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()

.
1


(5/55/7)

( )

.
)(

". "
2

Chandargupta Bhartiya
Published By

: Great Book Contractor


1741, Rodgran, Lal Kuan,
Delhi 110006

Writer

: Dr. Rajinder Kumar


Department of Persian
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007

Translation

: Chandragupta Bhartiya
bhartiyachandragupta@gmail.com

Composing

: Chandragupta Bhartiya
bhartiyachandragupta@gmail.com

ISBN No.

: 978 81 927023 2 2

Copies

: 100

Price

: 300

First Edition

: 2014

Printed & Published by

: Great book Contractor


09210492083
6

13

1.


)
(

2.
3.

(-)

4.
5. --
6. (Punctuation)
7.
8. -

(-)


/ ) /
(

)
( -

13.
14.
15.
16.
17. (-)
18. Definite Article
19. Indefinite Article
20. Objective maker
21. Direct object
22. Indirect object
23. Demonstrative pronouns
24. Demonstrative adjective
25. (Personal Pronouns)
26. (Possessive Pronouns)

20

24
25
27

()

( )

10.

12.

19

22

9. (Infinitive)

11.

15

-
(

)
- )(
()
()

()
(- )

( )

()
()
(- )

( -)

( -)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

10

29
30
41
46
48
56
57
62
72
76
78
82
83
83
84
85
88
90

27. (Conjugational Endings)


28. (Objective Pronouns)
29.
30. Reflexive / Emphatic Pronouns
31.
(Present Indefinite /Present Continuous)

(-)


(- )

(- )
(-)

98
103
105
108
111

- / )
(

32. - (syntax)
33. (Present Perfect Continuous)

()

113

121

122

(--- / )

34. (Present Perfect)

(-- / )

-)
(

35. (Present Subjunctive)

126

39. (Past Indefinete Tense)

)
(
()
()
/

40. (Past Continuous Tense)

149

36. To let

: ( - 9)

37. (Should / Must) : ( - 11)


38. (Can / May)

: ( - 13)

41. Passive Participal Adjective


42. (Past Perfect)
43. Past Subjunctive
44. (Future Tense)

133
135
138
143

( --/
)

(-- / )
(- )

(-- / ) /
(- )
/

153
154
157
161

( - / )

45. (Prepositio)

( - )

(-)
(-)

46. (Cardinal Numbers)


47. (Ordinal Numbers)
48. Simple Conjunction

( --)

11

165
176
180
185

49. Compound Conjunctions

( --)

50. Correlative Conjuctions

190
192

)
( --
/

51. (Adverb)

( )

()

( / )

52. (Adjective)
53. Degree
54. Active and Passive Verb

194
206
212
215

( - -)

( -)

55. Conditional Sentence


56. Direct and Indirect Reported speech
57. (Appendix)

12


( )

()

221
224
226

13

ELEMENTARY PERSIAN GRAMMAR


-


,



.
( )
, ,
110007
( - 2014)

14

15

, ,





- , .

-
Elementary Persian Grammar
,


,





,
(, , , )

--
,






16

- ( )- ( )

- - ()


()1,

()2, ()3, ()4, ()5 ( )


(10)

.

1

17

- ( , ... ,

(2014)

18

19

1. 32

2. , -

3.

4. 32 23 , , 9
,

5. ,

20


()
/

(z)
(zh)

(z)

(j)

(Kh)

(z)

(z)

( ) " -

(), ( )
, (), (), ( )
7

/ ( ) /

- /
- (), (),

21

8
9
10

( ) ,

(), (),
9

( ) - , - ,

( ) ( ), ( )-
10

( ) - ( )- , - ,

- ( ) ( )

22

--

( )

,
I.

II.

III.

(), ( ) ( )
( ) ( )- , ( )
( ), ( ) ( )
, ,
(), (), (), (), (), ( ) ( )

(), ( ), , (), ()

(), (), ( ) (), (), (), ( )


( ), ( ), ( ),

23

( )- 11, ( ), ( ), ( )
,
( ), (

) , ( ) ,
( )/ , ( ), ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ),, ( ), ()

( ) , -
( )

11

gold-embroider

24

(Punctuation)
( )

()

12

"

13

-
"

14

--/
-

/---

Dash

Slash

12

Inverted Commas

13

Semicolons

14

Colon

25


/ ( / )


( - )

) (

- ( )-

- ( )-
- ( ) /

(( ) + = )
, ( ) ( )

(
/ )

/ (/)

- (
)

/ (/)
/ (/)

- (
)

) ?
- (

/ (/( )
) :- -
( ) ( ), ( )
/ (/( )
) :- -
( ) (
) , ( )

26

/ (/) ( ):- -

) , ( )
( ) (

/ (/ )


( )


-(), -(), -(/)
( ) ( )
()-, (), ( ), ()- aloeswood, ( ),
( )
, , ( )
( ) ( )
, ( ), ( ), (
) , ( )
phrase, (
)

27

) (-
) (-
( )-
) (-
) () (-

1.- (

()

) ( )


( ), ( )
( )- ,

(
2. ()
)


( )

3.- ( ) ( ) ()
pious man, ( ) , ( )

4.- () - ( )
( )- , , ( )

- ( )
5.- ()
( )
, ( )

28

6.- ( ) -
( )even, (), ( )
* (( )
) ,


.- (-)



.- - (-)

(-)
.-

. (preposition) ( )

29

(Infinitive)
()
)(
)
( )(, ) (,
-

( )

- (Compound Infinitive)
- (

()

30

(Verb)
' ()
Infinitive - ( ) ( )
(Second form of verb in English) -
, ' - ( )
'-

( )

- '- ( ) :

Infinitive

()

()

()

-
/
( /)

/
/
(/ /)

) (

()

Infinitive - ( ) ,
1.- Infinitive - ( )

Infinitive

()

()

()

( /)

31

/
/
(/ /)

15

()

Infinitive

()

()

()

16

17

-
/
( /)

/
/
(/ /)

2.- Infinitive - ( )

Infinitive

()

()

()

15

tremble

16

to pluck, pick up, heap up

17

to choose, select, elect

( /)

32

/
/
(/ /)


18
19

, ,

,
,
,
,

()

Infinitive

()

()

()

20

21
22

18

to twist

19

To frighten

20

to press,squeeze

21

to deposit,handover

22

to press, tread

-
/
( /)

33

/
/
(/ /)
)(

()

3.- Infinitive ( )

Infinitive

()

()

()

-
/
( /)

/
/
(/ /)

Infinitive ( ), , (
), -

4. - Infinitive ( )
( ) - () -( )

Infinitive

()

()

()
23
,
,
24

25

to be worn, torn

23

to experience

24

to abduct, rob

25

To praise

-
/
( /)

34

/
/
(/ /)

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

) (
) (

()

()

()
-

Infinitive

()

()

()

26

/
/

/)

(/ /)

//

//

5. - Infinitive ( )

Infinitive

()

()

()


27
28

( /)

/
/
(/ /)

()

Infinitive

()

()

()
29
30
26

to be, exist

27

to send

28

to put, place

29

to give, pay

30

to wide, open

-
/

( /)

35

/
/
(/ /)

) (

()

6. - Infinitive ( )

Infinitive

()

()

()

( /)

31

to rush, attack

32
33

34

/
/
(/ /)

()

Infinitive

()

()

()

