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Chapter 4 tion 4.1 Check Point Exercises 1. a, A30°anel in the following graph. | | 'A210° angle isa positive angle. It has @ counterclockwise rotation of 180° followed by a counterclockwise rotation of 30°. The amet Bes in quadrant HHL and is shown ine following, graph. fes in quadrant I and is shown Ser g. A=120° angle is a negative angle. Irhas 2 Glockwise rotation of 90° followed by @ “Clockwise rotation of 30°. The angle Hes in {quadrant IL and is shown in the following graph. a. A390? angle is a pos ‘counterclockwise rotation of 360°, one complete rotation, followed by 2 counterclockwise rotation of 30°. The angle ties in quadrant [and is shown in the 1s: following graph. ‘a, Fora 400" angle, subtract 360° to find a positive coterminal angle. 400° — 360° = 40° tye For a 135° angle, add 360°to find a positive coterminal ange. 138° + 360 ° | a, = 789 | | ‘Complement = 90° ~ 78" ‘Supplement = 180° ~78° For a 78° angle, the complet 1 102" isa angle and the supplement isa 102 angle be a=150° rahe anges complement, oi Tbirctng 150" from 907 The iets ative, Because we wse only poste aie forcomplements 2150" aa MAE aetaptement does, however BE supplement Supplement = 180" ~ 150° - "The supplement of a 1507 anzle 62 angle. she radian measure of «conta MB The rad conical a ie Jenath ofthe intercepted are 5. tGrcle’s radius, r The tenet OF ai cae rect 9 = 42 fest TREC PD feet: r= 12 feet. Now we radian measure to find the 5 _ 42 feet yr 12 feet “Thus, the radian meas of i835 IgM: Precalculus 60° = 609 -Ztians _ 607 dans 180° 180 270: b. 270° = 270°. Aeadians _ 2707 radians 180° ~ 180 = 2 adians radians _-3002 —300° = ~300°-#adians _ 3007 ions int 180° 180 60" to find a 7 2 eudians 3 180° “to find a a —10?_ 7 radians 2 | b radians 180° 102° * ements 127 isa 102° angle 9° at, we consider | Grains =6 radians 5° «The difference ° radians = 02180" 543.90 # vever, havea 7. ‘The formula s= 78 can only be used when 8 is _ ‘expressed in radians. Thus, we begin by y angle is 23" ‘converting 45° to radians. Multiply by radians 180° pra angle is me vido BY Astmase .& div * 180° 180 sof the interes x Ne eiscie's * radians >for i the form Row we can use the Formula s= 78 to find the ian mo "eth ofthe are. The cirele’s radius is 6 inches | inches. The measure of the central ange in s Rdiansis 29 7 £91835 29-4. The length ofthe are itereey led by this central angle is Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 1-101 inis{£) = inte 4.71 ns aya 8, Weare given @, the angular spe 43 revolutions per minute We use the formula v= ra to find v, the linear speed, Before applying the formula, we must ‘express « in radians per minute, 45 revolutions 2tradians Tminute 1 revolution 907 radians Tminnte ‘The angular speed of the propeller is 907 radians per minute. The linear speed is 1 inches —20__ 138zinches Tminute minute ‘The linear speed is 1357 inches per minute, hich is approximately 424 inches per minute, @ Exercise Set 4L 2, 270° < 285° < 360° quadrant IV 110° + 360° =250° 180° < 250° <270° quadrant IIL 6, 364° -360°= 4° <4" <90° quadrant 1 8, acute @°<-<909, 410, right (vm 12, 120° is a positive angle. It has counterclockwise rotation of 90° followed by a counterclockwise rotation of 30°. The angle lies in quadrant Il and is shown in the following. Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions raph, 40° is a negative angle. It has a clockwise rotation of 180° followed by a clockwise rotation ‘of 60°. The angle lies in quadrant IL and is shown in the following graph. 16, 450° is a positive angle. It has a counterclockwise rotation of 360°, one complete rotation, followed by a counterclockwise rotation (of 90°. The angle is a quadrantal angle and is shown in the following graph, A. 18, -270" is a negative angle. It has a clockwise rotation of 270°. The angle is a quadrantal angle nd is shown in the following graph. ] 20, 415°~360° 228 ISM: Peta 160° + 360° = 200° 40° + 360° = 320° 30. Me 40. ‘Supplement = 180° — 47.6° = 132.4 95 ‘Since subtracting 95° from 90° is negative, there is no complement Supplement = 180°-95° = 85° 5 _ 30 feet 6 radians r Sfeet 6 2.25 radians Yr” Byards {600 centime @ =5 = MO centimeters _ 6 radians F100 centimeters radians 1g°=13°- SES 180° Is = 182 yadians == radians i 150° = 150° dian 180° 1500 = radians 180 Sx = radians 6 330° = 330! On 180 _ir 6 ig: PF 44. 7 46.5 u 50. = 52, = 54,7 56, 60, 33 a = r Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 130° | 5.2 radians O° . madians 66, r=16 inches, @ = 60° 2 Begin by converting 60° to radians, in order to use the formula =r8. radians 180° radi = radians : © sadians = 2tlians _ 0° or FOS agian 5° 6 9 radians 180° 3 180° Now use the formula $= 78. a m_l6n 2 s=10 =16-—=—— inches = 16.76 inches s negative, 303 | i, Etadians 1800 __3-180° _ 50 68, r=9 yards, @=315° + Rmdians 4 Begin by converting 315° to radians, in order to radians: o ° use the formula s = r@. radians senaise 7885 78 a, 5 180" 4 —_—— oe Now use ihe formula s=r0. Fradians 6 29.7 OF yards = 49.48 yards 4 a yas ans. 76° = 76°. = dian jad 180° 70. 20 revolutions per second | 185 saians 20 revolutions 2radians _ 40ztradians 180 Isecond 1 revolution 1 second =1.3 radians = 40zradians pr second z radians 72, Fits, conver to depres, 56, ~S0°=~soe. 7 tiians ° ll ‘revolutions =+ revotutions-— 250° _ ' 50 sins 3 3 Trevolution = 360° = 130° =~0.87 radians 3 eo =i8 Now, convert 120° to radians. 