1.

The dial gauge has been fixed up in order to measure the movement of the roller
end of the model and keep the level out of contact.
2. Place a load of 0.5kg on the central hanger of the arch to remove ant slackness
and taking this as the initial position, set the reading on the dial gauge to zero.
3. 1kg of weights is added to the hanger and tabulated the horizontal movement of
the roller end with increase in the load in steps of adding 1kg. Take the reading up
to 5 kg load. The reading of the dial gauge has been take note about during the
process of unloading.
4. The graph of the load versus displacement has been plotted. (Theoretical and
experimental)
5. The results that obtained from the experiment has been taken to compare and
discuss.

Data analysis:
Length of the two hinged arch, L (mm)
Rise of two hinged arch, r (mm)
Dial gauge reading, 1 div=0.01mm
No

Load,
P (kg)

1
2
3
4
5
6

4
5
6
7
8
9

Dial
gauge
reading
(div)
6
23
39
59
73
87

Experimental horizontal
displacement (mm)

Theoretical horizontal
displacement (mm)

0.06
0.23
0.39
0.59
0.73
0.87

0.598
0.748
0.898
1.047
1.197
1.347

Figure above showing the process of conducting 2-hinged arch experiment.

Discussion:
5 WL 2 r

1. Formula = 48
, according to the formula the higher the E
EI
(elastic modulus) the lower the horizontal displacement. Higher elastic
modulus, E means the material is more stiffness, hence less displacement.
2. The value of the theoretical horizontal displacement is higher than the
value of the experimental horizontal displacement which goes to show
that the material is stiffer than expected. The possible reason of this
situation happened might be due to the setting error or the manufacturing
error.
3. Setting error can be considered as the error that we made during the time
we set up the apparatus for example the mistake that doing it wrong is the
metal of the dial gauge should be just right on top of the steel bar and not
to pressing it down or leaving it with a small little gap because this might
be the reason that caused the result to be not accurate.
4. Manufacturing error can be define as the equipment is not well produced
in the factory due to the machinery error or the production line error that
cause the equipment couldnt meet the highest accuracy and the standard
requirement.
5. Human error can be also a reason that caused the experiment to have a low
accuracy result. Human error can be defined as parallax error which means
the position of our eyes is not looking straight to the point when the
moment we collecting the data from the dial gauge.
Conclusion:

Ultimately, we can conclude that when there is a higher value of E will then result to a
lesser horizontal displacement of the material.