, 35

31

to lose

32

to sew,stitch,stare

33

to pour, shed, throw

34

to pay an instrument, caress, fondle

35

to break, tear

( /)

36

/
/
(/ /)

7. - Infinitive ( )

Infinitive

()

()

()

( /)

36

37
38
,

39

,
to set-up, cease

detain,persuade,

-
/

/
/

(/ /)

()

Infinitive

()

()

()
40
41

42

36

to suppose

37

to have

38

to plant, sow

39

to appoint, assign

40

to knead,mix,mould

41

to kill,murder,putout

( /)

37

/
/
(/ /)

8. - Infinitive ( ) ( )

( )

Infinitive

()

()

()
43

-
/
( /)

/
/
(/ /)

()

Infinitive

()

()

()

( /)

Infinitive

()

/
/
(/ /)


,
9. - Infinitive ( ) ()- ( )
()- ( )
44

()

to thrash, knock

42

to pass, cross,overlook

43

to glow, twist, shine, casuse

44

to split, cleave

()

-
/
( /)

38

/
/
(/ /)

()

Infinitive

()

()

()

to pierce, bore,
puncture

to enamour,
decive

-
/
( /)

/
/
(/ /)

) (

()

10. - Infinitive ( ) ( )


- () - ) (

Infinitive

()

()

()
45
46
to befit, suit,
be worthy of

45

to decorate,arrange,put in order

46

to dress up, trim (off), decorate

-
/
( /)

39

/
/
(/ /)

) (

()

) (

()

) (

()

()

Infinitive

()

()

/
( / )

()
,

(/ /)

47

48

Infinitive

()

11. - Infinitive ( ) ()- ( )


()- ( ) - () - ) (

()

()

/
( /)

12. - Infinitive ( )

/
/
(/ /)

)(

()

)(

()

)(

()

Infinitive

()

()

()

( /)

47

48

to decrease, deduct, diminish

40

/
/
(/ /)

To escape

To exist

41

-
(

, - Infinitive ()

-
, preposition, , phrase
- (


- , preposition, , phrase
,

-
a. [ ( ])

()

-
(


( )


( )

( )

49

to have

50

to hit

( )


( )

)
-

( )

( )

()
49

()

()

( )

( )

50

()

()

( )

( )

Infinitive

()

()

( )

()

( )

( )

( )

()

()

( )

( )

42

-
b. preposition [ - ( ])

-
()

()

preposition

Infinitive

()


( )


( )

) (

()

()

()

( )

( ()

()

( )

( )

( )

()

to be

()

()

determined

(())

()

()

(())

(())

()

()

-
c.- adverb [ ) ](

-
()

()


to pass

51

()

( )

away

()

)
(

adverb

Infinitive

)(

()

51

()

()

()

()

( )

( )

to pass

()

)
(

)
(

)
(

)
(

( )

to have

43

)
(

-
d. [ ( ])

-
()

()

to wide,

( )

()
52

()

( )

( )

()

( )

( )

()

()
53

( )

( )


( )

()

()

()

( )
( )

Infinitive

broad

)
(

)
(


)
(

( )

()

( )


)
(


( )

-
e.- phrase [ ( ])

-
()

()

Phrase
(

to shout,
uproar


( )

Infinitive


( )

()

52

wide, broad

53

to pass

44


( )

( )

to dissipate,

ruin

(-
)

(-)

to be proudy,

haughty

( )

( )

shoot


( )

(-
)

54

( )

( )

()

(-
)

()

()
to do archery,


( )

( )

()
Infinitive ( )

,
, , preposition, , phrase

Infinitive

()

()

/ -

/
/

( /)

(/ /)

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

54

)
(

)
(

to have

45

)
(

Intransitive verb transitive verb transitive verb double transitive


(root)

Infinitive

()

()

(root)

()

()

()

()

( )

suffex

( )

( )

( )

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

46

1. Intransitive verb


- )(
)/(
-/

)/
2. Transitive verb - /
(./.)

(./.)

(./.) /
(./.)

(./.)

(:

3. Common verb - / )/
Intransitve

Transitve

(./. ) /

Intransitve

Transitve

transitve

(:

(./.)

Intransitve

(./.) /

(./.)

47

.

.
.

.
.

.

4. Causative transitive

//

-
)

// ( :

48

1.- (-
/

()

- ()
(- )
- ) :

()

()

2.- (- - ) :

)
(

3.- Abstract noun (-

()

()

) :

()

()

()

4.- (- - ) :

()

()

()

5.- (-/ - /) :

()

()

()

6.- compound noun (- - ) :-

)
(


( )

)
(-

7.-primitive noun (- - ) :

()

()

()

8.-derived noun (- - ) :- , derived noun


49

(i).- active participal adjective (- - )


(present participle) (root) suffix-
-

Infinitive
()

()

()

()

( -

active participle

adjective

( /)

(- - )

)(

(-()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

suffix

, ,

55

(ii).- passive participle adjective (- )


(past participle), , suffix-
-

()

/ -

( - )

/
)

()

()

()

()

()

()

, 57

()

()

()

58

()

()

()
55

driver

56

57

, ,

58

Suffix

Passive participal adjective

Infinitive

50

(- )

(past participle)

56
,

(iii).- verbal noun (- -

a. - (root) suffix- +
Infinitive

()

Suffix

Verbal noun

( -
)

(- - )

( /)

()

()

()

( -
)

Verbal noun

(- - )

59

()

()

()

)
(

()
()

)
(

()
()

b.- - , , suffix-
Infinitive
()

()

( /)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()
)
(

/ -

Suffix

59

visit, meeting

60

behaviour

61

speech, discourse

)
(

()

51

)
(

60
61

c. - (root) suffix-
-

Infinitive

()

()

()

()

( -
)

Suffix

Verbal noun

( )
(-)

( /)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

d.- suffix (- - )

Suffix

Noun

( -
)

62

62

( -

()

( )

()

()

()

()

()

()

beautiful (for girls only)

52

e. The noun of place (- )


Noun
( -

suffix

( -

()

()


, )
(

()

meadow, verdure

(
, )

()

hilly, grove

(, )

()

(, )

()

(),

(, )

()

rivulet

()

()

gilan

f. siffix 63( ) 64 ( )

( )

( )

( )

63

with ()

64

without (/)

( )

53

( )

( )

( )

66

( )

()

( )

65

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )


( )

(iv).- The instrumental noun (-

(root)

):suffix - ,

instrumental noun (-

Infinitive

suffix

()

( -
)

verbal noun
(- -

( /)

()

()

65

talented

66

unemployed

()

()

()

()

()

()

54

frying pan
clip,hair pin,
vise

()

()

()

()


(v).- diminutive noune (-

Diminutive noune

(-

()

()

()

()
/

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

55

trowel

()

() (

) diminutive noune (-

() ()

, ,

56

( )

(neutral) (animate)

(inanimate)

/

()

()

()
()

( ) ( )
-

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

- ( )

()

(
)

()
( )

( ) ( )

( )-

() - ( ) ( )

57

(Genetive)
()
(
), - (/ ) ,

1.
(
)- (/

)

( )
- ()


- (



/
(./.)

