Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures

ATLAS OF ATOMIC NUCLEAR STRUCTURES

Stoyan Sarg
The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (ANS) is one of the major output results of the Basic Structures
of Matter Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG), based on an alternative concept of the physical
vacuum. The atlas of ANS illustrates the material structure of the elementary particles and atomic nuclei
as they are revealed in BSM-SG. While they exhibit the same interaction energies as the Quantum
Mechanical models, they are not point-like structures. The atlas also provides information about the spatial arrangement of the protons and neutrons in the atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules. The Z-number
trend of the nuclear build-up follows a shell structure that complies strictly with the row-column pattern
of the Periodic table, while obeying the Hunds rules and Pauli exclusion principle. The nuclear structures
of the stable isotopes exhibit a higher degree of symmetry. The trend of faster increase of the number of
neutrons in comparison to the protons in heavier elements and their spatial positions play a role in redistribution of the repulsive Coulomb forces between protons. The proposed physical models could find
applications in different fields, such as the chemistry, nanotechnology, biomolecules and deeper understanding of the nuclear stability and reactions.

1. S. Sarg 2001, Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures, monograph

Archived in the National Library of Canada (April 2002)
http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/amicus/index-e.html
(AMICUS No. 27106037)
Canadiana: 2002007655X
ISBN: 0973051515
Classification:
LC Class no.: QC794.6*
Dewey: 530.14/2 21
2. S. Sarg, Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures According to the Basic Structures of Matter Theory, Journal of Theoretics, Extensive papers, 2003.
http: www.journaloftheoretics.com

Copyright 2001, by S. Sarg

A-1

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures

Tables of contents
Page
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................A-1
2. Part I: Structure of the elementary particles...................................................................I-1
3. Part II: Atomic nuclear structure of the elements...................................................(see Table 1)
4. View of the nuclei of some elected elements................................................................II-21
Table 1: Page location of the elements
Z

Page

Notes: The symbols used for notation of the protons and neutrons and their connections in the
atomic nucleus are given in Page II-).

Page

1-2

II-1

53 - 56

II-11

3-7

II-2

57 - 61

II-12

8 - 13

II-3

62 - 67

II-13

14 - 18

II-4

68 - 72

II-14

19 - 24

II-5

73 -78

II-15

24 - 29

II-6

79 - 84

II-16

30 - 35

II-7

85 - 89

II-17

36 - 40

II-8

90 - 95

II-18

41 - 46

II-9

96 - 101

II-19

47 - 52

II-10

102-103

II-20

Notations:
Z- number of protons in the nucleus
N - number of neutrons in the nucleus

Note: BSM-SG Periodic Table of Atomic Nuclei is included at the end (300dpi resolution). Higher resolution Periodic Table is available upon request.

References:
[1]. S. Sarg, Basic Structures of Matter Supergravitation Unified Theory, monograph, ISBN 9781412083874, Amazon.com,
also in http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/amicus/index-e.html (AMICUS No. 27105955) LC Class no.: QC794.6*; Dewey: 530.14/2
21, (first edition, 2002); second edition, 2005)
[2]. S. Sarg, New approach for building of unified theory about the Universe and some results,
http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0205052 (2002)
[3]. S. Sarg, Brief introduction to BSM theory and derived atomic models, Journal of Theoretics, (2003).
http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/Links/Papers/Sarg.pdf
[4]. S. Sarg, A Physical Model of the Electron According to the Basic Structures of Matter Hypothesis, Physics Essays (An
international journal dedicated to fundamental questions in Physics), v. 16, No. 2, 180-195, (2003), viXra:1104.0051
[5] Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory Based on an Alternative Concept of the Physical Vacuum,
viXra:1104.0046

