy fractions were then exported to the USA with
permission of the Bolivian state under the supervision of the Katherine M. Moore (2004).
Katherine M. Moore and Teagan A. Schweitzer identified and sorted the fish remains
from the other faunal specimens. I received only the fish remains and analyzed them with
the help of Alejandra Domic (Asociacin para la Biologa de la Conservacin Bolivia),
the collaborative assistance of Jaime Sarmiento and Soraya Barrera of the Coleccin
Boliviana de Fauna at the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in La Paz, and Lucretia S.
Kelly at the Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis. Note that
some samples still contained other non-fish faunal bones, which were counted, weighed
and separated from the fish remains.

Laboratory Analysis
The following procedure of analysis was developed specifically for analysis of the
Kala Uyuni fish remains. It is derived from the standard procedures for collecting
primary zooarchaeological data outlined in the available literature (Casteel 1976; Reitz
and Wing 1999; Wheeler and Jones 1989), as well as from previous experience with the
study of Lake Titicaca archaeological fish fauna (Capriles 2003, 2006; Moore et al.
1999).
Each heavy fraction sample was analyzed separately and independently from the
other samples. The analyses started by weighing each sample with an Ohaus Scout 200
200 gram scale with precision of 0.01 grams. Then, the sample was sorted into groups of
identifiable cranial bones, vertebrae, ribs, radials, scales, and unidentifiable bones. In

27

addition, each one of the resulting groups was further sorted according to the following
burning stages: unmodified (unburned), partially burned (brown or partially black),
burned (black), or calcified (gray, blue and white). Each of these categories was then
counted and weighed to the 0.01 gram. Additional modifications to the materials were
also searched for and recorded when observed. These include bent scales or other bones,
fused scales or other bones, carbonate incrustations, trampling, weathering, staining, as
well as any additional information related to preservation, taxonomy, or taphonomy. Bent
scales, defined as the inward folding of the otherwise flat surface of the scales, was
defined as a signature of boiling, based on preliminary experimental observations. This
signature should be tested in a future study, but for the present, it will be used as a proxy
for boiling.
The cranial bones were identified and grouped by genus (i.e., Orestias or
Trichomycterus) and skeletal element based on morphological characteristics and were
counted and weighed. All of the bones of each genus were weighed together but in cases
of large samples, each skeletal element group was weighed separately. The best preserved
bones were sided and measured using a Mitutoyo digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.02
mm in the specific features formulated by Morales and Rosenlund (1979). The scales
were sorted into fractions of rough and plain scales following taxonomical criteria. Each
of these fractions was then subdivided into size classes of less than 5 mm (<5 mm), from
5 mm to 9 mm (>5 mm), and 10 mm (>10 mm) as an estimate for the distribution of sizes
in the different samples. These were also counted and weighed.
As stated before, in addition to the 31 heavy fraction from flotation samples, 16
screen samples were analyzed following the same procedure. The screen samples

28

correspond to the loci of the excavated events and were recovered using a 1/4 mesh
(6.35 mm). A total of 15 samples did not include screen samples, either because the entire
locus was floated or because no fish bones were identified in the screen during their
excavation.
The comparative materials used in this study include samples of the Coleccin
Boliviana de Fauna in La Paz and a personal collection of fishes recovered from the
Coacollo fishermen and the fish market in La Paz. All of the analyzed fish samples are
stored in zip lock bags and will be returned to Bolivia for permanent storage in the
Coacollu local interpretative center and artifact repository.

Analysis of Dataset
The minimal units of primary data recording used in this study were the minimum
number of identified specimens (NISP) and weight (in grams). Taking into account that
only specimens that were sufficiently preserved to be identified were recorded, I consider
my NISPs to be very close to a true minimum number of elements (MNE) and
consequently, MNE were not recorded because they would produce redundant
information. As secondary data, minimum number of individuals (MNI) was calculated
based on the siding of the most frequent element of each taxa per sample.
All of the information retrieved from the zooarchaeological fish specimens was
tabulated in a Microsoft Office Excel 2003 file. From this, different worksheets with
different information were produced and used as the main dataset. Tables of relative
frequencies, descriptive statistics, and comparative graphics were produced using
Microsoft Office Excel 2003. In addition, box-plots and other descriptive graphics were

29

produced using SPSS 12.0. Biomass estimations were calculated based on Reitz et al.
(1987; Reitz and Wing 1999) allometric equations (Appendix 1). Finally, standard length
estimations of Orestias specimens were determined using the latero-distal length of the
operculum also called the operculum greatest height (sensu Morales and Rosenlund
1979:34-35) based on a recalculation of the transfer function previously determined from
an experimental modern collection (Capriles 2003). These values were recalculated using
SPSS arriving at a power function that has a higher prediction value than the least square
equation previously published (Leach et al. 1997).

30

CHAPTER 4.
RESULTS

Quantification Issues
Before any interpretation and use of the zooarchaeological data gathered during
the analysis can be carried out, the quantification issues associated with the nature and
characteristics of the faunal assemblage studied should be addressed (Grayson 1979,
1984; Lyman 1994; Marshall and Pilgram 1993). Two decisions were made in this study:
(1) for dataset manipulation, the information is presented by flotation sample, that is the
unit of provenience in which they were excavated, and (2) for analysis purposes I used
two units of aggregations: periods and contexts types.
By having the data sorted by unit of provenience (i.e., loci and flotation numbers),
subsequent aggregations can be made without the problem of having their original
contextual information lost. The Appendices included in this work provide this detailed
contextual information for all the variables recorded. In addition, comparability is
facilitated by the fact that most of the samples were equivalent in volume (mean 8.68
liters). This includes the clustering of the samples between eight and 10 liters (Figure 4.1)
and the presence of three small samples with less than three liters of volume. Density
values allow the standardization of the data, and it is clear that some samples have higher
quantities of fish bones than others independently of the volume of sediment excavated.

31

Period
80.00

1EF
2MF
3LF

Flot fish weight (g)

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

10

12

Flot volume (l)

Figure 4.1. Scatter plot of the flotation volume of each sample analyzed in this study and
their respective fish weight.
Periods are considered strong units of aggregation and they allow large scale
comparisons related to the specific goals of this study. Context type is also a strong unit
of aggregation and was only used inside the broader period category. Periods allow a
diachronic interpretation of the remains, but the context category, enhances the
synchronic and functional understanding of the site and its variability. Finally, the entire
dataset produced in this study is presented in the Appendixes in order to facilitate future
potential reinterpretations of the aggregation units as well as to allow the entire reanalysis
of the data and the interpretations presented in this study, if required.
As stated in the previous chapter, the units of analysis were the NISP, weight, and
secondarily the MNI. Regarding the effect of aggregation and the independence or not of
32

the NISP and MNI values (Marshall and Pilgram 1993), Figure 4.2, shows the
relationship between these two variables for all the loci analyzed. A slightly curvilinear
pattern is noted, possibly as a consequence of the large sample size. The MNI values
were estimated using the highest represented element of a given side and taxon in each
locus, and these were different between loci. In correspondence with their frequencies, in
most cases the operculum and pharyngeal bones were the most abundant elements of the
genus Orestias, and the interoperculum and urostyle for the genus Trichomycterus.
Period
1EF
2MF
3LF
10000

Flot fish NISP

8000

6000

4000

2000

10

20

30

40

Flot fish MNI

Figure 4.2. Scatter plot of the flotation NISP and MNI values and their correspondent
curvilinear relation.

33

A more linear relation is observed between the weight and the NISP, although the
most important factor that can potentially modify and bias the interdependence of these
variables is fragmentation and thereby also good preservation. As can be observed in
Figure 4.3, there were few cases where these effects are patent, but in those that do, NISP
seems to be the main biased variable and correspondingly, fragmentation the most
biasing agent. In addition, both of these graphs show the distribution of samples through
time periods, showing that the Middle Formative has the largest range and the Late
Formative the smallest one, mostly clustered in the lower end.
Period
1EF
2MF
3LF
10000

Flot fish NISP

8000

6000

4000

2000

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

Flot fish weight (g)

Figure 4.3. Scatter plot showing the relationship between NISP and weight and their
correspondent predictability.
34

Identifiability
The potential of identification or identifiability of the zooarchaeological
specimens must be addressed along with the quantification factors. Only two genera of
native fish are currently present in Lake Titicaca, and the zooarchaeological information
suggests that both of them were present in the past. One of them, Orestias includes at
least 20 species and the other, Trichomycterus at least two. Even though the species of
these two genera have distinct ecological habitat preferences, a number of them are
sympatric, and Orestias are overall consistently more abundant (both biologically and
ecologically) than Trichomycterus.
The fact that there are no real studies that address the osteology of these two
genera and their associated species presented a major methodological limiting factor. To
overcome this problem, the approach developed in this study included the identification
of bones utilizing the reference collection of the Coleccin Boliviana de Fauna in La Paz,
which included fish specimens collected specifically for this study, and attempting
idenfitications only to the genus level. Fortunately, Orestias and Trichomycterus belong
to different families and orders, and are consequently very different from each other;
making their ostelogical differentiation a straightforward process.
Intraspecific differentiation was, however, more complicated. Even though the
Orestias genus includes at least 20 different species, the potential for the osteological and
consequent archaeological identification of each of them has not been specifically
studied. In this study, only the diagnostic maxilla bones of the species O. pentlandii and
O. cuvieri were considered as cranial diagnostic bones for Orestias intraspecific

35

identification. Only O. pentlandii maxilla bones were actually identified in the analyzed
samples. In addition, this type of identification was considered a specific additional
observation and not taken into account in the broader quantification procedures.
Consequently, with the exception made above, none of the bones of the archaeological
collection were identified to the specific species taxonomic level. Table 4.1 includes the
bones that were used for the identification of each genus. Note that Orestias has more
bones potentially identifiable archaeologically than Trichomycterus and consequently, a
bias in their favor will be produced in most studies that address the zooarchaeology of
fishes in the Lake Titicaca Basin.

Table 4.1. Cranial bones and the urostyle (last caudal vertebra) identified in
archaezoological collection of fish remains from Kala Uyuni.
Orestias

Trichomycterus

Articular (2)
Basioccipital (1)
Ceratohyal (2)
Cleithrum (2)
Dentary (2)
Epihyal (2)
Frontal (2)
Hyomandibular (2)
Interoperculum (2)
Maxilla (2)
Operculum (2)
Paraesphenoid (1)
Pharyngial lower (2)
Pharyngial superior (2)
Postemporal (2)
Premaxilla (2)
Preoperculum (2)
Pterotic (2)
Quadrate (2)
Suboperculum (2)
Subscapular (2)
Supraoccipital (2)
Urostyle (1)

Articular (2)
Basioccipital (1)
Ceratohyal (2)
Dentary (2)
Frontal (2)
Hyomandibular (2)
Interoperculum (2)
Paraesphenoid (1)
Premaxilla (2)
Preoperculum (2)
Pterygoid (2)
Quadrate (2)
Suboperculum (2)
Supraehtmoid (1)
Urohyal (1)
Urostyle (1)
Vomer (1)

Orestias = 41 elements
Trichomycterus = 28 elements

36

Additionally, in the process of analysis, distinctive differences between some


Orestias elements were noted and recorded as observations that future studies could
potentially disaggregate and use for intraspecific identification (see Appendix 5). The
elements that showed the broadest variability were: articular, dentary, premaxilla,
maxilla, operculum, and lower pharyngeals.
As the results of this study suggest, Orestias are overwhelmingly more abundant
than Trichomycterus in almost every sample, perhaps reflecting a distribution similar to
the one observed in the present and/or that the people that procured and discarded these
remains preferred Orestias more than Trichomycterus most of the time. These are
complicated assumptions, especially considering that only two genera are represented in
the collection and consequently there is only one degree of freedom in the interpretation
of their abundance (Grayson 1984). In addition, this has impeded the implementation of
diversity indexes in the assessment of their diversity and relative abundance.
In correspondence with their greater biological diversity, the size range of
Orestias is broader than that of Trichomycterus. However, ethnographically and possibly
archaeologically, the sizes of the most common specimens consumed by people tend to
be very similar (ca. 100-200 mm standard length).
Cranial bones (including the urostyle [last caudal vertebra]) in addition to scales
(see below) were identified to the genus level. Vertebrae are bones potentially
identifiable to family and even genus level (Casteel 1976; Wheeler and Jones 1989) and
although, in general, it was noted that Orestias vertebrae were predominant in every
analyzed sample, one of the shortcomings of this study was not recording and using this
valuable information. Future studies should emphasize the differential morphology of

37

vertebrae of Orestias and Trichomycterus, as well as evaluate the potential of this


information for the solution of archaeological and paleoenvironmental problems.
Consequently, vertebrae, along with ribs, rays, and indeterminate fish bones were only
identified to the class level Osteichtyes (abbreviated Osteich).
All of the scales identified in this study belong to the Orestias genus since
Trichomycterus are Siluriformes and do not produce scales. Moreover, the presence of
rough scales was considered a reliable intra-genus taxonomic indicator and was used as a
proxy for the relative proportion of the species associated with the Orestias luteus group
(sensu Parenti 1984).
As a means to approximate intraspecific variation, osteometry was extensively
applied in this study. Scales were sorted into size classes (>10 mm, >5 mm, and <5 mm).
Most cranial bones and urostyle that were sufficiently preserved were also measured
using Morales and Rosenlund (1979) codes and features. Some statistical analyses were
employed to identify clusters that might correspond to species or groups of species.
Considering that this is a fish remains study, a note on otoliths is pertinent.
Otoliths (ear bones) are present in most fish species, and Orestias and Trichomycterus are
no exception. Both because the specimens of these genera are relatively small and
perhaps as an evolutionary adaptation to high altitude lake and riverine environments, the
otoliths of both of these genera are particularly small. I have been able to observe the
otoliths of Orestias and they can be described as heart-shaped with a size not greater than
1 mm of length. No otoliths were identified in the samples examined in this study.
Perhaps some were lost during the flotation procedure, but most probably they were not
appropriately sorted out from the residue of the heavy fractions considering that fish

38

remains were sorted only up to 1 mm. An inspection of the residue (smaller than 1 mm)
might eventually be productive for their identification and potentially useful information
could be extracted from them including specimen count, age, as well as derived
paleoenvironmental data (Andrus et al. 2002; Cleland 1976; Wheeler and Jones 1989).
In summary, variable methodological issues have been considered as important
aspects that can potentially influence the interpretation of the results generated in this
study. Care will be taken in the following descriptions to provide an accurate assessment
of their impact and to overcome some of their potential limitations. In addition, I will
address the issues and the potential bias introduced by the sample size in terms of density
in the section of changes through time (see below).

General Patterns
A total of 69,840 fish specimens with a weight of 467.71 grams from the 31
heavy fractions of flotation samples were analyzed in this study. From those, 44,212
specimens weighing 357.17 grams were identified to a specific taxon and skeletal part
(Figure 4.4, Appendixes 1-3). Although this is approximately 63.3% of the samples, it
comprises 76.37% of the weight due to the general fact that the larger bones are generally
easier to identify than the smaller ones. Overall, the most important limiting factors in the
identification analysis were the small size of the specimens and their fragmentation. In
addition, 917 fish specimens weighing 59.27 grams and comprising at least 175
individuals were identified in the 16 available 1/4 screen fractions (Appendix 4). As
several studies have pointed out (Moore et al. 1999; Wheeler and Jones 1989), and these

39

numbers show, the screen fractions clearly under-represent the fish remains of any given
locus and, unless otherwise explicitly noted, I will not deal with these remains here.
100
90
NISP
76.37

80

Weight

Frequency (%)

70

63.30

60
50
36.70

40
30

23.63

20
10
0
Determinate

Indeterminate

Figure 4.4. Relationship between indeterminate and determinate fish bones from the
analyzed flotation samples of Kala Uyuni (NISP=69,840, weight=467.71 g).
By grouping the determinate bones and sorting them into three major categories,
cranial, postcranial, and scales, it is clear that the scales were the most frequent and
heavier element, followed by the postcranial elements, and finally the cranial elements
(Figure 4.5, Appendixes 2-3). Because the urostyle (last caudal vertebrae) could be
identified to the genus level and was potentially measurable, just as the cranial bones
were, it was included within the category of cranial bones for this analysis.

40

80

NISP
68.04

Weight

70

Frequency (%)

60
48.00

50
40
30.82
25.16

30
21.18
20
10

6.79

0
Cranial

Postcranial

Scales

Figure 4.5. Frequencies of cranial and postcranial bones, and scales from the analyzed
flotation samples of Kala Uyuni (Cranial NISP=3004, weight=75.64 g; Postcranial
NISP=11,124, weight=110.1 g; Scales NISP=30,084, weight=171.43 g).
The cranial elements were identified to genus level and in correspondence with
the distribution of fish fauna presently known for Lake Titicaca, the archaeological
cranial elements were limited to two genera: Orestias and Trichomycterus. A total of
3,004 specimens were recognized and identified to genus level, 2,672 were identified as
Orestias and 332 as Trichomycterus, reflecting an MNI of 227 and 86, respectively
(Figure 4.6, Appendixes 2-3). The genus Orestias was the most consumed and preferred
since it conforms more than the 80% of the total sample. Note that this does not include
the scales, which all correspond to the genus Orestias since Trichomycterus belongs to
the Order Siluriformes that have the skin instead of scales.

41

94.59

100

88.95

90

Frequency (%)

80

72.52

70
60
50
40
27.48

30
20

11.05
5.41

10
0
NISP

Weight
Orestias

MNI

Thrichomycterus

Figure 4.6. Relative frequencies of taxa represented in the samples analyzed identified
from cranial bones (Orestias NISP=2672, weight=71.55 g, MNI=227; Trichomycterus
NISP=332, weight=4.09 g, MNI=86).
Postcranial bones were separated into ribs, vertebrae, and radials or rays, out of
which, vertebrae were the most frequent followed by ribs and rays (Figure 4.7,
Appendixes 7-9).
80
NISP
70

70.39

Weight
55.79

Frequency (%)

60
50
37.48

40

26.94

30
20
10

6.73

2.76

0
Rays

Ribs

Vertebrae

Figure 4.7. Relative frequency of postcranial elements: rays, ribs, and vertebrae from the
Kala Uyuni site (rays NISP=749, weight=2.96 g; ribs NISP=4169, weight=29.63 g;
vertebrae NISP=6206 weight=77.43 g).
42

Scales were sorted into two morphotypes based on the characteristics of their
surface structure: plain and rough. Rough scales are specifically found in the Orestias
luteus group and this characteristic allows us to differentiate them from other Orestias
species (sensu Parenti 1984). In addition, scales were sorted by their size in three
categories of 5 mm increments. The most common scales were the plain ones smaller and
larger than 5 mm, followed by the rough scales smaller and larger than 5 mm, and the
few specimens of plain scales larger than 10 mm. No rough scales larger than 10 mm
were identified (Figure 4.8, Appendix 11).
The genus Orestias includes several species; some of them are very small (less
than 10 mm of standard length), but the majority of the specimens in this analysis were
small to medium (50 to 200 mm). Species and specimens larger than 200 mm are rare
(e.g., O. pentlandii, O. cuvieri) and associated with deep water regimes usually in the
larger, northern portion of Lake Titicaca. Probably, the plain scales smaller than 5 mm
reported in this study come from all the types of Orestias species consumed in the past,
except for the very small ones.
Around 86% of the specimens were not modified by some form of exposure to
fire. This pattern is fairly consistent between NISP and weight figures and does not vary
(Figure 4.9, Appendixes 5-12).

43

80
71.09

NISP

70

Weight

Frequency (%)

60
47.40

50
40
31.37
30
20

13.96

10.8010.57

8.85

10

3.92

0.22 1.82
0
>10 mm

>5 mm

<5 mm

>5 mm

<5 mm

Plain

Plain

Plain

Rough

Rough

Figure 4.8. Relative frequencies of scales sorted by morphology and size (NISP=30,084,
weight=171.43 g).

100
90

86.97

86.36

NISP

Weight

80

Frequency (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20

13.03

13.64

10
0
Unmodified

Modified

Figure 4.9. Relative frequencies of fish specimens modified and unmodified from Kala
Uyuni (NISP=69,840, weight=467.71 g).

44

Changes Through Time


The chronological distribution of the specimens and samples throughout the
sequence is not equivalent. Figure 4.10 shows the relative proportions of specimens for
each period. The three units of analysis (NISP, weight, and MNI) show consistency in the
magnitude of the difference between samples of different periods, although they tend to
vary, particularly in the case of the samples of the Early Formative period. This might be
attributed to a combination of quantification, aggregation, and contextual factors which
will be discussed later in this thesis.
100
85.52

90

NISP

78.93

80

Weight

70.93
Frequency (%)

70

MNI

60
50
40
30
20

17.08

20.45
10.26

8.63

10

4.22

3.99

0
1EF

2MF

3LF

Figure 4.10. Relative frequencies of fish specimens in the analyzed flotation samples
from Kala Uyuni (NISP=69,840, weight=467.71 g, MNI=313).
It should be taken into consideration that even though selected samples with high
quantities of fish remains were intentionally selected for this study, the distribution of the
frequencies of densities (grams of fish remains per liter of soil) show an expected
distribution skewed to left (i.e., a gradient from several samples with smaller densities to

45

fewer samples with higher densities), with most of the samples having densities of less
than 2 grams per liter (Figure 4.11). A frequency diagram for the 1/4 screen samples
shows with even greater detail the configuration of the low density samples (the lowest
one been 0.0002 g/l and the highest one 0.049 g/l), and the fact that none of them is
greater than 0.05 g/l (Figure 4.12).

14

12

Frequency

10

2
Mean = 1.72198
Std. Dev. = 1.975703
N = 31
0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00 10.00

Flot density Fish g/l


Figure 4.11. Frequencies of densities (grams/liters) for the flotation samples.

46

12

10

Frequency

2
Mean = 0.0101
Std. Dev. = 0.01294
N = 16
0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Screen density Fish g/l

Figure 4.12. Frequencies of densities (grams/liters) for the 1/4 screen samples.
From the information above, the following density categories of fish remains for
Kala Uyuni and possibly other Lake Titicaca sites can be suggested: very low: >0.01 g/l,
low 0.01-0.1 g/l, moderate 0.1-0.2 g/l, high 0.2-0.3, and very high > 0.3 g/l.
Using these categories the assemblage has the following distribution: the Early
Formative period composed of four samples has moderate to high densities, the Middle
Formative period, which includes 17 samples, has a slightly broader range including
samples of low to very high densities, and finally, the eight Late Formative period
samples have restrictively low to moderate densities (Figure 4.13, Appendix 1).

47

10

5231

Flot density Fish g/l

5178
6

5300

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

Figure 4.13. Box-plots of the densities of the flotation samples analyzed and their
differences through time.
The distribution of Orestias and Trichomycterus between periods shows
heterogeneity with the highest values for both genera present in the Middle Formative
period samples (Figure 4.14). This is explained by the fact that this period has the highest
quantity of samples and specimens, but it also consistently shows the greatest
representation of identified Orestias and Trichomycterus in the Early Formative period in
comparison with the Late Formative period.