()

(-)

()

()

()

(-)

()

()

()

(-)

()

()

()

( -)

()

()

()

- ()
6.
- ( )

- ()

- ()

-)
(

()

()

()

(-)

()

()

()

(-)

()

58

()

()

3. ( ) ( ) ( )
, - ( )-

(- )

(-)

(-)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

(67)

= +
= +

= +

4. ( )

- (/

) ( )

( - )

()

()

()

(- )

()

()

()

()

()

(
- )

( )

5. (Suffixed Possessive Pronouns)



(-)

()

(-)

67

(-)

/ - - () - , ()

59

6. Separated Possessive Pronouns




- (-)

- (- )

- (-)


() 68

7. ( )
(Belonging to) separated possessive pronouns

(Suffixed Possessive Pronouns)

.

( - .)

( - .)

.

( - .)

.

( - .)

8. (=), (=), (=)



(-)

68

)
(-

(-)

(-
)

60

9. Infinitive Infinitive

( - )

( - )

10. ordinal numbers


- (-)

- (- )

ordinal numbers ordinal numbers



(--)

- )
(-


11. cardinal number



(- )

- (- )

12. (=), (=), (=), (=)


(adverbs of time)


(-)

(-)
61

(-
)

(-
)

( ) ( )
(
)


(-)


(-)

(./.)


(-)

(-)

62


- ()
- (syntax) ( )
- + + 69
+ +
)

+ + (

Affirmatve / Informative Sentence


- /

)/

( .)
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)

- )
predicate (

( - )

( .)

()

()

( .)
69

Subject + Object + Verb

63

(Interrogative Sentence)
- /
/

)//

1. (=) -

?


( ?)


( ?)

2. (tone of voice)
?


( ?)


( ?)

3.
(/ /)
?


( ?)

(.. ) ?


( ?)

( ?/?)
( ?/?)

64

( /)

( ?)
( ? / ?)


( ?)
( //

//)

? / ?


( ?)


( ?)

? / ?

( ?)

( - )
?

( ?/?)
( ?/?)

( - )
?


( ?)

?/?


( ?)
(/ -

/)

?/?


( ?)
65

?/?


( ?)
70 ( - )


( ?)

( ?)
71 (


( ?)



(- ?)
72 ( - )


( ?)
(Negative Sentence)
- (

( ) ( )

.
( .)

.
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
70

which

71

how many, how much

72

how much

66

Imperative Sentence

- (

1. - Imperative (root) prefix ( )

+ present root
) - +
( +

Imperative

Prefix

Infinitive

verb

(present root)

()

()

()

()

( )

()

()

( )

2. (root) ( ) Imperative ,
( )

Imperative

verb

(present root)

=++
prefix

Infinitive

()

()

()

( )

()

()

()

()

3. (root) ( ) Imperative ( )
(
/
)

/

Imperative

verb

(present root)

prefix

Infinitive

( )

)
(

()

)
(

()

()

()

(/)

67


4. prefix ( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

5. Imperative (root) ( )
Imperative



()

()

()

()

()

()

()

( )

( )

( )

()

( )

()

()

()

()

Imperative (root)

6.
( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

second person) Imperative


7. (
Imperative

68

suffex

Imperative

Imperative

()

()

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

()

( )

( )

( )

Infinitive

( )

8. ( ) ( ) Imperative

Imperative

()


( )

Infinitive

()

()

73

( )

()

Imperative

74


/75 ()

.
( .)

/76 (/ )

73

to be

74

to have

75

be here (sing.)

76

be here (pl.)

.
( .)

69

77

.
(- .)

()

.
( .)

(/ )

.
( )

9. ( )
(go away)

(shut up)

( )
( )

/ (get lost)

)
(

(be silent)


( )

(
second person)
10.
Imperative Imperative

( )

( )

)
(

(
)

77

)
(

be a good man

70

(exclamatory sentence)
- ()

,
(!)
! !

(how nice, bravo, well done, excellent)

( !)

! , !

!
(!)

!
(!)

!
1.


( !)

+ + /

!
( !)

!
( !)

2. -

!)
(

!)
(

+ + + /

- !)
(

! !

!
!
( ! - !)

71


3.
!

( !)
( !)

/
!

! /! /
( / !/ !)

!
/

! /! /!
( !/ !/ !)

( ) ( ) ( = ) ()
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

. +

(./)

(.)

( + .)

( .)

. +

(.)

( + .)

( .)

+ + /
4.

/ / ! (./.)

!
( !)

/ ! (./. )

!
( !)

72


()

suffix () ( ) ()

1. (animate) suffix () ( )

( )

suffix ()

( )

()

()

()

78

()

()
()

()
()

()

()

()

()

()

()
()

()

2. (Inanimate) suffix ( )

( )

suffix ()

( )

()

()

()
/

/
79

()

()

()

()

78

- ()

79

( ) , -

73

()

( )

()

()

( )
)
(

()

()

)
(

3. Colloquial suffix ( )

suffix ()

()

()

()
()

()
()

()

()

()

4. ( ) ( ) suffix
( ) ( )

80

suffix ()

()

()

()
()

()

()

()

()

81

5. ( ) ()
( ) (

)=

80

gentlemen

81

gentleman

74

suffix ()

) (+ +

()

()

) (+ +

(
)

()

( ) ( )
( )
6. ) = ( ( )

(
) ( )

()

()

()

( )

materialistics

()

()

()

( )

()

materialistic

, ,

( - )

( )

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

75

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

76

Definite Article
()
Definite Article The Definite Article ()

-
( ) Definite Article

(1)- (Sun letters) (2)


(Moon letters) 14 13
28

(Sun letters)
- ()
14 - ( ) -


Definite Article ( ) , ()

-
( ) (The
lesson) - (), (The History)- ()

( )

( )
(The text
( )
(
book)

(Moon letters)
- ()
- ( ) 13

Definite Article ( )
(The Moon) ( )

77

( )

( ) -
( )

- --
(The eid-ul-fitr)

Definite Article Emphatic Demonstrative Pronoun


() (This is the book.)

() (This is the man.)

( .)
( .)

() (Those were the note books. )

.82

() (Those were the boy.)

( .)
( .)

( ) Definite Article ,
Definite Article - ( )
() (I bought the car.)
(.

82

78

Indefinite Article
()
1. Indefinite Article, suffix ( )

()

()
()
()

= () ()

()

= () ()

= () ()

= () ()

()

()

()

( ) - (/
Indefinite ( ) - (

2. ( ) Indefinite Article

( )
( )
( )
( )

3. ( ) Indefinite

( )
()

79

()

()


()

()

4. - (

/ ) Indefinite
( ) () ) ( =
/

()

/
()

/
()

/
()

5. ( - ) Indefinite
Indefinite Article Indefinite Suffix ( )
, -

( ),

6. Indefinite Article Indefinite Suffix ( )



()
( )

/
( /)


()

/
(/ )

80

Indefinite
7. -
i. ( )

( )
)
(


( )


( )

ii. ( )

( )
)
(


( )


( )

Indefinite
()

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

)
(

)
(

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

81

( ) Indefinite Article
Genitive , Adjective Noun
An Indefinite Article - - -

()

)
genitive - - )

Adjective Noun - - )
- - )


(-)

()

()

(able) , - (
( )Infinitive

(edible)

( )

( )

( ) Definite Article

( ) ,

.
( , .)

(The boy who is coming, is my brother.)

82

Object Marker
- ()
( )
Object Marker - (( ) ) Instrumental Object

.
( .)


( .)

.
( .)

(./.)

.
( .)

(./.)

( - .)

( - .)