Copyright 2001, by S. Sarg

A-2

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures

Introduction
The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (ANS) is one of the major output results of the Basic
Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG), based on an alternative concept of the
physical vacuum. While the physical structures of the elementary particles obtained by analysis according to the BSM-SG theory exhibit the same interaction energies as the Quantum Mechanical models, they
allow unveiling the spatial configurations of the atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules. The unveiled structural features of the atomic nuclei provide explanation about the particular angular positions of the chemical bonds. Such features are in good agreement with the VSEPR model used in the chemistry. Other
intrinsic features defined by the structural composition of the nuclei provide strong evidence that the proposed models are real physical atomic structures. The arguments for this claim are presented in the BSMSG theory and more particularly in Chapter 8. The proposed physical models allows understanding the
stability of the isotopes and the radioactivity. The nuclear models could be useful in different fields, such
as chemistry, nanotechnology, biomolecules and deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions.
The atlas of ANS contains two parts. Part I illustrates the geometry and the internal structure of
the basic atomic particles, built of helical structures. (The helical structures are building blocks of all elementary particles. Their type and classification are shown in 2.7, Chapter 2 of BSM). Part II illustrates
the three dimensional atomic nuclear structures of the elements in a range of 1 < Z < 103, where Z is the
number of protons in the nucleus. Only the stable isotopes given in the Periodic table are shown. In order
to simplify the complex views of the nuclei they are shown as plane projections of symbols. For this purpose two types of symbols are used: symbols for hadron (nucleon) particles (proton, neutron and He
nucleus) and symbols for the type of the nuclear bonding of the nucleons. The symbolic views contain the
necessary information for presenting the real three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei by different sectional views. This is demonstrated in page 21 of the atlas, where nuclear sectional views of some
selected elements are shown.
The rules according to which the protons and neutrons are arranged in shells in the nuclei are discussed in Chapter 8 of BSM-SG. The trend of consecutive nuclear building by Z-number follows a shell
structure that complies strictly with the row-column pattern of the Periodic table. The periodic law of
Mendeleev appears to reflect not only the Z-number, but also the shell structure of the atomic nuclei. The
latter becomes apparent in the BSM-SG analysis. The protons (also deuterons) shells get stable completion at column 18 (noble gases). The separate rows of the Lanthanides and the Actinides are characterised
by a consecutive grow and completion of different shells. The nuclear structures of all stable elements
(isotopes) possess a clearly identifiable polar axis of rotational symmetry. One or more He nuclear structures are always positioned along this axis. The most abundant sub-nuclear compositions are deuterons,
tritium and protons. The strong SG forces hold them together, while the proximity E-fields play a role for
their orientations. The identified different types of bonds are shown in the atlas by symbolic notations.
For more details, see Chapter 8 of BSM-SG. In the same Chapter, the conditions for instability of the
short-lived isotopes are also discussed. They are partly apparent from the Atlas drawings - especially for
the alpha decay. The stability limit for elements with a high Z-number is apparent from the nuclear shelf
completion overal shape. The strong SG forces falls fast with the distance.
The electronic orbits are not shown in the nuclear drawings, but their positions are defined by the
spatial positions of the nucleons. The Hund's rules and the Pauli exclusion principle are both identifiable
features related to the available positions and mutual orientations of the quantum orbits. The quantum
velocity of the orbiting and oscillating electron, defines the length trace of any quantum orbit (see 3.12,
Chapter 3; 7.7, Chapter 7 of BSM-SG)

Copyright 2001, by S. Sarg

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BSM

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I

A
109.5 o

109.5

109.5

d abcd

prism

Core node from prisms of same type

(building element of the helical structure)
Note: The twisted prisms model is used
Fig. 2.8.B

60 o

prism

right handed

109.5 o
A

A-A

left handed

Page I-1

60

Fig. 2.6

re
e+
se

rp
Rc

RL(T)+ structure
RL(T)- structure

Electron structure geometrical parameters

Oscillating electron

protoneutron
2(Rc+rp)

Lpc

rp
2Rc
Lpc

proton

neutron

Lpc/2

Wp
Lp

Shape and envelope structure of proton and neutron

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

November 12, 2001

Page I-1

BSM

Page I-2

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I

(+ ) e x tern a l
shell

a.

rp

K0L

b.

