Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Peshawar,
2015,
39 (2), 1-12.
Diversity and
Economic
Importance of Tree Species in the Peshawar
Abstract: A total of 121 tree species belonging to 87 genera and 40 families were
recorded from the research area. Among the 40 families 5 were Gymnosperms while
the remaining 35 were Angiosperms. In Gymnosperms the maximum genera and
species were of Cupressaceae, i.e. 2 genera (2.2988%) and 3 species (2.2988%),
followed by Cycadaceae, 1 genus (1.1494%) and 2 species (1.6528%), followed by
Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae had 1 genus (1.1494%) and 1 specie each
(0. 0.8264%). Among angiosperms monocot were represented by 1 family, 4 genera
(4.5977%) and 4 species (3.3057%), while the 34 families, 76 genera and 109 species
were dicots.The leading genera is from the family Papilionaceae, 7 genera (8.0459%)
and 7 species (5.7851%), followed by Caesalpinaceae, and Euphorbiaceae, with 6
genera (6.8965%) and 7 species (5.7851%), followed by Moraceae, having 5 genera
(5.7851%) and thirteen species (10.7438%), followed by Myrtaceae, having 5 genera
(5.7471%) and 6 species (4.9586%), which in turn followed by Palmae, with 4 genera
(4.5977%) and 4 species (3.3057%), followed by Oleaceae, with 4 genera (4.5977%)
and 6 species (4.9586%), followed by Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae,
with 3 genera (3.4482%) and 3 species (2.4793%), Mimosaceae with 3 genera
(3.4482%), 9 species (7.4380%), and Rosaceae 3 genera (3.4482), 6 species (4.9586),
followed by Cupressaceae, Boraginaceae, with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 3 species
(2.2988%), Magnoliaceae, Meliaceae, and Sterculiaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) and
2 species (1.6528%), Rutaceae, with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 4 species (3.3057%),
and Salicaceae with 2 genera (2.2988%) and 5 species (4.1322%), which in turn
followed by the Araucariaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Aceraceae, Annonaceae, Bombacaceae,
Caricaceae, Casurinaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Juglandaceae, Platanaceae, Proteaceae,
Punicaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Ulmaceae, Verbenaceae with 1 genus
(1.1494%) and 1 specie (0.8264%), Combretaceae, Ebenaceae, Lythraceae and
Rhamnaceae being 1 genus (1.1494%) and 2 species (1.6528%) of the total species.
The maximum number of species from the family Moraceae with and 5 genera
(5.7851), and 13 species (10.7438%) of the total species. The Tree distribution
showed that 55 species were native and 66 plants were exotic in their nature. Studies
of economical values showed that 85 plants were grown for ornamental purpose,
timber wood of 55 plants was used, oils for various purposes were extracted from 18
plants, 12 plants are medicinally important, 29 plants yield edible fruits, flowers and
leaves of 3 plants were taken as vegetables.
Keywords: Trees, conserved flora, cantonment area, Peshawar, Pakistan.
1
Introduction
Cantonments
in
Pakistan
are
permanent military stationed areas, which are
administered by Cantonment Boards under
the control of the Military Lands and
Cantonments Department (MLCD), Ministry
of Defense, and Government of Pakistan.
Cantonments are established and governed by
the Cantonment Act, 1924. The Peshawar
Cantonment was established on the remains
of old town site and the graveyard. It was
irregular and oblong in shape. It covers an
area of 13.64 km2 (5.12 Sq. miles or 3277.97
Acres). It was occupied by British troops
soon after annexation of Punjab in 1848-49.
After the fall of Sikhs in 1849 and annexation
of Punjab to the British Empire, a Military
Garrison was established at Peshawar during
1868 on the remains of old town site and
ancient grave yards.
In 2011, there are total forty eight
Cantonments board in Pakistan. Ten in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, twenty two in Punjab,
nine in Sindh, six in Balochistan while two in
Gilgit Baltistan. Peshawar Cantonment is the
second cantonment on the basis of population
68,755 as per 1998 census report. It has 14
Parks and 1 Graveyard along with 167
Sanitary Workers take care of sanitation. It
plays very important role in conservation of
both Flora and Fauna. The boundaries of
Peshawar Cantonment were first notified vide
Punjab Gazette Notification No. 279, dated 711-1898. The boundaries were extended in
1943 vide Government of India Notification
No. 10/14/G/CEL, dated 27-11-1943.
