ProcessModelling

DynamicModels

Dr.YehiaElShazly

MaterialBalanceEquations
Steady State

Dynamic / Unsteady State

Component Balances:

Component Balances with Reaction:

Dr.YehiaElShazly

 Atom Balance:
e.g.: for
f the
th case off carbon
b in
i a fuel
f l combustion
b ti process

BalancingProcedures
1- Choose the Balance Region Such That the Variables
Are Constant or Change Little Within the System.
System
Draw Boundaries Around the Balance Region.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

2 IdentifytheTransportStreamsWhichFlowAcross
theSystemBoundary

3- Write the Material Balance in Word Form

Kg/s

Dr.YehiaElShazly

4- ExpressEachBalanceTerminMathematicalForm
withMeasurableVariables

Kg/s

RateofAccumulationTerm

Fo componenti
component i
Forgasesintermsofnumberofmoles
Kg/s
Fortotalmassofthesystem

Dr.YehiaElShazly

 ConvectiveFlowTerms
Forthetotalmassflow

Forthecomponentmassflow
Kg/s

DiffusionofComponents

Kg/s

Dr.YehiaElShazly

 Interphase Transport

Kg/s

ProductionRate

Kg/s

Dr.YehiaElShazly

5 IntroduceOtherRelationshipsandBalancesSuch

ThattheNumberofEquationsEqualstheNumber
ofDependentVariables:
Reaction stoichiometry.
Reaction rates as functions of concentration and
temperature.
Equations of state or Ideal Gas Law behaviour.
Physical property correlations as functions of
concentration, temperature, etc.
Hydraulic flow equations.
Pressure
P
variations
i i
as a function
f
i off flow
fl rate.
Equilibrium relationships (e.g., Henrys law, relative
volatilities, etc.).
Activity coefficients.

TankDrainage
A tank of diameter D, containing liquid of depth H, discharges
via a short base connection of diameter d

Assumingtheabsenceofanyfrictionalfloweffects,theoutlet
Assuming
the absence of any frictional flow effects the outlet
flowvelocity,v,isrelatedtotheinstantaneousdepthofliquid
withinthetank,bytherelationship

Dr.YehiaElShazly

dM
= Fo
dt
dV
2
= v
d
dt
4
2

d
D h
4
= v d 2

dt
4
dh

2
D 2
= v
d
4
dt
4
dh
D2
= vd 2
dt
d
2 gh

dh
=
dt
dh
=
h

h =

d
2g
d t ; h (t = 0 ) = H
D

g d

t
2 D

Dr.YehiaElShazly

d=0.1;
2
D=1;
1
g=9.8;
H=5;
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
t=linspace(0,100);
h=(((sqrt(H))((sqrt(g./2))*((d./D).^2).*t)).^2);
plot(t,h)

60

70

80

90

100

>>f=inline('sqrt(2*9.8*y)*((0.1/1)^2)','t','y')
f=
Inlinefunction:
f(t,y)=sqrt(2*9.8*y)*((0.1/1)^2)
( ,[
], )
>>ode45(f,[0100],5)

5
4.5
4
3.5

3
2.5
2

1.5
1
0.5

Dr.YehiaElShazly

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10

ComponentBalances

Aplantdischargesanaqueouseffluentatavolumetricflow
rateF.Periodically,theeffluentiscontaminatedbyan
unstablenoxiouswaste,whichisknowntodecomposeata
rateproportionaltoitsconcentration.Theeffluentmustbe
divertedtoaholdingtank,ofvolumeV,priortofinal
di h
discharge.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

11

 Atotal andacomponent materialbalance.