Fig. 2.15.B. Axial sectional view of proton (neutron) showing the external positive shell (envelope) and the internal elementary particles - pions and kaon. All of them are formed by
helical structures possessing internal RL structures (not
shown).
Fig. 2.16 Axial (a) and radial (b) section geometry of the
internal RL structure of FOHS (not twisted). The real
number of radial layers is large since the prisms length is
much smaller than the boundary radius r.
(+) external
shell
re

CL space
RL(T)+

rp

re
2Rc

K0L
rp

RL+

RL-

E-field lines

Fig. 2.15.A. Radial sectional view of a proton (neutron) core

with internal elementary particles and their internal RL structures. The RL structures are not twisted for the kaon, partly
twisted for the pions and fully twisted for the external shell.

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Central (-) core

Fig. 2.29.E. Radial section of positive FOHS with twisted internal RL(T)+ structure generating E-field in CL space. The
radial section of the FOHS envelope core and the central core
is formed of 7 prisms. rp - is a radius of the FOHS envelope.

November 12, 2001

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BSM

Page I-3

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I

Deuteron with Balmer series orbital

p - proton; n - neutron; e- - electron

He nucleus

Lqo(n)

Lq(n)
Simple quantum orbit (n - is the subharmonic
number)
Idealized shape of stable (quantum) orbit defined by the quantum magnetic line conditions. The peripheral and axial magnetic lines are generated by the screw-like confined motion of
the electron in CL space (see 7.7 in Chapter 7 of BSM)

The equation of the quantum orbit trace length, Lq o is

derived in 3.12.3 (Chapter 3 of BSM).

2a
L q o ( n ) = -----------o- = ------cn
n

(3.43.i)

where: n is the subharmonic number of the quantum

orbit; c - is the Compton wavelength; - is the fine structure constant; 2ao - is the length of the boundary orbit ( a o is the Bohr model radius)
The shape of the orbit is defined by the proximity Efield of the proton. The most abundant quantum orbit has a
shape of Hippoped curve with a parameter a = 3 . Orbits of
such shapes serve also as electronic bonds connecting the atoms in molecules (see Chapter 9 of BSM).
The trace length Lq o and the long axis length Lq of
the possible simple quantum orbits (formed by single
quantum loops) are given in Table 1.
The estimated distance between the CL nodes in
20
abcd axis is: d a bcd 0.549 10
(m).

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Table 1:
L q o [A]

L q [A]

e- energy [eV]

3.3249

1.3626

13.6

1.6625

0.6813

3.4

1.1083

0.4542

1.51

0.8312

0.3406

0.85

0.665

0.2725

0.544

0.5541

0.2271

0.3779

The calculated geometrical parameters of the stable

atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron and positron are
given in Table 2. The last reference column points to the
BSM chapters, related to the calculations and cross validations of these parameters.

November 12, 2001

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BSM

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part I

Page I-4

Table 2:
Parameter

Value

Description

Calculations and
cross validations in:

L PC

1.6277

(A)

proton (neutron) core length

Chapters 5 and 6

LP

0.667

(A)

proton length

Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9

WP

0.19253

(A)

proton (neutron) width

Chapters 6, 7 ,8 ,9

re

8.8428E-15 (m)

small radius of electron

Chapters 3, 4, 6

se

1.7706E-14 (m)

electron( positron) step

Chapter 3

rp

5.8952E-15 (m)

small radius of positron

Chapters 3, 4, 6

2 ( Rc + r p )

7.8411E-13 (m)

thickness of proton (neutron)

Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9

Notes:
13
(1) R c = 3.86159 10
(m)
(2) 1A = 10 10

Copyright

10

(m)

- is the Compton radius of

the electron.
- is the Amstrong unit for length

2001, by S. Sarg

November 12, 2001

Page I-4

BSM-SG

Shape symbols of nuclear atomic structures

Simple quantum orbits (QOs)

Polar section of Ar nucleus

He

(2)

(3) (4) (5) (6)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

(1)

first harmonic QO (13.6 eV)

second subharmonic QO (3.4 eV)
third subharmonic QO (1.51 eV)
fourth subharmonic QO (0.85 eV)
fifth subharmonic QO (0.544 eV)
sixth subharmonic QO (0.377 eV)

