TERMS THAT CAME OUT DURING THE 2004 BOARD

EXAMINATION
A. INTRO. TO CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINAL is a person who had committed or omitted an act in violation
of the law and was been convicted through final judgment by the court
having the jurisdiction of the case.
CRIME is an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or
commanding it.
FELONY is an act committed in violation of the revised penal code
Intentional Felony - those committed with malice
Culpable Felony those committed because of negligence, lack of
foresight and imprudence
OFFENSE is an act committed in violation of special laws.
MISDEMEANOR is an act committed in violation of simple rules and
regulations and is usually committed by minors.
SEASONAL CRIMES- are those that are committed only at a
certain period of the year.
Situational Crimes - are those which are committed only when given a
situation conducive to its commission.
Ordinary Criminal- considered as the lowest form of criminal in a criminal
career. He doesnt stick to crime as a profession but rather pushed
to commit crimes due to great opportunity.
Professional Criminal a person who is engaged in criminal activities
with high degree of skill. He usually practices crime as a profession
to maintain a living.
Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)
- He discovered, basing on the research that crimes against persons
increased during summer and crimes against property tends to
increase during winter.
Stages in the Commission of Crime
1. ATTEMPTED - commences the commission of a felony but failed to
perform all the acts of execution for various reasons.

2. FRUSTRATED - all the acts of execution were performed but failed to

produce the felony by reasons or causes independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
3. CONSUMATED - when all the elements necessary for its execution
and accomplishment are all present to produce a felony.
B. CORRECTION
Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) Babylon, about
1990 BC, credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment,
but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years older.
Punishment:
- It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of
society that usually involves pain and suffering.
- It is also the penalty imposed of an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.
Banishment or Exile the sending or putting away of an offender which was
carried out either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory
such as an island to where the offender has been removed.
Parole - a conditional release of a prisoners after serving part of his/her
sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to
free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole officer.
Probation a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense,
the penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released
subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court and under the
supervision of a probation officer.
Duration of Penalties
1. Death Penalty Capital punishment
2. Reclusion Perpetua life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs
imprisonment
3. Reclusion Temporal 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
4. Prision Mayor 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 years
5. Prision Correctional 6 months and 1 day to 6 years

6. Arresto Mayor 1 month and 1 day to 6 months

7. Arresto Menor 1 day to 30 days
8. Bond to Keep the Peace discretionary on the part of the court.
PRISON Defined:
- A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of
persons convicted of major/ serious crimes.
- A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose
of taking safe custody or confinement of criminals.
- A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted of offenses
against the laws of the land.
The Two Rival Prison System in the History of Correction
A. The Auburn Prison System the prison system called the
Congregate System.
- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and
congregate work in shops during the day. Complete silence was
enforced.
B. The Pennsylvania Prison System the prisons system called
Solitary System.
- Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they
lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious instructions.
Complete Silence was also enforced. They are required to read
the Bible.
PRISONER
- A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A
person, who by reason of his criminal sentence or by a decision issued
by a court, may be deprived of his liberty or freedom.
- A prisoner is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the
commission of a criminal offense or convicted and serving in a penal
institution.
- A person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of
the following reasons: To serve a sentence after conviction Trial
Investigation

General Classification of Prisoners

1. Detention Prisoners those detained for investigation, preliminary
hearing, or awaiting trial. - A detainee in a lock up jail.
- They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of Courts.
2. Sentenced Prisoners offenders who are committed to the jail or
prison in order to serve their sentence after final conviction by a
competent court.
- They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of penal institutions.
3. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping includes non-criminal offenders
who are detained in order to protect the community against their
harmful behavior. Ex. Mentally deranged individuals, insane person.
Classification of Sentenced Prisoners:
1. Insular or National Prisoners
- Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day
to life imprisonment.
- Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but
appealed the judgment
and unable to file a bond for their
temporary liberty.
2. Provincial Prisoners
- Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6
months and 1 day to 3
years or a fine not more than 1,000 pesos,
or both; or
- Those detained therein waiting for preliminary investigation
of their cases cognizable by the RTC.
3. City Prisoners
- Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3
years or a fine of not more than 1,000 pesos or both.
- Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC.
- Those detained therein whose cases are cognizable by the RTC
and under Preliminary
Investigation.

4. Municipal Prisoners
- Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1
day to 6 months.
- Those detained therein whose trials of their cases are pending with
the MTC.
Classification of Prisoners According to Degree of Security:
1. Super Maximum Security Prisoners
- A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable,
and highly dangerous persons who are the source of constant
disturbances even in a maximum security prison.
- They wear orange color of uniform.
2. Maximum Security Prisoners
- The group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the
public or to the security of the state.
- It consist of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the
super maximum-security prisoners. Their movements are restricted
and they are not allowed to work outside the institution but rather
assigned to industrial shops with in the prison compound.
- They are confined at the Maximum Security Prison (NBP Main
Building), they wear orange color of uniform.
- Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or
more, or those whose sentenced are under the review of the
Supreme Court, and offenders who are criminally insane having
severe personality or emotional disorders that make them
dangerous to fellow offenders or staff members.
3. Medium Security Prisoners
- Those that can not be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser
danger than maximum security prisoners in case they escape.
- It consists of groups of prisoners who maybe allowed to work
outside the fence or walls of the penal institution under guards or
with escorts.