83

Direct Object

Direct Object
()
-
( ) ( ) ,
-

Difinite

( .)
( .)

.
( 83.)

/ /

.)
(

Indirect Object
- ()
Indirect Object - ( ) preposition

verb complement
- ( )

83

.
( .)

- . ( ) ( )-

- .

84

Demonstrative Pronouns
- ()
Demonstrative Pronouns -
( ) animate beings inanimate objects
- )
(

( )

( - )

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)
( -)

( - )

( - )

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)


: - Demonstrative Pronouns
animate beings Demonstrative Pronouns

85

Demonstrative Adjective
()
Demonstrative Adjective Demonstrative Pronouns

.
( .)

. /
( /.)

.
( .)

./

( /.)
( .)

.
( .)

Emphatic Demonstrative Adjective


- ()
84 ( - )

85 ( -)

84
85

( .)
( .)
( .)

that same/ those

this same/ these

86

./
( /.)

( .)
( .)
( .)

. /
( /.)

( - )

1. - (

) -

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.


2.

)
. .1

. .2

. .3
. .4

87

.5 .

.6 .
.7 .

.8 .

.9 .

.10
-

)
.1 ......

3. ( -

...... .2 .
...... .3 .

..... .4.......

...... .5 .

88


()
)Personal Pronouns) -
( )


(-

(
-


-
(-

()

-
(-

()

(./ . )

()



(-

- (

)
/

-
(-

(- -

(- -

(- -

(- -

)
)

()

/ (. .)

( )

//
(//)

)
(

( )

()

()

()

( )

//

()

(//)

89

( )


()
()

/ ()

( .)
( .)

()

/ ()

( .)
( .)


( )

(./.) ()

()

( .)
( .)

(./.) ()

(./.) ()

( .)
( .)

90

(Possessive Pronouns)

- ()
Possessive Pronouns - - (

separeted Possessive pronoun suffixed Possessive pronoun.


Seperated possessive pronouns

-- ()
personal pronouns, Seperated possessive pronouns
genitive (( )
)

1. Seperated possessive pronouns

- )
(---

/
()

(-)
(-)
(-)

()

()

()

2. Seperated possessive pronouns

(---
- )

(-)

(-)

(-)

()

()

( )

//

(//)

(-)
91

(-)

//

(- )

(-)

(-)

(-//)

Seperated possessive pronouns ( )


, Genitive ( ) ( ) ( )

( -)


( -)

( -)


( -)


( -)


( -)

Suffixed Possessive Pronouns


-- ()
1. Suffixed Possessive Pronouns

- )
(---
/
/

()

()

()

()

()

()

(
- ) Suffixed possessive pronouns

()

()
92

()

()

()

()

()

))

))

2. Suffixed possessive pronouns


(--- - )

Suffixed possessive pronouns


Genitive -- ( ) (
) /
/

()

()

()

()

( )

//
(//)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

))

))

(), ( ) ( ) genitive - ( ) - ( ) (
)
Suffixed possessive pronouns , Suffixed
possessive pronouns (
)

93


(.)

(.)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

(.)

(
)

()

( )

()

(
)

()

()

()
94

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

(.)

(.)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

( ) suffixed possessive ()
singular suffixed possessive (
)
plural suffixed possessive ( ) ( )

(-)

()

(-)

()


(-)

()

(-)

()

(-)

()

(-)

()

95

suffixed possessive ,

(.)

(- )


( -
)

- )
( -

possession ( ) (

(
) ( )
/ ()
separated possessive pronouns
/ /

.
( , - .)

( , -.)
( , -.)
( , -.)

( , - .)
( , -.)
suffixed possessive pronouns

/ /

.
( , .)

.
( , .)
96

( , .)
( , .)
( , .)
( , .)

(possession)

( .)

( - .)

( - .)

( .)

( -.)

( , -.)

( .)

( -.)

( , -.)

( - .)

( -.)

( - .)

( - .)

. .

( , - .)

( - .)

( -.)

( - .)

( -.)

( - )-

1. possessive pronouns
( - --
:

.
()
4.

1.


5.

2.


6.

3.
97

7.

12.

8.

13.


9.

14.

10.

15.

11.

16.

2-

. .1

. .2
.
.3

.
.4

.
.5

. .6

.7

. .8
.9

. .10

98

(Conjugational Endings)
()
(verbal ending) (Conjugagational Endings)
(

) ( )

Infinitive ( )

(to be) (to be)

( -)

Conjugational Endings

Personal Pronouns

()
(am)

- (

()

/ (are)

()

(is)

(are)

(/)
()

(are)
(are)

()

()

(. . )

()

()

()

()

( )

()


(i am)

()

()

(you are)

(..) (he/she is)

()

()

( /)

(/)

99

()

()

()

(we are)

(you are)
(they are)

(-)

()

-)
(

()

(-)

()

()

)
(

()

Conjugagational Endings (), ( ) ( ) (


)
(), ( ) ( ) (

)


personal
pronouns Conjugagational Endings

( .)

( .)

(.)

( .)

( .)

( .)

( .)

(.)

( .)

( .)

(.)

( .)

(.)

( .)

( .)

(.)

(.)

( .)

- Conjugagational Endings ,
(third person singular)
, ,
Conjugagational Endings

100

, (third person singular) Conjugagational


Endings ( ) - ( .

101

Conjugational Endings
()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

( )

/
-

()
()

()
()
()

()

()

( - )

()

()

( - )

.
(.)

(.)

(.)

102

.
(.)

.
(.)

.
(.)

( - )
Infinitives conjugate
(-

.1

.2

.3
.4

.5

103

(Objective Pronouns)
- ()
personal pronouns suffixed possessive pronouns, objective pronouns
personal pronouns preposition (), (),
( )
Personal pronouns + ()

+ - ( + )

.
( .)

.
( .)

.)
(

( .)
( .)

/
/ ?

.

.)
(
suffixed possessive pronouns

( )+ -- (

+ )

singular suffixed possessive pronouns ( ) (


)
objective pronoun

()
()

()
104

( .)
( .)

.)
(

( .)
( .)

/
/ ?

.)
(

object marker ( ) personal pronoun objective pronoun


( / )
( / )
()


( )
( )

( )

. /
.)
( /

?)
( /

105


(- )
, (who) - ( - )
-

, .
(which) ( - )
,
.

, .


.

.

, (that) ( - )



.

.

.


.

.

(whome) ( - )

.
-
.

106


.

.

(what) ( - )
, .

(same as) (-/ /

- -
.

.
.


.


.

.
, .
, .

107


.

.

.

( - )

- (
.-

1. ,
2.
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,

6.



7.


?
8.



9.



10.
.- (

. .1
. .2

. .3

. .4

. .5

. .6
. .7
. .8
. .9

. .10

108

Reflexive / Emphatic pronouns


- ()
Reflexive / Emphatic pronouns 1.- Reflexive pronouns ( ) suffixed possessive pronouns ( (), (),
(), (), (), ( )

( )+ suffixed possessive pronouns

+ -- (

(myself)

( )

(yourself)

(. .)
(himself/herself)

( )

( )

(ourselves)

(yourselves)

(themselves)

(
)

( )

(
)

+ )
+

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

8. Reflexive pronouns ( ) suffixed possessive pronouns



( )

(myself)


( )

(yourself)
109

(. .)

( )

(himself/herself)

( )

(ourselves)

(yourselves)

( )


( )

(themselves)

( .)