Sketch symbols of nuclear atomic structures

H2 ortho molecule

Connection symbols

He
Polar section of Ar nucleus
embedded in a heavier nucleus

EB

GBclp

PC

GBpc

bottom
view

bottom view

(1)

front
view

front view

(1)

Example A

Example B

scale for structures and quantum orbits

Example A: Two pairs of Ds connected by EB bonds
Example B: Two pairs of Ds conncted by GBclp bonds

1A

H2 para molecule (two electrons share a common orbit)

Notations:
n - neutron
p - proton
D - deuteron
T - Tritii
He - Helium
Ar - Argon

Copyright

EB - electronic bond (weak)

GB - (intrinsic) gravitational bond (strong)
GBclp - (proton) club proximity GB
GBpc - polar clamped GB
PC - polar connection or clamp for Ar polar GB

2001, by S. Sarg

(1)

Note: QOs for para and ortho states of H2 are normal to the proton's quasiplanes

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Page II-0

BSM-SG

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Page II-1

BSM-SG

Li

Z=3

Copyright

N=3

Z=3

2001, by S. Sarg

Li

N=4

Z=4

11

Be
N=6

Z=5

12

N=6

Z=6

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

14

C
N=6

Z=7

N
N=7

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BSM-SG

16

Z=8

Copyright

19

N=8

Z=9

2001, by S. Sarg

20

N=10

Ne

Z=10

23

N=10

Na

Z=11

24

N=12

Mg

Z=12

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

N=12

27

Z=13

Al
N=14

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BSM-SG

28

Si

Z=14

31

N=16

Z=15

32

N=16

Z=16

35

N=16

Z=17

Cl

40

N=18

Z=18

Ar

40

N=22

Ar

Z=18

N=22

(Ar)

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

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BSM-SG

39

Z=19

40

N=20

(Ar)

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Ca

Z=20

(Ar)

Sc

45

N=20

Z=21

Ti

48

N=24

(Ar)

Z=22

51

N=26

(Ar)

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Z=23

N=28

(Ar)

Page II-5

BSM-SG

52

Cr

55

Z=24

N=28

Z=25

(Ar)

Copyright

Mn

2001, by S. Sarg

(Ar)

56

N=30

Fe

Z=26

(Ar)

59

N=30

Co

Z=27

(Ar)

Ni

59

N=32

Z=28

(Ar)

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

63

N=31

Cu

Z=29

N=34

(Ar)

Page II-6

BSM-SG

65.4

Zn

Z=30

Ga

69.7

N=36

Z=31

(Ar)

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

(Ar)

72.6

N=39

Ge

Z=32

(Ar)

74.9

N=41

As

Z=33

(Ar)

79

N=42

Se

Z=34

(Ar)

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

79.9

N=45

Br

Z=35

N=45

(Ar)

Page II-7

BSM-SG

Kr

84

Z=36 N=48

84

Kr

Z=36 N=48

(Ar)

(Ar)

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

(Ar)

85

Rb

Z=37 N=48

88

Sr

Z=38 N=50

89

Z=39

91

Zr

Z=40

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

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BSM-SG

92.9

Z=41

Copyright

Nb
N=52

95.9

Z=42

Mo
N=54

98.9

Z=43

Tc
N=55

101.1

Z=44

Ru
N=57

102.9

Rh

Z=45

N=58

106.4

Z=46

Pd
N=60

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

2001, by S. Sarg

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Page II-9

BSM-SG

107.9

Ag

Z=47

112.4

N=61

Z=48

Cd
N=64

114.8

Z=49

In

118.7

N=66

Z=50

Sn
N=69

121.7

Sb

Z=51

N=71

127.6

Z=52

Te
N=76

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

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BSM-SG

126.9

131.3

Z=53

N=74

Z=54

(Ar)

(Ar)

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Xe

131.3

N=77

Xe

132.9

Cs

137.3

Ba

Z=54 N=77

Z=55 N=78

Z=56 N=81

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

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BSM-SG

138.9

La

Z=57

Copyright

140.1

N=82

Ce

Z=58

140.9

N=82

Pr

Z=59

144.2

N=82

Nd

Z=60

N=84

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

(Ar)