48

Orestias NISP

100

Trichomycterus NISP

90

Orestias MNI

81.25
80

Trichomycterus MNI
70.34

Orestias Weight

70
Frequency (%)

Trichomycterus Weight
60
50.16
50
40
30
20.77
20

14.98

15.02
9.41

10

2.10

8.59

5.43

4.27
0.85

7.35
3.63

0.37

1.28

3.93
0.29

0
1EF

2MF

3MF

Figure 4.14. Relative frequencies of Orestias and Trichomycterus, organized through


time and sample size (Orestias NISP=2672, MNI=227, weight=71.65 g; Trichomycterus
NISP=332, MNI=86, weight=4.09 g).
If only the relative frequencies are considered, the NISP shows a tendency
through time toward reduction in the number of Trichomycterus (and correspondingly
increase of the Orestias), whereas weight shows one of decrease followed by increase,
and the MNI of increase and eventual decrease (Figure 4.15). Considering that these
differences are not very large, we can interpret that the relative proportions of Orestias
and Trichomycterus does not tend to change. Contextual information provides more
insights into the specific location of concentrations of Orestias and Trichomycterus
specimens (see below).

49

Orestias

100
90

87.72

89.12

90.83

Trichomycterus

91.75

95.01

93.10
85.19

80

73.44

70.72

Frequency (%)

70
60
50
40
26.56

30
20

12.28

10.88

10

9.17

29.28
14.81

8.25

4.99

6.90

0
1EF

2MF

3LF

NISP

1EF

2MF
Weight

3LF

1EF

2MF

3LF

MNI

Figure 4.15. Relative proportions of Orestias and Trichomycterus cranial specimens and
change through time (1EF: NISP=513, weight=7.76 g, MNI=64; 2MF: NISP=2371
weight=64.69 g, MNI=222; 3LF: NISP=120, weight=3.19 g, MNI=27).
In correspondence with the differences observed in the representation of genera
through time, the specific identified elements identified tend to be more numerous for the
Middle Formative period, followed by the Early Formative and finally the Late
Formative. These results are consistent both for Orestias (Figure 4.16) and
Trichomycterus (Figure 4.17).

50

Sum NISP

500

Taxa: Orestias

Period

2MF

1EF
3LF
400

300

200

100

Urostyle
Supraoccipital
Subscapular
Suboperculum
Quadrate
Pterotic
Preoperculum
Premaxila
Posttemporal
Pharyngeal upper
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Parasphenoid
Operculum
Maxila
Interoperculum
Hyomandibular
Frontal
Epihyal
Dentary
Cleithrum
Ceratohyal
Basioccipital
Articular

Element

Figure 4.16. Frequency of Orestias cranial specimens by through time (NISP=2672).

51

Taxa: Trichomycterus
Period

60

1EF
2MF
3LF
50

Sum NISP

40

30

20

10

0
Urostyle

Vomer

Urohyal

Supraethmoid

Suboperculum

Quadrate

Preoperculum

Pterygoid

Premaxila

Interoperculum

Parasphenoid

Hyomandibular

Frontal

Dentary

Basioccipital

Ceratohyal

Articular

Element

Figure 4.17. Frequency of Trichomycterus cranial specimens through time (NISP=332).


Following the changes through time at a more specific level, the minimum
number of individuals (MNI) shows a tendency of reduction across time. The highest
concentrations of individuals tend to be in the lower levels of the sequence; however,
there are some that push up the mean in the Middle Formative period, as well as an
outlier with a particularly high concentration of individuals. The highest numbers of
individuals during the Middle Formative period tend to be found in pits, although the
previously mentioned outlier comes from a midden context. Even though the fill samples
are not particularly dense, they do concentrate a high number of individuals, suggesting
that after disturbance, several individuals were still recognizable and that these contexts
can potentially provide interesting information.

52

The MNI for the Late Formative is low, with a range not greater than 10
individuals per sample. All of the midden samples belong to the Tiwanaku 1 phase and
tend to include more individuals than all of the pits which correspond to the Tiwanaku 3
phase (Figure 4.18).
In addition, diagnostic maxilla bones of the species Orestias pentlandii were
found in the loci 5231, 5234, 5065, and 5088, two Middle Chiripa and two Late Chiripa
respectively. All of them are midden contexts (Appendix 5).
40

5231

Flot fish MNI

30

20

10

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

Period: 2MF

Period: 3LF

40

7
30

Flot fish MNI

Flot fish MNI

20

10

0
1
Fill over floor

Midden

Midden
domestic

Pit

Surface
Fill ove

Context

Midden

Pit

Surface

Context

Figure 4.18. Box-plots of MNI changes through time and by context, all of the 1EF
samples are middens.
53

The number of identified specimens (NISP) shows a similar trend to the one
identified for the MNI, however there is slightly more overlap between the Early
Formative and Middle Formative periods (Figure 4.19). An outlier is noticeable in the
Middle Formative and in general the range tends to be broader than the other two periods.
Once this distribution is broken up by contexts, it is interesting to note that even though
the middens have a particularly high range, they are not statistically different than the
pits. The fills and the surface have counts significantly lower than these cultural contexts.
For the Late Formative, the fills of the Tiwanaku 1 phase have a broader range and are
statistically different than the pits of the Tiwanaku 3 phase. The pits have similar
densities as the fill context, reinforcing the overall low frequency of identified specimens
contained in these contexts.
Overall the weight of the samples tends to be low with relatively small ranges.
There is no significant difference between the Early Formative and Middle Formative
periods (Figure 4.20), nor between the Tiwanaku 1 and Tiwanaku 3 phases. There is a
significant difference between these two broader groups, Early/Middle Formative versus
Late Formative (Tiwanaku 1 and 3). There are two outliers associated with the Middle
Formative that corresponds to the samples with the highest concentrations of pharyngeal
bones, by far the densest and heaviest bones of the analyzed species.

54

12000

5231
10000

Flot fish NISP

8000

6000

4000

2000

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period
Period: 2MF

Period: 3LF

12000

800
10000

600

Flot fish NISP

Flot fish NISP

8000

6000

400

4000

200
2000

0
0
Fill over floor

Midden

Midden
domestic

Pit

Surface
Fill ove

Context

Midden

Pit

Context

Figure 4.19. Box plots of NISP change through time and by contexts.

55

Surface

5231

80.00

5178

Flot fish weight (g)

60.00

40.00

20.00

5317

0.00

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

Figure 4.20. Box-plot of the fish weight distribution per sample through time from the
flotation samples of Kala Uyuni.
The distribution of taxa in accordance with the general highest concentration of
both individuals and specimens in the lower levels follows a similar trend. The MNI
values of the Early Formative and the Middle Formative tend to have progressively both
more of Orestias and Trichomycterus than those of the Tiwanaku 1 and Tiwanaku 3
phases. Interestingly, in all of the phases except for the Late Chiripa phase, the
Trichomycterus individuals are considerably and statistically significantly lower than the
Orestias. The domestic contexts and the hilltop middens of the Late Chiripa phase
contribute most of the Trichomycterus specimens to the sample. Moreover, the overall
higher concentrations of Orestias were recorded in the Late Chiripa samples, showing
some of the heterogeneity of those deposits. In the case of the Late Formative phases, it is
interesting to note that several samples did not contain any Trichomycterus specimens at
all (Figure 4.21).

56

5178

30

OMNI
TMNI

5231

25

20

15

10

5317
5

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period
Period: 2MF

Period: 3LF

OMNI

30

TMNI

OMNI

25

TMNI

20

4
15

3
10

Fill ove
Fill ove

Midden

Midden d

Pit

Surface

Midden

Pit

Surface

Context

Context

Figure 4.21. Box-plots of Orestias and Trichomycterus MNI and their difference between
time and contexts.

57

In general, NISP parallels the observations made using the MNI information
about the distribution of the taxa, showing a progressive decline in the overall number of
specimens in each period. However, it is useful to note the effectively smaller quantities
of Trichomycterus in comparison with the Orestias. In fact, in all cases, both between
periods as well as between contexts, there is a statistically significant difference between
the NISP of Orestias and Trichomycterus.
If only Orestias remains are taken into account, then the reduction in the number
of specimens still is prevalent, although, statistically significant only between the Middle
Formative and the Late Formative periods (Figure 4.22). Between the contexts of the
Late Chiripa phase, the proportions of Orestias in middens and pits are interestingly
similar. The same is true about the Tiwanaku 1 middens and the Tiwanaku 3 pits. In
addition, in both cases, there is a higher frequency of Trichomycterus in the middens and
very few specimens in the pits. These observations suggest the important difference of
the remains deposited in the different types of contexts.

58

ONISP

600

TNISP

5178

500

400

5231

300

200

100

5305
0

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period
Period: 2MF

Period: 3LF
ONISP

600

TNISP

5178

ONISP

40

TNISP

500
30
400

300

20

200
10
100

Fill ove

Midden

Midden d

Pit

Fill ove

Surface

Context

Midden

Pit

Surface

Context

Figure 4.22. Box-plots of Orestias and Trichomycterus NISP and their change through
time and between contexts.
The range of estimated weight calculated for each period suggests a strong
decreasing pattern through time (Figure 4.23, Appendix 1). As discussed above, the

59

sampling procedure explains part of this relation, but it seems evident that the relative
contribution of fish in terms of weight decreases through time, and is particularly low in
the Late Formative samples. The statistically significant difference between the Early
Formative and the Middle Formative is also intriguing, and it can be explained by the fact
that the Early Formative flotation samples were taken from large midden contexts,
whereas several of the Middle Formative ones came from very specific midden strata and
small events such as pits.

5231

Estimated body weight (g)

3000.00

2000.00

5091
1000.00

5317

0.00
1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

Figure 4.23. Box-plots of ranges of body weight estimations for the entire sediment
excavated using allometric regression of Osteichtyes (Reitz et al. 1987; Reiz and Wing
1999).

60

The comparison of fish remains with other taxa, and particularly camelids has not
been dealt in this thesis and will be addressed in a more integrative assessment of the
fauna recovered from Kala Uyuni. Figure 4.24 compares the densities of large mammals
(mostly composed of camelids) and fish remains (Appendix 1). It is interesting to note
that during the Early Formative, both densities are fairly similar. During the Middle
Formative, the fish densities are higher, although some biases introduced by specific
contexts, particularly pits containing high quantities of fish remains, might be responsible
for the observed pattern. And during the Late Formative, both densities are similarly low.
More work is required to characterize the particular aspects related to the consumption of
camelids and other taxa (including waterfowl and other wild fauna) at Kala Uyuni.
Screen density
large mammal
bone g/l

10.00

Flot density fish g/l

5231
8.00

5178
6.00

4.00

5063

2.00

5300

0.00

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

Figure 2.24. Box-plot graph comparing the densities of large mammals and fish remains.
61

Finally, the analysis of the sizes of the fishes recovered using well-preserved
operculum bones and a transfer function derived from an experimental modern collection,
allows us to track the changes in the relative size of the Orestias specimens and their
change through time (Figure 4.25, Appendix 23). The results using flotation specimens
only shows a significant increase in fish sizes between the Early Formative and the
Middle Formative periods and a relative continuity between the latter and the following
Late Formative period. When the screen samples are included to strengthen the samples,
the change between the Early Formative and the Middle Formative becomes less marked,
but the continuity between the Middle Formative and the Late Formative holds. The
outliers of the Early Formative and the Middle Formative suggest the consumption of
larger and smaller than average Orestias species, respectively. Sample sizes are uneven
between the three periods, however, the highest range is observed for the Early
Formative. This might potentially suggest a greater diversity of fish sizes consumed
during this period and a trend towards standardization through time.

62

200.00

180.00

ESLP (mm)

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

5065
5086

80.00

1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

200.00

5238
180.00

ESLP (mm)

160.00

140.00

120.00

5231
100.00

5086
80.00

5065
1EF

2MF

3LF

Period

Figure 4.25. Box-plots representing the estimated standard length (ESLP) in mm of the
Orestias specimens using the operculum greatest height. Top, only flot samples (N=37).
Bottom, composite of both flotation and screen samples (N=75).

63

CHAPTER 5.
DISCUSSION
Diachronic and Contextual Interpretations

In this chapter, I will discuss some of the specific patterns observed for each time
period, with the available data. Considering the exploratory nature of this study, I will
then suggest some possible interpretations about the nature of various patterns and trends
observed. In the future, I think many of them can be improved as well as tested using
additional contextual information, more samples, and specific inferential statistics.

The Early Formative Period


The fish remains dating to the Early Formative period, and specifically to the
Middle Chiripa phase, consisted of four loci. All of them belong to the stratified midden
of the hilltop AC area. It is interesting to note that no architecture dating to this phase was
uncovered from this area. The two trapezoidal sunken courts located during the 2003
excavations were apparently built during the following Late Chiripa phase. However,
judging by the high densities of fish remains and other evidence of human use, it appears
that ritual activities were carried out in this area before the construction of the buildings.
Presently, there is uncertainty if some type of architecture was associated with these
activities and perhaps destroyed with the construction of the Late Chiripa courts.
Considering the evidence of activities, it is also possible that during the Early Formative
period the hill itself was used as a sacred shrine; this would be in accordance with the

64

long-term tradition in the Andes of ritualizing and anthropomorphizing the landscape


(Erickson 2000).
It is worth mentioning that it is unlikely that this area was ever a domestic
location considering its placement on the top of the highest hill in the vicinity. This
location has extreme climatic factors such as strong wind currents, high solar radiation,
and colder temperatures, which might have made continual habitation impractical. The
information that fish remains provide is potentially useful for further understand some of
the (probably ritual) activities carried out in this area during the Middle Chiripa phase.
Initially, the four loci of the midden that correspond to the Middle Chiripa phase,
have particularly high densities of fish remains (2.14 g/l). This suggests high quantities of
fish remains were consumed and discarded at the site. The assemblage is particularly
robust, since the densities of NISP are equally high and several bones were sufficiently
well preserved to make osteometric measurements. Moreover, the screen samples from
these loci were equally dense, and in the case of Locus 5238, the highest screen MNI for
the entire sequence was recorded.
All of these loci have relatively good preservation. This is confirmed by the high
quantity of well-preserved bones identified and measured. I interpret this area as
containing secondary refuse from consumption activities subsequently undisturbed. This
would have created an adequate location for the preservation of fish remains. The good
preservation can be attributable to biochemical processes enhanced by rapid burial with
other organic and inorganic materials, and the formation of good conditions for crosslinking of collagen fibers with the humic content of the soil (sensu Nicholson 1998).
Although possible disturbances were noted including some (around 5%) Early Chiripa

65

ceramics, the relatively good preservation of the remains, suggests that no major
disturbances affected the buried assemblage.
The most important taphonomic agents of disturbance seem to be gravity
enhanced by occasional alluvial and colluvial processes. Since fish remains are very
small, weight-light, and have overall very low structural densities, gravitational forces
would not cause major disturbance to their distribution in contrast with larger, heavier,
and denser artifacts (Lyman 1994; Rick 1977).
Regarding the distribution of skeletal parts, the information suggests that the
specimens were relatively complete when discarded. There are not great distinctions in
the proportions of skeletal elements, assuming that scales predominate in the assemblage,
followed by vertebrae, ribs, an important diversity of cranial bones, and rays.
Interestingly, indeterminate bones have a high proportion of burned and partially
burned specimens, possibly associated with in situ burning activities. From this pattern, it
might be speculated that some activities involved burning, although it is not clear if
cooking related activities took place near this location. The proportions of skeletal
representations, suggests that there was not a clear bias in the survival of any specific
group of skeletal elements. Moreover, the near absence of burned identified cranial
specimens suggests, that the firing might have occurred as a peri-burial process and
consequently, not caused by cooking processing activities (Figure 5.1).

66

Period: 1EF, Context: Midden, Area: AC

7,000

Period: 1EF, Context: Midden, Area: AC


2,000

NISP
6,000

PBU

UMO

BUR

MOF

CAL
5,000

1,500

Sum

Sum

4,000

1,000

3,000

2,000
500

1,000

0
Cranial

Rays
Indeterminate

Scales
Ribs

Cranial
Vertebrae

Ribs
Indeterminate

Element

Vertebrae
Scales

Element

Figure 5.1. Skeletal representations for the Middle Chiripa phase. Left, total NISP by
skeletal element with their respective proportions of unmodified (UMO) and burned
(MOF) specimens. Right, detailed proportions of burned specimens.
In relation to species distribution, the cranial information suggests that one out of
10 individuals dated to this phase was Trichomycterus and the rest Orestias. NISP,
weight, and MNI are consistent with this proportion. Coincidentally, the ratio between
plain and rough scales clearly favors the former 9 to 1 as well. This suggests that while
the bulk of the fishes consumed were indeed Orestias, most of them were not related to
Orestias luteus group.
On the basis of this information we can attempt to reconstruct the type of capture
and catch as well as the technology involved in the fishing during this phase. It seems,
Orestias was the preferred catch, including some of the smaller species of this genera. It
is probable that the fishing was performed near the shore and the diversity of fishes
consumed was rather high using diverse types of net fishing. Both very large and very

67

small specimens are present, including a fair amount of Trichomycterus. Interestingly O.


luteus was not as popular as in later phases. There appears to have been diversity in
consumption and possibly in processing in this phase. Taking this information to its
extreme, it could support the hypothesis that informal ritual consumption activities took
place here, perhaps decentralized gatherings with less emphasis on specific prey and
cuisine preferences.

The Middle Formative Period


The Late Chiripa phase, which corresponds to the entire Middle Formative period,
is the best time frame represented in the analyzed sample and unlike other phases,
segregated spatial as well as diverse contextual information is available from the
excavated loci. Correspondingly, the fish information is broad and can potentially lead in
different interpretative directions, therefore, I will try to focus on some of the major
trends and patterns.
It is apparent that ritual activities amplified extensively in the AC area during the
Late Chiripa phase. The construction of the two trapezoidal courts is dated to this period,
as well as several events of reconstruction and maintenance that are still not well
understood. For example, two successive floors were located in several excavation units
inside both courts. Unfortunately, these specific temporal differentiations are still in the
process of being dated and a better comprehension and aggregation of specifically
contemporaneous features with shorter times frames is still not possible. Consequently,
the fish remains provide a glimpse on the activities carried out in this area during the
whole span of the Late Chiripa phase.

68

The contexts analyzed for this phase include three deposits from the midden area
where the Middle Chiripa phase levels were located as well as some special purpose pits.
In addition, two fill contexts and one surface were sampled.
As the in the case of the previous Middle Chiripa phase samples, the Late Chiripa
midden samples in the AC area are particularly dense in fish remains (3.45 g/l), although
there is a wide range between these three samples, the largest having a density of 8.74 g/l
and the smallest one 0.04 g/l. It seems clear that the midden continued in use during this
phase. Considering all the activities held in the courts, it is expected that the quantity and
heterogeneity of the refuse deposited in the midden would be correspondingly high. For
instance, even though the bulk of the midden dated to the Late Chiripa phase might have
been directly related with the consumption activities carried out in the hilltop area, there
is a possibility that the low density sample might correspond to an event of deposition of
materials and debris associated with the maintenance of the courts. More contextual
information is required, however, to improve our present understanding of the specific
activities carried out in the AC area and their specific timing.
While the proportion of nine Orestias to one Trichomycterus persists from the
previous phase, interestingly, around half of the Trichomycterus specimens found in the
AC area were located in midden contexts.
The skeletal representations includes a particularly high concentration of scales
followed by ribs, vertebrae, cranial bones (with the broadest diversity and number of
elements identified), and rays. It is worth noting that vertebrae are not particularly well
represented. These specimens have a relatively low percentage of modifications produced
by exposure to fire (Figure 5.2). This might be signaling that cooking activities took place

69

somewhere else, and that they might have not included roasting fishes, but perhaps
focused on boiling. This is supported by a high percentage of bent scales present in the
midden samples. It is unclear why is there such a high quantity of scales, but perhaps it
suggests that fish consumption occurred in situ.
Period: 2MF, Context: Midden, Area: AC
UMO

6,000

MOF

5,000

Sum

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
Cranial
Rays
Indeterminate

Scales
Ribs

Vertebrae

Element

Figure 5.2. Skeletal representations of fish bones remains from the Late Chiripa phase,
AC midden area.
Pits were also an important type of depositional context located in the excavation
of the AC area providing additional information on the discard activities and processes
that occurred in the site. A total of four pits comprising six loci were analyzed from the
Middle Formative Period entirely equivalent to the Late Chiripa phase. Two specifically
defined fish pits (depositional events A26 and A29) contained high densities of fish
bones and ash and were associated with the lower sunken courts. These were evidently
cross-cutting the outside surface of the lower or western court. It is unclear if these were
70

offerings made in or to this ritual space or if they were specific discrete deposition events
of consumption activities associated with the court. In addition, two pits were identified
inside the matrix of the AC midden. The contents of these pits were more heterogeneous
than the ones associated with the court, and consequently high densities of other debris
such as camelid bones, broken ceramics, and lithic artifacts were located in them, along
with fish remains.
In general, the result of the fish analysis supports the fact that fish pits in the
outside of the court were denser than the ones of the midden sector. In the latter case, the
midden is denser in fish remains than the pits that cut into it. These two pits are very
similar in their content and include very few identifiable cranial bones with a
predominance of scales and vertebrae.
The analysis of skeletal parts does not confirm whether the fish pits of the lower
court were specific fish offerings or not. Even though a high concentration of fish
remains was located in them, it was not possible from the available remains to reconstruct
any particular individual. This is however, a result of multiple factors including the
adverse conditions for the preservation of articulated remains, the flotation processing of
the samples, as well as the small size of the remains. In addition, the proportions of the
different skeletal parts, in particular the cranial bones, were very heterogeneous in all of
the fish pits. Modifications were also relatively low in the fish pits by comparison to the
middens. This information tends to support the interpretation that the fish pits of the court
were discrete depositions of consumption activities associated with the use of the court.
Certainly, the deposition of these remains in the outside surface of the courts probably
signals ritual offering behavior, however, fishes were probably not offered directly, but as

71

discarded byproducts. There is a possibility that the fish might have been buried as
processed meals. If that is the case, then the fishes were probably disarticulated with
some parts lost in the cooking process as well as during the deposition itself.
In addition, it is unlikely that the fish remains were deposited in previously
existing pits, such as storage bins, considering that the limits of the pits themselves were
specifically defined by the concentrations of the fish remains themselves, suggesting
rapid excavation and burial. The fish pits might then also be defined as fish caches.
Interestingly, the two samples that correspond to the fish pit defined as A29 are
very similar, reinforcing the fact that they belonged to the same event and therefore,
suggesting that they were associated with a unique discrete event of deposition. On the
contrary, the two flotation samples associated with the fish pit defined as A26, have very
different associated contents. Locus 5178/1 is one of the densest analyzed samples, with
very good preservation of fish remains and a large quantity of identifiable specimens. In
addition, out of the 564 specimens of cranial bones identified to the genera level from this
locus, only two were Trichomycterus, suggesting a very particular kind of content for this
pit. This locus had the best preserved fish remains, including nearly undamaged ribs and
vertebrae and a relatively low proportion of burned remains. In fact, this is the closest
possible representation of an offering of fishes in the entire Kala Uyuni site. This pattern
contrasts with locus 5178/2 (also attributed to the event A26), which has a considerably
lower density of fish remains, including several Trichomycterus specimens, several
differences in the proportions of skeletal parts, and an overall inferior quality of
preservation (Figure 5.3).