5 z radians radian 58, 250°= 259°. Eadians 10" = 120°. slats _ 1207 ian 180° 180° 180 250m = © radians = radians 180 a = 436 radians 1 Therefore, + revolution is equivalent to 120° or 60. 3 radians 180) oe =171.89° Fad radians, irradions 3 x 180° 180° 74, The distance that the tip of the minute hand / 62. —radians 59° yy tains: diane 7 71059 moves is given by its ae length, . Since s=78, we begin by finding rand @. We are given that inches. The minute hand moves from 12 t0 Chapter 4: Trigonometrie Functions (SM:Precacu. | 1g | si radians _ 107 4o‘cock, or + of a complete revolution. The 2 = radians . 3 180° 180) formula s=r@ can only be used when 6 is * ians ‘expressed in radians, We must convert Is 4 anions erento To the nearest mile, the distance from A to pig 3 3 T revolution 698 miles. 2 radians ve 82, Linear speed is given by v=re.. We are given ‘The distance the ip of the minute hand moves is that r= 25 feet and the wheel rotates a 3 “chee 28) 122 revolutions per minute, We need (0 conver 3 See revolutions per minute = 4a inches = 12.57 inches. : per . =3 revolutions perminute | 176. The distance thatthe wheel moves is given by Trevolation 5=78. We are given that = 80 centimeters and 6x radians per minute 6 =60°. The formula s=r8 can only be used v= ro =(25 feet)(6n) = 471 feet per minue ‘when 6 is expressed in radian. Te linear speed of the Perris wheel is about 471 | op =e EHS OF satan feet per minute 180°” 180 84, Begin by converting 2.5 revolutions per minute * radians to radians per minute The length thatthe wheel moves is 2.5 revolutions per minute 2 radians #)_80n =2.5 revolutions perminute- === (80 centimeters)] — — centimeters PS eve 7 conitwotere 5 radians per minute The linear speed of the animals in the outer tows , is v=re =(20 feet)(S) = 100 feet per minute 78, Recall that @=5, We are given th ‘The near speed of the animals inthe inner 0% 0000 miles and r= 4000 miles. is v=reo=(10 feet\Sz) = 50 feet per minute 1 | 30000 ies The difference is 1001~ 50 = 50x feet por 9-5-1 2.5 radians minute oF about 157.08 feet per minute 4000 miles " = Now, convert 2.5 radians to degrees. 25 radians- 8° 143,24 2mrradians 86.-96, Ans xs may vary, 98, [5595 68, 75955556 80, Recall that s =r8. We are given that 4000 miles and @ = 10°. We can only use the formula s=r0 when @ is expressed in radians. 65.76" 100. BT BE sa ls | d'50° 25° 12" Precalcug § miles OMA 10 Bis Ve are given a3 convert 3 er minute fans ution per minute Lis about 471 s per minute adians olution he outer rows per minute he inner rows per minute r feet per sg Precalculus sao Begin by changing 180" 20° to radians. 20° =20' 100-7, 9 = «286 mites * ‘To the nearest mile, a radius of 286 miles should be used. fan, 2 PCL 0), t=" sin =0 cost ==1 0 tant= sem = undefined cot = undefined Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions els bia ala #ia 5. sine tan} cot 7 tn ay Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 8 a sin==0.7071 4 b. ose LS = 1.0025 Exercise Set 4.2 1 y 2 1B secret al x _1S y 12 ‘ {4 tanr= cott=2=-1 10. M 16. 18, 20, m4 3 rf tan 2 undefined wo. ». 73 any a sna ». 2 ». sine =3 2.3 tan = =3 a4 5 Fre sored 4 cotr=4 3 ecalk recalculus loulyy ow? Loepet so, sne=Zosr<% : ests » an |esin 2 2 da ° b 0 pecane 051<2, costis positive 46 a a ae 32. sint=——, OS1<> & 5 2 4 2 sin’ t+ cos’ t=1 48, cos 0.6 = 0.8253 a WAY ogee g0, 37-0687 3 sa, sr 1= 1.8508 Lin 08090 bie 10 082.3, 2s 4 s0| 368 1 because a, H=12+24sin) M4 eons ses conta i) ss 36, sin? = + cos" 3 sin? 1c 2 Tete are 12 hours of daylight on March 21 233 F=f}. eee Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions “There are about 14.4 hours of daylight on June 21 oH 2124s0{ 22 035-10] 368 =96 ‘There are about 9.6 hours of daylight on December 21 60, H=1044sin 20 b, Low tide is at 3 AM. and 3 PI. (H(9) = 6) High tide is a9 AM and 9 px, (Hs) =14) | ce. The period twice a day. s 12 hours; the tides rise and fall 62-72, Answers may vary 74, flx)=sinx and fa) fica) Sine i “ay bec an odd function. se sin (x) = Section 43 ‘Cheek Point Exercises 1. Use the Pythagorean Theorem, ¢? =a? +67, 10 fi de 3, b=4 Ca? + bt a3? 44" 9416-25 Referring to these lengths as opposi adjacent, é “‘opepspe[=p=y=] > a ec hypotenuse adjacent cosa = anon hypotenuse opposite _ 3. adjacent 4 tand opposite povemuse adjacent adjacent _ 4 ‘opposite 3 cot Apply the definitions of th functions, three trigonometric -ngth of hypotenu length of side opposite 45 length of hypotenuse length of side adjacent to 45° secs cot 45 Tr Precalculus ism Precalculus length of side adjacent t0 30° ke = 1 BB BBs 3 4. a. Sind6* = 05690 46%) = cosa? Figonometie 2 ad Eran . cot © =a 2 } taf » ail abe(s se = unt n 5, Because we have a known angle, an unknown ‘opposite side, and a known a = select the ‘5 tangent function. jacent side, we ane? 750 45° a= 750tan24° ° = 750(0.4452) =334 The distance across the lake is approximately 334 yards. Side adjacent 910 Use a calculator in degree mode to find 8. (14+ 10) INV TAN Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions vo | [esr | ‘The display should show approximately 54 ‘Thus, the angle of elevation ofthe sun is approximately 54° PPO Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ISM: Precaleyjy. 