07oct15 - Spatial Analysis - Part1 - Vandita Srivastava PDF

SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS
By
Dr. Vandita Srivastava
vandita@iirs.gov.in
Geoinformatics Department,
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing,
Dehradun, India
15th Satellite Based Training Programme on RS-GIS-GPS

Module 3-GIS, 07 October 2015
Coverage
Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis
Why Spatial Analysis

What it is
What is special about spatial analysis
Spatial and non-spatial queries
Classification of Spatial Functions
General Operations
Spatial Analysis Functions & Tools
Retrieval & Selection

Measurement & (Re) Classification
Overlay Operations
Neighborhood & Connectivity
Dr. Vandita Srivastava,
RSGG/IIRS, ISRO/DOS/GOI
Agenda Item 1
Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis
Why Spatial Analysis?

What is special about Spatial Analysis?
Spatial and non-spatial queries
Various types of spatial analyses
Classification of Spatial Analysis Functions
Steps involved in a Spatial Analysis Project
An example- site suitability analysis
Why spatial analysis?
To study and understand the real world

processes by developing and applying
manipulation and analysis criteria.
To
reveal
new
or
previously
unidentified information
To carryout integrated modeling.

Integration and modelling of spatial data
Spatial modeling involves cyclical processing, retrieving one or more

maps from the data base which are used to create a new map. The new
map then becomes part of the data base and is available for subsequent
processing.
Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics
Department, RSGG/IIRS, ISRO/DOS/GOI
What is special about spatial

analysis in GIS Domain ?
Analytical capabilities that use spatial

and non-spatial data to answer
questions (4 Ws & 1H) and solve
problems that are of spatial relevance!
What are Most suitable locations of a dam?

(prescriptive model)
How will fire spread in next 2 days?
(predictive model)
Classification of Spatial Functions
Retrieval, Selection & Measurement,

(re) Classification
Overlay operations
Neighborhood & Connectivity functions

Generic Operations useful in GIS
Query
Spatial and Non Spatial
Arithmetic Operations
Relational Operations
Logical Operations
Querying the GIS

Spatial analysis in GIS involves three types of
operations
Attribute Query
Spatial Query
Generation of new data sets from original
data base
The scope of spatial analysis ranges from a simple query about the spatial
phenomenon to complicated combinations of attribute queries, spatial
queries, and alterations of original data.
Attribute Query
Requires the processing of attribute data exclusive of spatial
information.
Parcel No.
102
103
104
105
A sample parcel map
Size
7,500
7,500
9,000
6,600
Value
200,000
160,000
250,000
125,000
Land Use
Commercial
Residential
Commercial
Residential
Attribute table of the sample parcel map
Listing of Parcel No. And value with landuse = commercial
is an attribute query
10
Spatial Query
Involves selecting features based on location or spatial
relationships, which require processing of spatial information.
Parcels identified through
spatial query
Parcels not selected
Parcels within a specified distance identified through spatial query
Identification of all parcels within 10 m distance is a spatial query

11
Useful Operators
Query
Spatial and Non Spatial
Arithmetic Operations
Relational Operations
Logical Operations
Arithmetic operators
+, -, *, /
MOD (modulo division)
DIV (integer division)
goniometric operatos: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos,
atan.
Raster2 := Raster1 * 5
13
Relational/ Comparison operators

EQ
GT
LT
GE
LE
NE
=
>
<
>=
<=
#, <
Equal to
Greater than
Less than
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
> Not equal to
C:=A<>B is true when the cells value in A differs from the

cells value in B. It is false if they are the same.
Field
Area
Value
<
< 400,000

14
Relational operator
Area < 400,000

15
Logical Operators
AND
OR NOT
XOR
Logical Operators
The logical conditions are specified with
operands (data elements)

operators (relationships among data elements)
the cell values of the output raster is either true or
false

17
Logical functions
Set Theory
A
AND
intersection
OR
union
XOR
exclusion
NOT

negation
18
Agenda Item 2
Spatial Analysis Functions and Tools
Measurement & (Re) Classification
Overlay Operations
Neighborhood & Connectivity

pixel information
spatial selection
Interactive spatial selection

Selection by attributes
Selection using spatial relationships
Data retrieval and selection

Data
retrieval
involves
the
selective
search,
manipulation and output of data without the
requirement to modify the geographic location of the
features involved.
(linked) Spatial and attribute data are retrieved.

No changes are made to the location of spatial elements, and
No new spatial elements are created
To find out what exist at a particular location. What is at... ?
Retrieval of spatial data (points, lines, polygons or mapping units in a
raster map), which are an answer to the question Where is ....?
Retrieval of information using conditional, logical and arithmetical
operators.
21
Data retrieval (raster model)

Rock
PIXEL INFORMATION
Slope
Row
Column Value
6
7
2
x: 10300
y: 56456
Soil
Map 1 Soil 2
Table Soil
Soil:
Silt
Thickness:
5
Recnr
1
2
3
Soil Thickness
Sand 10
Silt
5
Clay
15
Map 2 Rock 3
Table Rock
Rock:
Granite
Strenght: High
Map 3 Slope 2
Table Slope
Slope:
Gentle

22
Data retrieval in ILWIS

23
Data retrieval by attribute values

Attribute table: Attribute map:
City blocks
Land use
Map: city blocks

006
004 005
003
001 002
011 012
010
009
007 008
019
017 018
016
015
013 014
025 026
024
022 023
020 021
032 033
030 031
029
027 028
038 039
037
036
034 035
044 045
043
042
040 041
046 047 048
Landuse
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
etc.
Residential
Residential
Residential
Commercial
Commercial
Recreational
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Commercial
Residential
Residential
Institutional
Residential
Residential
Residential
Commercial
Residential
Residential
Institutional
Landuse:
Commercial
Institutional
Recreational
Residential

24
Spatial selection queries
Interactive
Spatial Selection by Attribute conditions
Relational operators
Logical operators
Combining attribute conditions
Spatial selection using topological relationships
Selecting features that are inside selection objects
Selecting features that intersect
Selecting features adjacent to selection objects
Selecting features based on their distance
25
Interactive

26
Spatial Selection by Attribute conditions

Define a selection condition on the features
attributes in a query language, such as SQL.
Display the result both on the map and in the
attribute table.
Answers questions : Where are the features
with ?