72

The strong differences between these two loci suggests that the fish pit A26 might
have been stratified and included materials from more than one event of deposition or
that two separate pits were located and mixed during the excavation process. Certainly,
there might be other possibilities that can account for this anomaly, but it suggests that it
might be useful to separate rather than to group the two loci that so far are grouped in this
same event.
Cranial
Scales
Ribs
Vertebrae

8,000

Rays
Indeterminate

Sum

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
5178/1

5178/2

5192/2

5193/1

5229/1

5230/1

Locus

Figure 5.3. NISP counts of skeletal elements of the Late Chiripa phase, AC pits.
The pits of the AC area are characterized as having overall good preservation of
fish remains. Several of them include an important quantity of specimens exposed to fire.
A difference between the fish pits associated with the courts and those of the midden was
noted. An interpretation of the fish pits from the courts as specific discrete events of ritual
deposition associated with consumption activities is favored. In contrast to the pits and
73

midden deposition, which were also associated with consumption activities, the fish pits
of the lower court also signal purposeful ritual offering, not of fishes themselves (with the
possible exception of the remains of locus 5178/1), but of processed (i.e., cooked) fish
meals, some of them, perhaps not even consumed.
In addition to the midden and pit contexts, two fill over floor events and one
surface sample were analyzed from the Late Chiripa AC area. These contexts have
comparatively fewer specimens of fish remains. Their relatively poor preservation
prohibits broader interpretations of their characteristics, although these remains confirm
that fish consumption occurred throughout the hilltop. The event A126 is the western
outside surface of the upper court. Considering the amount of fish remains and their
properties (fish remains density 0.35 g/l), it seems fair to assume that fish consumption
occurred in situ over this surface. In addition, a large percentage of the fish specimens
from this sample were burned, including several very fragmented ribs and indeterminate
specimens. In fact, there are more specimens burned from this context than from the three
loci of the contemporary midden. This might have to do with the activities carried out in
the upper court and its immediate surroundings or even a specific burning event, perhaps
at the time of the abandonment of the court. Additional sampling of the surfaces of the
courts in addition to micromorphological data will provide a more informed
understanding of the activities held inside and outside the courts.
The fill over floor events analyzed (A21 and A35) were associated with the
abandonment of the structure. Both of them belong to the southwestern court and are
probably contemporaneous, A21 was located near the center of the court and A35 was
associated with the wall fall of the northern wall. Even though these contexts are quite far

74

from each other, they share the same overall pattern. The density of both is 0.40 g/l. In
contrast with pits and middens, the fill and surface samples do not include an
overwhelmingly high number of scales. This might further suggest that postdepositional
taphonomic agents act strongly on the scales, perhaps due to their low density structure.
Based on the fish remains, the abandonment of the structure did not include important
burning events nor spectacular consumption ceremonies. The fills however suggests, that
throughout the use history of the AC area, a large volume of fish remains were deposited,
becoming another inclusion in the sediment and soil matrix of this archaeological site.
The analysis of fish remains dated to the Late Chiripa phase also includes a
domestic component, which corresponds to the AQ excavation area. Seven loci from the
stratified domestic midden of this sector were analyzed. The overall density for AQ is
moderate (1.45 g/l) although the lowest levels tend to be denser than the higher ones, as
well as in comparison with other contexts. Since all of the analyzed samples from this
area are midden samples, they were associated with quite extensive depositional events
that grouped together provide a strong indication of the nature of the domestic refuse
discarded during the Late Chiripa phase at Kala Uyuni.
The fish bones recovered from the AQ area are not extensively modified by fire.
Less then 10% of the total analyzed specimens had evidence of some type of burning.
Most of them were unidentified specimens, suggesting that the processing techniques did
not involve substantial exposure of the bones to fire (Figure 5.4). The skeletal
representation of the bones shows a clear predominance of scales in the remains
recovered from the AQ domestic area (Figure 5.5). This evidence supports the

75

interpretation of the area as a domestic midden. Moreover, the discarded remains reflect
more activities of fish processing and specifically fish scaling rather than consumption.
Perhaps boiling the fishes was more common than roasting them. Moreover, the
high frequency of burned undetermined specimens as well as the other identified ones
might have been produced through unintentional exposure to heat in hearths or during
occasional roasting events. The high frequency of domestic cooking pots discarded in the
analyzed loci (Steadman 2004) furthers reinforces the possibility of boiling as the most
important processing practice for fish.
Period: 2MF
Element

25000

Cranial
Indeterminate
Radials
Ribs
Scales

20000

Sum NISP

Vertebrae

15000

10000

5000

0
Fill over
floor

Midden

Midden
domestic

Pit

Surface

Context

Figure 5.4. Skeletal representation of fish bone the Late Chiripa phase, AQ domestic
midden.
In addition, the AQ area is the location where some of the highest frequencies of
Trichomycterus specimens were found. In fact, for all the Late Chiripa phase, the highest
frequency of Trichomycterus bones is located in these loci. This information has great
76

significance, since it suggests that Trichomycterus was consumed in the domestic areas of
the site, perhaps in the same proportions as it was captured. On the other hand, it seems
that in the ritual and possibly more public space of the hilltop, the fish consumption was
more standardized and Orestias was preferred.
Period: 2MF, Context: Midden, Area: AQ
NISP

8,000

UMO
MOF

Sum

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
Cranial

Rays
Indeterminate

Scales
Ribs

Vertebrae

Element

Period: 2MF, Context: Midden, Area: AQ


PBU

500

BUR
CAL

400

Sum

300

200

100

0
Indeterminate

Ribs

Scales

Vertebrae

Element

Figure 5.5. Skeletal representations of fish remains from the Late Chiripa phase domestic
AQ midden area. Top, total NISP by skeletal element with their respective proportions of
unmodified (UMO) and burned (MOF) specimens. Bottom, detailed proportions of
burned specimens.

77

Standardized Orestias consumption in the hilltop might be related to cuisine and


specific cooking preferences and purposely prepared meals for rituals and festive
consumption events on the ceremonial area as well as to increasing status differences.
Since few Trichomycterus were identified in the hilltop, it would not be warranted to
hypothesized that Trichomycterus consumption was not carried out in this area or even
forbidden. I favor an interpretation that this pattern is related to standardized
consumption. This would imply that a limited number of types of meals were consumed
and eventually discarded. Since Trichomycterus is not a particularly abundant fish, and if
middle to large scale consumption is required, then it would be logical to use the more
abundant and readily available fish, in this case Orestias. There are reasons to suspect a
differential symbolic meaning for Trichomycterus, particularly using ethnographic and
iconographic information, which suggests a ritual connection with this genus during the
Formative Period and greater relevance of Orestias during the following Tiwanaku
period (Capriles 2006). I do not intend to develop this information extensively, but it is
certainly a line of evidence that requires further research.
The large midden sector along with the fish pits and the characteristics of the fish
remains they contain, seem to be suggesting that middle to large, that is community scale
meals, were been consumed and discarded in the AC area. The possibility that these
meals were also processed in the hilltop area requires more evidence than the provided in
the present study, but even in the case of decentralized processing and cooking,
standardized meals seem to be prevalent.

78

The greatest ranges of sizes of fish remains is associated with the Late Chiripa
phase; this is certainly a product of a larger sample size of measurable bones from this
period. The average size tends to increase in comparison with the previous phase, but
there are also more outliers in the smallest sizes. These are probably signaling different
species, perhaps O. ispi.

The Late Formative Period


Eight samples dating to the Late Formative Period were analyzed. All of them
correspond to the KU excavation area, but they include a diverse set of archaeological
contexts. The nature and function of the structure excavated in this location as well as of
its surrounding area is not entirely clear. Consequently, the implications for the
interpretation of the fish remains analyzed from this area can vary. On one hand, the
excavators of the structure favor the possibility that it was a domestic house associated
with a domestic space (Paz and Fernandez 2004). On the other hand, the size and shape
of the structure in addition to its artifact contents (including a large volume of fine ware
and decorated serving bowls) as well as the presence burials in its vicinity, might indicate
that the KU area was used for spatial purposes, perhaps as part of a larger complex of
public buildings.
An initial observation is that fish in all of the KU contexts seem to be less
important than in the previous phases. Most of the samples contain very few fish remains
and the average density for the phase is low (0.41 g/l), with only one sample having a
density higher than 1 g/l (locus 5300/1).

79

Although a tendency towards the reduction of the number of Trichomycterus


between periods seems apparent, it is not very strong. Some Trichomycterus are present
in the Late Formative period samples, particularly in the midden contexts. What seems to
be more evident is the change in the size of the Orestias individuals, which on average
are statistically significantly larger than those of the Early Formative period and show a
considerably smaller range than those of the Middle Formative. This can be interpreted as
more effective fishing techniques emphasizing a particular size-class of fishes.
Pits tend to be denser than midden contexts, although midden samples have a
slightly broader diversity of skeletal elements identified and were consequently more
identifiable. These samples also include an important percentage of burned specimens.
The presence of bent and fused scales is more evident in this period, and could be
indicating boiling activities and processing of fish remains near the deposition contexts.
Once again, plain scales predominate in the assemblage (~80%) with fewer scales larger
than 5 mm, and none larger than 10 mm. This might indicate that even though the
average size of the Orestias specimens is larger, there is less diversity in the catch,
supporting the hypothesis of standardized exploitation processes (Capriles 2003, 2006).
The distribution of scales further suggests diversity in the depositional contexts. Midden
samples contain most of the scale remains, particularly those of the smaller size classes.
Pits were among the very few contexts where the quantity of indeterminate remains was
higher than the scales. The higher quantities of calcified specimens suggests high
temperatures of burning, perhaps impacting the identifiability of the remains. Most
calcified specimens were located in the midden contexts.

80

In general and throughout the sequence, the Trichomycterus specimens tend to be


unburned and unmodified, perhaps suggesting they were generally cooked rather than
roasted. It might also suggest that their bones are more prone to destruction during
exposure to fire. Differential discard patterns are a potential contributing factor as well.
The additional two contexts, a surface and a fill over floor are particularly low in
fish remains. It seems that the surface (B22) of the KU structure was kept particularly
clean with a very low density 0.05 g/l, and even though several fish specimens were
recovered from this context, the information provided is rather low. Most of the
specimens recovered from this context were indeterminate, suggesting a clean prepared
surface not highly disturbed. This evidence might support the idea that the structure was
not a house.
The event B23 is fill under the surface of the structure but over a second floor and
includes a moderate density of fish remains (0.21 g/l). Most of the fish specimens from
this sample were composed of scales and indeterminate bones. The nature of this
particular deposition is still not well understood, but erosion of the adobe of the structure
as well as sediment redeposited from other parts of the area might be included.
Interestingly, there is not a high percentage of burned specimens and very few of them
were identifiable, this suggests that the area was kept relatively clean and was not
particularly dense in fish remains.
Considering the diversity and volume of the fish remains excavated from the KU
area it can be said that this area did not include substantial consumption activities that
involved fishes. If the structure located in this area was indeed a house, it can be said that
its activities did not include a great deal of fish consumption, particularly in comparison

81

with those of previous phases. The particular contexts analyzed, however, could include
the remains of other activities and only provide limited evidence of fish consumption. On
the other hand, the observed patterns might be the result of drought periods recorded in
the paleolimnological study of Lake Titicaca (e.g., Abbott et al. 1997; Binford et al.
1997). If in fact, the lake dried at least once during the Late Formative period, it would
have had an important impact on the fishing and household economy of Kala Uyuni and
other sites, possibly including a lower or only intermittent consumption of fishes and
reliance on other means of production. Maria Bruno (personal communication 2006),
sees an increase in the diversity of plant taxa during this same time period, which could
have been related to a more extensive use of the agricultural landscape, and in particular
the use of the new fertile land opened with the retreat of the lake. Multidisciplinary
research and the integration of the information of the several specialists currently
working with materials of the site will further provide more information about this topic.
On the other hand, if the structure and its surrounding area had a special purpose,
possibly associated with the new sociopolitical activities that Kala Uyuni incorporated as
it grew to become the possible center of the multi-community polity of the entire Taraco
Peninsula, then a functional interpretation might be suggested. Consequently, the low
density of fish remains could be reflecting an area not dedicated to intensive processing,
serving, or consumption of fishes.
The Late Formative period contexts include additional chronological information
that differentiates the midden contexts as dating to the Tiwanaku 1 phase and the pits to
the Tiwanaku 3 phase. Considering that the chronology for this whole period is not well
understood, these could be contemporary, although with functional and contextual

82

differences related to the behavior of trash handling and deposition. Assuming that this
chronological separation is correct, then the decrease in consumption of fish remains
seems to have been even more prevalent. There is, however, a problem with the nature of
the sample and in order to warrant and confirm this interpretation, the analysis of midden
contexts specifically dated to the Tiwanaku 3 phase is required, as well as pit contexts
specifically dated to Tiwanaku 1 phase.
Finally, it can be argued that there is a decrease in the consumption and
deposition of fish remains during the Late Formative, and paleoenvironmental as well as
contextual differences might account for this pattern. Future studies should emphasize the
study of the new structures excavated in Kala Uyuni and dated to this period, as well as
from other contemporary sites, including Sonaji (T-271) and Kumi Kipa (T-272) (Hastorf
et al. 2005).

83

CHAPTER 6.
CONCLUSIONS
This study had the goal of improving our present understanding of fish use and its
change through time in the Lake Titicaca Basin and particularly at the site of Kala Uyuni
during the Formative Period. The analysis of the fish remains has provided detailed
information on the nature of the deposits discarded in Kala Uyuni. In this chapter, I will
summarize some of the interpretations derived from this information as well as provide
some suggestions and problems that future research should address.

Activities
The analyzed fish remains from the AC area of Kala Uyuni suggest that fish were
among the most important consumed resources during the public and possibly ritual
events held at this location. In fact, the high densities of fish remains from midden and
pits contexts during both the Early Formative and the Middle Formative suggest that
intensive consumption and even ritual feasting might have occurred in this area.
Contextual information and the volume of fish remains suggest medium scale, perhaps
community scale (sensu Bandy 2001), consumption. This implies that people from the
entire site and possibly neighboring ones, congregated in this location and shared meals.
The possibility that during these occasions some cooking activities might have occurred
in the hilltop area, cannot be ruled out for the moment.
In addition, during the Middle Formative, there seems to be a tendency of direct
secondary deposition events in the outside of at least one of the AC courts. Discrete pits,

84

apparently including the remains of particular consumption events, mostly composed of


fish remains, were dug in the outside of the lower courts, deposited, and immediately
buried, leaving them as a kind of cache. Furthermore, at least in one observed case, a
secondary interment composed almost entirely of fishes was deposited perhaps as an
offering, which evidences direct ritual behavior associated with fishes.
Moreover, discrete events of deposition suggest scheduled activities, perhaps
associated with ceremonies or events periodically held at the hilltop area and for which
food resources had to be gathered and processed specifically. It is unclear if fish
preparation occurred at the site.
The picture provided by the samples from the AQ area (the Middle Formative
domestic component) complements nicely the information from the hilltop AC area. The
fish remains of the middens suggest fish consumption was as intense in the domestic
space as it was in the AC hilltop. Higher proportions of burned remains confirm evidence
of cooking practices, perhaps including roasting events. Bent scales, proposed here as a
possible taphonomic signature of boiling, suggest this activity occurred in this area as
well. The high densities of scales suggest fish processing was another relevant activity for
the people that deposited their garbage in the AQ midden.
The patterns for the Late Formative are more complicated and harder to interpret.
There seems to be a reduction in the overall consumption and discarding of fish remains.
This might have to do with the specific contexts excavated by the TAP and the still
unclear function of the KU structure. Both midden and pit contents do not include
particularly high densities of fish remains, although the proportions of taxa represented
do not vary in great deal from the previous phases. There is, however, a reduction in the

85

number of scales, suggesting that processing and consumption of fish could have
occurred more intensively elsewhere in the site.
The greatest range of sizes is located in the Early Formative period and the lowest
in the Late Formative. This can be interpreted as a tendency towards standardization of
the fishes consumed, both in terms of species consumed and their relative sizes, perhaps
in association with the generation of specific cuisine preferences including particular
dishes as well as to related changes in the fishing practices and strategies. Perhaps a dish
similar to the present wallake, a soup of boiled entire individuals of carachi negro
(Orestias agassii), potatoes, and quinoa seeds might have its origin as early as the Middle
Formative period. Paleoethnobotanical analysis, larger samples, and future studies could
verify this proposition and provide a deeper understanding of specific cuisine practices
and their change through time in the Lake Titicaca Basin.

Technology
The information provided in this study provides an indirect assessment of the
fishing practices carried out by the people of Kala Uyuni. The greater abundance of fish
sizes associated with the Early Formative could suggest that people used more diverse
and flexible capturing procedures and techniques. The tendency towards standardization
in preparation of fishes should also have implications for the standardization of the
procurement techniques as well. Hypothetically, we can envisioned that fishing took
place near the shore using dragging and scoop nets, catching the greatest number of
fishes regardless of species or size. This technology might have changed through time
with more specialized means of catching specific species and size classes, for example

86

using larger dragging nets or employing trawling nets with the help of totora reed boats.
In fact, my own research indicates the intensification of fish exploitation during the
Tiwanaku 4 and Tiwanaku 5 phases was significant, suggesting very specialized and
efficient fishing strategies, including the possible use of gill-nets (Capriles 2003, 2006).
In addition, bone tools suggest net technology. In fact, the overall tendencies
observed in this study are paralleled by the independent evidence of the bone tools
associated with fishing (i.e., net gauges and shuttles), which also show a progressive
decline through time (Katherine Moore personal communication 2006).
There is still uncertainty if fishing specialization occurred during the Formative
Period. Even though fish were a clearly important resource, their procurement and
processing might have been handled at a household or family level. Just as today, fishing
might have been a complimentary resource to agriculture and herding. This does not
imply that more efficient technologies for procuring fish or intensifying agriculture did
not develop through time, which indeed occurred, but they were probably not motivated
or required by economic specialization.
Most of the fish were potentially located in the totora reeds near the lake shore
itself. However, it cannot be assumed that these reeds were always there, since in fact
they might have been dispersed and managed by human themselves, since sometime
between the Early Formative and Late Formative periods (Binford and Kolata 1996:41).
A greater and more detailed multidisciplinary study including the input of the analysis of
fish remains could potentially date this dispersal. The relative proportion of plain versus
rough scales suggests that O. luteus were increasingly more common throughout the
Formative period. Since totora is the preferred habitat of O. luteus, then their presence

87

might signal the dispersal of this reed. The study of fish remains from more domestic,
stratified components might provide more insights on this regard.

Taphonomy
The study of contexts not associated with the direct deposition of fish remains
suggest that consumption of fishes occurred intensively across Kala Uyuni. The AC area
definitely has the highest densities of fish remains, closely followed by the AQ area. This
information along with a preliminary revision of the fish counts and weights of other
flotation samples from the AC area suggests that the entire matrices of AC and AQ
contain fragments of fish remains. The KU area, on the other hand, in addition to having
the overall lowest fish densities, has more events that disturbed the Late Formative period
level, particularly several pits and features from a latter Tiwanaku 4 and Tiwanaku 5
phases at the site. Although the analyzed contexts were not disturbed by later
stratigraphic events, there is an inherent difficulty in improving the analyzed sample from
this area and analysis of samples from the 2005 excavations in this area are necessary.
Gravity, alluvial, colluvial, and wind forces possibly contributed to the
redeposition of fish remains from their localized areas of deposition (specifically the
midden sectors) to their wide dispersal throughout the site. However, I consider humans
were the most significant agent producing the extensive dispersion of fish bones. This
might imply fish consumption occurred not only inside the courts, domestic areas, and
their immediate surroundings, but also that the entire hilltop and occupation sector were a
drop and toss zone when it came to consuming and discarding fish. Certainly the wellprepared clay floors of the courts and the KU structure have allowed the preservation of

88

very small fish bone remains, and their study might provide more information on their
intensity of use and perhaps some spatial differences among areas.
Cross-linking of collagen fibers with the organic contents of the soil and the
organic matter provided by other remains deposited in the fish rich middens and pits of
the AC and AQ areas favored overall bone preservation (sensu Nicholson 1998).
Nevertheless, the successive depositions that formed the middens themselves have caused
diverse degrees of fragmentation. Conversely, fragmentation was less pronounced in pit
contexts, and in addition, cross-linking of collagen fibers between fishes themselves
possibly occurred in these depositional events, and in particular the discrete deposition of
the fish pits in the outside of the AC lower court.
A number of AC specimens also contained evidences of carbonate salt
incrustations, sometimes attaching several fish bones together (Appendixes 3, 4, 17). This
pattern was particularly strong in loci with high densities, and was probably produced by
biochemical reactions of the bones with the natural calcium rich sedimentary deposits in
which they were embedded (Goodman 2004). Some specimens also contained evidences
of a red to pink stain, perhaps produced by partial burning (Appendix 2). None of the
examined fish specimens contained evidences of cut or gnaw marks. This aspect is
corroborated by ethnoarchaeological research that suggests cut-marks are extremely rare
if present at all in bones of fishes with sizes smaller than 30 cm of total length (GiffordGonzales et al. 1999; Zohar and Cooke 1997).
The Late Formative samples are problematic by themselves, and the pattern of
fish remains from this area is clearly different from that of the earlier periods. Although
the function of the KU area is not yet well understood, the fish information might support

89

either one or the other or both a domestic or a special purpose function. I personally favor
the second possibility considering that the densities of fish remains in this whole location
are low, even in the midden samples.

Paleoenvironment
Fish remains and their contextual distribution could be a potentially good proxy
for paleoenvironmental change, specifically in regard to the lake level fluctuations. This
is particularly useful considering the paleolimnological reconstructions have focused on
the small, shallow lake that surrounds the Peninsula and would have been the closest
source of fish for people living here (Abbott et al. 1997; Binford et al. 1997). These
studies suggest there were at least three periods during our Formative Period sequence
when the lake levels were considerably lower than the present ones (see Table 2.1).
The first of these events roughly corresponds to the entire span of the Middle
Chiripa phase of the Early Formative period. Our samples suggest that fishes were caught
extensively during this period and consequently the fish data do not corroborate the
published lake core data. The second period when the lake was lower occurred in the
latter part of the Middle Formative period (see Table 2.1). Presently we do not have the
chronological information to differentiate the different contexts dated to the Middle
Formative period, and consequently, we do not have the temporal resolution to compare
the lake cores with the fish archaeological data. The third lake level drop event occurred
in the middle of the Late Formative period (Table 2.1). Once again, we do not have the
means to compare the fish information with the lake core reconstruction; however, for

90

this particular period we do see a decline in the density of fish remains possibly
attributable to climatic and environmental change.
In periods when the lake levels indeed dropped, the shore could have potentially
moved between 10 and 30 kilometers away from Kala Uyuni. Although this might seem
problematic, people in the past, as they do today in times of droughts, might have moved
inwards towards the lake following the new fertile areas for agriculture and animal
browsing (Maria Bruno personal communication 2006). Fishing on the other hand, might
have been more complicated, considering that the cost of transporting gear and procuring
fish would have also increased. In these cases, people could have taken advantage of
relict drowning-pools where fish concentrated, generating catastrophic mortality profiles.
A similar explanation could account for the lack of correspondence between the
results of the analysis of the Middle Chiripa phase fish remains and the lake cores
reconstruction. Although, I consider this possibility unlikely, considering the consistently
high densities of fish bones associated with this phase, future studies should address this
issue and other possibilities carefully. In the case of the lake level fluctuations associated
with the Middle Formative and Late Formative periods, specific stratified samples with
greater temporal resolution, including several radiocarbon dates, could ease the process
of comparing the lake cores and the zooarchaeological data.