- They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and

they wear blue color of uniforms. Generally, they are employed as
agricultural workers.
- It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20
years and life-sentenced prisoners who served at least 10 years
inside a maximum security prison.
4. Minimum Security Prisoners
- A group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve
sentence under open conditions.
- This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their
work assignments
without the presence of guards.
- They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang
Liwayway) and wear brown color uniforms.
C. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Warrant of Arrest is
- An order in writing issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines;
- signed by a judge;
- directed to a peace officer, commanding him to arrest the
person designated and take him into custody of the law in order that
he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.
Complaint - is a sworn written statement charging a person or a group of
persons of an offense that is subscribed by the offended party such
as the victim/s of the offense committed, or any other peace officer
charged with the enforcement of the law violated.
Information is an accusation in writing charging a person or a group of
persons of an offense that is subscribed by the prosecutor or fiscal.
It is substantiated on oath and includes the name of the party, the
offense committed, facts of the offense and other factors relevant
INFORMATION = It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had
gathered or acquired from persons or documents, which are
pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or
criminal activities.

INTERVIEW is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with

the investigator. In account of the interview, the witnesses voluntarily give
their accounts about the commission of a crime.
INTERROGATION is the process of obtaining an admission or confession
from those suspects who committed the crime. It is confrontational in
nature, which means that the suspect is confronted about his participation
in the commission in an offense. is the act or process of questioning
somebody closely, often in an aggressive manner, especially as part of an
official investigation or trial
INSTRUMENTATION = This is sometimes called Criminalistics. It is the
process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal
investigation and detection. This is the use of the Police Laboratory in the
examination of physical evidences.
The General Kinds of Sketch
1. Rough Sketch is the sketch made by the investigator at the crime
scene which is full of important details but without the scale of proportion.
This is used as the basis for the finished sketch.
2. Finished sketch is the sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by
a draftsman which can be used for court presentation. Rough and finished
sketches if requested by the court shall be presented by the draftsman to
clear doubts of the jury.
Legend = This is usually placed at the bottom of sketch outside the
sketch of the scene. Numbers represent the objects in the crime or letters
in order not to unnecessarily crowd the graphic presentation. Their
descriptions are found in the legend.
THE SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCH
1. Sketch of Locality It deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in
relation to the environs, to include neighboring buildings, structures, or
means of access leading to the scene. This kind of sketch is applied in
conflagrations, suspected to be arson, indicating the origin of the fire and
how is spread naturally or unnaturally against the wind.

2. Sketch of Grounds This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the

scene of the crime with the nearest physical surroundings, such as the
room adjacent or opposite the room of
the crime scene, the number
of floors of a building or house, the yard and the other natural structures.
3. Sketch of Details It includes the positions and exact locations of the
physical evidence in the crime scene. It describes the immediate scene
only like the room which the crime was committed and the details of items
in the room.
4. Cross Projection It also describes the immediate scene only,
specifically inside a room as the scene of the crime. The room is treated
as the cardboard box where the side and the cover are collapsed to
the same plane as the bottom. The bottom serves as the floor, the four
sides representing the walls and the cover representing the ceiling.
CLASSES OF EVIDENCE
1. Testimonial Evidence most common form of evidence obtained by
interview and interrogation of which witnesses smell, hear, taste and touch
are being described through oral and written testimony.
2. Documentary Evidence are writings, including official records, or
contents could speak for themselves when read by the investigation and
the court. They may be collected through voluntary relinquishment or by a
Subpoena Duces Tecum (court order) which compels the party to bring
the records to the court.
3. Physical or Real Evidence are physical objects used as evidence
w/c are obtained through searches at the scene of the crime. Articles and
material found in connection with investigation, which aid in establishing
the identity of the perpetrator.
D. POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING
Classification of Police Plan
According to coverage: Police Plans could be Local
Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations, and station), Regional Plans,
and National Plans.

According to Time: Police Plans are classified as:

1. Strategic Long Range PlanIt relates to plans which
are strategic or long range in application, and it
determine the organizations original goals and strategy.
2. Intermediate or Medium Range PlanningIt relates
to plans, which determine quantity and quality efforts
and accomplishments. It refers to the process of
determining the contribution on efforts that can make or
provide with allocated resources.
3. Operational or Short Range Planningrefers to the
production of plans, which determine the schedule of
special activity and are applicable from one week or less
than year duration. Plan that addresses immediately.
Reactive plans (Assault) are developed as a result of crisis to
resolved.
Proactive plans (Planning) are develop in anticipation of
problems.
E. FORENSIC BALLISTICS
BALLISTICS deals with the study of motion of projectiles.
- drived from the greek word BALLO or
BALLEIN which means to throw BALLISTA A gigantic bow or
catapult that hurls stones in killing enemies and wild animals.
BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
1. INTERIOR BALLISTCS refers to the motion of projectiles while
still inside the firearms.
2. EXTERIOR BALLISTICS refers to the motion of projectile after
leaving the muzzle of the gun barrel.
3. TERMINAL BALLISTICS refers to the effect of impact of the
bullet towards the target
4. FORENSIC BALLISTICS science of firearm identification by
means of the ammunition fired through them.