Neglectingdensityeffects,thetotalmaterialbalanceequation
is

Therateofthedecompositionreactionisgivenby

andthecomponentbalanceequationby

AssumeVisconstant;F0=F1 =F
dC A1 F
= ( C A0 C A1 ) k1C A1
dt
V

AssumeF=1m3/min;V=5m3;k1=0.11/min;
CA0=5mol/m3
dC A1 1
= ( 5 C A1 ) 0.1C A1
dt
5

Dr.YehiaElShazly

12

>>y=dsolve('Dy=0.2*(5y)0.1*y','y(0)=5')
y=10/3+5/3*exp(3/10*t)
>>ezplot(y,[0,50])

10/3+5/3 exp(-3/10 t)

5.5

4.5

3.5

3
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Dr.YehiaElShazly

13

 IfVisnotaconstant

dVC A1
dC A1
dV
=V
+ C A1
dt
dt
dt

dVC A1
dC A1
=V
+ C A1 ( F0 F1 ) = F0C A0 F1C A1 k1C A1V
dt
dt

dVC A1
dC A1
=V
+ C A1 ( F0 F1 ) = F0 C A 0 F1C A1 k1C A1V
dt
dt

dC A1
= F0C A0 F0C A1 k1C A1V
dt

dC A1 F0
= ( C A0 C A1 ) k1C A1
dt
V

F0=5,F1=4m3/min
dV
= 5 4 = 1; V ( 0 ) = 0
dt
V = t

dC A1 F0
= ( C A0 C A1 ) k1C A1
dt
t

Dr.YehiaElShazly

14

>>y=dsolve('Dy=5*(5y)/t0.1*y','y(0)=5')
y=60000000/t^5*exp(1/10*t)+250*(240000
24000*t+1200*t^240*t^3+t^4)/t^5
>>simple(y)
y=250*(240000*exp(1/10*t)+240000
24000*t+1200*t^2 40*t^3+t^4)/t^5
24000*t+1200*t^240*t^3+t^4)/t^5
>>ezplot(y,[0,1000])

-...+250 (240000-24000 t+1200 t2-40 t 3+t4)/t 5

5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Dr.YehiaElShazly

15

AnIsothermalChemicalReactor
Assumethattwochemicalspecies, AandB,areinasolvent
feedstreamenteringaLiquidphasechemicalreactor
that is maintained at a constant temperature The two
thatismaintainedataconstanttemperature.Thetwo
speciesreactirreversiblytoformathirdspecies, P.Find
thereactorconcentrationofeachspeciesasafunctionof
time.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

16

 Overallmassbalance,assuminginletdensityequaloutlet
density

ComponentMaterialBalance

Dr.YehiaElShazly

WhererA,rB andrP
represent
therateofgeneration
of
speciesA,B,andFper
unitvolume

17

ExtractionfromaSolidbyaSolvent
Anagitatedbatchtankisusedtodissolveasolid
component from a solid matrix into a liquid solvent
componentfromasolidmatrixintoaliquidsolvent
medium
Forabatchsystem,withnoinflowandnooutflow,thetotal
massofthesystemremainsconstant.
Thesolutiontothisproblemthusinvolvesaliquidphase
componentmaterialbalanceforthesolublematerial,
combinedwithanexpressionfortherateofmass
transferofthesolidintotheliquid.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

18

whereVL isthevolumeoftheliquid,
CL istheconcentrationofthecomponentintheliquid,
is the concentration of the component in the liquid,
kL istheliquidphasemasstransfercoefficient,
Aisthetotalinterfacialareaformasstransferand
CL* istheequilibriumvalue.

Theanalyticalsolutiontotheaboveequation,assuming
constantVL,kL,Aandequilibriumconcentration,CL*,is
givenby:

>>dsolve('Dy=k*A*(Cy)/V','y(0)=C0')
y
y
y
ans =
C+exp(k*A/V*t)*(C+C0)

Dr.YehiaElShazly

19

ChemicalReaction
A+2B>C+3D

rA istherateofreactionofA(molA/volume*time)
kisthereactionrateconstant(constantforagiven
temperature)
CA istheconcentrationofA(molA/volume)
CB istheconcentrationofB(molB/volume)

Reactionratesarenormallyexpressedintermsof
generationofaspecies.Theminussignindicatesthat
Aisconsumedinthereactionabove.
Itisgoodpracticetoassociatetheunitswithall
It is good practice to associate the units with all
parametersinamodel.
ForconsistencyintheunitsforrA,wefindthatkhas
unitsof(vol/molB*time).

