Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Pre-natal period
1. Embryonic Stage: conception to 8 weeks
2. Fetal Stage: 8 weeks to birth
recognizably human
maintains an internal equilibrium that interacts
continuously with the intrauterine environment
(+) damage global impact
girls biological vigor than boys due to second X
chromosome
(+) behaviors necessary for adaptation outside the
womb
Fetal Stage
4-5 months AOG
16 to 20 weeks
17 weeks
18 weeks
5-6 months AOG
20 weeks
25 weeks
7 months AOG
28 weeks
Developmental Landmarks
- vigorous movements
- grasp reflex
- hears, responds to loud noises with
muscle contractions, movements,
and an increased heart rate
- retinal structures can detect bright
light flashed on the abdominal wall
causing - changes in fetal heart rate
and position
- Moro (startle reflex)
- eyelids open
- smell and taste are also developed
- sucking reflex
Smoking
Marijuana
Cocaine
Antibiotics,
anticonvulsants,
lithium, warfarin
Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors
(SSRIs)
1 day old
3 days old
Developmental Landmarks
- Reflexes and Survival Systems
breathing, sucking, swallowing, and
circulatory and temperature
homeostasis
sensory organs are incompletely
developed
REM and non-REM sleep
crying, smiling
penile erection in males
can make noises
- (+) can smell mothers milk
- distinguish mothers voice
Emotional Behavior
- Social smile and joy
shown
- Responds to emotions of
others
Emotional Behavior
- empathy starting;
expressions of feeling
- Likes attention and
approval
- enjoys play alone or
next to peers
2-5 years to 3-6 years (see table for pre-school)
1. Sexual Development
Children exhibit curiosity about anatomical sex
recognized as healthy and met with age-appropriate
replies, they acquire a sense of the wonder of life and
are comfortable with their own roles.
1.a. Gender identity
conviction of being male or female
manifests at 18 months and fixed by 24 to 30 mos
1.b. Gender role
the behavior that society deems appropriate for one sex
or another
2. Sphincter Control and Sleep
toilet training serves as a paradigm of the family's
general training practices
control of daytime urination 2 years
control of nighttime urination 4 years
generally sleep about 12 hours a day, including a 2-hour
nap: takes 30 minutes to sleep
3. Parenting Issues
Parental task: firmness about the boundaries of
acceptable behavior and encouragement of the child's
progressive emancipation
Children will struggle for the exclusive affection and
attention of their parents rivalry
balance between punishment and permissiveness and
set realistic limits
D. Pre-school
Language and Cognitive Development
Mastery of
Mastery of Expression
Comprehension
36-54 months (Grammar development)
- Understands
- Correct articulation of n,
prepositions
w, ng, h, t, d, k, g
- Understands many
- Uses language to relate
words
incidents from the past
- Understands cause and
- Uses wide range of
effect
grammatical forms
- Understands analogies
- Plays with language
(Food is to eat, milk is
- Speech 90% intelligible
to________)
- Able to define words
- Can repeat a 12-syllable
sentence correctly
55 mos onward (True Communication)
2.
-
1. Sibling Rivalry
birth of a sibling tests capacity of further
cooperation and sharing
depends on child-rearing practice. Favoritism for
any reason commonly aggravates such rivalry
If not handled properly, the displacement of the
firstborn can be a traumatic event
2. Play
1. Parallel play (2 and 3 years) solitary play alongside
another child with no interaction between them.
2. Associative play (by 3 years) - plays with the same
toys in pairs or in small groups, but still with no real
interaction among them.
3. Cooperative play (by age 4) - real interactions and
taking turns become possible.
3.
E. Middle Childhood
Language and Cognitive Development
expresses complex ideas
logical exploration tends to dominate
increase interest in rules and orderliness
increase capacity for self-regulation
ability to concentrate by 9 - 10 years
(+) complex motor tasks and activities
Birth Spacing
close spacing increases prematurity or underweight
births, and malnutrition
children from large families increases conduct
disorder and slightly decreased verbal intelligence
due to low parental interaction and discipline
-
4.
3. Drawing
Helps trace the child's growth and express
creativity:
representational and formal in early childhood
make use of perspective in middle childhood
become abstract and affect laden in adolescence
also reflect children's body image concepts and
sexual and aggressive impulses
4. Imaginary Companions
in children with above-average intelligence and
usually in the form of persons
may also be anthropomorphized toys
friendly, relieve loneliness, and anxiety
disappear by age 12, but they can occasionally
persist into adulthood
5.
Stepparents
Romantic
- Understands concepts of
number, speed, time,
space
- Understands left and
right
- Understands abstract
terms
- Is able to categorize
items into classes
Matriarchal
6.
-
Adoption
the process by which a child is taken into a family
by one or more adults who are not the biological
parents but are recognized by law as the child's
parents
usually born out of wedlock 40% born out of
teenage mothers
disclosure at 2 - 4 years old reduces feelings of
betrayal by adoptive parents and abandonment by
biological parents
the later the age of adoption, the higher the
incidence and the more severe problems
may be preoccupied with fantasies of two sets of
parents good and bad parents
Strong desire to know their biological parents
the experience is generally positive when done
during adolescence or adulthood.
authoritarian
indulgent-permissive
Indulgent-neglectful
authoritative-reciprocal (best)
marked by firm rules and shared decision-making in
a warm, loving environment self-reliance,
self-esteem, and sense of social responsibility