.
(
.)

.)
(

( .)

( .)

(
.)

( .)

( .)

( .)

( .)

. .
( )

110

( )

( - )
1. -

1.


4.

2.

5.

3.

6.


2.

. .1

. .6

. .3

. .8

. .5

. .10

. .2

. .7

. .4

. .9

111

86
- / ( / )

,

( )

(-

()

()

( - )

(. .)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

( )

()

( )

-


/
/ /

86

Infinitive

( .)

()

()

present indefinite / present continuous

112

()

()

Infinitive
( - )

()

/ /

( .)

()

()

()

/ /

( .)

()

()

()

( .)

()

()

()

( .)

()

()

()

( .)

()

()

113

()

( )

()

()

()

()

- (syntax)
()
+ + Infinitive +
+
+ ()+

+ + + )

/ / /

/ / /

( .)
( .)

/ / /

( .)
( .)

/ /

.
( .)

.
( .)

( ) ( )
-


( - -


/ /
/

Infinitive
( - )

( .)

( )

( )

( .)

( )

( )

( .)

( )

( )

114

( .)

/ /

( )

( .)

( )

.
( .)


( )


( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

(

= +)

/ / /

/ / /

( .)
( .)

/ / /

( .)
( .)

/ /

( .)

.
( .)

- / /
(

/ /)

(), (), (),


(), (), (),
/ ?/ / ?


( ?)
115

/ ?/ / ?


( ?)

/ ?/ / ?


( ?)

? / ?


( ?)

/ ?/ ?

?/ ?

( ?)
( ?)

? / ?

( ?)

(tone of the voice)


/ ?/ / ?


( ?)

/ ?/ / ?

.
( ?)

/ ?/ / ?

( ?)

?/ ?

/ ?/ ?

( ?)
( ?)

?/ ?


( ?)

(), ( ) ( )
(
) ,

116

(( )) () ()(

(( )) () (

)(
)

= + +

= + +

()

()

()

()

= + +

= + +

()

()

()

()

= + +

= + +

()

()

()

()

= + +

= + +

()

()

()

()

= + +

= + +

()

()

()

( )

= + +

= + +

()

()

()

()

1. - ( ) (Infinitive)

- ( to be) ( )


+ ( ) ( )+ + ( )+ +

+ + + + +
+ -)
( ++ - + +

/ ( )87

/ ( )

/ ( )

87

( .)
( .)
( .)

I am (busy in) going. (right now)

117

/ ( )

.
( .)

/ (

/ ( )

( .)

( .)

88 ( )

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)

( .)

( .)

2. - ,

( .)

.
(- .)

( )

.
(- .)


88

I am (busy in) writing. (right now)

118

(- .)

(- .)


3.

.
(- .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

( ) ?


( ?)

-- .)
(

4. ( ) (for) infinitive
infinitive

(( ) - for) + infinitive + + object


+ + +
(

+ + + )
.
/

( .)

( - .)
( , .)

.
( , .)

5. (conditional sentence)
119

( ,

?)

, ?)
(

6.


present perfect continuous tense

. 2005

2005

( -2005 .)

( - )-

1. (

) -

1.
2.

?
3.

4. /
5.
6. ?

?
7.
8.
?
9.

10.
11.

?
12.
13.

?
14.
120

? ,
15.

16.
2.

)
.1

.2 .
.3

.4 .

.5

.6 .
.7 .
.8 .

.9 .

.10

.11 .
.12

.13 .
.14 .

.15 .

121

(Present perfect continuous)


/
)
(- - /

Past participle ( ) (Present perfect


continuous) (/

)
- - - /


+ ()+Past participle+ ()+

++ ++
(++-++-)

( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)

( .)

( .)

122

Present Perfect (- / /)
(Present Perfect) ,
(- /

/ )

Present


Perfect

()

= -

( )

= = = = =

Passive Participial

89

()

Adjective90

)
(

()

)
(

()

()

)
(

()

)
(

()

)
(

()

)
(

()

)
(

()

.
)
(

89

(- )

90

(- )

)
(

()

)
(

()

123

.
)
(

()

* (third person singular number) (

)
(

()

(
- )
+ ( )+ - +

+ ++
)+ ()+- +-(

.
( - .)

( - .)

.
( - .)

Present Perfect (- /
/ )

( .)
( .)

- .)
( -

.
( - .)

,

Present Perfect (- / / ) 124

.
( .)

(./.)

.)
( -

.
( - .)


.
(
.)

(
.-

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

(.)

11.
12.

?
(.)
?

(
.-

)
.

125

.1
.2

.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

.
.

.
.
.

.10

126

(Present Subjunctive)
- ()

Present Subjunctive prefix () ( )


( )

- ( )+ +

+ +
+ -)
( + -

Present Subjunctive

prefix

()
()

Infinitives

(/)

()

()

()

( )

( /)

()

(/)

()

()

()

()
( )
()

./
( -/.)

./
( -/)

./

./

( - / .)

( -/.)

./

( -/.)

./
( -/.)
127

( ) Present Subjunctive ()
(
)

( )

( )

()

()

)
(

( )
()

)
(

)
(

Present Subjunctive


)
(

+ +
+ -)
( + -

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

( )

( )

)
(


( )

preposition Present

Subjunctive ( )
Present Subjunctive

() Infinitive

Present Subjunctive

() Infinitive

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

128

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(- )

(- )

Present Subjunctive ( )


Present Subjunctive

() Infinitive

( / )

( )

( / )

( / )


( )


( )

( / )

( )

( / )

( )

( / )

( )


129

( )

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(-)

(- )

(- )

( ) ( ) Present Subjunctive
Present Subjunctive

(to have)

Present Subjunctive

/ (to be)

()

()

()

()

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

( )


( )


( )


( )

/
/

( )


( )

.
( .)

.
130

( .)

.
( .)

( .)

.
( .)

( ) Present Subjunctive

( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ()
()+ + +

+ +
+ )
(+

)(

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

131

Present Subjunctive ( + Present Subjunctive)

1.

(. . )

.)
(
( .)
( )
( .)

( .)
( .)

2.
Present Subjunctive
( )
/

( .)
.)
(

.
( )

( .)
( ?)

132

3. Present Subjunctive

.
( .)

( .)

( .)
( .)

4. Present Subjunctive
?

( ?)

( ?)

?)
(


( ?)

/
(/?)

/
(/?)

5.- (Determination) ( - ) Present Subjunctive



( )

.
( )

.
( )
133

6. Present Subjunctive


)
(

( )

7. Present Subjunctive

)
(
)
(

8.- Present Subjunctive


(- )

.
(- )

9.- To Let (
- ) Present Subjunctive

to let
( )
( )
+
+ Present Subjunctive
prefix+

+ ++
+ +
)
(+

)
(

)
(

)
(

134

( - )

( ) ( ) 1. -

=+

)
(

)
(

( )

( ) + + ()+Present Subjunctive
+

+ + ++
+ + ()+

+
.

.)
(

.)
(

( ) ()
2.-
( )

.)
(

(
.)

10. Present Subjunctive


+ Present Subjunctive+

+ +
+
)
(+

, ()

, ()

. )
( ,
( , .)

135

, ()

.
( , .)

, ()

,
.)
(

.
( , .)

11. ( )
( ) ( )
( )+( ) ()+ + Present Subjunctive

+ ++
)
(++ +

( .)
( )

.
( .)