Noticethat2mols ofBreactforeachmolofA.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

20

 Thereactionratecoefficientisafunctionof
temperature.Themostcommonlyused
representationistheArrheniusratelaw

k(T):reactionrateconstant,asafunctionof
temperature
A:frequencyfactororpreexponential factor(sameunits
ask)
k)
E=ActivationEnergy(cal/gmol)
R=idealgasconstant(1.987callgmol K.oranothersetof
consistentunits)
T=absolutetemperature(degKordegR)

r E 1 1
ln 2 =
r1 R T1 T2

Dr.YehiaElShazly

21

PlugFlowReactor
LetFbethemolarflowrateofa
chemical
Therateofreactionisexpressedasthe
molesproducedperunitoftimeperunit
ofvolume.

Themolarflowratecanberelatedtothe
velocityinthetube.

Inmanycasesthevelocityandcrosssectionalareaofthe
tubeareconstant.

dc
= r ; r = f (c )
d
dz
c( z = 0 ) = c0

Dr.YehiaElShazly

22

Ifthereactorcontainsacatalyst,thenthereactionrateis
expressedasthemolarrateofchangepermassof
y , r/.Onemustthenmultiplybythemassof
py y
catalyst,
catalystperunitvolume

BatchReactor
letNbethemolesofachemical;themolarchangeofa
chemical is the reaction rate (molar change per unit time
chemicalisthereactionrate(molarchangeperunittime
perunitvolume)timesthevolumeandthetime:

Thevolumeisconstant
Vdc = dN

Dr.YehiaElShazly

23

 Thisequationissimilartotheequationforaplugflow
reactor,withthetimet takingtheplaceofthevariable
z/u.

You
Youcanalsointroducecatalystintothebatchreactor,
can also introduce catalyst into the batch reactor
inwhichcasethereactionraterisreplacedbyrr .
dc
= B r
dt

ENERGYBALANCING

Dr.YehiaElShazly

24

Energy

Time

StirredTankHeatingProcess:ConstantHoldup
Considerthestirredtank
heating system The Liquid
heatingsystem.TheLiquid
inletstreamconsistsofa
singlecomponentwitha
massflowratewandan
inlettemperatureTi.The
tankcontentsareagitated
g
andheatedusingan
electricalheaterthat
providesaheatingrate,Q.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

25

Assumptions:
1. Perfectmixing;thus,theexittemperatureT isalsothe
temperatureofthetankcontents.
2. Theinletandoutletflowratesareequal;thus,the
liquid holdup V isconstant.
liquidholdupV
is constant
3. Thedensity andheatcapacityC oftheliquidare
assumedtobeconstant.Thus,theirtemperature
dependenceisneglected.
4. Heatlossesarenegligible.

OverallMassBalance:
dM
= wi w
dt
dV
= wi w = 0
dt
wi = w

Dr.YehiaElShazly

26

 OverallEnergyBalance:

Forapureliquidatlowormoderatepressures,the
internalenergyisapproximatelyequaltothe
enthalpy,andHdependsonlyontemperature
Andint =wherethecaret(^)meansperunitmass.

Adifferentialchangeintemperature,dT,producesa
correspondingchangeintheinternalenergyperunit
mass, dUint
Thetotalinternalenergyoftheliquidinthetankcanbe
expressedastheproductofUint andthemassinthetank,
V
Anexpressionfortherateofinternalenergyaccumulation

Dr.YehiaElShazly

27

 SupposethattheliquidinthetankisatatemperatureT
andhasanenthalpy,
we assume that reff =0
=0
weassumethat
Similarly,fortheinletstream:
dU int
= wH i wH + Q
dt
dT
VC
= wC (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) + Q
dt
VC

dT
= wC (Ti T ) + Q
dt

C wasassumedto
beconstantand
thusindependent
oftemperature.