6 6 a +40? = 40" 1sat-1600-81 | a=V81=9 sng = smote 2 hypotenuse 10 _e wo acon 8 cxp-=-mlnet__40 cose = asieent 8 ioposne a Bypotense “10 roe ene cyvosie 63 ote 9 tang ~20site 6 3 sm adjacent 8 4 adjacent 40 hypotensse_10 cxco = sense =ce= S opposite 9 ‘opposite 6 oe a 1 os mc 34 adjacent 0 asst 88 since _ 40 2 cto = 280200 84 aden oppose “673 | 4. a? +158 =17P of =280-205-68 fe : ii a Net opposite _ 24 0 aT 0 ote 25 ? i hypotenuse 17 oe ° 7 soso = 28800 3 7 bem sano =200site 8 can = sot 24 adjacent 15 ae hypotenuse 17 Be 7 cxco = Mttemse ore 3 cao 800 7 oppose 28 a length of ie opposite 30 " length of side adjacent to 30” rie ob 5B 3 4 V3 V3 ¥, 3 vo cats «ltt pte gt of side opposite 45° i recalculys M4 20. 40, gut Precaloulus rigonometric Functions 5 30, tan61?= S 10 ; sin9° = cox(90° 198) = cos 71° tan 09657 (rounded to the nearest degree) 8771] cos! cos" |.8771[ ENTER 2 If cos = 0.8771, then 6 = 29°, Scientific Calculator Graphing Calculator Display (rounded to the nearest degree) 26.0307 TAN TAN |26.0307[ ENTER. 88 If tan@ = 26.0307, then @ = 88°, Scientific Caleulator Graphing Calculator Display (ounded to three places) 499{ SU 1.253, If sind = 0.9499, then @ = 237 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions a Scientific Calculator Graphing Calculator Display wounded to thee places) su [TAN "TAN" 3117 [ENTER ] a WF cand = 05117, then @= 0473. 44 cna? hh=35tand0 n= 35(0899 The wes eight is approximately 29 fet \ 555 46.100 T320 {sea calor in depres mode find 8. Sentie Calelator Graphing Calculator sss[eham [rane ][Css[=]1s20 LENT | | “Te dnpay should show approximately 23-Ths, the angle of elevation is approximately 23° 48, sinS® < 5000 a= s000sins*=5000(0.0872) = 435 | “The diver'snceas in ate was Apronnatly 436 fet | sa, cond 52-56, Answers may vary 58, 30 Use a caleulator in degree mode to find 6 Scientific Caleulator Graphing Calculator (oom sof Lee] “The display should shove approximately 47. Thu o | o4 | 03 | 02 | 01 0.001 0.0001 oor sing | 0.3894 0.0998 0,0099998 9.999998 x 10-4] 9,99999998 x 107° «the angle between the wire and the pole is approximately 47” 0.0000! 110" Isl Se cb PTF - 7 Precalcuy, aut Precalculus (Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions sin® | 0.9735 | 0.985 | 0.9935 | 0.998 | 0.99998 | 0.999998 | 0.999999998 1 é a. False; . 0 tan® 5° ~ (0.0875)? = 0.0077 tans? — 0.2679 tan25° = 0.4663, tan3° = 00524 (bis true, vb. True; tan? @=scc*@ for any 8 s0 1+ tan? @~sec* @=0 and tan? @ sec? False; 1 sin 45° +00845° =~ 1 2 {62.Use a calculator in degree mode to generate the following table. Then use the table to describe what happens to the tangent of an acute angle as the angle gets close t0 90°, 6 © 70 80 89 89.9 39.99 | 89.999 | 89.9999 tang | 17321 | 27475 | 5.6713 37 573 5730 | 57,296 As @ approaches 90°, tan@ increases without bound. At 90°, tan@ is undefined. Seetion 44 six trigonometric functions of 8 33 Check Point Exercises 1, We need values for, y, and r, Because P-=(4,~3) is a point onthe terminal side of @, x=4 and y=-3. Furthermore, ye ty mately 47°. doses [Now that we know x,y, and r, we can find the 0.09001 | 1x10 2a 0=0 ‘The terminal side of the angle is on the positive x-axis, Select the point P= (1,0): x=Ly=0,r=1 239 ee Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions Apply the definitions of the cosine and ‘cosecant funetions, os0=2 424 cos : 1 roi 0 undefined 0° rations The terminal side of the a positive y-axis, Select the point P = (0,1) r=Oy=hrol Apply the definitions of the cosine and cosecant funetions, 6 =180°=7 radians The terminal side of the gle is on the negative x-axis. Select the point P= (~1,0): x=-hy Apply the definitions of the cosine and functions, negative x=0,y=-Lr=1 Apply the definitions of the cosin cosecant functions. ae 08270" = cos 3. Because sin@ <0, 8 cannot e in quadrant I; all the functions are positive in quadrant I Furthermore, @ cannot lic in quadrant Il; sin is positive in quadrant Il. Thus, with sin@ <0, 0 Ties in quadrant II or quadrant IV. We are also given that cos@ <0, Because quadrant III is the ISM: Precalctiyg «quadrant I the cosine i negative, @ lies in quadrant 1. In quadrant I, . is negative and y is positive. Thus, tan washy Furthermore, Now that we know x,y, and 7, we ean find sin® and sec. sing=2 = r N10 vo x 3 Because 210° lies between 180° and 270°, it isin quadrant IIL, The reference angle is 0 =210°-180° b angle is 6” we 44 ce, Because ~240° lies between 180° and 70", itis in quadrant Il. The reference angle is @=240 ~180= 60" 4." Because 3.6 les between = 3.14 and 3 2% 4.71, iis in quadrant Hl, The reference angle is 0° =3.6—m =0.86, 6. 8, 300" lies in quadrant IV. The reference angle is 6” = 360° ~ 300° =60' sin60? =" Because the sine is nega”® in quadrant 1V, sin 300° = ~sin60° Exer Procalculys ght Precalculus ative andthe Sa = lies in quadrant Il, The referen Ties in 4 9 | the cosine ig adrant I | mm, tan @ wf = ) see 6) 6s and it c angles recive Set 2. We nod values for y and , Because Lo, P=(C12,5) isa point onthe terminal side of 5, Furthermore, 144425 Now that we know 2 y, and r, we can find the six tigonometric functions of 6, $0" and sing 2-5 reference r 2B £222 ro 1B sand 5 The | B or 7 ference 4, We nced values for x, y, and r, Because P= (3, 7)is a point on the terminal side of 6,.x=3 and y =7. Furthermore, P47? =¥9+49 58 Now that we know x,y, and r, we ean find the six trigonometric functions of 8. 