Trade-Offs
Robert Kelly (1996), with an optimization economical principle in mind, has
suggested that when the exploitation of a particular resource such as fish is intensified,
trade-offs in other activities are produced. The information about the Early Formative

91

period of the Taraco Peninsula suggests a great deal of economic diversification


including agriculture, camelid herding, fishing, and even hunting of waterfowl and wild
mammals (Kent et al. 1999; Moore et al. 1999). The basin was a particularly
advantageous environment for all of these activities. However, by the Late Formative the
situation might have changed dramatically, particularly due to the increasing variability
in the water regime (Abbott et al. 1997), higher demography (Bandy 2001), and the
possible depletion of wild resources. The rise and integration of multi-community polities
(Bandy 2001, 2005) has been interpreted as a response to these complex factors in terms
sociopolitical organization. Increasing intensification in agriculture and potentially
camelid herding with a decreasing reliance on fishing might have been the corresponding
economical response.
Following this argument, the major change in the sequence is the reduction in the
density and quantity of fish remains in the deposits of the KU area of the Late Formative.
Although this might have to do with specific contextual information and even
paleoenviormental change, it does signal a strong drop in the consumption of fishes, and
consequently suggests that people might have dedicated themselves to other economic
tasks, including agricultural intensification, camelid herding, craft specialization, and
exchange. If indeed Kala Uyuni was the center of a multi-communal polity, then
numerous activities should have occurred in its different areas. On-going analyses of
these and other datasets should shed light on these propositions.

92

Future Directions
The results of this study will be integrated in the broader multidisciplinary scheme
of the Taraco Archaeological Project. The fish data will enhance the testing and
development of explanatory models that account for changes observed in the Formative
Period. There is a great necessity however, to continue with detailed studies of fish
remains from sites across the Lake Titicaca Basin. Their study requires the
implementation of recovery procedures that emphasize micro-artifacts, in particular,
water flotation. To attain comparability of results, a standard procedure of analysis should
also be implemented. This study has provided some basic guidelines on the kind of
information that can be gathered and their interpretative potential. Future studies should
improve the procedures of identification, including osteological morphological
observations that will allow us to practically and consistently differentiate the Orestias
species, and more diagnostic descriptions of both Orestias and Trichomycterus.
Recent molecular information has called attention to the significant genetic
differences that separate O. luteus from O. agassii, and the result that they do not
hybridize as other Orestias species do (Lssen et al. 2003). Because these two species are
also the most common economically important taxa, then what follows is a more detailed
description of their osteology, emphasizing the differences that we now know are present.
In addition, one of the advantages of this study was the determination of the
interdependence of fish remains NISP counts and weight values. The comparison of these
two variables suggests that in most samples (and specially the larger ones) the count of
specimens can be estimated using weight values. Although this requires further testing in
broader and more diverse contexts, it seems that using weight values could speed up the

93

process of analysis. Fragmentation if noted would tend to produce more specimens with
less weight and correspondingly, good preservation should allow the presence of more
complete specimens that weighed less.
Future studies should also concentrate not only on the sites of the shore itself but
also the ones of the neighboring inland valleys. For example, networks of short and
middle range exchange could be followed with great precision using the fish evidence.
Tiwanaku is a case in point. Although people have recognized fish remains at this site,
there is not a single report that mentions the relative importance of this resource. Since
this site was a major locus of production, consumption, and redistribution (AlbarracinJordan 1999; Browman 1997; Janusek 2004), then we should expect that fish were an
important traded and interchanged good. I think fish remains were, in fact, very important
and their spatial variability within Tiwanaku significant.
Finally, as the information and knowledge about fish use and its variability
throughout space and time increases, it should be aimed at complementing other
ecological research to provide useful guidelines that permit the conservation and
sustainable use and management of the Lake Titicaca fishes (Castan et al. 2002;
Dejoux and Iltis 1992; Hilborn et al. 2003; Orlove 2002; Sarmiento and Barrera 2003,
2004). It is my hope that from this small and limited study more research can be
implemented with broader perspectives in mind. It is important to build from specific and
empirically rigorous research the foundation of informed knowledge about humans and
their interaction with their environment. The long-term perspective that archaeology
provides is potentially useful to guide and implement policies geared to the preservation
of biodiversity and the improvement of the quality of life of the people that actively use

94

these resources (Hayashida 2005; Kent 1987; Lyman 2006; Lyman and Cannon 2004;
Lauwerier and Plug 2004; Orlove and Brush 1996; Reitz 2004b).
It cannot be overstated that the people of Lake Titicaca, just as today, were not
only herders and farmers but also fishermen/fisherfolk (Orlove 2002; Tschopik 1946).
Fishes were and are a very important component of the Lake Titicaca Basin ecosystem. I
began this thesis quoting Harry Tschopiks (1946) classic ethnography of the Aymara
people of Lake Titicaca, who acknowledge their historical mutual interdependency with
the lake. Lake Titicacas spirit is recalled in their myths and cosmovision as the owner of
the fishes, who only demand from humans respect. It is hoped that this study has given
fishes of Lake Titicaca the proper treatment that they merit.

95

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106

APPENDIXES

107

Locus

Event Area Phase Period

Context

Screen
volume
(l)

Screen
Screen Screen Flot Total Total flot
Screen
Screen
Flot fish Flot
Screen
Screen
Screen density
Flot fish
bone
flot
density density volu
Screen
fish
total
weight fish
density
fish
large
density
NISP
density
bone
me
fish
fish
fish MNI
weight
weight
MNI
(g)
fish g/l
NISP
bone g/l mammal
g/l
(l) weight
MNI/l
NISP/l
(g)
bone (g)
bone g/l

108

0.40
246.09
1.52
109.44
2.46
815.76
0.59
139.50
0.33
204.00
1.89
417.20
1.27
662.48
2.09
1239.37
0.35
24.15
0.05
0.38
0.21
46.48
6.14
61.36
1.64
16.42
0.40
219.60
3.44
34.39
4.53
335.38
0.04
27.62
1.75
5.26
2.38
4.75
8.74
4971.80
1.57
124.21
1.78
834.25
0.64
301.74
4.67
1816.63
1.49
840.16
0.19
5.54
0.30
3.04
1.19
1.19
0.37
14.26
0.20
10.30
0.77
303.27
1.74 13895.68

289.08
149.96
763.15
182.54
248.34
443.32
644.75
1070.87
44.10
1.53
74.94
93.85
32.26
263.61
58.72
371.48
49.17
12.83
11.81
3299.27
166.15
777.13
340.99
1459.65
781.58
13.39
8.23
3.85
28.77
22.11
342.39
7585.34

0.90
0.80
1.64
1.22
0.33
1.00
0.70
1.78
0.50
0.14
0.33
3.10
1.00
0.33
1.90
2.11
0.13
1.33
2.00
4.00
1.00
1.20
0.60
3.22
1.70
0.44
0.20
1.00
0.56
0.30
0.89
1.16

215.44
290.33
149.24
252.82
104.33
156.62
132.97
156.14
214.49
173.68
123.04
133.52
130.45
137.50
143.36
123.00
196.55
141.83
137.68
133.07
128.06
182.65
263.86
156.96
151.71
100.58
152.63
114.29
117.63
124.75
120.41
149.32

0.005
0.003
0.007
0.004
0.010
0.006
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.008
0.007
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.005
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.005
0.004
0.006
0.007
0.010
0.007
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.007

94.56
551.63
224.78
122.27
104.33
295.67
242.00
183.56
148.00
66.00
78.33
264.29
214.20
165.00
259.47
264.05
57.00
186.50
163.50
290.69
201.33
270.17
282.33
227.48
132.71
43.25
232.00
136.00
77.40
82.33
104.00
223.13

Flot
Flot
Flot
Fish
Flot
Flot fish
Estimated
Flot
density density density
weight
density
NISP/MN
fish body
density
fish
fish
fish
reconstruc
fish
I ratio
weight (g)
fish g/l
MNI/l NISP/g g/NISP
ted (g)
NISP/l

5015 1 A21
AC
2LC
2MF Fill over floor
613
696.1
1.136
1.13
0.1
1
1
0.000
0.002
0.002
10
15.3
1.53
851
3.95
9
85.10
5063 1 C18
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
62
231.9
3.740
3.70
0.67
5
2
0.011
0.081
0.032
10 174.4
17.44
4413
15.2
8 441.30
5065 1 C18
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
320
410.2
1.282
1.26
0.48
5
2
0.002
0.016
0.006
11
54.0
4.91
4046 27.11 18 367.82
5075 1
C8
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
227
353.8
1.559
1.53
4.7
n/a
n/a
0.021
n/a
n/a
9
16.5
1.83
1345
5.32 11 149.44
5080 1 C10
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
603
546.8
0.907
0.79
67
n/a
n/a
0.111
n/a
n/a
9
6.6
0.73
313
3
3
34.78
5086 1 C14
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
212
247.1
1.166
1.09
2.9
n/a
n/a
0.014
n/a
n/a
9
39.8
4.42
2661 16.99
9 295.67
5088 1 C15
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
510
452.7
0.888
0.71
8.64
186
25
0.017
0.365
0.049
10
n/a
n/a
1694 12.74
7 169.40
5091 1 C17
AQ
2LC
2MF
Midden
584
666.5
1.141
1.13
3.61
72
12
0.006
0.123
0.021
9
n/a
n/a
2937 18.81 16 326.33
5134 1 A126 AC
2LC
2MF
Surface
60
18.3
0.305
0.31
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
16.0
1.60
740
3.45
5
74.00
5164 10 B22
KU
3T1
3LF
Surface
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
2.8
0.40
66
0.38
1
9.43
5167 1 B23
KU
3T1
3LF
Fill over floor
210
35.1
0.167
0.16
0.1
1
1
0.000
0.005
0.005
9
6.3
0.70
235
1.91
3
26.11
5178 1 A26
AC
2LC
2MF
Pit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
86.0
8.60
8193 61.36 31 819.30
5178 2 A26
AC
2LC
2MF
Pit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
1.0
0.10
2142 16.42 10 214.20
5180 1 A35
AC
2LC
2MF Fill over floor
540
164
0.304
0.29
1.1
n/a
n/a
0.002
n/a
n/a
9
9.1
1.01
495
3.6
3
55.00
5192 2 A29
AC
2LC
2MF
Pit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
n/a
n/a
4930 34.39 19 493.00
5193 1 A29
AC
2LC
2MF
Pit
65
22.8
0.351
0.35
0.3
1
1
0.005
0.015
0.015
9
54.3
6.03
5017 40.79 19 557.44
5228 1 A102 AC
2LC
2MF
Midden
754
340.4
0.451
0.44
5.04
80
18
0.007
0.106
0.024
8
15.4
1.93
57
0.29
1
7.13
5229 1 A103 AC
2LC
2MF
Pit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
n/a
n/a
746
5.26
4 248.67
5230 1 A104 AC
2LC
2MF
Pit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
n/a
n/a
654
4.75
4 327.00
5231 4 A106 AC
2LC
2MF
Midden
560
1240
2.214
2.10
16.7
196
34
0.030
0.350
0.061
9 197.4
21.93
10465 78.64 36 1162.78
5232 1 A107 AC
2LC
2MF
Midden
70
59.7
0.853
0.83
1.03
13
4
0.015
0.186
0.057
9
21.9
2.43
1812 14.15
9 201.33
5233 1 A108 AC
1MC
1EF
Midden
460
557.9
1.213
1.20
1.13
18
5
0.002
0.039
0.011
10
n/a
n/a
3242 17.75 12 324.20
5234 1 A108 AC
1MC
1EF
Midden
460
610.4
1.327
1.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
n/a
n/a
1694
6.42
6 169.40
5238 1 A111 AC
1MC
1EF
Midden
380 2347.6
6.178
6.08
18.7
297
58
0.049
0.782
0.153
9
n/a
n/a
6597 42.03 29 733.00
5240 1 A112 AC
1MC
1EF
Midden
555
293.1
0.528
0.53
0.85
12
3
0.002
0.022
0.005
10
37.2
3.72
2256 14.87 17 225.60
5270 1 B48
KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
20
19.1
0.955
0.48
0.1
1
1
0.005
0.050
0.050
9
n/a
n/a
173
1.72
4
19.22
5274 1 B39
KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
61.1
6.11
464
3.04
2
46.40
5300 1 B52
KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
n/a
n/a
136
1.19
1 136.00
5305 1 B88
KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
30
24.1
0.803
0.80
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
n/a
n/a
387
3.29
5
43.00
5307 1 B48
KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
42
8.3
0.198
0.14
0.32
4
2
0.008
0.095
0.048
10
n/a
n/a
247
1.98
3
24.70
5317 6 B91
KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
386
269.3
0.698
0.69
1.5
25
6
0.004
0.065
0.016
9
62.8
6.98
832
6.91
8
92.44
Total
7723 9691.1 28.362
27.05
59.27
917
175
0.008
0.119
0.023 269 877.9
3.26
69840 467.71 313 259.62
Note: The slash number (/) in the third collumn refers to the flotation sample as it was numbered in the field since every sample was point-provinience and mapped during excavation. The
flotation number (#) of the first column was assigned during the flotation process itself.
Note: weight reconstruction = flot density * excavated volume + flot volume.
Note: Estimated fish body weight following Reitz et al. (1987; Reitz and Wing 1999) for the Class Osteichtyes.
Note: Screen samples for 5075, 5080, 5086, and 5180 had small quantities of fish remains that were not analyzed in this study. Weights provided by Katherine Moore (personal communication 2006).
Note: Value 0 in the Screen volume column refers to loci where only flotation samples were excavated.

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
13230
13245
13249
13359

Flot #

Appendix 1. General results of the fish bone analysis with weight and volume density values for both flotation (heavy fractions sorted up to the >1 mm fraction) and 1/4" (6.35 mm) screen samples.

109

Appendix 2. General NISP results for the fish analysis of flot samples including Orestias NISP (ONISP), Trichomycterus NISP (TNISP), total of identified NISP (TFNISP), Orestias MNI (OMNI),
Trichomycterus MNI (TMNI), total fish MNI (TFMNI), scales NISP (SCALN), ribs NISP (RIBN), vertebrae NISP (VERTN), rays NISP (RAYN), determinates NISP (DETN), indeterminates NISP (INDET),
total NISP (TOTALN),
NISP
UMO
MOF
PBU
BUR
CAL
Flot
Locus Slash ONISP TNISP TFNISP
OMNI
TMNI
TFMNI SCALN
RIBN
VERTN
RAYN
DETN
INDET
13038 5015
1
29
8
37
5
4
9
345
65
29
32
508
343
851
706
145
90
55
0
13025 5063
1
65
32
97
4
4
8
1486
159
177
170
2089
2324
4413
4153
260
27
213
20
13035 5065
1
170
44
214
10
8
18
2001
137
346
45
2743
1303
4046
3845
201
76
118
7
13055 5075
1
37
16
53
6
5
11
390
65
107
56
671
674
1342
1156
186
4
152
30
13093 5080
1
9
5
14
2
1
3
75
42
60
3
194
119
313
261
52
0
50
2
13122 5086
1
96
23
119
5
4
9
714
99
385
54
1371
1290
2664
2374
290
41
215
34
13131 5088
1
58
9
67
5
2
7
556
11
329
5
968
726
1694
1591
103
3
99
1
13140 5091
1
182
32
214
10
6
16
1409
127
291
2
2043
894
2937
2842
95
40
50
5
13118 5134
1
6
4
10
3
2
5
246
141
61
28
486
254
740
413
327
3
268
56
13220 5164
10
1
0
1
1
0
1
32
3
11
2
49
17
66
63
3
0
3
0
13223 5167
1
14
0
14
3
0
3
89
18
35
1
157
78
235
217
18
3
13
2
13120 5178
1
562
2
564
30
1
31
2674
877
764
0
4879
3314
8193
8032
161
3
139
19
13123 5178
2
83
11
94
7
3
10
868
108
229
38
1337
805
2142
2043
99
0
50
49
13115 5180
1
15
1
16
2
1
3
227
8
62
4
317
178
495
484
11
0
11
0
13156 5192
2
127
11
138
13
6
19
2437
207
390
54
3226
1704
4930
4463
467
0
276
191
13175 5193
1
155
12
167
15
4
19
2498
512
550
35
3762
1255
5017
3504
1513
140
1122
251
13188 5228
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
19
6
6
3
35
22
57
50
7
0
7
0
13163 5229
1
45
0
45
4
0
4
371
11
92
1
520
226
746
94
652
8
604
40
13159 5230
1
36
2
38
3
1
4
187
22
114
0
361
293
654
160
494
105
387
2
13171 5231
4
366
33
399
28
8
36
4929
712
500
60
6600
3865 10465
10229
236
18
197
21
13172 5232
1
71
13
84
4
5
9
1155
37
171
20
1467
345
1812
1795
17
12
5
0
13166 5233
1
117
17
134
8
4
12
2051
160
190
23
2558
684
3242
3166
76
8
68
0
13167 5234
1
33
16
49
4
2
6
1193
13
63
21
1339
355
1694
1671
23
13
10
0
13200 5238
1
188
19
207
25
4
29
2056
283
766
18
3330
3267
6597
3674
2923
899
1926
98
13204 5240
1
112
11
123
10
7
17
1180
134
244
44
1725
531
2256
1957
299
11
246
42
13226 5270
1
10
1
11
3
1
4
55
7
10
10
93
80
173
139
34
0
34
0
13232 5274
1
7
0
7
2
0
2
159
33
48
16
263
201
464
456
8
2
6
0
73230 5300
1
6
0
6
1
0
1
46
11
17
0
80
56
136
129
7
0
7
0
13245 5305
1
13
7
20
3
2
5
258
2
46
0
326
61
387
369
18
4
10
4
13249 5307
1
24
0
24
3
0
3
87
6
29
0
146
101
247
141
106
0
79
27
13359 5317
6
34
3
37
7
1
8
291
153
84
4
569
263
832
566
266
47
87
132
Total
2672
332
3004
227
86
313
30084
4169
6206
749
44212 25628 69840
60743
9097
1557
6507 1033

Flot
13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

Locus Slash
5015
1
5063
1
5065
1
5075
1
5080
1
5086
1
5088
1
5091
1
5134
1
5164
10
5167
1
5178
1
5178
2
5180
1
5192
2
5193
1
5228
1
5229
1
5230
1
5231
4
5232
1
5233
1
5234
1
5238
1
5240
1
5270
1
5274
1
5300
1
5305
1
5307
1
5317
6
Total

ORW
0.5
1.47
2.67
0.71
0.32
1.98
1.26
2.77
0.07
0.02
0.38
28.44
2.34
0.24
3.05
3.33
0.01
0.71
0.53
9.1
1.96
2.02
0.29
2.94
1.87
0.38
0.19
0.27
0.19
0.63
0.91
71.55

TRW
0.16
0.32
0.5
0.15
0.07
0.28
0.06
0.38
0.05
0
0
0.02
0.27
0.01
0.2
0.09
0
0
0.02
0.28
0.37
0.18
0.12
0.25
0.09
0.02
0
0
0.17
0
0.03
4.09

TFW
SCALW VERTW
0.66
1.26
0.32
1.79
4.35
2.1
3.17
12.33
3.8
0.86
1.41
0.85
0.39
0.49
1.05
2.26
3.93
4.29
1.32
3.63
3.99
3.15
7.42
3.12
0.12
1.12
0.57
0.02
0.14
0.12
0.38
0.58
0.46
28.46
12.64
10.89
2.61
4.56
3.17
0.25
1.45
0.81
3.25
16.35
6.11
3.42
16.51
6.96
0.01
0.11
0.07
0.71
2.3
0.89
0.55
1.06
1.18
9.38
33.37
9.83
2.33
6.75
2.09
2.2
9.29
1.87
0.41
3.72
0.48
3.19
13.95
6.55
1.96
6.73
2.39
0.4
0.53
0.14
0.19
0.96
0.67
0.27
0.32
0.3
0.36
1.82
0.68
0.63
0.43
0.44
0.94
1.92
1.24
75.64
171.43
77.43

RIBW
RAYW
0.21
0.09
0.74
0.38
0.92
0.03
0.3
0.16
0.3
0.01
0.66
0.29
0.15
0.01
0.85
0.01
0.58
0.09
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.01
5.49
0
0.97
0.3
0.06
0.03
1.74
0.16
4.52
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.17
0
5.57
0.26
0.38
0.2
0.85
0.12
0.12
0.18
2.12
0.09
0.66
0.24
0.11
0.11
0.33
0.08
0.05
0
0.02
0
0.09
0
1.43
0.04
29.63
3.04

110

DETW
INDETW
2.54
1.41
9.36
5.84
20.25
6.86
3.58
1.74
2.24
0.76
11.43
5.56
9.1
3.64
14.55
4.26
2.48
0.97
0.31
0.07
1.55
0.36
57.48
3.88
11.61
4.81
2.6
1
27.61
6.78
31.53
9.26
0.22
0.07
3.99
1.27
2.96
1.79
58.41
20.23
11.75
2.4
14.33
3.42
4.91
1.51
25.9
16.13
11.98
2.89
1.29
0.43
2.23
0.81
0.94
0.25
2.88
0.41
1.59
0.39
5.57
1.34
357.17
110.54

TOTW UMOW
3.95
3.36
15.2 14.51
27.11 25.21
5.32
4.68
3
2.67
16.99
14.5
12.74 12.02
18.81 17.98
3.45
2.06
0.38
0.37
1.91
1.77
61.36
59.4
16.42 15.52
3.6
2.61
34.39 31.53
40.79 26.99
0.29
0.26
5.26
0.89
4.75
0.88
78.64 76.94
14.15
14
17.75 17.44
6.42
6.26
42.03 24.19
14.87
12.6
1.72
1.39
3.04
2.99
1.19
1.15
3.29
3.19
1.98
1.42
6.91
5.12
467.71 403.9

MOFW
0.59
0.69
1.9
0.64
0.33
2.49
0.72
0.83
1.39
0.01
0.14
1.96
0.9
0.99
2.86
13.8
0.03
4.37
3.87
1.7
0.15
0.31
0.16
17.84
2.27
0.33
0.05
0.04
0.1
0.56
1.79
63.81

PBUW
0.3
0.14
0.77
0.02
0
1.59
0.01
0.33
0.05
0
0.02
0.04
0
0.93
0
1.52
0
0.09
0.7
0.12
0.11
0.04
0.05
3.32
0.1
0
0.03
0
0.02
0
0.39
10.69

BURW
0.29
0.51
1.09
0.54
0.31
0.81
0.7
0.46
1.08
0.01
0.11
0.7
0.59
0.06
1.75
10.31
0.03
3.98
3.15
1.43
0.04
0.27
0.11
14.01
1.88
0.33
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.42
0.77
45.86

CALW
0
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.26
0
0.01
1.22
0.31
0
1.11
1.97
0
0.3
0.02
0.15
0
0
0
0.51
0.29
0
0
0
0.02
0.14
0.63
7.26
6

2
1

RED

CARB

Appendix 3. General weight results for the fish analysis of Orestias NISP (ORW), Trichomycterus NISP (TRW), cranial bones (TFW), scales (SCALW), vertebrae (VERTW), ribs (RIBW), rays
(RAYW), determinate specimens (DETW), indeterminate specimens (INDETW), total weight (TOTW), weight of unmodified specimens (UMOF), modified specimens (MOF), partially burned
(PBUW), burned (BURW), calcified (CALW), presence of carbonates (CARB), red coloration possibly related to burning (RED). Weight in grams.