AdegreesofFreedom analysisforthismodelgives:
3parameters:V,,C
4variables:
4 variables: T,T
T, Tii ,w,Q
, w, Q
1equation
DegreesofFreedomare

NF=41=3

Dr.YehiaElShazly

28

StirredTankHeatingProcess:VariableHoldup
TheoverallMassBalanceis:
dV
dM d (V )
=
=
=w
dt

dt

dt

TheoverallEnergyBalanceis:

( ) (

( )

dU int dH d MH
d VH
d VH
=
=
=
=
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

( )

d VH
dH
dV
= V
+ H
dt
dt
dt

( )

d VH
dT
= VC
+ H (wi w)
dt
dt

( )

d VH
dT
= VC
+ C (T Tref )(wi w)
dt
dt

VC

Dr.YehiaElShazly

( )

d VH
= wi C (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) + Q
dt

( )

d VH
= wi C (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) + Q
dt

dT
+ C (T Tref )(wi w) = wi C (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) + Q
dt

29

dT wi
(Ti T ) + Q
=
dt V
CV
dV 1
= (wi w)
dt
Parameters:,C
Variables wi,w,T
Variables:w
w Ti, Q,V,T
Q V T
Eqautions:2

ElectricallyHeatedStirredTank
Stirredtankheatingsystemwithconstantholdup
Themetalheatingelementhasasignificantthermal
capacitanceandthattheelectricalheatingrateQdirectly
affectsthetemperatureoftheelementratherthanthe
liquidcontents.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

30

dTe
= Q he Ae (Te T )
dt
dT
MC
= wC (Ti T ) + he Ae (Te T )
dt

M e Ce

whereM=V and
MeCe istheproductofthemassofmetalintheheating
elementanditsspecificheat.
ThetermheAe istheproductoftheheattransfercoefficient
andareaavailableforheattransfer.

Ifflowratew isconstant,thetwoequationscanbe
convertedintoasinglesecondorderdifferential
equation.
First,solvethetankenergybalanceequationforTe and
thendifferentiatetofinddTe/dt
/ .
SubstitutingtheexpressionsforTe anddTeldt intothe
heatingelementenergybalanceyields:

Dr.YehiaElShazly

31

Example
Anelectricallyheatedstirredtankprocesswhichhasa
constantvolumeholdupandthemetalheatingelement
has a significant thermal capacitance
hasasignificantthermalcapacitance.
Processdesignandoperatingconditionsare
characterizedbythefollowingfourparametergroups:

ThenominalvaluesofQandTiare:

(a) Calculatethenominalsteadystatetemperature?

T = Ti +

1
Q
wC

=3500C

Dr.YehiaElShazly

32

(b)Assumethattheprocessisinitiallyatthesteady
statedeterminedinpart(a).Calculatetheresponse,
T(t),toasuddenchangeinQfrom5000to5400
kcal/min Plot the temperature response
kcal/min.Plotthetemperatureresponse.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

33

 IfweassumethatmeCe issmallrelativetoother
terms,then

TheContinuousStirredTankReactor
(CSTR)
AB

Dr.YehiaElShazly

34

 therateofreactionisfirstorderwithrespect
tocomponentA,
where ristherateofreactionofAperunit
volume
k isthereactionrateconstant(withunitsof
reciprocaltime),
CA isthemolarconcentrationofspeciesA.