58 _ iss 38 sis j- We need values for, y, and r, Because (5, -5) isa point on the terminal side of . We need values for, y, andr, Because (1, -3) is point on the terminal side of “land y =-3, Furthermore, Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions jgonomettic functions of 6 Yio wo vio Yo io vo \ 3 seco io | coto=2 | 10, 6=7 radians “The terminal sie of the angle son the negative i. Selet the point P= (1,0) i 0, 12, 0-7 rations ‘The tein sid of thang ion te mse avi Sette poim P03 | Pe ipso | Apply the definition of the cosecant function 3 = radians ‘The terminal side of the angle is on the negative ) y-axis, Select the point P= (0,—1) 0.y=-Lr=l Apply the definition of the cosine function, 3r_x_0 16, 0=% radians “The terminal side of the angle is on the positive | y-axis. Select the point P= (0,1) ! rey], 242 18 20. - (SM: Precalay,. Apply the definition of the tangent Function, undefined cual Because tan@ )@ cannot lie in quadrant 1 op ‘quadrant III; the tangent function is positive in those two quadrants, Thus, with tan <0, lies in quadrant IT or quadrant IV. We are also given that sin@ <0. Because quadrant IV is the only quadrant in which the sine is negative and the tangent is negative, we conclude that 6 Ties in quadrant IV . Because cot@ > 0, @ cannot lie in quadrant If or ‘quadrant TV; the cotangent function is negative in those two quadrants. Thus, with cot >0, 0 lies in quadrant I or quadrant IIL. We are also given that sec@ <0. Because quaclrant Ill is the only quadrant in which the secant is negative and the cotangent is positive, we conclude that @ lies in quadrant I J. In quadrant IH, x is negative and y is negative, 2 2 Thus, sin Bor 1 Furthermore, 5 ind r, we can find HE Now that we know 2 K ~- Precaleuy, function, quadrant Io, itIVe i those . 8 ties in also given /is the only ve and the Tes in quadrant 1 oy positive in 18<0,0 Ne are also fant TV is the egative and e that 6 Ties quadrant II or is negative cot8 > 0,8 e are also rant IIT is the + negative and ide that 8 lies 8 negative. 3. 12, sa: Precalculus ining trigonometric functions of 6. cos == tnd => esco = sec =~ cot => y 26, In quadrant IV, «is postive and y is negative. Thus, cos 4,75. Furthermore, xayer Payras Now that we know s, , and r, we can find the remaining trigonometric functions of 8. sing => tang =2 esc == seco == cota == y 28, Because 270° <6 <360°, isin quadrant LV. In quadrant LV, xis postive and y is negative. Thus, cos ,7=3. Furthermore, aa Now that we know and r, we ean find the Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions remaining trigonometric functions of 8. 5 ody 2N2 __ 2y2 3 sind 1b y a ak 2 30, Because the tangent is negative and the sine is, positive, @ lies in quadrant Hl. In quadrant I, x is negative and y is positive. Thus, 1 tang=-+=2 =, y=1 x= aoe 3 Furthermore, raye ty = ay +P =Vo41=vi0 Now that we know x, y, and 1, we ean find the remaining trigonometric functions of @. sec® cot = 32, Because the tangent is positive and the cosine is negative, @ lies in quadrant IT, In quadrant II, x is negative and y is negative. Thus, Furthermore, {e+e ave 169 =13, Now that we know x, y, and r, we can find the he Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 38. Because the cosecant is negative and the tangent is positive, @ lies in quadrant IIL. In quadrant 11, wis negative and y is negative. Thus, xe Now that we know sy, and 1, we ean find the sain trigonometric functions of = 1 vis Vis cot = vis Because 170° lies between 90° and 180°, it isin quadrant IL. The reference angle is 6” =180° 170° =10° Because 210° lies between 180° and 270°, i is in «quadrant I, The reference angle is 8 =210° -180° =30 244 ISM: Precalouy, 40, Because 351° lies between 270° and 360", quadrant IV. The reference angle is 0” =360° 351 isin Sa jecause — lies betw 42. B : 3 = OF icin quadrant IL. The refers 24 angle is 0” 44, Because lan 4 angle is 6” 46, Because ~250° lies between ~180° and -270°, it isin quadrant IIL. The reference angle is 0 =250° ~180° = 70°. 48, Because -359° lies between -270° and ~360°,it is in quadrant I. The reference angle is 0” =360° —359°=1°. 50, Because 5.5 lies between = =4.71 and js in quadrant 1V. The reference 2n-55 =0.78 2 =6.28, angle is. 6” 152. 300° lies in quadrant IV, The refer 6” = 360° —300° = 60", gative in quadrant 1V sin 300° = ~sin6o? =-> 240” lies in quadrant II. The reference angle 6" =240° ~180° = 60° sec60° =2 Because the secant is negative in quasirant see 240° = ~sec60"—2 56. 405° lies in quadrant I, The reference ane iS 0” = 405° 360° = 45°, tan 45° =1 + Is oe Er and 270°, it leis and 360°, | and reference nce angle is nce angle is adrant Hl, e angle is jem: Precalculus Because the tangent is positive in quadrant I, tan 405° = tand5°= | a. 2 enn ut Te sens ni mS 42 Because the cosine is negative in quadrant Il, 3 x cos =~ cos” 4 Ine Inn 44 4 4 x cot =1 Because the cotangent is negative in quadrant 62, ties onthe positive yas The reference palin 22 els Because tan is undefined, tan is also 2 2 undefined. 64. 5° Fes in quadrant Il, The reference angle is 0" = 225° 180° = 45°, sin 4s Because the sine is positiv in quadrant I, lies in quadrant IV. The reference angle is . o. ab tan = 6 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions Because the tangent is negative in quadrant IV, tan{ -2 |= -tan = 6 6 68-70, Answers may vary Section 4.5 Check Point Exercises 1, The equation y =3sin. is of the form Asinx with A =3. Thus, the amplitude is 3|=3. The period for both y=3sin.x and sinx is 277. We find the three intercepts, the maximum point, and the minimum point on the interval [0, 27r] by dividing the period, 22, period 2a _ 4. 