( .)
( .)
( .)

( )
( )+( ) + + Present Subjunctive

+ ++
)
(++ +

.
( .)
136

( .)

( .)

( .)
( .)
( .)

12. - (should) ( ) Present Subjunctive


( )+ Present Subjunctive

+
)
( +

.
( .)

.)
(
( .)

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

137

(must) ( ) Present Subjunctive


.
( . )

.)
(
( .)
( .)
( .)

(should) Present Subjunctive


()+ ()+Present Subjunctive
)
(+ +

++
.
( .)

.)
(
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)

138

,

Idiomatic

( .)
( .)

13. - (can/may) ( ) + ()+ ( ) - ( )+ + Present Subjunctive

+ +++
)
(+++ +

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

( .)

.
( .)

( ) ( ) -

= +
.

( .)

( .)
( .)

( ) - ( )
( )
139

+ ++
)
(++ +

( .)


.
(
.)

( ) ( )

.
(- . )


( ?)

.
( .)

( )

= +

.
( . )

.
( )

.
( .)


( )

( ) ( )

+ ++
)
(++ +

.
( .)
140

( .)
( .)
( .)

(-

)
+ +++
)
(++ +

.
( )

.
( .)

( .)
( .)


91

91

()

( )

()

( )

()

()

Present Subjunctive

141

()

( )

()

( )

()

()

()

( )

()

()

( - )-

(
. -

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11. ?


12.

. - (

. .1

. .2
. .3

142

.4 .

.5 .
.6
.7 .
.8

.9 .

.10 .

( -
. -

.1 ...........
.2 ............ .

........... .3 .

.4 .............
.5 ...........

143

(Past Indefinite Tense)


/

( --/
)


(Past Indefinite Tense)




,


+ +

+ +
(+ + )
- )(

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

( )

()

()

//

144

+
+

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

( )

() ()

(Third person singular number)




( )

Infinitive

( )

()

()

( )

()

()

( )

()

()

( )

()

()

( )

()

()

/
/


/

( - )
- (( )) -
/

. / .
( . / .)

. / .
( . /)

. / .
( . / .)
145

. / .
( . / .)

. / .

( . / .)

. / .
(
. /
.)

/ /

(-
/ / )


( )- , -
?


( ?)


( ?)


( ?)

( ) -- (), (), (),


(), (), (), ( )
?


( ?)


( ?)


( ?)


( ?)
146

( ?)

( ?)

( - (), (), (), (), (),


(), ( )) -
?


( ?)


( ?)


( ?)


( ?)

( ?)
( ?)


- (( ))


( )

( )

( .)

( )

147

( .)

( )

( .)

( )

( .)

( )

( .)

( )

( - )-

(
. -

1)


2)
3)
4)
?
5)
6)



7)
8)
9)

(lunch) ?
10)
. - (

148

)
.
.
.
.
.
.

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
. - ( -


.1 ............
.......... .2 .

.3 ............
.4 ...........

............. .5

149

(Past Continuous)
/
(- /)
(Past Continuous) ( )


+ ()+ +

+ ++
(++ -+ )

( .)
( .)
( )
( )
( .)
( .)
(Emphetic Past Continuous)
( --)


(Past Continuous) ( )

( ) - ( )

+ ()+ +

+ ()+

+ ++ + +
(+ + ++ -+ )
150

( ) 92

.
( .)


( )

.
( .)

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )
( )
( .)

( .)

( )

( .)
( .)
( .)

( .)
( .)
( .)


(-)

( )
( )
( )
( )
(-)

92

151

.
(- .)

.
( .)

.
.)
(-

.
.)
(-

(Past Continuous) ( ) ( )
-

= +

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)
( .)
( .)

.
( .)

- (
.-

1.
2.


3.
4.
152


5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

10.

.1 .

.- (

.2 .
.3 .
.4 .

.5 .

.6
.7

.8 .
.9

.10

. - - ( -

.1 ...........
........... .2 .

.3 ...........
.4 .........
.5

153

Passive Participial Adjective



(- )
( ) Passive Participial Adjective (

- )
+ ()

( + )

Passive Participial Adjective

Infinitives

( - )

( - )

()

()

()

()

()

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

(-)

/
/

()

()

()

( )
/

( )

154

( )

(Past perfect)
(- / /

past particiial ( (Past perfect)


) ( ) ( )


+past participial (-++

++ +
(+-++ )

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)

/ /

( .)


/
(
-

.
( .)


+ ()+past participial (-++

++ ++
(+ ()+-++ )

.
( .)
155

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
.)
(

.
( .)

( - )

- (
.-

1.
2.

?
3.
4.
5.
?
6.
7.
8.


9.

10.
.- (

. .1

. .2

.3
. .4

156

.5 .
.6
.7

.8 .
.9

.10 .

157

Past Subjunctive

(- )
Past Subjunctive past participial (-) ( )


( )
(third person singular number) - ( ) ( )

( ) -


++ past participial (-) + ( )+

++ ++
(++ ++ )

( .)
( .)

.
( .)

(
.)

( .)

( .)

Past Subjunctive ( ) (Infinitive)


( )

.
( )

.
( )
158

( )
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )

Past Subjunctive

- (- )

+ ()+past participial (-) + ( )+
++ ++
(+ + ++ )

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)

.)
(

( .)

.
( .)
159

( - )

- (
.-

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. (.)
10.
.- (

. .1
. .2
. .3

. .4
. .5
. .6

. .7
. .8

.
.9

. .10

160

.- - ( -

.1 ............

........ .2 ...........
.3 ..........

.4 ................

........... .5 ..........

161

)
( - /

( ) (Infinitive)

- ) (-
,
+
+ ()+

+ ++
(++ +-- )

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
[[[ [[

( . )


(-)
) ( ( )
+
+ ( )+ ()+

+ ++ +
(+ + + +-- )
162

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( . )

) (

,

( .)
( .)
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)


) ( ( )


.
( .)
163

( .)
( .)

( .)
( .)

.
( .)

( - )-

(
. -

1.

9.

3.

11.

4.

12.

5.

6.


14.

7.

8.

16.

2.

10.

13.
15. 10

. - (

. .1

.7

. .3

.9

. .2

. .8

. .4

. .10

. .6

. .12

. .11

. .5
164

.13 .
.14 .

.15
)

. - ( -

.1 .............
.......... .2 .

.3 ...........
.4 ............

.5 ..........

165

(Prepositio)
- ()
(behind)

(beside)

(before)

(in front of)

( , )

, (with, by)

()

(above, over)

(, , , )

)
(

, (in, into)

(regarding,

, (from,since, than)

(, )
(, )

()

()

()

(on, at, over)

(for)

(instead of)

(after)

(, )
()
(, )

about)
(under)
(on, over, at)

()
()

(through)

(between, among)

()

(after, then)

(, )

(beside)

, (to, with)

, (as far as,

()

( , )

()


(, )

upto)

()

(except)

(as, like)

( )

(, )

166

( )Preposition ( - - )
to, at, in, into, with, of, on, by, towards ( )Preposition

- (( )to)

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)


( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)

.
( - .)

.
( .)

.
.)
(

( - .)

167

- ( ) (at)

.
.)
(

.
( .)

.
( .)

)(

.
(- .)

.
( .)
- ( ) (in)

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( - .)

( )

.
( - .)

.
( .)