Assumptions:
1.TheCSTRisperfectlymixed.
2.Themassdensitiesofthefeedandproductstreamsare
equalandconstant.Theyaredenotedby.
3 The liquid volume V in the reactor is kept constant by an
3.TheliquidvolumeVinthereactoriskeptconstantbyan
overflowline.
4.Thethermalcapacitancesofthecoolantandthecooling
coilwallarenegligiblecomparedtothethermal
capacitanceoftheliquidinthetank.
5.Allofthecoolantisatauniformtemperature,Tc,(That
is the increase in coolant temperature as the coolant
is,theincreaseincoolanttemperatureasthecoolant
passesthroughthecoilisneglected.)
6.Therateofheattransferfromthereactorcontentstothe
coolantisgivenby:

Dr.YehiaElShazly

35

7.Theenthalpychangeassociatedwiththemixingofthe
feedandtheliquidinthetankisnegligiblecompared
withtheenthalpychangeforthechemicalreaction.In
other words the heat of mixing is negligible compared to
otherwords,theheatofmixingisnegligiblecomparedto
theheatofreaction.
8.Shaftworkandheatlossestotheambientcanbe
neglected.

OverallMassBalance:

ComponentAmassbalance:

Dr.YehiaElShazly

36

 EnergyBalance:

whereHR istheheatofreactionpermoleofAthatis
reacted.(J/molofA)
CoilEnergyBalance

???????????

Coolingliquidenergyequation:
cVc

dH c
= Fc c (H c 0 H c ) + UA(T Tc )
dt

wherec =densityofcoolingwater
Hc =enthalpyofcoolingwater
Letusassumethesimpleforms
Hc=Cc(TcTref)
Cc =heatcapacityofthecoolingwater
cVcCc

Dr.YehiaElShazly

dTc
= Fc c Cc (Tc 0 Tc ) + UA(T Tc )
dt

37

STAGEDSYSTEMS

SeriesofIsothermalConstantHoldUp CSTR

ProductBisproducedandreactantAisconsumedin
eachofthethreeperfectlymixedreactorsbyafirstorder
reactionoccurringintheliquid.
Bothtemperaturesandtheliquidvolumesareassumed
tobeconstant(isothermalandconstantholdup).
Densityisassumedconstantthroughoutthesystem,
whichisabinarymixtureofAandB.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

38

 ThusTotalMassBalanceequationforthefirst
reactoris

OrF1=F0
LikewiseF3=F2=F1=F0=F
Componentmassbalance

V/F=
Tank
Residence
Time(s)

Thespecificreactionrateskn aregivenbythe
Arrheniusequation:
k n = Ae E RTn ;

n = 1,2,3

Then referstothestagenumber.
Ifthetemperaturesinthereactorsaredifferent,the
ks aredifferent.
Becausewehaveassumedisothermaloperation:Any
h t dditi
heatadditionorheatremovalrequiredtokeepthe
h t
l
i dt k
th
reactorsatconstanttemperaturescouldbe
calculatedfromasteadystateenergybalance(zero
timederivativesoftemperature).

Dr.YehiaElShazly

39

 Constants:

Variables:
Variables:
V1,V2,V3,k1,k2,k3,CA0,CA1,CA2,CA3,F0
Equations:
3equations
g
DegreeofFreedom:
113=8;8variablesmustbeknown
V1,V2,V3,k1,k2,k3,CA0,F0

CSTRsWITHVARIABLEHOLDUPS
6Equations
14Variables:
V1,V2,V3,
k1,k2,k3,
CA0,CA1,CA2,CA3,
F0 , F1 , F2, F3

Dr.YehiaElShazly

40

GASPHASE,PRESSURIZEDCSTR
Supposeamixtureofgasesisfedintothereactor
sketched in Figure
sketchedinFigure.
Thereactorisfilledwithreactinggaseswhichare
perfectlymixed.
Areversiblereactionoccurs:

