1 Lecture-8 Shear Strength of Soils Dr. Attaullah Shah

1 Lecture-8 Shear Strength of Soils Dr. Attaullah Shah.
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Lecture-8
Shear Strength of Soils
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Presentation on theme: "1 Lecture-8 Shear Strength of Soils Dr. Attaullah Shah." Presentation transcript:
1 Lecture-8 Shear Strength of Soils Dr. Attaullah Shah
2 Strength of different materials Steel Tensile strength Concrete Compressive
strength Soil Shear strength Presence of pore water Complex behavior
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3 What is Shear Strength? Shear strength in soils is the resistance to movement
between particles due to physical bonds from:Shear strength in soils is the resistance to
movement between particles due to physical bonds from: a.Particle interlocking
b.Atoms sharing electrons at surface contact points c.Chemical bonds (cementation)
such as crystallized calcium carbonate
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1 Lecture-8 Shear Strength of Soils Dr. Attaullah Shah. - ppt download
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4 Inuencing Factors on Shear Strength The shearing strength, is affected by:The
Start shearing strength, is affected by: soil composition: mineralogy, grain size and grain size
distribution, shape of particles, pore uid type and content, ions on grain and in pore
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uid. Initial state: State can be describe by terms such as: loose, dense,
over-consolidated, normally consolidated, stiff, soft, etc. Structure: Refers to the

arrangement of particles within the soil mass; the manner in which the particles are
packed or distributed. Features such as layers, voids, pockets, cementation, etc, are part
of the structure.
5 Shear Strength of Soil In reality, a complete shear strength formulation would account for all previously stated
factors.In reality, a complete shear strength formulation

would account for all previously stated factors. Soil behavior is
Buttons:
quite complex due to the possible variables stated.Soil behavior is quite complex due to the possible variables stated.
Laboratory tests commonly used:Laboratory tests commonly used: Direct Shear Test Unconned Compression
Testing.
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6 Soil Failure and shear strength Soil Failure and shear strength. Soil failure usually occurs in the form of
shearing along internal surface within the soil.Soil failure usually occurs in the form of shearing along internal surface
within the soil. Thus, structural strength is primarily a function of shear strength.Thus, structural strength is primarily a
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function of shear strength. Shear strength is a soils ability to resist sliding along internal surfaces within the soil
mass.Shear strength is a soils ability to resist sliding along internal surfaces within the soil mass.
7 Slope Stability: Failure is an Example of Shearing Along Internal Surface
8 Mass Wasting: Shear Failure
9 Shear Failure: Earth Dam
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10 Shear Failure Under Foundation Load
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11 Shear failure Soils generally fail in shear strip footing embankment At failure, shear stress along the failure
surface reaches the shear strength. failure surface mobilized shear resistance
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12 Shear failure The soil grains slide over each other along the failure surface. No crushing of individual grains.
failure surface
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13 Shear failure mechanism At failure, shear stress along the failure surface (
) reaches the shear strength (
f ).
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14 Retaining wall Shear failure of soils Soils generally fail in shear
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15 Retaining wall Shear failure of soils At failure, shear stress along the failure surface (mobilized shear
resistance) reaches the shear strength. Failure surface Mobilized shear resistance Soils generally fail in shear
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16 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
failure envelope cohesion friction angle
stress the soil can take without failure, under normal stress of
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f is the maximum shear stress the soil can
failure envelope Cohesion Friction angle
18 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion ( in terms of effective stresses )
take without failure, under normal effective stress of