Peshawar lies between 33 44/ and 34
15/ north latitude and 71 22/ and 71 42/ east
longitude. The climate of Peshawar may be
divided into spring, summer, autumn and
winter. The hottest month is July (46.6 0C)
2
6.8965
6.8965
Percentage
8.0459
5.7851
5.7471
4.5977
Percentage
Percentage
12%
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
88%
References
Ali, S. I. and M. Qaiser.1993. Flora of
Pakistan. Nos. 194-214. Department
of Botany, Karachi University,
Karachi.
Ali, S. I. and Y. J. Nasir.1989-1991. Flora of
Pakistan. Nos. 191-193. Department
of Botany, Karachi University,
Karachi.
Arshad, M. and S. Akram. 1999. Medicinal
Plants of University of Arid
Agriculture, Rawalpindi. Hamd.Med.,
42: 46-49.
Badshah, L., F. Hussain and M. J. Durrani.
2004. Ethnoecological profile of
plants of South Waziristan, Pakistan.
Pak. J. Pl. Sci., 10(2): 109-118.
Beg, A. R. and A. S. Khan. 1997. Flora of
Malakand Division Pt. I (A) Pak. J.
For., 24: 171-185.
Campus I. Sci. Khyber, 2 (1): 59-65.
Campus II.Sci. Khyber, 2 (1): 20-191.
Chughtai, S. M. and Shah. 1989. Illustrated
checklist of the plants of the Peshawar
University
Dasti, A. A., S. Saima and Z. A. Bhatti. 2010.
Flora of the Campus. Published by
BahauddinZakaria University.
GOP. 1998. Population Census Organization
Statistic Division Government of
Pakistan
Islamabad.
Census
Publication, No.33:1-6.
Kitamura, S. 1957. Plants of West Pakistan
and Afghanistan. Indus Publications
23, Farid chambers, Abdullah Haroon
Road, Karachi.
Mughal, M. S. 2009. Plants of Pakistan.
Published by Pakistan Forest Institute
Peshawar.
Table 1. Showing family, botanical names, status and economic importance of tree species
in the Peshawar Cantonment, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Families/B. Name
Araucariaceae
Araucaria cunninghamiiSweet.
Cupressaceae
Cupressusarizonica Green.
Status
Economic importance
Exotic
Ornamental
Exotic
CupressussempervirensL.
Exotic
Thujaorientalis L.
Exotic
Ornamental
Ornamental, essential oils and tannins are
obtained
Ornamental, essential oils and tannins are
obtained
Cycadaceae
Cycasrevoluta Thunb.
Cycasrumphii Miq.
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba L.
Pinaceae
Pinusroxburghii Sargent
Palmae
CaryotaurensL.
Livistonachinensis (N.J. Jacquin) R. Brown.
Phoenix dactyliferaL.
Roystonearegia (H.B. & K.) O. F. Cook
Anacardiaceae
Mangiferaindica L.
PistaciachinensisBunge
Schinusmolle L.
Annonaceae
Polyalthialongifolia(Sonnerat) Thwait.
Apocynaceae
AllamandacatharticaL.
Exotic
Exotic
Ornamental
Ornamental
Exotic
Native
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Native
Exotic
Exotic
Ornamental
Exotic
Alstoniascholaris R. Br.
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Tecomastans L.
Bombacaceae
Exotic
Bombaxceiba L.
Exotic
Exotic
Boraginaceae
Cordiadichotoma Forst.
Native
Cordiamyxa L.
Native
Ehretiaserrata Roxb.
Native
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Native
Bauhinia variegata L.
Native
Caesalpiniacoriaria (Jacq)Willd
Exotic
Cassia fistula L.
Native
Ceratoniasiliqua L.
GleditsiatriacanthosL.
ParkinsoniaaculeataL.
Caricaceae
Carica papaya L.
Casurinaceae
Casurinaequisitifolia L.