111

Locu SONISP STNISP SFNISP SOMNI STMNI


SFMNI
SOW STW SFW
SSCALN SSCALW SRIBN SRIBW SVERN SVERW SINDN SINDW STFNISP
5015
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.1
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
1
5063
5
0
5
2
0
2
0.67
0
0.67
0
0
0
0
5
5065
4
0
4
2
0
2
0.46
0
0.46
0
0
1
0.02
5
5075
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
4.7
4.7
5080
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
67
67
5086
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
2.9
2.9
5088
77
5
82
21
4
25
6.06 0.24
6.3
35
1.37
1
0.05
68
0.92
186
5091
43
1
44
11
1
12
2.43 0.03
2.46
15
0.2
12
0.5
72
5134
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5164
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5167
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.1
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
1
5178
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5178
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n/a
1.1
1.1
5192
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5193
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.3
0
0.3
0
0
0
0
1
5228
67
0
67
18
0
18
4.72
0
4.72
3
0.1
10
0.22
80
5229
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5230
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5231
114
1
115
33
1
34 10.35 0.31 10.66
46
2.42
2
0.04
4
0.08
29
3.5
196
5232
10
0
10
4
0
4
0.98
0
0.98
0
0
3
0.05
13
5233
15
0
15
5
0
5
0.96
0
0.96
3
0.09
1
0.08
18
5234
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5238
199
0
199
58
0
58 15.82
0 15.82
29
1.26
1
0.02
68
1.6
297
5240
11
0
11
3
0
3
0.47
0
0.47
1
0.08
0
0
12
5270
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.1
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
1
5274
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5305
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5307
3
0
3
2
0
2
0.3
0
0.3
0
0
1
0.02
4
5317
20
0
20
6
0
6
0.09
0
0.09
1
0.02
4
0.04
25
Total
571
7
578
169
6
175 43.91 0.58 44.49
133
5.54
4
0.11
4
0.08
197
6.95
917
Note: Loci 5075, 5080, 5086, and 5180, had small quantities of fish remains not analyzed in this study. Weights provided by Katherine Moore.

STFW
CARB
0.1
0.67
0.48
0
0
0
8.64
3.61
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.3
5.04
0
0
16.7
13
1.03
1.13
1
0
18.7
0.85
0.1
0
0
0
0.32
1.5
59.27
14

Appendix 4. Results for the fish analysis of screen samples: Orestias NISP (SONISP), Trichomycterus NISP (STNISP), total fish cranial NISP (SFNISP), Orestias MNI (SOMNI), Trichomycterus MNI (STMNI),
total fish MNI (SFMNI), Orestias weight (SOW), Trichomycterus weight (STW), total fish cranial weight (SFW), scales NISP (SSCALN), scales weight (SSCALW), ribs NISP (SRIBN), ribs (SRIBW), vertebrae NISP
(SVERN), vertebrae weight (SVERW), indeterminate NISP (SINDN), indeterminate weight (SINDW), total fish NISP (STFW), total fish weight (STFW), and presence of carbonates (CARB). Weight in grams.

13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025

5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Fill over floor


Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

112

Articular
Ceratohyal
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower slender
Premaxilla
Quadrate
Supraoccipital
Interoperculum
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Suboperculum
Articular
Cleithrum
Dentary
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Subscapular
Articular
Ceratohyal
Pterygoid
Frontal
Interoperculum
Parasphenoid
Premaxilla
Quadrate

3
6
2
1
1
6
2
3
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
5
1
6
3
2
10
3
1
5
1
6
12
1
5
1
3
2
8
2
3
3
1

0.01

0.02
0.09
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.15
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.04

0.01

Appendix 5. Cranial skeletal representations including burning stages, siding and additional observations: PBU=partially burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, W=weight in grams.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Context
Taxa
Element
NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight PBUW BURW CALW
Side

L:4, R:4

L:3, R:3

L
R
L
L

L:1, R:1
L:1
L

L:1, R:1

L:2, R:1
L:3, R:3
R

?
?

3 extremely small

With teeth

Observations

13025
13025
13025
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13055
13055
13055
13055

5063
5063
5063
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5075
5075
5075
5075

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias cf. pentlandii
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa
Urostyle
Vomer
Urohyal
Articular
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Pterotic
Cleithrum
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Posttemporal
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Maxilla
Articular
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Parasphenoid
Premaxilla
Quadrate
Supraethmoid
Urostyle
Vomer
Urohyal
Articular
Ceratohyal
Dentary
Epihyal

Element

113

3
1
1
11
1
7
4
10
8
1
1
7
1
5
19
3
40
17
5
10
3
10
5
1
1
6
4
6
10
1
1
3
2
8
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1

0.07
0.03
0.06
0.25
0.18
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.21
0.01
0.06
0.24
0.04
0.9
0.23
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.13
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.06
0.12
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.1
0.01
0.03

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

0.02
0.01

0.03

PBUW

0.01

0.02

BURW

CALW

R:2

L:1, R:1

L:4, R:2
L:3, R:1
L:4, R:2
L:5, R:2

L:4, R:5
L:1, R:1

L:10, R:4

L:4, R:3
R

L:2, R:2

L:2, R:9

Side

1 trampled

?Different species?
?

Maxila with teeth

Observations

13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13093
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122

5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5080
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

114

Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Premaxilla
Quadrate
Articular
Pterygoid
Frontal
Parasphenoid
Premaxilla
Supraethmoid
Urostyle
Vomer
Cleithrum
Dentary
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Pharyngeal lower
Quadrate
Urostyle
Basioccipital
Frontal
Interoperculum
Urostyle
Articular
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Dentary
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Operculum
Pharyngeal indeterminate

Element
2
3
1
4
6
3
3
6
1
1
1
5
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
6
4
1
3
1
6
2
4
18
10
2

0.01

0.14

0.02

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

PBUW

0.01

0.01

BURW

CALW

L:5, R:3

L:1, R:2

L:1, R:2

L:3, R:1

Side

V
Robust

1 with pathology

With teeth

Observations

13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131

5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5086
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias cf. pentlandii
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

Taxa

115

Pharyngeal lower robust


Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Articular
Basioccipital
Pterygoid
Interoperculum
Parasphenoid
Premaxilla
Quadrate
Supraethmoid
Vomer
Urohyal
Articular
Basioccipital
Cleithrum
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Maxilla
Articular
Frontal
Interoperculum
Suboperculum
Supraethmoid

Element
3
4
7
1
2
2
14
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
2
5
2
3
3
3
1
3
5
9
6
1
4
7
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1

0.01
0.14
0.18
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.33
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.24
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02

0.02

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

PBUW

0.01

0.01

BURW

CALW

L
L:1
L:1, R:1
L:1, R:1

L:5, R:4
L:4, R:1
L
L:1, R:3
L:3

L:1, R:2

L:1
L:1, R:2

L:1, R:1
L:2

R:1

Side

Maxila with teeth

?
Articular?

Observations

13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13118
13118
13118
13118
13118
13220
13223

5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5091 1
5134 1
5134 1
5134 1
5134 1
5134 1
5164 10
5167 1

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

116

Articular
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Pterotic
Cleithrum
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal upper
Posttemporal
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Basioccipital
Pterygoid
Dentary
Frontal
Interoperculum
Quadrate
Supraethmoid
Urostyle
Vomer
Urohyal
Articular
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Basioccipital
Pterygoid
Interoperculum
Ceratohyal

Element
4
4
8
3
7
3
2
3
12
9
3
21
2
29
6
12
12
3
2
9
12
15
1
1
6
2
3
6
2
2
6
3
1
1
4
1
2
2
1
1
2

0.02
0.01

0.02

0.05

0.03
0.01
0.01

0.05

BURW

0.01

0.5

0.01

PBUW

1
1
1

0.08

0.02

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

CALW

Side

L:1, R:3

L:3, R:3

L:7, R:11

L:1, R:3

Porous

1 porous

Observations

13223
13223
13223
13223
13223
13223
13223
13223
13223
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13123
13120
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13123
13120
13123
13120

5167
5167
5167
5167
5167
5167
5167
5167
5167
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1

KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Context
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

117

Pterotic
Cleithrum
Dentary
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Pharyngeal lower
Preoperculum
Preoperculum
Articular
Articular
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Cleithrum
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Epihyal
Epihyal
Frontal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Maxilla
Operculum
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender

Element
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
17
1
8
2
29
1
65
6
12
4
1
4
1
52
4
1
29
54
6
13
1
88
16
16
1
2
4
6
1
4
17
1

0.33

0.1

0.03

0.28

4.8

0.18

0.78
0.06

1.29

0.01

0.16

1.69

0.23

0.18

0.02
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.22
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.16

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

PBUW

0.01

0.01

BURW

0.01

CALW

L:1, R:3

L:30, R:28
L:6, R:7

L:14, R:15
L:22, R:26

L:5, R:7

L:12, R:5

L:1
L

Side

2 porous

4 medial, 3 distal, 6 whole

V
Porous, false?

Observations

13120
13123
13120
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13120
13123
13123
13123
13120
13123
13123
13115
13115
13115
13115
13115
13115
13115
13115
13115
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156

5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5180
5180
5180
5180
5180
5180
5180
5180
5180
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192

1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa
Pharyngeal upper
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Premaxilla
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Articular
Articular
Basioccipital
Frontal
Interoperculum
Parasphenoid
Urostyle
Articular
Frontal
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Preoperculum
Suboperculum
Frontal
Articular
Cleithrum
Dentary
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Posttemporal

Element

118

5
1
4
12
5
20
2
34
2
70
14
10
1
1
2
3
1
3
2
2
2
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
21
2
2
13
10
1
34
2
12
5
3
3

Side

0.03
0.4
0.01
0.02
0.32
0.08
0.01
1.41
0.02
0.37
0.04
0.01

0.01

0.15
0.01

16.95

0.45

2 weathered

V
False?

Observations

L:4, R:5

1 weathered

L:13, R:10 1 trampled

L:6, R:7

L:1

L:1, R:3

L:1, R:2

L:18, R:25

L:7, R:12

0.01

CALW

0.37

0.03

BURW

L:3, R:1
L:6, R:6

PBUW

0.07
0.11

0.06

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13188
13163
13163
13163
13163
13163
13163
13163

5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5228
5229
5229
5229
5229
5229
5229
5229

2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

119

Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Ceratohyal
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Articular
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Articular
Basioccipital
Parasphenoid
Urostyle
Vomer
Urohyal
Interoperculum
Articular
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Dentary
Epihyal
Hyomandibular
Operculum

Element
4
3
11
2
3
6
8
4
10
19
1
5
2
12
2
4
25
3
6
3
5
5
12
19
9
1
1
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
6
2
1
2
13
3

0.11

0.03
0.01
0.01

0.01
0.01

0.01
0.01

0.02
0.07
0.01

0.01

0.05

0.02

0.01

0.01
0.03

5
1
1
0.03

0.01

0.04

0.01

BURW

0.01

PBUW

1
1

1
1

5
2
1

2
2

0.09
0.03
0.21
0.02
0.07
0.11
0.04
0.06
0.11
0.47
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.22
0.02
0.04
1.18
0.09
0.04
0.25
0.07
0.04
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

CALW

2 weathered, 1 pathology

Observations

L:1, R:4

L:1, R:1

Robust dentary?

L:15, R:7 Burning in situ?

L:6, R:5

L:5, R:3

R:1
L:3, R:2

Side

13163
13163
13163
13163
13163
13163
13163
13163
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13159
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171

5229
5229
5229
5229
5229
5229
5229
5229
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5230
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

120

Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal upper
Posttemporal
Quadrate
Urostyle
Articular
Basioccipital
Pterotic
Cleithrum
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Quadrate
Supraoccipital
Frontal
Interoperculum
Articular
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Pterotic
Cleithrum
Dentary
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender

Element
2
5
1
5
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
7
1
7
5
3
1
1
1
25
9
11
4
12
1
19
3
15
18
9
6
54
11
61
20
14
1

2
1

6
3
2
1
1
1

1
1
2

2.63

0.6
0.22

0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.19
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.25
0.03

0.03
0.01

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.13
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.07

0.01
0.01
0.01

0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

4
2
1
1
2
2

BURW
0.01
0.01

PBUW

1
1

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

CALW

L:7, R:7

L:21, R:28

L:12, R:8

L
R
L:15, R:9

L:3, R:2

L:2, R:1

L:2, R:1

L:1, R:1

Side

Porous

1 large

Observations

13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166

5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias cf. pentlandii
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

121

Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Maxilla
Articular
Ceratohyal
Pterygoid
Interoperculum
Parasphenoid
Quadrate
Supraethmoid
Urostyle
Vomer
Urohyal
Articular
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Dentary
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Operculum
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Basioccipital
Pterygoid
Interoperculum
Urostyle
Articular
Articular
Ceratohyal
Dentary
Frontal

Element
8
8
27
28
2
1
4
1
3
4
4
3
2
8
1
3
2
5
6
3
3
5
3
6
10
4
5
3
1
8
7
1
4
3
5
10
5
7
5
5
1

L:1, R:2

Side

0.07
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.12

0.01

L:5, R:4
L:3, R:2

L:2, R:3

L:2, R:2

CALW

0.04
0.01
0.08

0.01

BURW

L:1, R:3

PBUW

0.07

0.01

0.61

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

Morphotype 1
Morphotype 2

1 trampled

Articular?

Maxila with teeth

Observations

13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13167
13200

5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5234
5238

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias cf. pentlandii
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias

Taxa
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Articular
Basioccipital
Frontal
Interoperculum
Supraethmoid
Urostyle
Vomer
Urohyal
Articular
Dentary
Epihyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Maxilla
Articular
Dentary
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Quadrate
Urostyle
Vomer
Articular

Element

122

5
1
6
13
15
17
3
7
9
9
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
8
5
4
2
2
1
4
3
1
4
2
1
1
4

0.16
0.06
0.05
0.42
0.47
0.2
0.02
0.11
0.08
0.12
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.09
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

PBUW

BURW

CALW

R:2
L, R

R
L:1
L

L:1, R:3

R
L:1, R:3

L
L
R

L:5, R:4

L:8, R:3
L:6, R:5

Side

Maxila with teeth

Quadrate?

Observations

13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204

Flot

5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240

Locus

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF

Area Phase Period

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa

123

Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Pterotic
Cleithrum
Dentary
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Parasphenoid
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Vomer
Articular
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Dentary
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Interoperculum
Maxilla
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal indeterminate
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal upper

Element
3
11
6
13
3
12
3
1
60
6
20
9
4
4
3
6
20
2
3
1
1
1
1
5
4
1
3
5
7
4
3
7
1
6
15
1
12
1
9
11
1

18

0.09
0.07
0.05
0.25
0.04
0.23
0.04
0.02
1.22
0.06
0.24
0.15
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.34
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.18
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.02
0.04
0.46
0.01
0.13
0.03
0.22
0.05

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

PBUW

0.01

0.06

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.8

0.01

BURW

0.02

CALW
?

Observations

L:2, R:7

L:6, R:3

L:1, R:1

L:1, R:2

L:2, R:3

L:2, R:6
L:5, R:8

L:8, R:8

L:25, R:25 7 trampled

L:1, R:2
L:6, R:6

Side

13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13226
13226
13226
13226
13226
13232
13232
13232
13232
13232
13232
73230
73230
73230
73230
13245
13245
13245
13245
13245
13245
13245
13245
13245
13245
13249
13249
13249
13249
13249

5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5270
5270
5270
5270
5270
5274
5274
5274
5274
5274
5274
5300
5300
5300
5300
5305
5305
5305
5305
5305
5305
5305
5305
5305
5305
5307
5307
5307
5307
5307

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
4T3
4T3
4T3
4T3
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
4T3
4T3
4T3
4T3
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
4T3
4T3
4T3
4T3
4T3

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Context
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Taxa
Pharyngeal upper
Premaxilla
Preoperculum
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Basioccipital
Frontal
Interoperculum
Urostyle
Cleithrum
Maxilla
Operculum
Preoperculum
Suboperculum
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Dentary
Frontal
Premaxilla
Urostyle
Basioccipital
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Preoperculum
Articular
Frontal
Operculum
Pharyngeal lower
Quadrate
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Quadrate
Suboperculum
Urostyle
Ceratohyal
Cleithrum
Frontal
Interoperculum
Maxilla

Element

124

6
4
9
2
3
3
1
2
1
7
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
5
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
6
7
2
2
3

0.01
0.03
0.1
0.03
0.02
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.23
0.13
0.02
0.04

0.02

0.18
0.01
0.18
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.05

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

PBUW

0.1

0.01

0.02

0.18

BURW

CALW

L
R:3
R
R
L

L:2, R:1

R:2
L

L:2, R:1

L:1, R:1

Side

Observations

Context

Taxa

Element

NISP PBU BUR CAL Weight

125

5307 1 KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
Orestias
Operculum
1
0.04
5307 1 KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
Orestias
Pharyngeal lower
1
0.04
5307 1 KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
Orestias
Quadrate
1
1
0.01
5307 1 KU
4T3
3LF
Pit
Orestias
Suboperculum
3
1
0.02
5317 6 KU
3T0
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Articular
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Ceratohyal
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Cleithrum
6
3
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Frontal
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Hyomandibular
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Maxilla
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Operculum
13
5
2
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Pharyngeal lower slender
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Premaxilla
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Preoperculum
2
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Quadrate
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Orestias
Suboperculum
5
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Trichomycterus
Interoperculum
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Trichomycterus
Parasphenoid
1
5317 6 KU
3T1
3LF
Midden
Trichomycterus
Urostyle
1
Total
3004 31 163 10
75.64
Note: Total weight does not add up because not all bones were weight seperately, some were grouped by taxonomic category, see Appendix 6.

13249
13249
13249
13249
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359

Appendix 5. Continuation.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period

0.42

0.03

0.04

PBUW

2.53

0.09

0.01
0.01

BURW

0.13

0.04

CALW

L:7, R:4

L
L

R
L

Side

Found in light fraction

Observations

Locus

5015
5015
5063
5063
5065
5065
5075
5075
5080
5080
5086
5086
5088
5088
5091
5091
5134
5134
5164
5164
5167
5167
5178
5178
5178
5178
5180
5180
5192
5192
5193
5193
5228
5228
5229
5229
5230
5230

Flot

13038
13038
13025
13025
13035
13035
13055
13055
13093
13093
13122
13122
13131
13131
13140
13140
13118
13118
13220
13220
13223
13223
13120
13123
13120
13123
13115
13115
13156
13156
13175
13175
13188
13188
13163
13163
13159
13159

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Area Phase Period


Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Context
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus

Taxa
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial

Element
29
8
65
32
170
44
37
16
9
5
96
23
58
9
182
32
6
4
1
0
14
0
562
83
2
11
15
1
127
11
155
12
1
0
45
0
36
2

NISP

126

29
8
64
32
167
42
37
16
9
5
93
23
56
9
175
32
3
4
1
0
14
0
557
83
2
11
15
1
124
11
119
7
1
0
12
0
7
0
3

3
27
4

3
6

3
36
5

33
29
2

23
2

29

7
3

2
3

1
1

3
2

2
1

3
1

0.50
0.16
1.47
0.32
2.67
0.50
0.71
0.15
0.32
0.07
1.98
0.28
1.26
0.06
2.77
0.38
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.38
0.00
28.44
2.34
0.02
0.27
0.24
0.01
3.05
0.20
3.33
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.71
0.00
0.53
0.02
0.40
0.02

0.30

0.31
0.05

0.03

0.04

0.02

0.12

0.02

0.02

0.07
0.02

0.01

0.50
0.16
1.46
0.32
2.60
0.48
0.71
0.15
0.32
0.07
1.96
0.28
1.24
0.06
2.65
0.38
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.38
0.00
28.40
2.34
0.02
0.27
0.24
0.01
3.02
0.20
3.02
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.41
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.09

0.03

0.05

0.06

0.05
0.01

0.31
0.02

0.25

0.24
0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.06

0.02

0.02

0.02
0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02
0.01

0.02

5
4
4
4
10
8
6
5
2
1
5
4
5
2
10
6
3
2
1
0
3
0
30
7
1
3
2
1
13
6
15
4
1
0
4
0
3
1

UMO MOF PBU BUR CAL TOW MOFW UMOW PBUW BURW CALW MNI

Appendix 6. Composite table of identified cranial bones organized by taxa with burning stages and weights and MNI. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partially
burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified. Weight in grams.