friction angle f f u = pore water pressure
f is the maximum shear
f f
17 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion ( in terms of total stresses )
take without failure, under normal stress of
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f f
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can
failure envelope Effective cohesion Effective
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19 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Shear strength consists of two components: cohesive and frictional.
f f
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20 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Shear strength consists of two components: cohesive and frictional.
' ' c cohesive component
f tan
f f
frictional component
f f
c
f tan
c cohesive component frictional component c and
the values, higher the shear strength.
f f
are measures of shear strength. Higher
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24 Other laboratory tests include, Direct simple shear test, torsional ring shear test, plane strain triaxial test,
laboratory vane shear test, laboratory fall cone test Determination of shear strength parameters of soils (c,
or
c
Laboratory tests on specimens taken from representative undisturbed samples Field tests Most common
laboratory tests to determine the shear strength parameters are, 1.Direct shear test 2.Triaxial shear test 1.Vane shear
test 2.Torvane 3.Pocket penetrometer 4.Fall cone 5.Pressuremeter 6.Static cone penetrometer 7.Standard penetration
test
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25 Laboratory tests Field conditions z
hc After and during construction
26
vc
hc Before construction A representative soil sample z
vc +
vc +
26 Laboratory tests Simulating eld conditions in the laboratory Step 1 Set the specimen in the apparatus and
apply the initial stress condition
vc
hc Representative soil sample taken from the site 0 0 0 0 Step 2 Apply the
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corresponding eld stress conditions
vc +
hc
vc +
Traxial test
vc
Direct shear test
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27 Direct shear test Schematic diagram of the direct shear apparatus
28
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28 Direct shear test Preparation of a sand specimen
Components
of the shear box Preparation of a sand
specimen Porous plates Direct shear test is most suitable for consolidated drained tests specially on granular soils (e.g.:
sand) or stiff clays
please recommend
in any
social system.
specimen
Preparationitoftoayour
sandfriends
specimen
Specimen
preparation
29 29 Direct shear test Leveling the top surface of it,
completed Pressure plate
30
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30 Direct shear test Test procedure Porous plates Pressure plate Steel ball Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the
specimen and wait for consolidation P Proving ring to measure shear force S
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31 Direct shear test Step 2: Lower box is subjected to a horizontal displacement at a constant rate Step 1: Apply a
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vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation P Test procedure Pressure plate Steel ball Proving ring to
measure shear force S Porous plates
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32 Direct shear test Shear box Loading frame to apply vertical load Dial gauge to measureCancel
vertical displacement
Dial gauge to measure horizontal displacement Proving ring to measure shear force
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33 Direct shear test Analysis of test results Note: Cross-sectional area of the sample changes with the horizontal
displacement
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34 Direct shear tests on sands Shear stress,
Shear displacement Dense sand/ OC clay
f f Loose sand/ NC
clay f f Dense sand/OC Clay Loose sand/NC Clay Change in height of the sample Expansion Compression Shear
displacement Stress-strain relationship
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stress,
stress,
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f1 Normal stress =
1 Direct shear tests on sands How to determine strength parameters c and
Shear displacement f2 Normal stress =

Mohr Coulomb failure envelope
f3 Normal stress =
3 Shear stress at failure,
36 Direct shear tests on sands Some important facts on strength parameters c and
Shear
f Normal
of sand Sand is
cohesionless hence c = 0 Direct shear tests are drained and pore water pressures are dissipated, hence u = 0 Therefore,
= and c = c = 0
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37 Direct shear tests on clays Failure envelopes for clay from drained direct shear tests Shear stress at failure,
f Normal force,
Normally consolidated clay (c = 0) In case of clay, horizontal displacement should be applied
at a very slow rate to allow dissipation of pore water pressure (therefore, one test would take several days to nish)
Overconsolidated clay (c 0)
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38 Interface tests on direct shear apparatus In many foundation design problems and retaining wall problems, it
is required to determine the angle of internal friction between soil and the structural material (concrete, steel or wood)
Where, c a = adhesion,
= angle of internal friction
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39 Triaxial Shear Test Soil sample at failure Failure plane Porous stone impervious membrane Piston (to apply
deviatoric stress) O-ring pedestal Perspex cell Cell pressure Back pressure Pore pressure or volume change Water Soil
sample
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40 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Sampling tubes Sample extruder
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41 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Edges of the sample are carefully trimmed
Setting up the sample in the triaxial cell
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42 Triaxial Shear Test Sample is covered with a rubber membrane and sealed Cell is completely lled with water
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)
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43 Triaxial Shear Test Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample) Proving ring to measure the deviator load
Dial gauge to measure vertical displacement
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44 Unconned Compression Test (UC Test)
1=
VC +
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45 Unconned Compression Test (UC Test)
1=
VC +
3 = 0 Conning pressure is zero in the UC test

f
3 = 0 Shear stress,
Normal stress,
ququ f
= 1 /2 = q u /2 = c u
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47 The End
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