27
Logical operators on Attributes

AND
OR
NOT
(returns true if both expressions a and b are true)

(returns true if one or both of the expressions a
and b is true)
(returns true if expression is false)
Area < 400,000

(Area < 400,000) AND (landuse =80)
(Area < 400,000) OR (landuse = 80)
NOT (landuse = 80)
28
Combining attribute conditions

(Area < 400,000)AND (Landuse = 80)

29
Selection using Spatial Relationships

disjoint
meet
equal
overlap
covered by
covers
inside
contains
30
Selecting features inside selected

objects
Cities as points
Select ward 241
Select all cities in ward

241
Attribute selection
Spatial selection
Wards as polygons
Highways as lines

Spatial relationship inside

31
Selecting features that are

inside selected objects
2
Select all cities that are located in the state Georgia. (INSIDE RELATIONSHIP)
32
Selecting features that

intersect
Select the highways that run (partly) through the state Georgia. (OVERLAP)
2
33
Select features adjacent to

selected objects
Select all the states that are neighbors of the state Georgia.
(MEET RELATIONSHIP)

34
Selecting features based on

their distance
Select all cities within a distance of 100 miles of Atlanta

35
Assignment
Combining various selection techniques
Given road layer and building layer, how will you select all major roads
that are located within a distance of 200 meter from a hospital?

36
Measurement
Measurement on Vector Data
Point, Line Polygon
Measurement on Raster Data
Measurement - Vector
Distance between two points

Pythagorean distance
function:
dist ( p, q) ( x p xq ) 2 ( y p yq ) 2
If one or both features are

not a point minimal
distance
Bounding box computation

Support function
38
Measurement - Raster
Raster measurements
include: location, distance
and area size
Location of an individual cell
derived from anchor point
and resolution
Area size number of cells
* cell size
Distance standard
distance function applied to
the locations of their midpoints
Cell size: 30 m X 30 m
900 * 5 = 4500 m2

39
(re)Classification
M:N
User controlled vs. Automatic
Equal Interval vs. Equal Frequency
Classification
Classification involves the selection and presentation of a selected
layer of data based on the classes or values of a specific attribute. It
involves looking at an attribute, or a series of attributes, for a single
data layer and classifying the data layer based on the range of values
of the attribute.
Remove detail from an input dataset to reveal important spatial
patterns.
Reduce the number of classes and eliminate details.
If the input dataset itself is the result of a classification we call it a
reclassification
Reclassify data in different systems for different purposes.
Assign codes based on specific attributes.
41
Classification Types
Classification - Reclassification
Post processing
User controlled classification
Classification table
Automatic classification
Equal interval technique

Equal frequency technique
42
(Re) Classifications
Based on the number of classes before and after the classification, three
types of classifications can be differentiated:
a) one to one (1:1)
b)
many to one (M:1)
c)
one to many (1:M)

43
Example: 1:M
Attribute map: Land Use
Attribute table:
City blocks
Map: City blocks
Cityblocks Landuse
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
011
012
013
014
015
Institutional
Commercial
Commercial
Residential
Residential
Residential
Industrial
Residential
Industrial
Industrial
Residential
Industrial
Residential
Residential
Residential

44
Example: M:1
Geological map reclassified in
7 classes based on geological
age
Geological map reclassified in

3 classes based on type of
lithology

45
Example: 1:1
High
Above Average
Average
Below average
Low
Classification
Reclassification
0-50,000
0-25,000
50,000-100,000
25,000-50,000
100,000-125,000
50,000-75,000
125,000-150,000
75,000-100,000
More than 150,000
More than 100,000

46
Thankyou for your attention!
Interactive Session

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SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS

15th Satellite Based Training Programme on RS-GIS-GPS

Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis

Why Spatial Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions & Tools

Retrieval & Selection

Why Spatial Analysis?

Why spatial analysis?

To study and understand the real world

Dr. Vandita Srivastava,

Integration and modelling of spatial data

Spatial modeling involves cyclical processing, retrieving one or more

What is special about spatial

Analytical capabilities that use spatial

What are Most suitable locations of a dam?

Classification of Spatial Functions

Retrieval, Selection & Measurement,

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Generic Operations useful in GIS

Spatial and Non Spatial

Querying the GIS

Attribute table of the sample parcel map

Listing of Parcel No. And value with landuse = commercial

Identification of all parcels within 10 m distance is a spatial query

Spatial and Non Spatial

Relational/ Comparison operators

C:=A<>B is true when the cells value in A differs from the

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

The logical conditions are specified with

operands (data elements)

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Neighborhood & Connectivity

Retrieval & Selection

Interactive spatial selection

Data retrieval and selection

(linked) Spatial and attribute data are retrieved.

Data retrieval (raster model)

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Data retrieval in ILWIS

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Data retrieval by attribute values

Map: city blocks

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Spatial selection queries

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Spatial Selection by Attribute conditions

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Logical operators on Attributes

(returns true if both expressions a and b are true)

Area < 400,000

Combining attribute conditions

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Selection using Spatial Relationships

Selecting features inside selected

Select ward 241

Select all cities in ward

Dr. Vandita Srivastava, Geoinformatics

Spatial relationship inside

Selecting features that are

Selecting features that

Select features adjacent to