KOLIBRI AUTO PISTOL the smallest center firearms.

MAGNUM .44 now CALIBER .50 the most powerful handgun in
the world manufactured in ISRAEL.
MAGNUM was originated from ENGLAND.
REVOLVER hand firearms which has a rotating cylinder .
PISTOL a hand firearms usually applies to single shot and
automatic loading.
SINGLE ACTION weapon in which pressure upon the trigger
releases the hammer that must be manually cocked.
DOUBLE ACTION weapon in which pressure upon the trigger both
cocks and releases the hammer.
AUTOMATIC when the mechanism is so arranged that it will fire
continuously while the trigger is depressed.
AIR RIFLE - a type of weapon designed to shoot pellets by means of
compressed air.
FIRE ARMS is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles
by means of the expansive force of gases coming from the burning
powder.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS
1. SMOTH-BORE FIREARMS - firearms that does not contain
rifling or perfectly smooth from end to end.
2. RIFLED ARMS firearms that contains rifling

AMMUNITION shall mean loaded shell for rifles, muskets,

carbines, shotgun, revolvers and pistol from which a bullet, ball, shot,
shell or other missiles maybe fired.
CARTRIDGE a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet, primer
cartridge case and gun powder.
PRIMER used for igniting propellant
GUN POWDER any of various powder used in firearms as
propellant charge
BULLET a projectile propelled from a firearm
- a metallic or non metallic cylindrical projectile.
- Originated from the French word BOULETTE means a small
ball
LEAD BULLET used in almost all revolver ammunition
JACKETED BULLET used for automatic pistol ammunition and
medium and high power rifle ammunition.
ARMOR-PIERCING BULLET is a pointed bullet used to penetrate
armored vehicles.
TRACER BULLET these are intended primarily for machine gun,
these bullets when fired emits a bright red flame from their base.
INCENDIARY BULLET similar to tracer bullet, for identification
purposes this has a light blue color.
MARKS FOUND ON FIRED BULLET
LAND MARKS depressed portion caused by the land
GROOVEMARKS raised on elevated portion cause by the grooves
SKIDMARK when the bullet enters the rifled bore from a
stationary position and is forced abruptly into the rifling, its natural
tendency is to go straight toward before encountering the regular
rifling twist.
SLIPPAGE MARK bullets fired from a worn-out barrel, oily barrels
and slightly over sized barrels.
SHAVING MARKS most commonly these marks are found on
bullets fired from a revolver due to a poor alignment of the cylinder
with the bore.

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS are those characteristics which are

determinable prior or before the manufacture of the firearm
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS are those characteristics
which are determinable only after the manufacture of the firearm.
TYPES OF RIFLINGS
STYRE TYPE 4 lands and 4 grooves, right hand twist
SMITH AND WESSON TYPE 5 lands and five grooves, right hand
twist
BROWNING TYPE 6 lands and 6 grooves, right hand twist.
COLT TYPE - 6 lands and 6 grooves, left hand twist.
WEBLEY TYPE 7 lands and seven grooves, right hand twist
ARMY TYPE 4 lands and 4 grooves, right hand twist

EQUIPMENT USED IN A BALLISTICS LABORATORY

COMPARISON PROJECTOR - two fired bullets or two fired
shells can be compared in one setting.
MEASURING PROJECTOR Determines the width of the lands,
width of grooves, diameter and twist of a fired bullet.
VERNIER CALIPER this instrument determines the bullet
diameter and barrel length.
ANALYTICAL BALANCE determines the weight of the bullets,
shots and pellets for possible type.
TAPER GAUGE used for determining the bore diameter of the
firearm
ONOSCOPE for examining the interior surface of the gun barrel
HELIXOMETER for measuring the pitch of rifling/rifling.
CHRONOGRAPH for determining the speed of the bullet or the
muzzle velocity of the bullet.

F. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENT is any written document by which a right is
established or an obligation is extinguished.
KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
PUBLIC DOCUMENT is any instrument notarized by a notary
public official with solemnities required by law.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT any instrument issued by the
government or its agent or its officer having the authority to do so and
the office.
PRIVATE DOCUMENT every deed or instrument executed by a
private person without the intervention of a notary public or of any other
person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition or
agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT any instrument executed in
accordance in the code of commerce or any mercantile law, containing
disposition of commercial rights or obligations.
G. POLYGRAPHY
REVIEW THE TYPES OF ORDEAL

CONGRATULATIONS IN ADVANCE!
BY: DONALD T. SUMAD-ON, CRIMGST.