.
( - .)

.
( .)

( .)

( .)

168

- ( ) (of)

.
( .)

.
( - , .)

.
( .)

- ( ) (on)

.
( .)

( .)

.
( - .)
- ( ) (towadrs)

.
( - .)

.
( - .)

.
( .)

(/)

/( in)
. /
( / .)


( ?)

. /
( / .)
169

.
( .)

( .)

()

( on)

( - .)

(/)

( .)

.
( --, .)

19

.) 19(

( (19) .)

.
( .)
()

( at)

()

.
( .)

.
( - - .)

.
( - .)

( .)

()

( beside)
.
( - .)

( - .)
170

()

( between/among)
.
( - .)


()

( - .)

( from/since)

.
( .)

.
( .)
.

( , .)

.
( .)

(
.)


.)
(-

.
( .)

(
.)

()

( for)
.
( .)

.)
(

( )

.
( .)
171

.
( .)

.
( - .)

- ()

( on/at/beside)

( -
.)

( - .)

( - .)

()

.)
(- -

() -

( till)
.

.)
(

.)
(

( -,
- .)

.
( , .)

/ (/) -

/( on)
. /
(- / .)

. /

( / .)

( / .)

172

(/ ) -

/( after)

.
( , .)

.
( , .)

.
( .)
(/ ) -

/( about/regarding)
. /

( / .)

. /

( / .)

/ () -

( with)

( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

( .)

( ) -

( under)
.
( - . )

.
( - .)
173

()

( in front of)

( -
.)

( -
.)

( / ) -

/( before)
.
( )

( ,)

(/) -

/ ( ago)
.
( , .)

.
( , .)

() -

( in front of)
.
( - .)

() -

(/)
-

( previous)
.

-- .)
(

/( back/behind)
. /

/- .)
(

. /

/- .)
(

(/) -

/( instead of)
. /
( /- .)
174

. /
( / - .)

. /
( / - .)

( /) -

/( between/among)
. /
( /- .)

. /
.)
( /-

(/) -

/( beside)
.
( - .)

.
( - .)

/ () -

( throughout)

( - .)
( ) -

( except)
.
( .)

/ (/ ) -

/( as/like)
.

( ,
.)

175

( - )-

(
. -

1.
2.


3.
4.
5.
6.
7.


8.

9.
10.
.- ( -

. ....... .1

. ....... .2
. ...... .3
. ........ .4

. ........... .5
. ........ .6
. ........ .7

. ........... .8
. ......... .9

. ............. .10

176

Cardinal Numbers - ( - )

177

()

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

178

-
-
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--

-
-

179


(/ )

/ .

/ .

/ .

/ .
.

. /
. /
. /
. /
. /
.

.
.

180

.
.

Ordinal Number (- )
Ordinal Number Cardinal Number ( ) ( )

181

Ordinal Number Ordinal Number


( )

-
-

-
-

-
-
-

Ordinal Number Cardinal Number ( ) ( )


//
/


182

//
/
/

Cardinal Number Ordinal Number ,


Cardinal Number Ordinal Number
(1/3)

(7/10)

(3/4)

(5/6)
(3/8)

-
-

183

//

//

( - )

(
.-

1.

8.


2.

?
3.

9.

-
4.

10.

5.

6.

7.
(
.-

. .1

.9
.

. .3

.10
.

. .2

. .4
.5

. .6

.7

. .8

184

(
-
.

. ........... .1

........... ............... .2
........ ......... .3
........... ......... .4

. ........... ............ .5

185

Simple Conjunction
/ / ( - / / -)
93

/94

//

96

//

95

//

///

97

//

98

//
//
/
/
/
//

(-)

.
( .)


.
( - .)

- ( - )- (that)

93

(like/as such as)

94

(when/since/ while)

95
96
97
98

.
( )

(sothat/as soon as/about to/to)

(till/ so that/in order that/unless)


(also/as well as)

(else)

186

.)
(


.
( - .)

(/// - ///)

. /
( - / .)

/
.

( / - .)

- (/ /)

. /

( , / .)

. /
( / .)

(/ /)

. /
(/ .)

/

(/ .)

- (/ -

/)

.
(
.)

.
( .)
187

( -
)

( .)

- ( - )


( ?)

/ - (/ -/)


.
( , .)

(/ , .)

.

/
- ( -)

.)
( -

.
- )
/ (

( - .)

( )

.)
(

.)
(

/ (/ /)

. /
(/ .)

. /
(/ .)
188

( - )

.
( . )

( - )-

(
. -

1.

2.

,

?
3.
4.


,
?
5.

6.

7.
8.
9. -

10.


11.

12.
13. ,


14.

15. , ,

16.


17.
18.
19.


20.

189

. - (

.1
.

.2 .

.3 .

.4 .
.5 .

.6 .
.7 .

.8 .

.9 .

.10 .
)
.1

. - ( -

.......... .

.2 ....... .
........... .3 .
.4 ............ .

.5 ............ .
.6 ............ .

.7 ........... .
.8 ..........

.9 ............ .......... .

.10 ....... .
190

Compound Conjunctions
( -- )

100

101

/

/

/
/

103

99

102

- ( / -

/ ) - (as soon as)


, .)
(
.)
( - ,

/ - ( / / / - /

// ) -

(inspite of)
,


.
( , .)

99

(as much as)

100
101
102
103

(although)

(inspite of)

(as soon as)

(unless)

191

( - -

( ) on the condition)

.
( - .)

( -

( ) in the form of)



.
-
.)
(

/ ( / -

/( ) till)

.
( , .)

192

Correlative Conjuctions
) /

( --
/
) /

whether-or (-/ -

.
)( .

neither-nor ( -

.
(
).

Either-Or (-

.
)( .
not only-but also - (-

)
.

)( .

) ( -

.- (

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

.4 .

.5 .
.6 .
.7 .

.8 .
193

.9 .

.10 .

(
-
.

.1 ......... ............. .
.2 ............... .

.3 .............. .
............ .4 .

.............. .5 .

194

( - )
1. {Adverbs of place ( -)-

} ,

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( - .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

. /
( /- .)

.
( - - .)

. /

( /- .)

.
( - .)

( .)
( .)

?)
(

. /
( /
- .)
195

.
( .)

.
( .)

. /
( / ?)

. /
(/ .)

2.- (Adverbs of time ( -)


( ?)

. /
(/ .)

.
.)
(

. /

- .)
(/-

.
( .)

. /

(/- .)

(-
.)

.
( .)

.
( - .)

.
( .)
196

. //
.)
(//-

.
( .)

/
.

(- .)

( / --
.)

.
(- - .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

.)
(-

.
(- .)

( ?)
.)
(-
(- .)

.
( .)

- .)
(-

197

.)
(

(- .)

(/ ?)

. /
(/ .)

?)
(/

. /

- .)
(/

. /
( / , .)

.
( -.)

.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

. /
(/ .)

.
( .)

. /
(/
.)

.
( .)
198

. //

( // .)

. /

(/ .)

(
.)

/
.
( / .)

( .)

)( ( ( )never)
( )
/

.
( .)

.
( .)

phrases, Adverb of time ,


.
( .)

/
.
(/ , .)

3.- Adverbs of quantity


and comparison ( -

. /
( / .)
.

.)
( /
199

.)
(/ -

. /
(/ .)

.
( .)

//
( /// ?)


. //

( // .)