Theforwardreactionis1.5thorderinA;thereverse
reactionisfirstorderinB.
ThemolefractionofreactantA inthereactorisy.
Thepressureinsidethevesselis
Th
i id th
l i P (absolute).
( b l t )
BothP andy canvarywithtime.
ThevolumeofthereactorV isconstant.
Isothermalsystem(T isconstant)
Idealgases
Thefeedstreamhasadensity0 andamolefractiony0
ofreactantA.
FeedvolumetricflowrateisF0.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

41

 Flowthroughthecontrolvalveis:

Densityvarieswithpressureandcomposition

Theconcentrationofreactantinthereactoris

Theoverallreactionratefortheforwardreactionis:
Totalmassbalance:

ComponentAmassbalance:

Dr.YehiaElShazly

42

ThreeStageAbsorber
Forthethreestageabsorption
unit shown in Figure a gas phase
unitshowninFigure,agasphase
inintroducedatthebottom
(molarflowrateG)andasingle
componentistobeabsorbedinto
aLiquidphaseintroducedatthe
top(molarflowrateL,flowing
p(
,
g
countercurrently).

Becauseofintimatemixing,wecanassumethatthe
componenttobeabsorbedisinequilibriumbetweenthe
gasandliquidstreamsleavingeachstagei.Forexample,
asimpleLinearrelationisoftenassumed,forstagei:

whereyi andxidenotegasandliquidconcentrationsof
theabsorbedcomponent.
AssumingconstantIiquid holdupH,
perfectmixingoneachstage,
neglecting the holdup of gas,
neglectingtheholdupofgas,
molarLiquidandgasflowratesLandGareunaffectedby
theabsorptionbecausechangesinconcentrationofthe
absorbedcomponentaresmall,
LandGareapproximatelyconstant.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

43

 thecomponentmaterialbalanceforanystagei is:

Dr.YehiaElShazly

DividingbyL
H/L = (stageliquidresidencetime)
H/L=
(stage liquid residence time)
G/L=K(GastoLiquidratio)
aG/L= (StrippingFactor)

44

ForthecaseofthecoolingjacketforCSTR
Breakingupthejacket
volumeintoanumberof
l
i t
b
f
perfectlymixedlumps
Anenergyequationis
neededforeachlump.
(Assumingfourlumpsof
equal volume and heat
equalvolumeandheat
transferarea)
Weendupwithfourenergy
equationsforthejacket:

Coolingliquidenergyequation:
jV j

dH j
dt

= F j j (H j 0 H j ) + UA(T T j )

wherec =densityofcoolingwater
Hc =enthalpyofcoolingwater
Letusassumethesimpleforms
Hj=Cj(TjTref)
Cc =heatcapacityofthecoolingefwater
jV j C j

Dr.YehiaElShazly

dT j
dt

= F j j C j (T j 0 T j ) + UA(T T j )

45

 Breakingthejacketinto4lumps:
1
jV j C j
4
1
jV j C j
4
1
jV j C j
4
1
jV j C j
4

dT j1
dt
dT j 2
dt
dT j 3
dt
dT j 4
dt

1
= F j j C j (T j 0 T j1 ) + UA(T T j1 )
4
1
= F j j C j (T j1 T j 2 ) + UA(T T j 2 )
4
1
= F j j C j (T j 2 T j 3 ) + UA(T T j 3 )
4
1
= F j j C j (T j 3 T j 4 ) + UA(T T j 4 )
4

DistributedParameterSystems
Asystemwherethestatevariableschangewithrespectto
positionandtime.
Consideratubularreactorwhereachemicalreaction
changestheconcentrationofthefluidasitmovesdown
thetube.
TakingthevolumeV
whichstartsfromthe
coordinateZandendsat
Z+ Z
Thereactionis

AB

Dr.YehiaElShazly

46

 OverallMassBalancearoundV
dM
= F Z F Z + Z
dt
dV
= F Z F Z + Z
dt
dAZ
= A(vZ Z vZ Z + Z )
dt
d
Z
= (vZ Z vZ Z + Z )
dt
d (vZ Z + Z vZ Z )
=
dt
Z