1 O. pentlandii

1 O. pentlandii

Observations

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
4T3
3T1
3T1
4T3
4T3
3T1
3T1
4T3
4T3
3T1
3T1

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

Context

4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6

13171
13171
13172
13172
13166
13166
13167
13167
13200
13200
13204
13204
13226
13226
13232
13232
73230
73230
13245
13245
13249
13249
13359
13359

5231
5231
5232
5232
5233
5233
5234
5234
5238
5238
5240
5240
5270
5270
5274
5274
5300
5300
5305
5305
5307
5307
5317
5317
Total

Appendix 6. Continuation.
Flot Locus / Area Phase Period
Taxa
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Trichomycterus

Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial
Cranial

127

366 364
33
33
71
71
13
12
117 117
17
17
33
33
16
16
188 160
19
14
112
97
11
9
10
9
1
1
7
7
0
0
6
6
0
0
13
13
7
7
24
19
0
0
34
23
3
3
3004 2800
23
5
13
2
1

28
5
15
2
1

4
31

11
204

163

9.10
0.28
1.96
0.37
2.02
0.18
0.29
0.12
1 2.94
0.25
1.87
0.09
0.38
0.02
0.19
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.19
0.17
0.63
0.00
2 0.91
0.03
10 75.64
3.08

0.20

0.12

0.90
0.07
0.28
0.02
0.01

0.01

0.04

9.06
0.28
1.96
0.36
2.02
0.18
0.29
0.12
2.04
0.18
1.59
0.07
0.37
0.02
0.19
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.19
0.17
0.51
0.00
0.71
0.03
72.56
0.42

0.07

0.02

0.04

2.53

0.09

0.12

0.84
0.07
0.26
0.02
0.01

0.01

0.04

0.13

0.04

0.02

Observations

28 1 O. pentlandii
8
4
5
8
4
4 1 O. pentlandii
2
25
4
10
7
3
1
2
0
1
0
3
2
3
0
7
1
313 4 O. pentlandii

Element TOTAL UMO MOF PBU BUR CAL TOW MOFW UMOW PBUW BURW CALW MNI

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

5015
5063
5065
5075
5080
5086
5088
5091
5134
5164
5167
5178
5178
5180
5192
5193
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5238
5240
5270
5274
5300
5305
5307
5317
Total

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Fill over floor


Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden

Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich

Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Vertebrae

128

29
177
346
107
60
385
329
291
61
11
35
764
229
62
390
550
6
92
114
500
171
190
63
766
244
10
48
17
46
29
84
6206

20
9
169
8
324
22
99
8
54
6
355
30
306
23
254
37
32
29
11
0
33
2
755
9
220
9
60
2
342
48
344 206
6
0
13
79
9 105
458
42
169
2
180
10
62
1
428 338
207
37
6
4
48
0
16
1
46
0
18
11
72
12
5116 1090
353

264

29

23

24
3

2
9
601

72
74
36
2
6
1
71
33
4

2
6
8
2
25
128

9
1
21
5
5
6
19
33
20

9
3
136

3
4

7
2
6

23
55

1
1

1
4
9

3
1
3
1

0.21
2.05
3.6
0.75
0.98
4.08
3.69
2.8
0.35
0.12
0.44
10.81
3.07
0.79
5.71
4.76
0.07
0.2
0.08
9.43
2.07
1.8
0.47
4.12
2.07
0.09
0.67
0.29
0.68
0.38
1.11
67.74
1.33

0.53

0.02

0.27

0.25

0.03

0.19
0.01

0.03

0.02
0.1
7.24

0.01

0.63
0.81
0.35
0.02
0.05
0.01
1.88
0.29
0.05

0.02
0.04
0.09
0.02
0.22
1.42

0.11
0.01
0.19
0.09
0.06
0.02
0.28
0.29
0.16

0.04
0.03
1.12

0.02
0.03

0.06
0.02
0.05

0.18
0.53

0.01
0.01

0.01
0.03
0.06

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

Appendix 7. Fish vertebrae counts and burning stages in NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned,
CAL=calcified, W=weight in grams.
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Context
Taxa
Element
NISP UMO MOF PBU BUR CAL UMOW PBUW BURW CALW

0.32
2.1
3.8
0.85
1.05
4.29
3.99
3.12
0.57
0.12
0.46
10.89
3.17
0.81
6.11
6.96
0.07
0.89
1.18
9.83
2.09
1.87
0.48
6.55
2.39
0.14
0.67
0.3
0.68
0.44
1.24
77.43

TOTW

Locus

5015
5063
5065
5075
5080
5086
5088
5091
5134
5164
5167
5178
5178
5180
5192
5193
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5238
5240
5270
5274
5300
5305
5307
5317
Total

Flot

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1

Area Phase
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Period
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden

Context
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich

Taxa
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs
Ribs

Element

129

65
159
137
65
42
99
11
127
141
3
18
877
108
8
207
512
6
11
22
712
37
160
13
283
134
7
33
11
2
6
153
4169

NISP

21
197

3
26
4

12

42

37

27
20

MOF PBU

37
28
119
40
131
6
40
25
30
12
76
23
11
0
82
45
27 114
3
0
16
2
875
2
97
11
7
1
164
43
239 273
3
3
3
8
1
21
671
41
23
14
149
11
10
3
126 157
84
50
5
2
33
0
8
3
2
0
6
0
82
71
3160 1009

UMO

41
687

126
37
2

5
1
29
191
3
7
18
37
2
11

7
96

1
14
3
21
12
18

9
125

5
9

14
40

1
6

1
18

6
3
4

0.12
0.6
0.9
0.21
0.22
0.55
0.15
0.52
0.17
0.02
0.11
5.47
0.82
0.05
1.4
2.13
0.01
0.02
0.02
5.29
0.26
0.81
0.1
0.93
0.33
0.08
0.33
0.04
0.02
0.09
0.89
22.66

BUR CAL UMOW

0.21
1.46

0.02
0.22
0.03

0.11

0.02

0.38

0.01

0.27

0.01

0.08
0.1

PBUW

0.27
4.69

0.01

0.94
0.25
0.03

0.08
0.01
0.22
1.68
0.01
0.05
0.13
0.27
0.01
0.04

0.01

0.05
0.34

0.01
0.03
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.08

BURW

0.06
0.82

0.03
0.05

0.01

0.01

0.12
0.33

0.01
0.07

0.01
0.07

0.02

0.01
0.01
0.01

CALW

0.21
0.74
0.92
0.3
0.3
0.66
0.15
0.85
0.58
0.02
0.12
5.49
0.97
0.06
1.74
4.52
0.02
0.08
0.17
5.57
0.38
0.85
0.12
2.12
0.66
0.11
0.33
0.05
0.02
0.09
1.43
29.63

TOTW

Appendix 8. Fish rib counts and burning stages in NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified,
W=weight in grams.

Locus

5015
5063
5065
5075
5080
5086
5088
5091
5134
5164
5167
5178
5178
5180
5192
5193
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5238
5240
5270
5274
5300
5305
5307
5317
Total

Flot

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1

Area Phase
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Period
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden

Context
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich

Taxa
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays
Rays

Element

130

32
170
45
56
3
54
5
2
28
2
1
0
38
4
54
35
3
1
0
60
20
23
21
18
44
10
16
0
0
0
4
749

NISP
18
170
45
52
3
54
5
2
28
2
1
0
38
4
54
33
3
1
0
60
20
23
21
17
44
10
16
0
0
0
4
728

UMO
14
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
18

14

MOF PBU

0.05
0.38
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.29
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.01
0
0.3
0.03
0.16
0.11
0.01
0.01
0
0.26
0.2
0.12
0.18
0.08
0.24
0.11
0.08
0
0
0
0.04
2.96

BUR CAL UMOW

0.06

0.01

0.01

0.04

PBUW

0.02

0.01

0.01

BURW

CALW

0.09
0.38
0.03
0.16
0.01
0.29
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.01
0
0.3
0.03
0.16
0.12
0.01
0.01
0
0.26
0.2
0.12
0.18
0.09
0.24
0.11
0.08
0
0
0
0.04
3.04

TOTW

Appendix 9. Fish rays counts and burning stages in NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified,
W=weight in grams.

Locus

5015
5063
5065
5075
5080
5086
5088
5091
5134
5164
5167
5178
5178
5180
5192
5193
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5238
5240
5270
5274
5300
5305
5307
5317
Total

Flot

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1

Area Phase
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Period
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden

Context
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich

Taxa
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate

Element

UMO

131

100
3
7
129
28
3
191
435
3
213
196
72

42
197
60
94
30
184
58

5
53
22
5
566 3750

4
17
103
456

40
12

104
67

2
14
33

20

11
3
9
1
10

1.25
5.35
6.39
1.45
0.62
4.81
3.42
4.26
0.56
0.06
0.29
2.08
4.46
0.99
5.32
5.05
0.06
0.07
0.35
19.8
2.4
3.32
1.43
6.05
2.06
0.3
0.8
0.25
0.34
0.1
0.7
84.39

BUR CAL UMOW

34
5
504 1457
118
23
5

16

12

3
5

MOF PBU

343
301
42
2324 2113 211
1303 1235
68
674
571 103
119
88
31
1290 1084 206
726
668
58
894
894
0
254
134 120
17
14
3
78
69
9
3314 3171 143
805
744
61
178
175
3
1704 1409 295
1255
753 502
22
19
3
226
13 213
293
81 212
3865 3787
78
345
345
0
684
650
34
355
350
5
3267 1266 2001
531
401 130
80
57
23
201
196
5
56
56
0
61
48
13
101
31
70
263
133 130
25628 20856 4772

NISP

0.11
2.1

0.02

1.8

0.06

0.06

0.01
0.04

PBUW

0.03
0.2
0.07
20.83

0.1
0.08
8.08
0.75
0.13
0.01

0.34
0.01
0.06
0.63
0.22
0.01
1
3.81
0.01
1.2
1.38
0.38

0.16
0.46
0.41
0.28
0.13
0.67
0.22

BURW

0.02
0.09
0.46
3.22

0.2
0.08

0.05

0.46
0.4

0.01
1.17
0.13

0.07

0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02

CALW

1.41
5.84
6.86
1.74
0.76
5.56
3.64
4.26
0.97
0.07
0.36
3.88
4.81
1
6.78
9.26
0.07
1.27
1.79
20.23
2.4
3.42
1.51
16.13
2.89
0.43
0.81
0.25
0.41
0.39
1.34
110.54

TOTW

Appendix 10. Indeterminate fish bone counts and burning stages in NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned,
CAL=calcified, W=weight in grams.

13038
13038
13038
13038
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13035
13035
13035
13035
13055
13055
13055
13055
13093
13093
13093
13122
13122
13122
13122
13122
13131
13131
13131
13131
13140
13140
13140
13140
13118
13118
13118
13118
13220
13220

Flot

Taxa

5015 1 Orestias
5015 1 Orestias
5015 1 Orestias luteus
5015 1 Orestias luteus
5063 1 Orestias
5063 1 Orestias
5063 1 Orestias
5063 1 Orestias luteus
5063 1 Orestias luteus
5065 1 Orestias
5065 1 Orestias
5065 1 Orestias luteus
5065 1 Orestias luteus
5075 1 Orestias
5075 1 Orestias
5075 1 Orestias luteus
5075 1 Orestias luteus
5080 1 Orestias
5080 1 Orestias
5080 1 Orestias luteus
5086 1 Orestias
5086 1 Orestias
5086 1 Orestias
5086 1 Orestias luteus
5086 1 Orestias luteus
5088 1 Orestias
5088 1 Orestias
5088 1 Orestias luteus
5088 1 Orestias luteus
5091 1 Orestias
5091 1 Orestias
5091 1 Orestias luteus
5091 1 Orestias luteus
5134 1 Orestias
5134 1 Orestias
5134 1 Orestias luteus
5134 1 Orestias luteus
5164 10 Orestias
5164 10 Orestias

Locus
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm

Element
258
17
55
15
1193
3
72
183
35
1504
224
228
45
333
10
38
6
25
42
8
461
3
66
137
50
29
445
18
64
1187
98
106
18
148
66
23
9
5
16

TOTAL
236
11
30
10
1193
3
72
183
30
1451
185
215
42
301
10
24
6
23
33
5
439
3
66
131
50
29
432
18
57
1175
97
104
15
146
13
22
4
5
15

UMO

47
14
7

20
6
21
2

49

7
4
1

13

18

12
2

12

6
20
4
2
18

42
12
46
10
0
0
0
0
5
106
73
24
5
64
0
28
0
4
9
4
44
0
0
12
0
0
26
0
14
16
2
2
4
4
106
2
10
0
1
1

9
2

3
2
1

2
2

PAB BUR CAL MOF BEN FUS

132

22
6
25
5
0
0
0
0
5
53
39
13
3
32
0
14
0
2
9
3
22
0
0
6
0
0
13
0
7
12
1
2
3
2
53
1
5
0
1

MO
0.85
0.12
0.2
0.09
2.22
0.16
0.96
0.56
0.45
6.24
3.93
1.49
0.67
0.81
0.17
0.16
0.09
0.29
0.14
0.06
1.38
0.18
1.01
0.7
0.84
0.56
2.12
0.38
0.57
4.94
1.66
0.6
0.22
0.43
0.4
0.12
0.17
0.03
0.05

TOW
0.77
0.09
0.14
0.07
2.22
0.16
0.96
0.56
0.45
5.83
3.33
1.43
0.62
0.72
0.17
0.11
0.09
0.26
0.14
0.05
0.01
0.18
1.01
0.67
0.84
0.56
1.99
0.38
0.52
4.9
1.65
0.6
0.21
0.39
0.15
0.11
0.14
0.03
0.05

0.08
0.03
0.06
0.02
0
0
0
0
0
0.41
0.6
0.06
0.05
0.09
0
0.05
0
0.03
0
0.01
1.37
0
0
0.03
0
0
0.13
0
0.05
0.04
0.01
0
0.01
0.04
0.25
0.01
0.03
0
0
0.01

0.04

1.33

0.01

0.38
0.24
0.05

0.08
0.03
0.06
0.01

UMOW MOFW PAW

0.22

0.01

0.05
0.04
0.01

0.13

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.04

0.03
0.36
0.01
0.05
0.04

0.01

BUW

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.04

CAW

Appendix 11. Fish scale counts and weights by morphology, size, and burning stages. UMO=unmodified, MOF=modification caused by fire, PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned,
CAL=calcified, BEN=bent, FUS=fused, W=weight in grams.

13220
13220
13223
13223
13223
13223
13120
13123
13120
13120
13123
13120
13123
13120
13123
13115
13115
13115
13115
13156
13156
13156
13156
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13188
13188
13188
13163
13163
13163
13163
13159
13159
13159
13159

5164 10 Orestias luteus


5164 10 Orestias luteus
5167 1 Orestias
5167 1 Orestias
5167 1 Orestias luteus
5167 1 Orestias luteus
5178 1 Orestias
5178 2 Orestias
5178 1 Orestias
5178 1 Orestias
5178 2 Orestias
5178 1 Orestias luteus
5178 2 Orestias luteus
5178 1 Orestias luteus
5178 2 Orestias luteus
5180 1 Orestias
5180 1 Orestias
5180 1 Orestias luteus
5180 1 Orestias luteus
5192 2 Orestias
5192 2 Orestias
5192 2 Orestias luteus
5192 2 Orestias luteus
5193 1 Orestias
5193 1 Orestias
5193 1 Orestias
5193 1 Orestias luteus
5193 1 Orestias luteus
5228 1 Orestias
5228 1 Orestias
5228 1 Orestias luteus
5229 1 Orestias
5229 1 Orestias
5229 1 Orestias luteus
5229 1 Orestias luteus
5230 1 Orestias
5230 1 Orestias
5230 1 Orestias luteus
5230 1 Orestias luteus

Appendix 11. Continuation.


Flot Locus /
Taxa
Element
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm

7
4
53
11
18
7
1596
651
5
161
45
708
141
204
31
33
133
44
17
1854
505
56
22
2078
32
361
19
8
13
5
1
226
48
90
7
86
19
76
6

TOTAL
4
0
49
10
12
5
1577
641
4
161
44
694
138
201
27
33
127
44
17
1798
463
49
22
1480
32
288
8
6
13
4
1
33
2
3
0
36
14
0
6

UMO

19

32

29
8
2

19
2

56

176
25
77
5
18

298

20
4
4

1
4

1
1

46

12
16
3

7
1

77

36
11
3

1
6

3
1
4
1
6
2
8
2
2
21
11
20
1
1
0
2
14
6
6
3
8
0
11
1
0
0
112
57
27
14
0
1019 169
0
128
15
22
4
0
2
0
381
5
92
167
7
12
2
100
5
5
151
1
0
3

2
3
2

PAB BUR CAL MOF BEN FUS

133

3
4
4
1
6
2
19
10
1
0
1
14
3
3
4
0
6
0
0
56
42
7
0
598
0
73
11
2
0
1
0
193
46
87
7
50
5
76
0

MO
0.03
0.03
0.27
0.14
0.11
0.06
4.52
2.22
0.21
1.86
0.9
3.46
0.9
2.59
0.54
0.5
0.53
0.22
0.2
7.49
8.25
0.34
0.27
9.02
1.5
5.75
0.09
0.15
0.06
0.04
0.01
1.16
0.57
0.48
0.09
0.45
0.15
0.42
0.04

TOW

7.15
8.01
0.29
0.27
5.74
1.5
4.54
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.12
0.04
0.02
0
0.1
0.15
0.01
0.04

0.03
0.03
0.25
0.13
0.1
0.06
4.5
2.1
0.21
1.86
0.83
3.46
0.85
2.59
0.48
0.5

0
0
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0.02
0.12
0
0
0.07
0
0.05
0
0.06
0
0.53
0.22
0.2
0.34
0.24
0.05
0
3.28
0
1.21
0.05
0.09
0
0.01
0
1.04
0.53
0.46
0.09
0.35
0
0.41
0
0.13

0.13

0.06

0.48
0.01

0.34

0.51
0.22
0.2

0.01

0.01

UMOW MOFW PAW

0.28

0.97
0.35
0.44
0.09
0.22

0.01

0.61
0.03
0.09

2.39

0.16
0.09
0.03

0.02

0.06

0.07

0.01
0.07

0.01
0.01

BUW

0.07
0.12
0.02

0.12
0.01

0.55

0.18
0.15
0.02

0.05

0.01
0.05

CAW

13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13172
13172
13172
13166
13166
13166
13166
13167
13167
13167
13167
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13204
13204
13204
13204
13226
13226
13226
13232
13232
13232
13232
73230
73230
73230
73230
13245

5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5232
5232
5232
5233
5233
5233
5233
5234
5234
5234
5234
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240
5240
5270
5270
5270
5274
5274
5274
5274
5300
5300
5300
5300
5305

4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias

Appendix 11. Continuation


Flot Locus /
Taxa
Element
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm

3364
10
760
594
201
921
11
99
82
42
1700
138
123
90
1009
57
87
40
1416
1
403
156
80
732
149
208
91
39
9
7
123
11
16
9
9
26
7
4
170

TOTAL
3313
10
727
563
171
921
11
99
76
37
1700
118
122
87
1002
47
75
32
1175
1
292
100
78
684
148
192
91
38
2
6
119
10
16
9
6
26
4
4
165

UMO

14

1
1

32
1
10

1
2
1
1

11

89

22
22

33

154

16

57

16

5
2

7
3

34

11

97
0
38
53
30
0
0
0
6
5
0
38
1
6
14
13
16
8
468
0
222
111
2
96
2
32
0
2
9
2
6
2
0
0
6
0
3
0
10
5

1
2

7
8
8
6

2
1

28
3
30

6
5

PAB BUR CAL MOF BEN FUS

134

51
0
33
31
30
0
0
0
6
5
0
20
1
3
7
10
12
8
241
0
111
56
2
48
1
16
0
1
7
1
4
1
0
0
3
0
3
0
5

MO
14.65
0.57
11.37
3.71
3.07
3.71
0.46
1.52
0.47
0.59
5.13
2.07
1.11
0.98
1.97
0.73
0.45
0.57
6.32
0.04
5.94
0.65
1
3.04
1.49
1.07
1.13
0.25
0.1
0.18
0.49
0.28
0.07
0.12
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
1.35

TOW
14.28
0.57
11.33
3.57
3.07
3.71
0.46
1.52
0.47
0.59
5.13
1.98
1.11
0.97
1.95
0.72
0.43
0.57
4.95
0.04
4.39
0.41
1
2.71
1.46
0.94
1.13
0.21
0.07
0.14
0.47
0.26
0.07
0.12
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.02
1.32

UMW
0.37
0
0.04
0.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.09
0
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0
1.37
0
1.55
0.24
0
0.33
0.03
0.13
0
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0
0
0.02
0
0
0
0.03
0.01
0.02

0.05

0.3
0.08

0.35

0.02
0.01

0.02

0.04
0.01

0.07

WMOF PAW

0.03

0.02

0.04
0.03
0.04
0.01

0.19
0.03
0.09

1.25

0.94

0.02

0.01

0.07

0.1

0.29

BUW

0.04

0.09

0.16

0.08

0.03

0.01

CAW

13245
13245
13245
13249
13249
13249
13249
13359
13359
13359
13359

5305
5305
5305
5307
5307
5307
5307
5317
5317
5317
5317
Total

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6

Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias luteus

Appendix 11. Continuation.


Flot Locus /
Taxa
Element
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain <5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough <5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm

UMO

MO

1
14

306

392 1303

1
19
21
5
1

0
0
0
0
0
2
39
1
44
38
2
0
4475 377
96

PAB BUR CAL MOF BEN FUS

135

57
57
0
4
4
0
27
27
0
6
6
0
41
41
0
8
7
1
32
12
20
205
183
22
77
58
19
8
7
1
1
1
0
30084 27610 2474

TOTAL
0.25
0.02
0.2
0.02
0.2
0.05
0.16
1.03
0.82
0.05
0.02
171.43

TOW
0.25
0.02
0.2
0.02
0.2
0.04
0.08
0.85
0.73
0.04
0.02
153.59

UMW
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.08
0.18
0.09
0.01
0
17.84
5.32

WMOF PAW

10.55

0.08
0.16
0.07
0.01

BUW

1.97

0.02
0.02

0.01

CAW

5015 1
5063 1
5065 1
5075 1
5080 1
5086 1
5088 1
5091 1
5134 1
5164 10
5167 1
5178 1
5178 2
5180 1
5192 2
5193 1
5228 1
5229 1
5230 1
5231 4
5232 1
5233 1
5234 1
5238 1
5240 1
5270 1
5274 1
5300 1
5305 1
5307 1
5317 6
Total

Locus

Flot

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1
4T3
3T1

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Area Phase Period


Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden
Pit
Midden

Context
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales
Scales

UMO

MOF

MO

136

345
293
52
58
1486 1486
0
5
2001 1901 100 108
387
341
46
46
75
72
3
14
717
689
28
28
556
536
20
20
1409 1403
6
18
246
185
61
61
32
32
0
8
89
84
5
13
2674 2672
2
37
868
850
18
18
227
222
5
6
2437 2359
78 105
2498 2009 489 684
19
18
1
1
371
52 319 333
187
62 125 131
4929 4856
73 145
1155 1155
0
11
2051 2030
21
24
1193 1179
14
37
2056 1663 393 410
1180 1115
65
65
55
51
4
9
159
156
3
5
46
43
3
6
258
253
5
5
87
67
20
21
291
249
42
42
30084 27610 2001 2474

Element SCALN
0
0
0
14
0
20
0
0
9
0
0
1
9
0
50
85
0
31
0
5
0
0
0
49
17
0
0
0
0
1
15
306

0
3
6
0
11
0
0
0
0
3
2
18
0
1
27
184
0
14
6
61
0
3
23
9
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
377

6
2
2
0
0
0
0
12
0
5
6
17
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
11
11
0
0
8
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
96

1.26
4.35
12.33
1.23
0.49
4.11
3.63
7.42
1.12
0.14
0.58
12.64
4.56
1.45
16.35
16.51
0.11
2.3
1.06
33.37
6.75
9.29
3.72
13.95
6.73
0.53
0.96
0.32
1.82
0.43
1.92
171.43

1.07
4.35
11.21
1.09
0.45
2.71
3.45
7.36
0.79
0.14
0.54
12.62
4.26
0.5
15.72
11.88
0.1
0.18
0.3
32.82
6.75
9.19
3.67
10.79
6.24
0.42
0.92
0.3
1.79
0.34
1.64
153.59

0.19
0
1.12
0.14
0.04
1.4
0.18
0.06
0.33
0
0.04
0.02
0.3
0.95
0.63
4.63
0.01
2.12
0.76
0.55
0
0.1
0.05
3.16
0.49
0.11
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.28
17.84

0.18
0
0.67
0.01
0
1.33
0
0
0.05
0
0.02
0
0
0.93
0
0.83
0
0.06
0.26
0.12
0
0.02
0.03
0.73
0.05
0
0.03
0
0
0
0
5.32

0.01
0
0.45
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.18
0.06
0.22
0
0.02
0.01
0.2
0.02
0.28
3.12
0.01
1.85
0.5
0.39
0
0.08
0.02
2.19
0.31
0.11
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.08
0.24
10.55

0
0
0
0.05
0
0.05
0
0
0.06
0
0
0.01
0.1
0
0.35
0.68
0
0.21
0
0.04
0
0
0
0.24
0.13
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.04
1.97

BUR CAL BEN FUS TSCALW UMOW MOFW PBUW BURW CALW

49
3
0
0
68
32
2
30
0
3
4
4
0
20
0
6
3
49
0
0
3
2
0
1
0
9
0
5
0
28
67 337
0
1
5 283
51
74
18
50
0
0
4
17
10
4
101 243
5
43
0
4
2
1
0
3
0
5
0
19
0
27
392 1303

PBU

Appendix 12. Fish scale burning stages by NISP and weight. UMO=unmodified (includes BEN and FUS), MOF=modification caused by fire (does not include BEN and
FUS), PBU=partial burned, BUR=burned, CAL=calcified, BEN=bent, FUS=fused, W=weight in grams.