4 °2 periods to generate x-valucs for each of the key points. The five x-values are by4, then by adding quart We evaluate the function at each value of x. — Connect the five points with a smooth curve and gzaph one complete cycle of the given function with the graph of y =sin x Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 2. The equation y =~ wg the pet ya aay then by adding quarter periods to the value of x where the cycle begins. The five x-values are 5 La ; wethy - 13 > 1 ‘We evaluate the function at each value of x 0 —4cos(x-0) o> 1 § [p--teof-4) (£9) | | | teat | =-4.0-0 1 fy=—Feos(ar-I) jas. |_| ,T ecalculy, 42 lue of x of rats | 4) 15M: Precalculus 4-0-0 4 cost 2) @4 40820 == Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle ofthe given funetion. Extend the patter of the graph another full period to the lef. 3 3 y=Seos2x-+ 2) =Scos(2x—(-7 Feos(2x + )=5cos(2x—(-R)) ‘The equation is of he form y .cox(Br~C) with A=, B=2, and C 2 3 ‘Thus the amine i | A [=| > on The period is $F c ‘The phase shifts 5 22 Find the x-values forthe five key points by dividing the period, 7, by 4, by adding quarter-periods tothe value of x where the cycle begins, The values are 219 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions x=04 4 2 We evaluate the function at each value of x. coordinates ° % |y=Scof Z+m a P22 =2.on0 3 & |y=Fcostn+ x) 2) 33 “2 2 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve ‘and graph one complete cycle of the given graph. Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 7. The graph of y =2.cosx +1 is the graph of for both functions is 227. The quarter-period is cor ©, The cycle begins at x= 0. Add 4a"2 quarter-periods to generate s-values for the - points. 0 valuate the function at each value of x x [y=2eosxt coordinates 0 [y=2eos0+1 0.3) 1+ cos +1 zy 2 2 2-0+151 x p=2eosa+1 @ =) (D+1=-1 3 3x % jy 20s =n =2.041=1 an [p=2eos2e+l 2cos.x shifted one unit upwards. The period 250 8 By connecting the points with a smooth cure we obtain one period of the graph, . ‘A, the amplitude, is the maximum value ofy, The ‘graph shows that this maximum value is 4, Thus A= 4, The petid is ™, and period =2 , i) Thus, =o 28 mB =4n Boa Substitute these values into ‘The graph is modeled b Asin Bx 4sindx Because the hours of daylight ranges from a ‘minimum of 10 hours to a maximum of 14 hous, the curve oscillates about the middle value, 12 hours, Thus, D= 12, The maximum mumber of hours is 2 hours above 12 hours. Thus, A The graph shows that one complete cycle occurs in 12-0, or 12 months. The period is 12. Thus, 2n 26 ‘The graph shows that the stating point of the cycle is shifted from 0 to 3. The phase shift, is3. 3a£ B 3 Fac Substitute these values into a a Preclagy oth curve, ue fy. The is 4, Thus, Qn Bx froma of 14 hours, value, 12 number of A=2, yele occurs 12. Thus, at of the eit, £, Asin(Br—C)+D. The number of hours of slight is modeled by y=2sin| = r— |+12 srunvansay 9-20 t-$] 4, The equation y =5sinx is of the form wre asin swith A 5. Thus the amplitude is 114 [5 [=5. The period is 2. The quater- Qn pevidis 2 or £, The eye begins atx |Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points, x20 We evaluate the function at each valu of x. | coordinates ly =Ssin0=5: =5sin2=5-1=5 pons x |y=5sinz=5-0=0 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ‘The equation y =—sin x is of the form 4 1 sina with A=. Thus the amplitude is iid 1 | <2, the periods 2. The quarter: | 4 . " dn yeriod is = or =. The eycte begins a x= 0. Pe For 5 The ey ‘Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points. x=0 an = gen n_3n 2 2 ateach value of x. © | crs ly =Ssin2n=5 @x,0) ‘Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function with the graph of y =sin. ‘Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function with the graph of y = sinx + Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ISM: Precatouy, i 6. ‘The equation y =—4sin.x is ofthe form nile y =Asina wih A==8, Ths he am 2 =F aE thee bes ha | A=] 4 |=. The period is 2 The quer quan periods to generate s-values 1 the ky “2 am cycle begins points periods or Z. the ese ens ts =0 ris Add quarter-period to generate svalues forthe nt rove ae sey points a 2042 =% 4 272 3 | =242 | xenet | 2 ue of, | ane J ‘coordinates at each value of x coordinates | an Connect the five key points with a smooth curve |= and graph one complete eyele ofthe given [2 function with the graph of y =sin. hb = , Connect the five key points with a smooth eure | scone . 