4.- Adverbs of manner ( - //

//)

- /

. /
( / .)

- .)
(

. /

( .)

.)
( /
( .)

- ,

()

( )

( )

( )

()

200

( )

5.- Adverbs of Number ( -

) Cardinal Number ()

Adverbs of Number

. /
( / .)

.
( .)

( .)

. /

.)
( /

.)
(

6.- Adverbs of doubt ( -/ /


)
.
( .)

.
( .)

.
( .)

()

( -,
.)

.
( .)

7.- Adverbs of affirmation ( -


!

)
.! ///

(/// ! .)

.!
(! .)

201

8.- Adverbs of Negation ( -

! /

.!
(! .)

.!

(! .)

.!
(! .)
- - - (

)
.
( .)

!
( ? !)

/
9.- Adverbs of Interrogation ( -/

// )

a.-

.
( .)

.
( .)

b.-

.
( .)

.
( .)

c.- - -

.
( .)
202

( .)

d.- (( ) )

= +
( )

= +
( )

( ) ,
e.-

()

()

()

()

()

()

recently (-)

()

()

203

- (
.-

1.
2.
3. ,
4.
5.
6.


7.


8.
9.


10.
11.


12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

17.
18.
19.
20.

21.

22.


23.
24.



25.

26.

204

27.
28.
29.
30. ,

.1 .

.- (

.2 .
.3
.4 .

.5 .
.6 .

.7 .
.8 .

.9 .

.10 .
)

-
. (

.......... .1 .

.2 .......... ........ .
........... .3 .
.......... .4 .

.5 ............ .

.6 ......... .
205

........... .7 .
.8 ..........

........... .9 .

.............. .10 .

206

- ( - )
1.
,
,


( -)

-)
(

2.- ,


( )


)
(

3.-


( -)


( -)

( -)
(-)



4.

, ,

(- )
( -)

207

(-)
( -)

5.-
- ( - )-

(--)

(- )


6.- -

() ()

() ()

() ()

(- )

()

)
(-

)
(

) ()
(

()

)
(


7.- predicate

-.

-.

.
.

8.- Indefinite ( ) -

- = -
- = -

9.-

( )

10.-
i.- ()
( )

()

()

()

()

208

ii.- ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

()

()

()

()

()

()

iii.- ( ) ( ) - ( ) ()

()

()

()

()

iv.- ( )

()

()

()

()

v.- ( ) ()

()

()

)
(

( )

vi.- - ( )

()

()

()

()

209

(-
11.-

)-

i.-


)
(


( )

ii.- Imperative

( )
( )

iii.- Imperative

( )

( )

iv.-

/-

( )
)
(

v.- past participle


( )
( )

vi.- Imperative ( )

()
210

()

vii.- (prefix)

= +

= +

= +

(- =)
(- =)
(- =)

viii.- (suffixes)

= +

= +

= +

(- =)
(- =)
(- =)

1. -

(-/ /

- .

.
.

- .
2.

(-

)
.
.
.
- .

.
.

.

211

.
.

3.

(-/
/

i.- Definite

- .
,
-

.

.

ii.- Indifinite

iii.-Distributive

- .

- .



.

.

4.- Demonstrative
(-

.
.

5.-

(- / /
?
?

6.

(-
!
!

!
!

212

)
!
!

Degrees
(/)
1.- comparative degree (-

) ( )

( )

( )
( )

()

()

()

)
(

()

()

()

()
)
(

( )preposition comparative degree


.
.


.
.
.

.


2.- superlative degree (- ) ( )


()

()
()
)
(

()

()

()

()
)
(

( )preposition comparative degree

.
.

213

( - )-

- (
.-


1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

8.
9.
10.
.- (

. .1
. .2

. .3
. .4

. .5

. .6
. .7

. .8
. .9

. .10

214

-
. - - (

.1 .............. .
.2 ................

.3 ................ .
.4 ............. .

.5 ......... .

215

Active and Passive verb


( - - )
Active Passive ( ) past participial

object + past participial + ( )+


( +- + +-)

++ +(

1.-

Active verb

Passive verb
( - )

( - )

.
( .)

.
( .)

, (.)

(, .)
( .)

( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)

( .)

( .)

Passive (

( .)

( .)

) ( )

(by)

/ .

216

/
.

Passive

/ .

/
.

2.- past continuous


Active verb

( -)

Passive verb
( -)

( .)
( .)

( .)

( .)

Passive

/
.

/
.

3.- past perfect


Active verb

( -)

Passive verb
( -)

( .)
( .)

( .)
( .)

Passive

/
.

217

/
.

4.- present perfect


Active verb

Passive verb

( -)

( -)

( .)
( .)

( .)
( .)

Passive

/
.

5.- Past Subjunctive


Active verb

Passive verb

( -)

( -)

( .)

.)
(



.
.)

( .)

Passive

/
.

218


/
.

6.- present Indefinite


Active verb

Passive verb

( -)

( .)

( .)

( -)

( .)

.
( .)

Passive

/

/
.

7.- present subjective


Active verb

Passive verb

( -)

( -)

( .)

( .)

( .)
.

( .)

Passive

/
.

219


/
.

8.- future tense


Active verb

Passive verb

( -)

( -)


.
( .)

( .)

( .)

( .)
Passive

/
.

- (
.-

1.
2.
3.

4.


5.
6.
7.
?
8.
9.

10.

220

.1 .

.- (

.2 .

.3 .

.4 .
.5 .
.6 .

.7 .
.8 .

.9 .

.10 .
.- passive ( -
-

)
.1 .

.2 .
.3 .
.4 .

.5 .
.6 .
.7 .

221

Conditional sentences
( - )

Conditional sentence


Conditional sentence
/ - ( - )

(- / /

, / .


. /
.

, .

Past Continuous
(- /- /

, .

)
.

, .

Past Perfect
(- / ./

, .

, .


.

.

Past Subjunctive
(- / /
, /

, .
, .

222

)
.

Present indicative
/ /)
(


, .
.
.


, .
Present subjunctive


(
,

, /

. /

.
, .

Present Perfect
(- / /
,

-, .

)
.

( - )

- (
.-

,
1.


2.

3.


4.



5.

6.



7.


8.

9.


10.

223

.- (

.1 .
.2 .

.3 .

.4 .
.5 .
.6 .

.7 .

224

Direct and Indirect Reported speech


(- )
Indirect Reported speech -

.- third person

.-

1.- present perfect


Direct speech

,


Indirect speech

.
,

"
".

"
".

.

2.- past perfect into present perfect


Direct speech

, .

"
".

Indirect speech

.
,

{} .

"
".

.{}

3.- past continuous into present perfect continuous



,

Direct speech

,

.

225

"
".

Indirect speech

,

.

- .

"
".

.

present indicative
,

Direct

,

.

"

".

Indirect



".

Present perfect
,

Direct

,

.

"
".

Indirect



".

Imperative
,

Direct


,

.

"
".

Indirect

.
226

()

(Appendix)

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256


) (6/15/9

) ,
( !

.
.
()

.
.
257

258

(-
-)

ELEMENTARY PERSIAN GRAMMAR

Dr. Rajinder Kumar.

()

)(

Chandragupta Bhartiya

)(
259

(-
-)

ELEMENTARY PERSIAN GRAMMAR

)(

Dr. Rajinder Kumar

Chandragupta Bhartiya

()

)(

260

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