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

Flot

5233 1
5234 1
5238 1
5240 1
5015 1
5063 1
5065 1
5075 1
5080 1
5086 1
5088 1
5091 1
5134 1
5178 1
5178 2
5180 1
5192 2
5193 1
5228 1
5229 1
5230 1
5231 4
5232 1
5164 10
5167 1
5274 1
5305 1
5317 6
5270 1
5300 1
5307 1
Total

Locus

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
4T3
4T3
4T3

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Area Phase Period


Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Surface
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit

Context
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
9
6
21388

1700
1009
1416
732
258
1193
1504
333
25
461
29
1187
148
1596
651
33
1854
2078
13
226
86
3364
921
5
53
123
170
205

65

10
11

32

137

138
57
403
149
17
72
224
10
42
66
445
98
66
161
45
133
505
361
5
48
19
760
99
16
11
11
57
77
39
26
41
4201

123
87
156
208
55
183
228
38
0
137
18
106
23
708
141
44
56
19
1
90
76
594
82
7
18
16
4
8
9
7
8
3250

90
40
80
91
15
35
45
6
8
50
64
18
9
204
31
17
22
8
0
7
6
201
42
4
7
9
27
1
7
4
32
1180

2051
1193
2056
1180
345
1486
2001
390
75
714
556
1409
246
2674
868
227
2437
2498
19
371
187
4929
1155
32
89
159
258
291
55
46
87
30084

5.13
1.97
6.32
3.04
0.85
2.22
6.24
0.81
0.29
1.38
0.56
4.94
0.43
4.52
2.22
0.5
7.49
9.02
0.06
1.16
0.45
14.65
3.71
0.03
0.27
0.49
1.35
1.03
0
0.1
0.02
81.25
3.12

0.57
0.46

1.5

0.21

0.18

0.16

0.04

2.07
0.73
5.94
1.49
0.12
0.96
3.93
0.17
0.14
1.01
2.12
1.66
0.4
1.86
0.9
0.53
8.25
5.75
0.04
0.57
0.15
11.37
1.52
0.05
0.14
0.28
0.25
0.82
0.25
0.1
0.2
53.77

1.11
0.45
0.65
1.07
0.2
0.56
1.49
0.16
0
0.7
0.38
0.6
0.12
3.46
0.9
0.22
0.34
0.09
0.01
0.48
0.42
3.71
0.47
0.03
0.11
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
18.12

0.98
0.57
1
1.13
0.09
0.45
0.67
0.09
0.06
0.84
0.57
0.22
0.17
2.59
0.54
0.2
0.27
0.15
0
0.09
0.04
3.07
0.59
0.03
0.06
0.12
0.2
0.02
0.18
0.02
0.16
15.17

Element Plain <5 Plain >10 Plain >5 Rough <5 Rough >5 Total N Plain <5 Plain >10 Plain >5 Rough <5 Rough >5

Appendix 13. Fish scale counts by size ranges: larger than 10 mm (>10 mm), between 5 and 9.9 mm (>5 ), and smaller than 5 mm (<5) and surface morphology (plain and rough).
W=weight in grams.

5233 1
5234 1
5238 1
5240 1
5015 1
5063 1
5065 1
5075 1
5080 1
5086 1
5088 1
5091 1
5134 1
5178 1
5178 2
5180 1
5192 2
5193 1
5228 1
5229 1
5230 1
5231 4
5232 1
5164 10
5167 1
5274 1
5305 1
5317 6
5270 1
5300 1
5307 1
Total

Locus

Flot

13038
13025
13035
13055
13093
13122
13131
13140
13118
13220
13223
13120
13123
13115
13156
13175
13188
13163
13159
13171
13172
13166
13167
13200
13204
13226
13232
73230
13245
13249
13359

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
4T3
4T3
4T3

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Area Phase Period


Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Surface
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit

Context
1838
1066
1820
881
275
1268
1728
346
67
527
474
1285
214
1762
696
166
2359
2471
18
274
105
4134
1031
21
64
134
227
282
39
35
47
25654

138

213
127
236
299
70
218
273
44
8
187
82
124
32
912
172
61
78
27
1
97
82
795
124
11
25
25
31
9
16
11
40
4430

7.2
2.7
12.3
4.53
0.97
3.34
10.17
1.16
0.43
2.39
2.68
6.6
0.83
6.59
3.12
1.03
15.74
16.27
0.1
1.73
0.6
26.59
5.69
0.08
0.41
0.77
1.6
1.85
0.25
0.2
0.22
138.14

2.09
1.02
1.65
2.2
0.29
1.01
2.16
0.25
0.06
1.54
0.95
0.82
0.29
6.05
1.44
0.42
0.61
0.24
0.01
0.57
0.46
6.78
1.06
0.06
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.07
0.28
0.12
0.21
33.29

89.61
89.35
88.52
74.66
79.71
85.33
86.36
88.72
89.33
73.81
85.25
91.20
86.99
65.89
80.18
73.13
96.80
98.92
94.74
73.85
56.15
83.87
89.26
65.63
71.91
84.28
87.98
96.91
70.91
76.09
54.02
85.27

10.39
10.65
11.48
25.34
20.29
14.67
13.64
11.28
10.67
26.19
14.75
8.80
13.01
34.11
19.82
26.87
3.20
1.08
5.26
26.15
43.85
16.13
10.74
34.38
28.09
15.72
12.02
3.09
29.09
23.91
45.98
14.73

77.50
72.58
88.17
67.31
76.98
76.78
82.48
82.27
87.76
60.81
73.83
88.95
74.11
52.14
68.42
71.03
96.27
98.55
90.91
75.22
56.60
79.68
84.30
57.14
70.69
80.21
87.91
96.35
47.17
62.50
51.16
80.58

22.50
27.42
11.83
32.69
23.02
23.22
17.52
17.73
12.24
39.19
26.17
11.05
25.89
47.86
31.58
28.97
3.73
1.45
9.09
24.78
43.40
20.32
15.70
42.86
29.31
19.79
12.09
3.65
52.83
37.50
48.84
19.42

Plain N Rough N Plain W Rough W Plain N% Rough N% Plain W% Rough W%

Appendix 14. Fish scale counts, weight and their relative frequencies by surface morphology (plain and rough). W=weight in grams.

Appendix 15. Screen cranial specimens with information on siding and burning from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams
Flot
Locus Taxa
Element
NISP Side
Weight Modifications
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5063
5063
5063
5063
5065

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Suboperculum
Interoperculum
Cleithrum
Operculum

2 L
1 L
1
1
2 L

Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5065
5065
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Pharyngeal inferior robust


Frontal
Frontals
Hyomandibular
Preoperculum
Suboperculum
Interoperculum

1 D
1
4 I:2, D:1
2 I:1, D:1
2
11
3

Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5228
5228
5228
5228

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trychomicterus
Trychomicterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Cleithrum
Quadrate
Premaxilla
Pharyngeal inferior
Operculum
Basioccipital
Urostyle
Operculum
Suboperculum
Cleithrum
Preoperculum
Frontal
Hyomandibular
Basioccipital
Operculum
Frontal
Cleithrum
Suboperculum

7
1
1
3
43
4
1
30
7
3
1
1
1
1
42
3
5
15

Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5228
5228
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5232
5233
5233
5233
5233

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trychomicterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Interoperculum
Preoperculum
Operculum
Pharyngeal inferior
Interoperculum
Preoperculum
Suboperculum
Cleithrum
Frontal
Basioccipital
Operculum
Suboperculum
Interoperculum
Operculum
Suboperculum
Indeterminate
Frontal

1
1
71
2
5
2
26
5
3
1
8
1
1
10
3
1
1

Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Frontal
Suboperculum
Interoperculum
Cleithrum
Frontal
Suboperculum
Indeterminate

I:1, D:2
I:14, D:21

I:10, D:11

D
0.03
L:18, R:18
L:1, R:2

1 bent, 1 partial burnt

I:33, D:31
I:1, D:1

I:1, D:4

0.31 Carbonate
3 partial burnt

I:2, D:5

2 partial burnt

142 I:55, D:58


5 I:3, D:2
28
6
17
1 D
1
2

139

1 trampled and looks polished

1 bent

Appendix 15. Continuation.


Flot
Locus Taxa

Element

Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

Inferior pharyngeal robust


Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Cleithrum
Suboperculum
Interopeculum
Frontal

5240
5240
5307
5317
5317
5317
5317
5317
Total

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

NISP Side

140

1
6
3
11
2
5
1
1
574

D
I:2, D:2
I:1, D:2
L:6, R:4
L:1, R:1

Weight Modifications

0.3
2 partial burnt, 1 bent

Appendix 16. Vertebrae recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.
Flot
Locus Taxa
Element
NISP Weight Modifications
Screen

5231 Osteich
Total

Vertebrae

4
4

0.08 Partial burnt


0.08

Appendix 17. Fish ribs recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.
Flot
Locus Taxa
Element
NISP Weight Modifications
Screen
Screen
Screen

5088 Osteich
5231 Osteich
5238 Osteich
Total

Ribs
Ribs
Ribs

1
2
1
4

0.05
0.04
0.02
0.11

Appendix 18. Scales recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.
Flot
Locus Taxa
Element
NISP Weight Modifications
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5228
5228
5231
5231
5233
5238
5238
5240
5317
Total

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias luteus
Orestias
Orestias

Scales plain >5 mm


Scales plain >10 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales rough >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales plain >5 mm
Scales rough >5 mm
Scales plain >10 mm
Scales plain >5 mm

25
6
4
3
12
2
1
43
3
3
22
7
1
1
133

0.77
0.45
0.15
0.15
0.5
0.06
0.04
2.27
0.15
0.09
1.03
0.23
0.08
0.02
5.99

Appendix 19. Scale data from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.
Flot
Locus Taxa
Element
NISP Weight Modifications
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5015
5065
5088
5091
5167
5193
5228
5231
5232
5238
5270
5307
5317
Total

Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich
Osteich

Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Identerminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Indeterminate

1
1
68
12
1
1
10
29
3
68
1
1
4
200

0.1
0.02
0.92
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.22
3.5
0.05
1.6
0.1
0.02
0.04
7.47

Appendix 20. Carbonates with fish incrustations recovered from the 1/4" screen fractions. Weight in grams.
Flot
Locus Taxa
Element
NISP Weight Modifications
Screen
Screen

5231
5233
Total

Carbonates
Carbonate
Carbonates

12
1
13

141

3.94 Mainly composed of scales


0.08
4.02

Appendix 21. Osteometric measurements from the fish specimens in mm. Measurements codes after Morales and Rosenlund (1979).
Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
Context
Taxa
Element
Side ME1
ME2
ME3 ME4
13038
13038
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13055
13055
13122
13122
13122
13131
13131
13140
13140
13140
13118
13118
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13115
13156
13156
13156
13156
13175
13175
13163
13159
13159
13172
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166

5015
5015
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5075
5075
5086
5086
5086
5088
5088
5091
5091
5091
5134
5134
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5180
5192
5192
5192
5192
5193
5193
5229
5230
5230
5232
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF

Fill over floor


Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Surface
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

142

Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular

R
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
R
R
R
L

L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
N
R
R
R
L
L
R
L
L
R
L

8.18
5.97
6.90
5.88
6.45
6.41
6.69
7.62
7.27
5.93
7.03

6.27
4.80
4.99
4.88
4.78
5.21
5.22
5.84
4.74
4.50
5.00

6.28
7.69
7.14
7.10
7.29
6.89
7.32
7.34
7.54
4.74
6.74
6.20
9.91
9.78
8.56
9.13
6.90
6.92
8.42
9.77
8.31

4.12
5.05
5.17
5.26
4.81
4.65
4.66
5.33
4.44
3.11
4.74
5.31
6.56
6.48
6.51
6.58
4.71
6.19
5.95
5.96

7.43
6.22
7.27
7.59
6.17
6.84
6.45
6.09
6.74
5.94
8.41
6.10
5.88

5.19
4.34
5.74
5.17
4.73
4.85
3.64
3.74
5.02
4.10
6.30
4.44
4.46

8.25
7.96

4.31
5.43
8.30

1.43
0.68
1.73
1.30
1.95
2.31
1.11
1.84
1.43
1.29
1.94
1.74
1.64
1.69
1.31
1.09
1.88
2.31
1.47
1.59
1.15
1.64
1.03
1.32
1.79
1.55
1.87
2.18
1.49
1.35
1.20
2.05
1.94
1.85
1.28
2.46
1.82
2.38
1.73
1.38
1.7
1.63
0.90
2.00
1.46
1.23
0.95
0.86
1.98
1.16
1.87
1.47
2.30
2.36
2.56

2.99

2.14
2.59
2.38
1.77
2.25

2.10
2.10
1.48
2.80
3.52
2.07
2.56
1.83
1.96
1.86
1.62
2.83
2.74
2.22

1.51
1.89
1.84

1.54

1.19
2.52

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13167
13167
13167
13167
13200
13200
13200
13200
13204
13204
13204
13245
13359
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13131
13131
13131
13140
13140
13123
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171

5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5234
5234
5234
5234
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240
5305
5317
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5178
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context

Taxa

Element

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular

143

Side

ME1

5.67
5.34

L
L
L
L
R
R
R

L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L

6.62
7.28
7.12
5.16
7.62
7.76
6.12
6.64
6.80
6.13
4.85
6.76
3.50
5.88
5.96
5.74
5.46
5.20
6.09
6.27
5.62
5.29
5.19
5.95
6.17
6.15
6.65
6.41

7.26
9.36
7.16
5.88
9.38
9.11
6.57
7.00
6.11
6.98
7.72
6.60
7.45

ME2

5.69
3.49
4.01
4.79
4.72
4.56
3.34
5.44
5.29
4.45
4.60
4.58
3.99
3.31
2.50
2.02
2.27
2.86
3.00
2.39
2.48
3.27
3.57
3.50
3.01
1.48
1.66
1.43
2.90
2.49
2.64
4.77
4.91
4.23
5.99
5.42
5.88
5.25
4.20
6.24
6.93
4.82
4.17
4.90
4.70
4.85
4.61
4.36

ME3

ME4

2.90
1.98
2.52
1.38
2.23
2.38
1.44
1.15
1.10
1.49
1.11
1.54
1.35
1.79
2.31
1.77
1.76
1.47
1.38
1.40
1.98
1.86
1.89
1.84
1.56
1.39
1.37
1.73
1.77
1.79

2.11
1.42
1.46
1.46
1.61
1.56
1.71
1.60
1.79
2.01
1.66
1.61
1.27
1.78
1.54
1.21
1.77
1.58
1.63
1.62
1.96

1.72

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period

Context

Taxa

Element

13171
13167
13167
13167
13035
13122
13122
13122
13131
13131
13140

5231
5234
5234
5234
5065
5086
5086
5086
5088
5088
5091

4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Articular
Articular
Articular
Articular
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital

13140
13140
13140
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13123
13123
13159
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13200
13200
13200
13232
13093
13140
13123
13123
13175
13172
13166
13200
13200
13204
13038
13038
13038
13038
13038
13055
13122
13122

5091
5091
5091
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5230
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5238
5238
5238
5274
5080
5091
5178
5178
5193
5232
5233
5238
5238
5240
5015
5015
5015
5015
5015
5075
5086
5086

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Basioccipital
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal

144

Side

ME1

ME2

L
L
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
L
L
L
L
R

5.97
6.81
9.97
2.78
3.16
3.20
2.98
3.13
2.82
1.54

3.01
4.90
3.92
3.69
3.34
2.85
3.01
4.13
3.10
1.89

1.97
1.73
1.31
3.09
3.02
2.91
3.15
2.79
2.97
3.36
2.09
3.26
3.02
3.62
2.97
2.43
2.79
2.68
2.61
2.84
3.00
3.02
2.75
2.62
2.70
3.42
2.88
3.59
3.71
2.83
3.14
2.33
2.12
2.43
2.10
7.05
7.35
3.78
3.89
6.14
6.26
6.34
5.34

2.12
1.81
1.42
2.92
3.08
2.80
3.55
2.91
3.13
3.83
2.22
2.66
2.83
3.41
2.88
3.51
2.49
2.42
2.70
2.62
3.28
3.05
2.35
2.81
2.37
3.30
3.20
3.40
3.24
3.26
3.29
2.66
2.83
2.59
1.97
3.78

6.94
3.26

ME3
1.83
1.43
1.87
1.26

17.82

ME4

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13359
13035
13035
13038
13038
13055
13055
13093
13093
13122
13122
13131
13131
13131
13140
13140
13223
13120
13123
13167
13167
13204
13204
13204
13204
13167
13167
13167
13038
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13035
13055
13055

5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5317
5065
5065
5015
5015
5075
5075
5080
5080
5086
5086
5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5167
5178
5178
5234
5234
5240
5240
5240
5240
5234
5234
5234
5015
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5065
5075
5075

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Ceratohyal
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Dentary
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal

145

Side

A
A
A
A
A

ME1
4.58
5.21
5.05
6.25
4.43
6.05
6.77
5.12
5.84
8.01
7.2
5.79
6.91
5.42
5.99
6.39
5.08
4.31
4.83
8.63
6.60
9.37
7.73
9.17
8.14

L
L
L

L
R

7.39
7.04
9.68
6.07
5.65
6.08
4.99
6.51
11.94
12.74

L
L
10.29
11.20
L
L
L

7.18
5.91
3.26
3.16
3.75
3.37
3.19
3.25
3.60
2.44
4.04

ME2

ME3

ME4

3.92
3.76
3.60
4.79
2.83
3.81
1.31
3.03
4.38
5.42
3.07
3.12
2.92
2.48
3.30
8.27
4.61
2.78
2.71
3.62
4.39
3.10
3.89
3.79
2.88
3.31

2.42

0.34
6.75
8.09

7.52
7.93
9.83
5.09
5.24
6.04

2.18
1.84
2.19
2.17
1.20
1.30
1.11

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13175
13175
13175
13167
13035
13131
13131
13131
13159
13159
13245
13245
13249
13035
13035
13035
13093
13131
13131
13038
13038
13038
13038
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13093
13122
13131
13131
13140
13140
13140
13140
13159
13171
13171
13171
13166
13166
13167
13200
13131
13120

5193
5193
5193
5234
5065
5088
5088
5088
5230
5230
5305
5305
5307
5065
5065
5065
5080
5088
5088
5015
5015
5015
5015
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5080
5086
5088
5088
5091
5091
5091
5091
5230
5231
5231
5231
5233
5233
5234
5238
5088
5178

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
4T3
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
2MF
2MF

Context
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias

Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Epihyal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Frontal
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Interoperculum
Maxila
Maxila

146

Side

ME1

A
A
A

2.58
3.02
3.31
3.65
10.30
13.25
3.55
3.53
8.52
4.89
13.76

L
R

L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R

13.04
8.72
7.31
5.35
2.43
7.69
5.64
9.43
8.52
7.12
9.07
10.12
8.77
8.26
7.93
7.63
5.82
5.43
6.89
8.62
9.01
9.39
9.39
7.20

R
L
R
R

7.37
7.37
6.79
8.11
7.96
10.06
7.89
4.23
8.55
6.67
7.92
10.61
14.12

ME2

ME3

3.46
7.23
7.60
3.73
3.61
4.05
6.33
6.17
8.91
4.67
3.21
3.11
2.11
4.72
3.69
4.47
4.29
3.29
3.91
4.25
4.31
4.04
3.16
3.71
3.82
3.91
3.06
2.49
3.33
4.53
4.77
3.49
4.38
4.33
3.25
3.63
3.98
3.21
3.47
3.27
3.67
3.55
5.02
4.43
3.56
4.06
4.04
3.49
3.67
2.33

ME4

1.02

2.21

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13167
13167
13226
13038
13038
13025
13025
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13055
13055
13122
13122
13122
13122
13131
13131
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13118
13223
13223
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120

5234
5234
5270
5015
5015
5063
5063
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5075
5075
5086
5086
5086
5086
5088
5088
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5134
5167
5167
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
KU
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

1MC
1MC
4T3
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context
Midden
Midden
Pit
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Surface
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Maxila
Maxila
Maxila
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

147

Side

L
R
L
R
L
L
L
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
R

ME1

ME2

9.42
7.22
14.91

1.71
1.57

7.22

7.82

ME4

2.00
0.83
2.14
2.38
1.04
1.64
1.09
2.29
1.93
2.40
1.68
2.86
0.96
2.41
0.59
1.03
1.58
2.70
2.15
1.25
1.78
1.95
2.33
0.72
2.35
2.07
2.31
2.81
1.00
2.05
2.90
2.80
2.31
2.22
2.30
2.57
2.77
2.83
2.42

3.57
1.29
2.17
2.30
1.24
1.48
1.31
2.19
1.64
2.67
1.52
2.20
1.44
2.98
2.00
0.62
0.95
1.60
2.00
1.83
1.46
1.53
2.40
1.88
0.90
1.98
2.15
2.52
3.70
0.93
2.23
3.10
2.47
2.50
1.99
2.10
2.18
2.51
2.47
2.57

2.94

2.26

2.18
2.72
2.04
2.25
2.54

2.30
2.04
1.84
2.10
2.53

2.42
2.01
2.44

2.13
2.21
2.33

7.97

L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
L
R
R

ME3

16.81
12.75

14.71

17.16

16.46

17.78
17.48
17.12
16.05
17.42
18.59
17.73
16.72

15.29
17.90
17.54
20.27
14.52
16.46

17.79
16.40
16.51
15.90
16.11

15.82
17.96
17.63

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13123
13123
13123
13123
13123
13123
13115
13115
13115
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13163
13159
13159
13159
13171
13171
13171

5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5180
5180
5180
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5229
5230
5230
5230
5231
5231
5231

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

148

Side
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
R
R

ME1
15.87
13.84

ME2

12.97

1.95
17.18

ME3

ME4

2.11
2.67
1.93
2.12
2.16
2.28
2.10
2.40
2.09
2.06
2.42
2.32
2.27
2.74
2.19
3.27
2.65
1.79
3.91
1.16
1.44
1.54

2.52
2.33
2.13
2.24
2.33
2.37
1.92
1.68
2.34
2.10
2.14
2.36
2.11
2.94
2.31
2.50
2.45
1.62
1.82
1.49

16.97
12.69
15.41
14.38

14.25
18.80
19.14
11.32

16.79
15.96

1.75
1.47
1.51
2.27
1.80
2.40
2.53
2.72
2.20
1.85
2.48
2.29
2.16
1.60
1.76
2.31
2.24
2.04
2.12
2.22
2.33
3.09
3.1
2.23
2.66
1.82
2.42
1.97
1.80
1.55
2.52
2.72

2.16
1.25
1.74
1.89
1.72
1.85
2.53
2.48
2.18
2.40
1.95
2.32
1.88
1.82
1.88
2.26
2.15
2.13
1.94
2.01
2.85
2.94
2.19
2.73
1.96
1.97
1.75
1.80
1.59
2.52
2.14

