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J. Geotherm.
Res.Soc.Japan
Vol.31. No.2(2009)
P.107P.116
Abstract
Ungaran Volcano is located in the province of Central Java, Indonesia, and is a Quaternary volcano that consists of older
and younger volcanoes. The older Ungaran volcano formed over 500,000 years ago, and the younger volcano was active until
300,000 years ago. The younger volcano seems to have been constructed inside a caldera formed by the older Ungaran activity.
In this study, gravity data was used in an attempt to determine the exact location of the younger and older Ungaran volcanoes,
and to investigate the relationship between fault structure and geothermal manifestations.
A positive Bouguer anomaly was observed over the volcanic body. From detailed analysis of the gravity data, high
anomalies were located over the northern part of the summit that correlate with the older Ungaran volcano. Various
interpretation methods, such as horizontal gradient analysis, spectral analysis, and 2-D forward modeling, were applied to the
gravity data. The younger Quaternary volcanic rocks, which consist of hornblende-augite-andesite (andesite lava) of the
Gajahmungkur volcanics, have an average density of 2,390 120 kg/m3, while the older Quaternary volcanic rocks, consisting
of augite-olivine basalt flows (basaltic lava) from the Kaligesik formation, have an average density of 2,640 100 kg/m3. The
structural setting of the Ungaran volcano has characterized by circular structure where most geothermal manifestations are
located. The result of gravity analysis shows that Ungaran volcano seems to have occurred in tectonic depression, and prominent
caldera depression has not formed within Ungaran volcano without surficial caldera rim. The horizontal gradient analysis
indicates that geothermal features at Ungaran volcano are structurally controlled and are located within the younger volcano.
Keywords: Ungaran volcano, gravity anomaly, fault, geothermal manifestations, Indonesia.
1. Introduction
Ungaran Volcano, located about 30 km southwest of
Semarang, the capital city of Central Java province, Indonesia,
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, P.O.Box227, 11722 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.
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Fig.2
500,000 years ago, and the Young Ungaran volcano did not
form until 300,000 years ago. The volcanic rocks are rich in
alkali elements and are classified as trachyandesite to
trachybasaltic andesite. Moreover, the abundance of alkali
elements affecting the mineralogy suggests the magma genesis
as back-arc side volcanism. The silica content increases in
3. Gravity study
3-(1) Data
Fig. 3 Geologic map of the Ungaran area (modified from Thanden et al., 1996). The stratigraphy of the Ungaran volcanic area was
composed of andesitic lava, perlitic lava, and volcanic breccia during the post Ungaran caldera stages.
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(8)
where h, a, t are the average depth, half width, and thickness of
the source ensemble, respectively. This equation demonstrates
that contributions from the depths, widths, and thicknesses of
the source ensemble can affect the shape of the energy spectral
decay curve. According to the result of the power spectral
analysis using a bandpass filter, anomalies were separated into
regional and residual gravity anomalies.
The HGM, which involves mapping local maxima of the
gravity or pseudogravity (Baranov, 1957), has commonly been
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() All rock samples were divided into several parts for density measurement except
rock sample No.8.
() The geologic units are based on the geologic map by Kohno et al. ( 2006).
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express deep gratitude to Dr.
Wahyudi (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) for providing
valuable gravity data. The authors would like to thank Dr. K.
Fukuoka (Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan) for
suggestions and comments. The authors would like to thank Y.
Kohno, M.Sc., for lending rock samples in order to measure rock
densities. The authors also would like to thank D.H. Barianto,
M.T (graduate student at laboratory of Economy Geology,
Kyushu University) for suggestions and comments on the
geology of Ungaran volcano. The first author gratefully
acknowledges the financial support of the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Science and Technology, Government of Japan in the
form of a scholarship. This study was also supported by a Grant-in
aid for Scientific Research (B) No.17404024 from the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan,
which is acknowledged.
References
Baranov, V. (1957) A new method for interpretation of aeromagnetic
maps-pseudogravity anomalies. Geophysics, 22, 359-383.
Bemmelen, R.W. Van. (1949) The geology of Indonesia, General
geology of Indonesia and adjacent archipelago. 2nd Edition,
Martinus Nilhoff, the Haque, Netherlands, 1A, 555-567.
Blakely, R.J., and Simpson, R.W. (1986) Locating edges of source
5. Conclusions
This paper attempted to provide new insight into the
structural setting of Ungaran volcano using gravity data. A
high Bouguer anomaly is observed in the northern region of
the summit of Ungaran, which correlates with the older
Ungaran volcano. Generally, the regional structure of Ungaran
volcano is divided into two layers with a contrast density of
250 kg/m3. The Quaternary younger Ungaran volcanic rocks
have an average density of 2,390 120 kg/m3 and consist of
hornblende-augite-andesite (andesite lava) from the
Gajahmungkur volcanics, while the average density of the
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the
, , , ,
,
20 6 18 20 10 2
30
02-98.
50
Phuong, Ng, K, Hendrayana, H., Harijoko, A., Itoi, R., and Unoki, R.
19-28.
2,390120kg/m3
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2,640100kg/m3
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