Combretaceae
Terminaliaarjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight &
Arm
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Native
Native
Native
Native
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Native
Native
Native
Exotic
Ornamental
Ornamental, and oil is obtained from seeds
Ornamental and oil is obtained from seeds
Ornamental, fruits is a source of Vitamin C
Ornamental and timber
Oil obtained from used as illuminant
Ornamental
Native
Native
Ebenaceae
Diospyros lotus L.
Diospyros kaki L.
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia cotinifolia L.
Jatrophacurcas L.
Jatropha hastate Jacq.
Phyllanthusemblica L.
Putranjivaroxburghii Wall.
Ricinuscommunis L.
Sapiumsebiferum (L.) Roxb.
Flacourtiaceae
Xylosmalongifolium Clos.
Juglandaceae
20.
Juglansregia L.
Lythraceae
21.
22.
Exotic
Lagerstroemia indica L.
Exotic
Magnoliaceae
Micheliachampaca L.
Exotic
Magnolia grandiflora L.
Exotic
Meliaceae
23.
Azadirachtaindica A. Juss.
Exotic
Native
24.
Melia azedarach L.
Mimosaceae
Acacia catechu (L.) Willd.
Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.
Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd
Native
Exotic
Native
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
10
Native
Exotic
Native
Native
Native
Native
Exotic
Native
Ficusbenghalensis L.
Native
Ficusbenjamina L.
Ficuscarica L.
FicuselasticaRoxb.
FicusglomerataRoxb.
Ficusrelegiosa L.
FicusvirensDryand.
Maclurapomifera(Rafin) C. K. Schn.
Morus alba L.
MoruslaevigataWall. Ex Brandis.
Morusnigra L.
Myrtaceae
Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.
Don ex Loud.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
Eucalyptus lanceolatus (Sm.) R. Br.
Myrtuscommunis L.
Psidium guava L.
Syzygiumcumini (L.) Skells
Oleaceae
Fraxinusxanthoxyloides
Fraxinus excelsior L.
Ligustrumlucidum Ait. F.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.
Oleaeuropaea L.
OleaferrugineaRoyle.
Papilionaceae
ButeaMonosperma(Lain) Taubert in
Engler&Prantl
Dalbergiasissoo Roxb.
Erythrinasuberosa Roxb.
Millettiapeguensis Ali
Exotic
Native
Exotic
Native
Native
Eotic
Native
Native
Native
Native
Exotic
Ornamental
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Native
Native
Native
Exotic
Native
Native
Native
Timber
Timber
Ornamental
The leaves are anti-stimulant
Ornamental, oil is extracted
Ornamental, oil is extracted
Native
Ornamental, timber
Native
Native
Exotic
Pongamiapinnata(L.) Pierre
Exotic
Sophorasecundiflora (Ortega.) DC
Robinia pseudo- acacia L.
Platanaceae
Platanusorientalis L.
Proteaceae
GrevaliarobustaA. Cunn. ex R. Br.
Exotic
Exotic
Timber
Ornamental and timber
Ornamental and timber
Ornamental, timber and oil is obtained from the
seed
Ornamental
Ornamental and timber
Native
Exotic
Ornamental
32.
33.
34
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Punicaceae
Punicagranatum L.
Rhamnaceae
Native
ZiziphusjujubaMill.
Native
ZiziphusmauritianaLam.
Native
Rosaceae
Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb.) Lindey
Prunusarmeniaca L.
Prunusdomestica L.
Prunuspersica (L). Batsch
Prunuscommunis L.
Prunusmalus L.
Rutaceae
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F
Citrus medica L.
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Exotic
Fruit is edible
Seed, fruit is edible
Fruit is edible
Fruit is edible
Fruit is edible
Fruit is edible
Native
Exotic
Exotic
Murrayaexotica L.
Exotic
Salicaceae
PopulusnigraL.
Populusciliata Wall.
Native
Native
Salix acmophyllaL.
Native
Salix babylonica L.
Salix tetraspermaRoxb.
Simaroubaceae
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
Sterculiaceae
Exotic
Native
Exotic
Pterospermumacerifolium(Linn.) Willd.
Exotic
SterculiadiversifoliaG. Don
Exotic
Tamaricaceae
Tamarixaphylla(L.) Karst.
Ulmaceae
Celtisaustralis Auct.
Verbenaceae
CallicarpamacrophyllaVahl.
Native
Native
Native
11