44 y= Asin Br with A = Land amptitudeis | A [=| 1 |=1. The period is ann 4 PF Tecaloy,, gt Precaleuls amplitde The period is =O. A am 23 = 2h 2h og. 4 mn. Thequnerpsiodis the ky zt 85 ag The cycle begins tr 0. Add 4 aqnerperiods to generate sv forthe ey ane 4n+2n=6n m+ 2 h value of x coordinates 0.0) an (4x, 0) or (6n,-2) 8r 6x, 0) Connect the five key points with a smooth curve mooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given siven finetion, ‘ 12, The equation y'=3sin2 is ofthe fom form ~ Asin Bx with A= 3 and B=2n. The amplitde is | |=] 3 [=3. The period is in “Ts, the 253 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ate 32s ye bens t= 0, Add quar periods 0 enerate values forthe key points 1 1. The quarter-period is 7. The unction at each value of x [os p=ssnane coors 0 p=3snan-0) oo =3aind=3-0 im 1 1 £ yessi(an-t 1 roid) | (io) a0) 0 ‘Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function, The equation y =~2sin zx is of the form y=Asin Bx with A=-2and B= 7, The Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions amplitude is | A 2. The period is 2.1 2. The quarter-petiod is quarter 4 ‘The cycle begins at x= 0. Add quarter-periods {o generate s-values for the key points r=0 coordinates (0,0) 2 sing -2) 2,0) Connect the five Key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function, 16. + ISM: Precaleiug The equation y 4 x isof the form 3 y= Asin Be with A=-1 and B amplitude is | [=| 3 og BE thy 2a => The quater-pevi i 1 [=1. Te peso x rs 3m. 3n_9e 4°88 ox, 3n_3n 382 We evaluate the function at each value of x =sin 2 x coordinates 3 ° aa -si $0} 0) 3 , A Precalou : The + the period is ler-petiod is ns at ¥=0, alues for coordinates 0) 18. jh: Precalculus ‘Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle ofthe given function. y= Asin(Bs—C) with A ‘The amplitude is | A {=| 1 a _2e The phase shits € Bo 2 The sperpstis =, tek ens at =, sad quer prods to generate -evalues for the key points n We evaluate the function at each value of x: Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions coordinates =sin2x=0 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function. ‘The equation y= Asin(Bx—C) with A The amplitude is | A The period is = Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions to generate x-values for the key points 256 Conca te ve kay pola wil a amo Say and graph one complet cycle of the given function 2 Mhesptn y=3si 28 | is ofthe foam y=Asin(Bx—O) with A=3,B=2, and C= ‘The amplitudes | A |=| 3 [=3. The petiod is 2n_28 2% 224 = x The phase sh B 2 . af x 228 “The quarter period is = 272 Ramer pen 4G The cycle begins at x =, Add quarter-periods to generate x-values forthe key points. We evaluate the function at each value of * = sifas - | coordinate® FT Precalculus 5M: Precalculus Zz Zo 2 4 = (£3) sven 3 a _| __| 3a ( ) 3 the fom and C speriodie riod is © 7 . Connect the five Key poins with «smoot eave and graph one complete eycle of te given -Hok Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions sin(x (1) 1 yassingx +) 1 The equation y=“-sin(x —(-n)) is of the form y= Asin(Bx—C) with A= c -r. The amplitude is | A | peviodis = 2m. The phase shit is Te guarergeriogis 22 = 4 ‘The cycle begins at x =—1, Add quarter-periods to generate x oe ues forthe key points. Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle ofthe given function 2 y= ssif2ce2] The equation y af form y = Asin(Br—C) with A =-3, B=2, and The amplitudes | A | rr. The phase shift is ‘The quarter-period is The cycle begins at x x = dd quarter- 4 Adan periods to generate s-values forthe key points. 4 3x 44 . ‘We evaluate the funetion at each value of x. SM: Procateuy, Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function, PT Procaeuug tt: Precaleulus Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ] - 2B Y v2 + 4) =3sin(2ax —(-4)) x b 3sin(2mx + 4) coordinates | Ooty ‘The equation y =3sin@x—(-4)) is ofthe form in(Bx —C) with A=3, B=27, and 2 |, ssiel anf 2 C=-4. The amplitude is | 4 [=| 3 |=3. The x z =3sin(-4 +4) 3sin0=3-0=0 rs] |, = sin — 2. naa quater periods to r 3sin| generat values forthe key points =3sin =3sin m4 a m4 zy 7 |) =3sin) 2 2—*]44] || *.0 4a on 2a Qn =3sin(e 4-4-4) Basin. ‘We evaluate the function at each value of x. 3 sin) = sin) 3sin 2% = 3-1) = = =3sin(Qn—4 +4) | 3sin2x=3-0=0 | mooth curv Connect the five key points with a smooth curve given and graph one complete eycle of the given Funct -035 259 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ISM: Precalouty 5 30. y Ome + 4m) = —3sin(2ze — (42) Connect the five key points with a smooth cury. ‘The equation y =—3sin(2zex —(—42)) is of the and graph one complete cycle of the given" form y= Asin(Bx-C) with A= 3, B function. and C =—4z. The amplitude is | A |=| -3 ‘The period is The phase shifts Boln " 1 he quarter-period is +. The quarter-ps 4 cycle begins at x=~2, Add quarter-periods to generate «values for the key points. 32. The oquation y =3.osx is ofthe form y= Acosx with A=3. Thus, the amplitude ig lal=[3 The period is 27. The quarter period is = or =, The cycle begins at x= p FoF F: The exc beat 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points coordinates sina—3)+ ae) Beinn + 42) coordinates 0.3) on |y=3cos2m- Conc he five kay pons with and graph one complet cyte of the given Taino 1.0 -3sin(-20+ 4x) =3sin2n=-3-0=0 260 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions Hs Precaleyy. sue Precalculus smooth cry function with the graph of y = cosx function with the graph of y= cos.x e given uM 36, The equation y = cos-4x is of he form y Thus, the amplitude is y= Acos Bx with A= 1 and B= 4, Thus, the ou A 3. The period is 27. The quarter amplitude is | A |. The period is mplinide is vs The quarter peviod cle begins atx = 0. =2E% me quaneretotis meen, Ad quaterpetiods to generate s-values forthe a ty point E12 the cycle begins atx=0. Add alues forthe 424 ‘quarter-periods to generate s-values forthe key point, 2 roy Boon ‘We evaluate the function at each value