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13166
13167
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13204
13204
13204
13226
13226
13230

5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5233
5234
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240
5270
5270
5300

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
4T3
4T3

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Context

Taxa

Element

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

149

Side

ME1

ME2

ME3

ME4

R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
L

15.84

17.05

1.86
2.07
2.48
1.22
2.80
2.43
1.12
0.97
0.94
1.66
2.09
2.14
2.38
2.71
2.44
2.15
2.14
1.32
2.40
1.69
1.55
2.15
2.35
2.10
1.31
0.99
2.08
1.78
1.59
1.47
1.84
1.64
1.97
3.77
1.42
1.37
1.61
2.23
1.97
2.07
1.42
1.47
1.59
2.37
1.61
1.78
1.94
2.33
1.35
2.39
2.19
1.70
1.81
1.44

2.04
2.26
2.05
1.16
2.59
2.30
0.96
0.72
1.06
1.42
1.57
2.27
1.82
2.07
2.22
1.93
2.09
1.36
2.02
1.97
1.66
2.01
2.09
1.83
1.48
0.80
1.78
1.37
1.74
1.45
1.81
2.05
2.10
2.08
1.42
1.26
1.49
2.70
1.01
2.49
1.48
1.31
1.88
2.18
1.69
2.37
2.02
2.17
1.33
2.45
2.27
1.36
2.24
1.36

R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
R

11.02
17.63

18.03

17.89
18.48
19.34

14.54

15.29

15.89

11.77

12.29

11.65

17.38

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13245
13245
13249
13359
13359
13359
13359
13359
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13200
13200
13230
13055
13122
13200
13359
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13131
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156

5305
5305
5307
5317
5317
5317
5317
5317
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5238
5238
5300
5075
5086
5238
5317
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192

1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

3T1
3T1
4T3
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
4T3
2LC
2LC
1MC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context

Taxa

Element

Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower

150

Side

L
L
R
R
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L

ME1

13.45

14.90
14.00

ME3

ME4

3.00
0.87
1.98
1.88
2.13
1.88
3.23
2.29

2.63
1.17
1.93
1.97
1.58
1.70
2.00
1.58

5.88
6.61
7.68
7.33
6.92
7.56
6.28
6.10
6.59
7.05
7.55

2.46
13.74

10.60
9.73
7.71
11.73
11.38

1.74
1.57
18.60
5.26
5.75
3.29
5.32
6.01
6.10
8.09
7.03
7.63
11.79

8.08

3.32

11.50

7.09
7.06
3.95
6.81

8.50
9.49

9.94
7.78
10.61
7.35
L
L
L
L
R
R
R

ME2

9.72
12.23

11.43
11.82
11.35

6.88
5.50
7.33
7.26
6.02
5.87
7.31
8.51
6.29
10.55
8.90
7.38

1.80
1.68
0.73
1.26
3.28
4.24
3.99
4.40
4.56
3.84
4.36
4.29
2.47
4.26
4.68
4.56
3.80
4.87
1.37
1.30
4.64
3.36
4.92
3.31
3.43
2.92
5.26
4.92
4.86
3.23
4.06
3.68

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13156
13156
13159
13159
13167
13167
13167
13167
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13200
13245
13035
13120
13120
13120
13120
13038
13038
13035
13038
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13055
13122
13131
13131
13131
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140

5192
5192
5230
5230
5234
5234
5234
5234
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5305
5065
5178
5178
5178
5178
5015
5015
5065
5015
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5075
5086
5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091

2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Fill over floor
Fill over floor
Midden
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Premaxila
Premaxila
Premaxila
Premaxila
Premaxila
Premaxila
Premaxila
Premaxila
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate

151

Side
R
R
L
R
R
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L

R
L
L
R
R

ME1

10.14
6.93
8.72
8.30
1.77
5.84
9.14
6.19
5.84
8.03
10.94
8.94
7.72
12.12
13.71
12.71
12.52
7.92
8.63
10.92

R
7.16

ME2

ME3

ME4

7.68

2.41
2.84
4.11
3.20

4.26
1.64

8.13
9.47
3.94
3.02
2.78
2.11
5.66
4.11
5.14
3.58
4.20
6.62

4.99
4.44
4.42
3.79
3.19
4.80
3.63
2.96
1.95
1.56
3.34
2.08
2.30
2.00
1.24

R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
5.93
8.66

7.01
8.08
10.28

1.24
1.47

1.34
2.58
2.73
2.62
2.47
2.44
1.79
2.16
1.12

3.28
3.19
2.67
2.38
2.61
3.82
3.76
6.21

7.61
8.25
1.34
1.46
1.30
1.36
1.50
1.43
0.71
2.47
2.35
1.88
1.75
2.51
2.13
1.78
2.29
1.29
1.73
2.24
2.73
2.61
2.68
2.34
0.47
1.56
1.64
1.61
1.56
1.06
1.44
0.75

0.83

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13123
13123
13175
13175
13175
13175
13175
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13167
13167
13167
13167
13200
13200
13200
13200
13204
13204
13359
13025
13025
13025
13025
13025

5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5193
5193
5193
5193
5193
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5234
5234
5234
5234
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5317
5063
5063
5063
5063
5063

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context

Taxa

Element

Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate

152

Side

ME1

ME2

ME3

13.05
8.94
12.88
12.10
13.05
7.29
8.59
9.51
7.71

2.82
2.40
2.55
2.60
2.44
2.51
2.31
2.75
2.19
2.96
2.95
2.32
2.64
2.43
2.38
2.41
2.54
1.91
2.71
2.00
1.72
1.72
1.56
1.42
1.41
2.58
2.30
2.91
1.70
2.83
2.19
2.35
2.49

1.78
1.77
1.94
1.79
1.86
1.64
1.32
1.89
1.54
2.07
1.79
1.86
1.89
1.89
1.61
1.97
1.78
1.31
1.82
1.78
2.39
2.91
2.4
2.46
2.52
1.77
1.48
1.94
2.65
1.78
1.47
1.75
1.57
2.27
1.82
1.64
1.49
2.01
1.71
1.81
2.54
1.72
2.14
2.43
1.88
2.00
1.89
2.42
1.54
1.73
2.34
1.42
1.14
1.08
1.04

9.94
10.74

7.98

9.72
8.16
9.39
10.55
9.79
2.75
9.80
14.61
12.50
11.82
7.82
6.86
9.23
1.47
1.82

2.44
2.25
2.28
2.91
2.44

L
L
R
R
7.00
8.15
5.78
5.58
4.67
4.61
3.64

2.29
1.47
1.89
1.53
1.03
0.95

ME4

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13025
13025
13025
13122
13122
13055
13055
13055
13055
13055
13122
13122
13131
13140
13140
13035
13093
13093
13122
13122
13131
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13163
13163
13171
13171
13167
13204
13232
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13035
13055
13093
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13140
13123

5063
5063
5063
5086
5086
5075
5075
5075
5075
5075
5086
5086
5088
5091
5091
5065
5080
5080
5086
5086
5088
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5229
5229
5231
5231
5234
5240
5274
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5065
5075
5080
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5178

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Context

Taxa

Element

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit

Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Quadrate
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Supraethmoid
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle

153

Side

ME1

5.15
4.65
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

2.60
2.85
2.72
2.16
2.30
2.22
2.74
2.67
2.14
2.40
2.04
2.77
1.68
2.52
1.46
1.73
1.89
2.26
1.91
2.04
1.71
2.25
2.52
2.31
3.14
2.52
1.53
2.08
2.13
2.20
1.67
1.63
2.14
2.13
2.16
1.86
1.71
1.28
2.85
2..27

ME2

ME3

1.51
2.24

2.12
2.16
2.30
0.94
1.31

1.50
1.70
5.00
4.36
4.96
3.80
2.05
5.07
5.03
6.46
4.43
4.23
1.86
2.79
1.67
1.76
1.54
1.48
2.33
2.22
2.19
2.16
1.81
2.24
1.49
2.17
1.98
1.38
1.66
2.12
2.39
1.81
1.44
1.88
1.70
2.17
2.20
1.96
1.26
2.05
1.91
1.96
1.04
1.57
1.66
1.97
2.25
1.73
1.54
1.12
2.09
1.85

1.31

ME4

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13123
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13175
13175
13175
13175
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13172
13172
13166
13166
13167
13200
13200
13200
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13204
13359
13035
13035
13035
13025
13055
13140
13140
13140
13175
13167
13200

5178
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5193
5193
5193
5193
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5232
5232
5233
5233
5234
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5240
5317
5065
5065
5065
5063
5075
5091
5091
5091
5193
5234
5238

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF

Context

Taxa

Element

Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden

Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Urostyle
Vomer
Parasphenoid
Parasphenoid
Vomer
Vomer
Vomer
Vomer
Vomer
Vomer
Vomer
Vomer

154

Side

ME1

ME2

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

2.43
2.53
2.52
2.22
3.02
2.66
2.34
2.36
2.36
2.48
2.68
2.19
2.10
2.14
2.40
2.14
1.55
2.01
2.25
2.00
1.44
1.83
1.37
1.04
2.22
2.27
2.25
1.83
1.61
1.87
2.22
1.98
2.14
1.72
5.81

2.44
2.14
2.48
2.03
2.27
2.46
2.21
2.15
1.8
2.13
1.97
1.75
2.03
2.16
1.58
2.02
1.21
1.58
2.01
1.68
1.21
1.72
1.87
0.93
2.04
1.97
2.01
1.69
1.60
1.47
2.34
2.49
2.22
1.44

4.55
6.26
5.28
5.31
5.02
3.31
7.07
5.83

1.89
1.40
3.77
3.26
3.92
4.28
2.97
1.75
3.58
3.14

ME3

ME4

Appendix 21. Continuation.


Flot
Locus / Area Phase Period
13055
13055
13055
13093
13140
13123
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13172
13172
13038
13055
13055
13140
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13175
13171
13171
13172
13359

5075
5075
5075
5080
5091
5178
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5015
5075
5075
5091
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5193
5231
5231
5232
5317

1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
6

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
3T1

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
3LF

Context
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Pharyngeal lower robust


Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender
Pharyngeal lower slender

155

Side

ME1

ME2

ME3 ME4

L
R
R
R

11.87
13.44
12.12
8.64
11.66
11.91
13.03
14.02
10.37
9.34
10.26
11.81
11.45
11.31
4.41
4.67
5.44
15.62
9.87
11.36
10.23
9.77
11.62
10.95
11.18
15.55
10.92
12.79

8.59
8.57
10.38
5.68
9.28
8.99
10.22
9.78
7.90
7.43
7.19
10.35
11.59
9.97
3.03
3.04
3.59
5.89
5.55
7.98
6.32
6.34
6.49
6.60
6.9
9.63
7.28
6.40
2.89

7.08
6.77
6.09

R
R
R
L
L
L
R
L
L

L
L
R
R
R
R
L
L
L

6.08
3.59
6.11
6.32
5.63
4.97
4.85
5.74
6.08
7.24
2.12
2.26
2.63
4.76
3.76
7.20
3.60
3.71
4.60
4.51
3.71
5.97
4.50
4.10

Appendix 22. Osteometric measurements of the fish bones recovered in the 1/4" screen fractions in mm. Measurement codes after
Morales and Rosenlung (1979).
Flot
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

Locus Area Phase Period Context Taxa


5063
5065
5065
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5091
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

156

Side

ME1

L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R

21.25
16.76
17.7
14.3
16.47
14.47

ME2

17.76
14.08
16.53
17.17

19.31

16.34
18.97
19.31

17.43

17.26

13.89

18.05

14.97
17.87
18.47

17.87
18.97
18.11

14.95

ME3

ME4

3.58
2.27

3.28
2.51

3.02
2.12
2.65
2.51
2.77
2.22
2.41
1.88
2.2
2.66
2.46
2.98
2.6
2.91
2.72
2.45
2.9
1.55
2.38
2.6
2.85
2.6
2.93
3.05
2.79
2.36
2.48
2.81
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.27
2.72
2.04
2.08
2.44
2.23
2.99
2.28
2.39
2.46
2.54
2.3
2.56
2.4
2.42
2.99
2.61
2.94
2.17
2.32
1.67

3.13
2.03
2.36
2.46
2.76
2.44
2.06
2.5
2.4
2.32
2.79
2.8
2.59
2.99
2.4
2.58
1.45
2.66
2.42
2.47
2.91
2.79
2.67
2.6
2.26
2.69
2.49
2.23
2.53
2.43
2.49
2.44
2.1
2.02
2.88
2.2
2.28
2.83
2.33
2.51
2.29
2.78
2.88
2.43
2.44
2.26
2.86
2.27
2.67
1.94

Appendix 22. Continuation.


Flot
Locus Area Phase Period Context Taxa
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5232
5232
5232
5233
5233
5233
5233
5238
5238

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

157

Side
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
L

ME1

ME2
16.94

14.44
16.03
19.15

18.6
17.01

15.91
17.76
18.05

19.29
19.03

18.26
17.3
17.33

16.61
18.95
16.83

ME3

ME4

2.05
2.04
2.73
2.2
2.32
1.63
2.43
1.81
2.84
1.9
2.54
2.25
2.15
2.65
2.27
2.12
2.03
2
1.92
1.96
2.48
2.14
1.98
2.55
2.1
2.22
2.66
2.25
2.31
2.47
2.78
2.17
2.31
3.01
3.07
2.91
2.9
2.92
2.42
2.36
1.65
2.05
2.85
3.09
2.19
2.51
2.01
2.34
2.72
2.15
1.89
2.11
1.91
1.99
2.25

2.19
1.93
2.26
2.56
2.08
1.66
2.75
2.16
2.07
2.46
2
2.13
2.94
2.12
1.85
2.74
2.1
1.96
2.07
2.48
1.93
1.72
2.06
2.49
1.9
2.59
2.55
1.82
2.63
2.73
2.36
2.51
2.41
3.38
2.63
2.48
2.82
2.41
2.59
1.94
1.86
2.65
2.18
2.07
2.3
3.19
2.42
2.59
2.26
2.51
1.9
2.36
2.48

Appendix 22. Continuation.


Flot
Locus Area Phase Period Context Taxa
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

158

Side

ME1

L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R

17.72
17.38
16.51

ME2

12.19
19.3
12.35

15.2
29.79
11.95

16.44

16.94

13.06
18.7
16.05
20.35

19.7

17.71
15.93
19.13
13.21

15.92

16.75

16.37

18.79
17.84

14.47

17.83
13.21

17.75
17.1

ME3

ME4

2.24
2.5
2.18
2.68
1.99
3.66
1.59
2.42
2.25
2.64
3.5
2.35
2.1
2.39
2.86
3.1
3.07
2.71
1.74
2.55
2.47
3.38
2.04
3.1
2.4
1.83
2.4
2.63
2.04
2.06
2.66
2.54
2.36
2.06
3.5
2.07
2.2
2.44
2.63
2.37
2.9
2.59
3.19
2.99
2.41
3.3
2.82
2.24
2.9
2.95
2.01
2.68
2.04
2.6
2.22

2.59
2.95
2.53
2.91
2.01
3.21
1.58
2.65
2.44
2.52
2.63
2.29
2.02
2
2.58
2.59
3.04
2.48
2.08
2.56
1.88
2.81
1.99
2.58
2.44
1.63
1.81
2.82
1.73
2.08
2.4
2.03
2.54
1.79
3.15
2.04
2.31
2.48
2.79
1.25
2.69
2.05
3.12
3.17
2.6
2.84
3.4
2.19

2.12
3.24
2.42
2.47
2.43

Appendix 22. Continuation.


Flot
Locus Area Phase Period Context Taxa
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5240
5240
5240
5307
5317
5317
5317
5317
5317
5317
5317
5231
5231
5065
5240
5091
5231

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
KU
AC
AC
AQ
AC
AQ
AC

1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
2LC
2LC

1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
2MF
2MF

Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Trichomycterus
Trichomycterus

159

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower
Pharyngeal lower robust
Pharyngeal lower robust
Basioccipital
Basioccipital

Side
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
L
L
L
R
R
R
R
L
R
R
R
A
A

ME1

ME2

ME3

ME4

17.68

2.79
2.73
2.15
2.54
1.89
3.4
2.06
2.22
2.14
1.86
2.15
2.3
2.32
2.29
2.34
2.45
1.95
1.42
2.47
2.49
2.56
1.36
2.32
2.11
2.42
3.18
2.89
2.62
1.67
2.64
2.15
2.12
1.91
2.39
2
2.73
2.31
2.2
2.15
2.44
2.68
2.03
1.82
5.68
5.94
6.86
6.05

2.31
2.64
2.4
2.36
1.6
3.91
1.9
2.46
2.29

15.64

11.95
17.84

9.76

10.79

18.01
14.17

19.6
17.38

16.02
19.95
15.97

17.08

12.42
10.98
13.17
15.03
2.84
3.82

9.79
8.17
10.67
11.54
3.36
3.5

2.3
2.19
2.22
2.28
2.03
2.53
1.99
1.46
2.27
2.24
2.24
1.35
2.25
1.86
2.08
2.62
2.8
2.21
1.64
2.6
2.39
2.49
1.86
2.19
1.93
2.52
2.1
2.52
2.04
1.91
2.33
1.92
1.58

Appendix 23. Operculum osteometric measurements in mm and derived determination of standard length (ESL) using both least squares (L) and
power functions (P). Measurement codes following Morales and Rosenlund (1979).
Flot
13035
13122
13223
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13120
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13156
13175
13175
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13171
13166
13200
13200
13200
13230
13359
13359

Locus Slash Area Phase Period


5065
5086
5167
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5178
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5192
5193
5193
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5231
5233
5238
5238
5238
5300
5317
5317

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
6
6

AQ
AQ
KU
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
3T1
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
3T1

2MF
2MF
3LF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Context
Midden
Midden
Fill over floor
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Pit
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Midden
Pit
Midden
Midden

Taxa

Element

Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias
Orestias

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum

160

Side

ME1

ME2

ME3

ME4

ESLL

ESLP

L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
L
L
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
L
L
L
R
R
L
R

7.22

7.82
7.97
16.81
14.52
14.71
15.29
16.46
16.46
17.54
17.90
17.96
20.27
12.97
15.82
17.63
18.80
19.14
12.69
14.25
14.38
15.41
15.96
16.79
15.29
17.89
18.48
19.34
11.02
17.05
17.63
15.89
11.77
12.29
11.65
17.38
14.90
14.00

1.04
2.81

1.24
2.98
3.70

2.05
2.57
2.31
2.72
2.42
2.77
2.42

2.23
2.18
2.50
2.04
2.57
2.51
2.13

1.93

2.13

2.44
2.53
2.72
1.75
2.40
1.51
1.47
2.12
2.04
2.14
2.14
2.38
2.71
1.22
1.86
2.80
1.55
1.84
1.42
1.47

2.33
2.53
2.48
2.16
1.85
1.74
1.25
2.13
2.09
2.27
1.82
2.07
1.16
2.04
2.59
1.66
1.81
1.42
1.31

2.13
1.88

1.58
1.70

85.54
86.28
130.41
118.98
119.93
122.82
128.66
128.66
134.06
135.85
136.15
147.68
111.24
125.47
134.50
140.34
142.04
109.85
117.63
118.28
123.42
126.17
130.31
122.82
135.80
138.75
143.04
101.51
131.61
134.50
125.82
105.25
107.85
104.65
133.26
120.88
116.38

80.62
81.59
130.27
118.84
119.82
122.76
128.57
128.57
133.79
135.51
135.79
146.49
110.72
125.41
134.22
139.74
141.32
109.22
117.45
118.12
123.36
126.10
130.18
122.76
135.46
138.24
142.24
99.97
131.44
134.22
125.76
104.18
107.05
103.52
133.03
120.78
116.16

17.73
12.75
17.78
17.16
16.05
17.48
16.51
17.42
13.84
16.40
16.11

14.54
18.03

15.84

13.45

Appendix 23. Continuation.


Flot
Locus Slash Area Phase Period
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen
Screen

5088
5088
5088
5088
5088
5091
5091
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5228
5231
5231
5231
5231
5232
5233
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5238
5307
5317
5317

AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AQ
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
KU
KU
KU

2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
2LC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
1MC
4T3
3T1
3T1

2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
2MF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
1EF
3LF
3LF
3LF

Context

Taxa

Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Pit
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Midden
Orestias
Flot mean
Screen mean
Screen and flot mean
1EF flot mean
2MF flot mean
3LF flot mean
1EF flot and screen mean
2MF flot and screen mean
3LF flot and screen mean

161

Element

Side

ME1

ME2

ME3

ME4

ESL

ESLP

Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
Operculum
N=
N=
N=
N=
N=
N=
N=
N=
N=

L
R
L
L
L
R
L
R
R
R
L
L
R
L
L
R
R
R
R
L
R
L
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
R
L
L
L
R
R
L
37
38
75
4
29
4
20
48
7

14.3

14.08
16.34
16.53
17.17
17.76
17.26
19.31
14.95
16.03
16.94
17.87
18.11
18.6
18.97
17.01
18.26
19.03
19.29
16.61
16.83
10.79
11.95
11.95
14.47
15.2
15.93
16.05
16.75
16.94
17.1
17.68
17.75
18.7
19.7
29.79
19.6
17.08
17.38
15.463
17.152
16.32
12.9
15.774
15.773
15.959
16.41
16.736

2.12
2.93
2.65
2.51
3.02
2.27
2.48
1.67
1.81
2.04
2.99
2.94
2.27
2.61
2.03
2.05
2.92
2.91
2.34
2.15
1.36
1.59
1.42
2.01
1.99
2.4
3.1
2.36
2.25
2.22
2.79
2.6
2.86
3.38
3.66
2.73
2.44
2.31

2.03
2.79
2.36
2.46
3.13
2.49
2.69
1.94
2.16
1.93
2.44
2.86
2.12
2.26
2.74
1.86
2.82
2.63
2.42
2.26
1.35
1.58
1.46
2.12
2.01
1.81
2.59
2.54
2.44
2.43
2.31
2.47
2.58
2.81
3.21
2.52
1.91
2.1

116.78
128.07
129.01
132.21
135.15
132.66
142.89
121.13
126.52
131.06
135.70
136.90
139.35
141.19
131.41
137.65
141.49
142.79
129.41
130.51
100.36
106.15
106.15
118.73
122.37
126.02
126.62
130.11
131.06
131.86
134.75
135.10
139.85
144.84
195.20
144.34
131.76
133.26
123.69
132.12
127.96
110.89
125.24
125.23
126.16
128.40
130.04

116.57
127.98
128.91
132.02
134.84
132.45
142.10
121.04
126.45
130.90
135.36
136.50
138.81
140.53
131.24
137.21
140.81
142.01
129.30
130.37
98.66
105.18
105.18
118.59
122.30
125.95
126.55
129.98
130.90
131.68
134.46
134.79
139.27
143.90
186.49
143.44
131.58
133.03
123.06
131.51
127.34
110.13
124.57
125.06
125.24
127.87
129.76

16.47
14.47
17.7
17.43

18.47
17.87

18.05
15.91

9.76
12.35
17.84
12.19

15.92
16.44
13.21
17.83

19.3
18.01
19.95
14.17

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