TakingthelimitasZ0

v
= Z
Z
t

v

= vZ
+ Z
t
Z
Z

Ifthedensityisconstant

v

= vZ
+ Z
t
Z
Z

=0

dvZ
=0
dZ

Dr.YehiaElShazly

47

 ComponentMassBalancearoundV
dVC A
= FC A Z FC A Z + Z kC A V
dt
dAZC A
= FC A Z FC A Z + Z k C A AZ
dt
dC A
A Z
= (FC A Z + Z FC A Z ) kC A AZ
dt
1 (FC A Z + Z FC A Z )
dC A
kC A
=
dt
A
Z
(v C
vZ C A Z )
dC A
= Z A Z + Z
kC A
dt
Z

TakingthelimitasZ0
v C
C A
= Z A kC A
t
z

v
C A
C A
= vZ
+ C A kC A
t
z
z

ConstantDensity

dvZ
=0
dZ

C A
C A
kC A
= vZ
t
z

Dr.YehiaElShazly

48

 Inderivingthetubularreactorequationswe
assumedthatspeciesAmovedaonlybyconvection
(bulknow).
Inaddition,themoleculescanmovebyvirtueora
,
y
concentrationgradient,i.e.diffusion
Thus,masstransportthroughtheboundariesis:
dC

FCA + ADAZ A Z +Z
dZ

dC

FCA + ADAZ A Z
dZ

dVC A
= FC A
dt

FC A

Z + Z

kC A V

C A
C A
2C A
= vZ
+ DAZ
kC A
t
Z
Z 2
For a more rigorous analysis see , Radial and Axial
Variations in a Tubular Reactor, page 551, in
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering 4th
edition by H. SCOTT FOGLER

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 Thereactionofpropyleneoxidewithwatertoform
propyleneglycol.
Thehydrolysisoftakesplacereadilyatroom
temperaturewhencatalyzedbysulfuricacid.
Thisexothermicreactionisapproximatedasafirst
orderreactiongiventhatthereactionrakesplaceinan
excessofwater.
Thereactioniscarriedinatubularreactor.
The reaction is carried in a tubular reactor

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Dr.YehiaElShazly

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TheDoublePipeHeatExchanger
Afluidflowingthrough
theinsidetubewith
velocity v is heated by
velocityvisheatedby
steamcondensinginthe
outertube.
thetemperatureofthe
liquidisexpressedas
TL(z,t) wherez denotes
distance from the fluid
distancefromthefluid
inlet.
ADistributed
parametermodel

AssumethattheliquidentersattemperatureTL(O,t),
thatis,atz =0.
Heattransfercoefficients(steamtowall)hs,andwallto
liquidhl
Weneglecttheeffectsofaxialenergyconduction,the
resistancetoheattransferwithinthemetalwall,andthe
thermalcapacitanceofthesteamcondensate.

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dTl
= vSlCl (Tl Tref )z vSlCl (Tl Tref )z+z + hl Al (Tw Tl )
dt
dT
l SzCl l = vSlCl Tlz Tlz+z + hl 2rz(Tw Tl )
dt
Dividingbyz
dT vS C T T
l SCl l = l l lz lz+z + hl 2r(Tw Tl )
dt
z
Takingthelimit
T
T
asz0
l SCl l = vSlCl l + hl 2r(Tw Tl )
t
z
has
Tl
T h 2r
(Tw Tl )
= v l + l
unitof
t
z l SCl
time
Tl
T 1
= v l + (Tw Tl )
t
z HL

lVlCl

AnenergyBalanceontheWall
dTw
= hs As (Ts Tw ) hl Al (Tw Tl )
dt
dTw
hA
hA
= s s (Ts Tw ) l l (Tw Tl )
wCwVw
wCwVw
dt

wCwVw

dTw
1
(Ts Tw ) 1 (Tw Tl )
=
dt sw
wl

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