of x. nc of 2, coordinates 3cos2m 1=-3 | @n,-3) Connect the five key points with a smooth curve aoa and graph one complete cycle of the given e given 261 Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function, 38. ‘The equation y=S.cos2r is of the form y= Acos Bs with A= 5 and B-=27. Ths, the amplitude is | A [=| 5 |=5. The period is 2n_2n 1 Ea ‘The quarter-period is +The quarterperiod is eyele begins at x= Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points Bon 44 ‘We evaluate the function at each value of x Scos2me ‘cos(2t-0) =Scos0=5-1=5 | yselees) 0.5) = eis Seos =5.0=0 ISM: Precatey 1 cos(2it-1) ays) Scos2a=5-125 Conca the five key points with a smooth euryg and fanction 40, ‘The ution y=-Bco5% is ofthe form 1 y= Acos x withA=3 and B= =. Thus the amplitudes | A |=| -3 |=3. The period is st. The quarter-period is 0. Ada The cycle begins at quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points ction at each value of x ‘coordinates Precaleaig l as —— nooth cane iven ¢ form | ~. Thus, the ; riod is period is Add for the key ja FT ght Precaloulus ct the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the giv function. 42. The equation y cos x is ofthe form 24 F and B=". Thus, 2 4 y= AcosBe with = 1. the period is the amplitude is | A 2m an a4 ‘The quarter-period is ate the function at each value of x a 263 1. The equation y Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions 2,0) 6.0) Connect fve Key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle ofthe given function. cos(2x—7) is of the form Acos(Bx—C) with A=4, and B'=2, and cn © the gunerperodis ©. The eye CE te qurerpeiodis ©. eo vegas =, Ad quaner pds to generate values forthe key points Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions | 4°42 ‘We evaluate the function at each value of x. (4) \ 7 patente | ee =4cox@n =) eal =Aeos(3—2) =4c0s2n=4-1=4 ‘Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function x y=4cos@x—m) [coordinates form y = Acos(Bx—C) with A 1. Thus, the amplitude is 1 2n_2n 1 the period is 2% =? 2 : B ana C : \al-|2 c ‘The phase siftis ‘The quarter. 2 2 5 Add riod is =, The eycle begins at x Ps 4 The eyele beg : ‘quarter-periods to generate x-values forthe key points. 4°42 We evaluate the function at each value of & coordinates 1 F cos(ax +m) pox +) t Prec: calcul Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions Alyy gmt Precalculus a) ote ‘The cycle begins at x to generate x-values for the key points. ‘We evaluate the function at each value of x. eee = | an phone cnple of gen ‘ eo WA 48. The equation is of the form “eo y= Acos(Bx -C) with A=, and =2,and Thus, the amplitude is | A |=| —4 |=4 265 Chapter 4: Trigonometrie Functior eis (7,0) acolo ~4cos2n=-4-1= Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given function. 50, + ISM: Precatey lug me +4) =3c0s(2m ~(—4n) The equation y= 3.cos@nx~ ) with A=3,and Ba, 4n)) is Of the form y =A cos(Bx— snd C =r, Thus, the amplitude is A|e|3|=3. Mheperod is = SE 1 oy, wax 2 The quanter-pe oe ANAMEE-perigg the function at each value of x ST :Precdlouys |i: Precalculus Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions -4n) Scost2ar= 4) coordinates pois ) is of " ne “and od Jeos(m-(-2)+ 4m) 2,3) . _ = Beos(-4nr+ 4x) ae0+t an 3.123 nye dn! The 2°2 ater periog semek anor id quarter. i key poins, We evaluate the function at each vale of L x fyesin—2 : 0 [y=sino— ue of 52, By connecting the points with a smooth curve we ‘obtain one period of the graph, 3eos(2n-(=1)+ 4m) 3cos(-2e+ 4) =30c0s2n=3-1=3 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle of the given » T $4. ‘The graph of y =cos.x+3 is the graph of yam shed unis ward Te prod for 3 . 2 thn buh con 2 The oer pits 2 . cc ©. Te ele beginsax=0. Add quer ‘hoppy -ainy-2 wae phot (pea pai ns pais sinx shifted 2 units downward. The period for both functions is 2,7. The qu: ter-period is te = or 7 the cycle begins at x oF F: The eyele beg ‘quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key 0. Add 267 a Chapter 4: Trigonometri¢ Functions We evaluate the function at each value of x. il { cosa +3 coordinates | = premarin scoot 3 } | : 2m |y=cos2e+3=1+ By connecting the points with a smooth curve we obtain one period of the ‘graph. 1 86, ‘The graph of y =2c0s— 1-41 isthe graph of y =2e0s- shifted one unit upwand. The The amplitude for both funetions is ‘The quarter period is ~* =, The eycle begins at x= 0, Add quarter-periods fo generate x- values forthe key points 4 | ena | x=0 x=0+n=m yaQetnain ralntm=4n We evaluate the fimetion 2oos m+ 1 2-(-D+ of ae 2eos2n +1 =2-141 By connect 2-0+1=041=1 aeofL-an)o4 J ISM: Precalcy. each value of» ‘coordinates | 0,3) (47,3) the points with a smooth curve We ‘obtain one period of the graph. 58. The graph of y=—3sin 2mx+2 is the graph of y =—3sin 2x shifted two units upward. The amplitude both functions is | A | Ht Precdlayy (4x3) J oth curve we graph of ard, The gM: Precaloulus ‘Th pire tons is 21, The anter-potods ©, The eel begins a= 0. |Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the ey points. x=0 tate the function at each value of x. coordinates 0 |y=-3sinQx-0)+2 o 3sin0+2 3042-042 “3sin@Qe-1) +2 4,2) Bsin2e +2 -3-042=0+2 60, 02. 64, 66. 68. 70. Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions By connecting the points with a smooth curve we obtain one period of the graph. ‘The period is the number of days from 1/24/03 to 2/21/03. ‘That is 7 days in January plus 21 days in February, 7421 =28 ‘The period of the emotional cycle is 28 days. In the month of February, the physical cycle is at 4 minimum on 2/18/03. Thus, the author should ‘not run in a marathon on 2/18/03, For the period shown, 1/11/03 would be the best day. Answers may vary ‘The information gives the five key points of the ‘graph. (0, 23) corresponds to Noon, G, 38) comesponds to 3 PM, (6, 53) corresponds to 6 Pat, (8, 38) comesponds 10 9 Pt, (12, 23) corresponds to Midnight. By connecting the five kay points with a smooth ‘curve we graph information from noon to midnight, We extend the graph one cycle to the right to graph the information for 0S x24, The function y ) +40 isin form y= Asin(Be~C)+D with 16, Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ISM: Precaleulyg Substirute these values into. y= Acos Br + D. ‘The depth of the water is modeled by and C The amplitude is 16 |=16. The period is The phase shift is 74.-80, Answers may vary 82, Exercise 8 periods to find the s-values forthe key points. i xed | ea4e327 . | Bvercise 10 r=743=10 “ x=1043=13 x=134+3=16 f | Because we are graphing for 1<.x < 12, we will evaluate the function for the three x-values between I and 12, along with x= 1 and Using a calculator we have the following points, Exercise 12 (1,24) (4, 40) (7, 56) (10, 40) (12, 26.1) 4 By connecting the points with a smooth curve we obtain the graph for 1S x < 12. Fe P3d3 ede sib ‘Month of year re monthly temperature is 56" The highest aver in July 72. Because the depth of the water ranges from a [ ‘minimum of 3 fect to a maximum of 5 feet, the | As, of ZI curve oscillates about the middle value, 4 feet. 5 Thus, D= 4. The maximum depth of the water is I foot above 4 feet. Thus, A = I. The graph shows that one complete cycle occurs in 12-0, or 12 hours. The period is 12. Thus, 128 270 : Precaleuiy, igo: Precalculus (Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions os Bu+ D, sercise 52 y mF 10 for our graph. ° oa 7 ad = 86. ‘The function y =—2 cos| 2x ~~] is of the form ‘The graphs appear to be the same from 2 Fak y= Acos(Bx—C) withA=-2, B=27, and 2°? © The amplitude is | A 2. 2 The eyele begins at i =. We choose ‘The graph is very similar to y = sin.x, except not smooth, tA LY 94, Antwers may vary 88. The function .cos(Bx ~C) + D with for our graph. 3sin(2x—n) +5 is of the form 3,B=2, C=, 3. The and D=5, The amplitude is | A|=|3 | | Qn _2n eriod is 2% = 2% = 2, The cycle begins a pevid is 2 = 2% = 2. Te “ cn ©. Because D= 5 the graph has a B 2 vertical shift $ units upward. We choose an ee - Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions ISM: Proce Pt i Alig | Sz 96. ‘To graph y =x +08, we will make a tale of valves of ») onthe graph of y=x + eos. for OS.xs % x an x | ae | Ie 9 x | o zie], | = 4 | 2 | 4 a | 2 4 4 1 | a9 | usr | nes | 2a | 322 | ar | 620 | 728 | 7.78 he graph shown, ‘We connect these points with a smooth: ion 4.6 Check Point Exercises We solve the equation =-% ond 2x== xe Zak 4 4 x x ‘Thus, wo consecutive asymptotes occur at x= and x =~, Midway between these asymptotes is x = 0. ymp 7 7 y pt jent of the tangent is 3, the points on An x-intercept is O and the graph passes through (0,0). Because the coe! ercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of ~3 and 3. We use the two the graph midway between an asymptote, the x-intercept, and the points midway between to graph one period of y =3tan2x from ~~ to ~. ymp and the points midway raph one pe u Fut =e ~ cot, The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period as shown, iercepis of Y=8 (+3) correspond Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y=2c0s2x, The equation is of the form Use quarter-periods, €, to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values xe 3n ave 0,2, 3%, and i, Evaluating the 42 4 = function at each value of x, the key points are EE] (Efe Bn. 3n SxS — we use the 4 4 In order to graph for ~ 3n first four points and extend the graph = units to the left. Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides Chapter 4: Trigonometric Functions to graph y =2see2x Exercise Set 4.6 For 2 and 4, in the given funk 2. The graph has an asymptote at ct The phase shit, £, from = 10 0is ~— unis, nas CaF ws, CoB Cle To? cot ‘The function with C 4. The graph has an asymptote at = ‘There is no phase shift. Thus, — The function with C 6 We solve the equations x-intercept An z-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,0), Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the points on the graph midway between an 274 ISM: Precauy, x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of -2 and 2. We use the two, consecutive asymplotes, «=~2% and x=2, from 4 to 2, We continue the patter and exten the graph another full period tothe righ, to graph one full period of y =2a isympfotes occur at ‘An x-intercept is O and the graph passes through (©, 0). Because the coefficient ofthe tangent is 3, the points on the graph midway between an x- intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of -3 and 3. We use the two consecutive = and x 4 4 asymptotes, + to graph one all period of y=3tan2x from = to ~. We fall period of y =3tan2s from —4 to continue the pattern and extend the graph anothet full period to the right. Is 10. 2

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