2001, by S. Sarg

145

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Z=61

Pm

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BSM-SG

150.4
Z=62

Sm

Copyright

152
Z=63

2001, by S. Sarg

Eu

157.2
Z=64

Gd

158.9
Z=65

Tb

162.5
Z=66

Dy

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

164.9
Z=67

Ho

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BSM-SG

Er

167.3
Z=68

Copyright

Tm

168.9
Z=69

2001, by S. Sarg

173
Z=70

Yb

175
Z=71

Lu

178.5
Z=72

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Hf

178.5
Z=72

Hf

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180.9
Z=73

Copyright

Ta

183.5
Z=74

2001, by S. Sarg

186.2
Z=75

Re

190.2
Z=76

Os

192.2
Z=77

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Ir

195.1
Z=78

Pt

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BSM-SG

197
Z=79

Au

Copyright

200.6
Z=80

2001, by S. Sarg

Hg

204.4
Z=81

Tl

207.2
Z=82

Pb

209
Z=83

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Bi

209
Z=84

Po

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BSM-SG

(210)
Z=85

At

Copyright

(222)
Z=86

2001, by S. Sarg

Rn

(222)
Z=86

Rn

(223)
Z=87

Fr

226
Z=88

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Ra

(227)
Z=89

Ac

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BSM-SG

232
Z=90

Th

Copyright

231
Z=91

2001, by S. Sarg

Pa

238
Z=92

237
Z=93

Np

244
Z=94

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Pu

243
Z=95

Am

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BSM-SG

(247)
Z=96

Cm

Copyright

(247)
Z=97

2001, by S. Sarg

Bk

(251)
Z=98

Cf

(252)
Z=99

Es

(257)
Z=100

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Fm

(258)
Z=101

Md

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BSM-SG

(259)
Z=102

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

No

(262)
Z=103

Lr

(262)
Z=103

Lr

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

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BSM-SG

Z=2

Ne

Z=8

Z=10

Pojection views of selected elements

Ar

Z=18

Ca

Z=20

Kr

Z=36

Ag

Z=54

4 section

(a)

Z=47 Xe

8 sections

8 sections 8 sections

He

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures

8 sections

(b)

8 sections

BSM

Ce

Z=58

Gd

Z=64

Z=74

Au

Z=79

Hg

Z=80

Rn

Z=86

(a)

Note: (a) and (b) are polar sections of the nucleus with two selected planes. The angle between them is 22.5 deg

Copyright

2001, by S. Sarg

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures Part II

Page II-21

1.008

Z=1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

4.003

+H

Periodic Table of atomic nuclear structures (according to BSM-SG)

N=0

18

Z=2

N=2

1
Shape symbols of nuclear atomic structures

/L

6.94

Z=3

N=4

9.01

Simple quantum orbits (QOs)

Polar section of Ar nucleus

He

(2)

(3)

%H

Z=4

(4)

(5)

(6)
(1) first harmonic QO (13.6 eV)
(2) second subharmonic QO (3.4 eV)
(3) third subharmonic QO (1.51 eV)
(4) fourth subharmonic QO (0.85 eV)
(5) fifth subharmonic QO (0.544 eV)
(6) sixth subharmonic QO (0.377 eV)

(1)

N=6

10.8

Z=5

N=6

&

12

Z=6

N=6

14

Z=7

1
N=7

16

Z=8

N=8

19

Z=9

20.18

N=10

Z=10

1H
N=10

Sketch symbols of nuclear atomic structures

He

EB

GBclp

PC

GBpc

(1)

bottom
view

front view

embedded in heavier nuclei

front
view

Polar section of Ar nucleus

H2 ortho molecule

Connection symbols

bottom view

1D

23

Z=12 N=12

0J

24.3

Z=12 N=12

27

1A

40

&D

Z=20 N=20

$U

47.88

50.9

Z=22 N=26

Z=23 N=28

$U

$U

$U

52

&U

Z=24 N=28

54.9

0Q

Z=25 N=30

5E

Z=37 N=48

$U

$U

$U

&V

)U

(226)

5D

91.22

=U

Z=40 N=51

1E

92.91

Z=41 N=52

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

/D

+I

178.5

Z=72

74.9

78.96

Z=33 N=42

Z=34 N=45

35

&O

Z=17 N=18

55.8

)H

Z=26 N=30

58.9

&R

Z=27 N=32

58.7

1L

Z=28 N=31

63.5

&X

Z=29 N=34

65.4

=Q

Z=30 N=36

69.7

*D

Z=31 N=39

72.6

*H

Z=32 N=41

$V

(2)

(2)

$U

$U

6H

79.9

%U

Z=35 N=45

7D

180.9

Z=73

0R

95.94

Z=42 N=54

7F

Z=43 N=55

183.9

5X

101.1

Z=44 N=57

$U

$U

5H

186.2

Z=75

102.9

5K

Z=45 N=58

$U

$U

$U

Z=74

$U

$U

98.9

$U

$U

2V

190.2

Z=76

106.4

3G

Z=46 N=60

$U

$U

$U

$U

,U

192.2

Z=77

$U

3W

195.1

Z=78

$U

107.9

$J

Z=47 N=61

197

Z=79

$U

112.4

&G

Z=48 N=64

$U

114.8

,Q

Z=49 N=66

118.7

6Q

Z=50 N=69

121.7

6E

Z=51 N=71

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$U

$X

+J

200.6

Z=80

7O

204.4

Z=81

3E

207.2

Z=82

209

Z=83

%L

$U

127.6

7H

Z=52 N=76

126.9

Z=53 N=74

$U

3R

(209)

Z=84

$W

(210)

Z=85

Hg

Gd

140.1

&H

140.9

Z=59

$U

7K

231

3D

144.9

Z=61

3P

150.4

Z=62

6P

152

Z=63

(X

157.2

Z=64

*G

158.9

Z=65

7E

162.5

Z=66

'\

164.9

Z=67

+R

167.3

Z=68

(U

168.9

Z=69

7P

173

Z=70

<E

175

Z=71

/X

$U

$U

Z=91

1G

$U

$U

$U

232

144.2

Z=60

$U

$U

Z=90

3U

$U

238

Z=92

237

Z=93

1S

(242)

Z=94

3X

(243)

Z=95

$P

(247)

Z=96

&P

%N

(247)

Z=97

(251)

Z=98

&I

(252)

Z=99

(V

)P

(257)

Z=100

0G

(258)

Z=101

1R

(259)

Z=102

(Ar)

131.3

;H

Z=54 N=77

$U

$U

$U

$F

Z=58

.U

$U

$U

$U

(227)

83.8

Z=36 N=48

$U

$U

Z=89

$U

40

Z=18 N=22

(1)

$U

$U

Z=88

<

138.9

Z=71

$U

$U

(223)

88.9

Z=39 N=50

$U

$U

Z=87

%D

137.3

Z=56

$U

6U

Z=38 N=50

$U

132.9

Z=55

87.6

32

Z=16 N=16

$U

$U

85.5

31

Z=15 N=16

Note: QOs for para and ortho states of H2 are normal to the proton's quasiplanes

Z=21 N=24

7L

6L

H2 para molecule (two electrons share a common orbit)

EB - electronic bond (weak)
GB - (intrinsic) gravitational bond (strong)
GBclp - (proton) club proximity GB
GBpc - polar clamped GB
PC - polar connection or clamp for Ar polar GB

44.96

6F

28

Z=14 N=16

Example A: Two pairs of Ds connected by EB bonds

Example B: Two pairs of Ds conncted by GBclp bonds

n - neutron
p - proton
D - deuteron
T - Tritii
He - Helium
Ar - Argon

$O

Z=13 N=14

Notations:

39.1

Example B

scale for structures and quantum orbits

Z=19 N=20

(1)

Example A

/U

(260)

Z=103

5Q

(222)

Z=86