A PASSAGE TO INDIA A STUDY 1

COMPOSED BY DEBOJYOTI DASGUPTA (MOB: 9874138466)

.
.......European interest in India began when the Portuguese
navigator Vasco da Gama arrived there in 1498. In 1600,
England chartered the East India Company to exploit Asian
resources and within decades established trading posts in key
Indian cities. Over the next two-and-a-half centuries, Britain
expanded its economic interest in India. In 1858, Britain
transferred control of the Indian subcontinent from the East
India Company to the British government. The British
overlords directly imposed their will and their ways on threefifths of the populace in what became known as "British India"
and indirectly on two-fifths of the populace in autonomous
native states. Consequently, Britons dominated the economic,
political, and social life of the country. To be sure, the British
made improvements, constructing roads, railways, and
telegraph lines and providing educational and economic
advancements. Some Indians even grew wealthy. Generally,
however, the Indians were poor second-class citizens, especially
in British India. The British got the best jobs, held the top
government posts, and exploited the natural resources. They
also erected social barriers between themselves and the natives
and brought in missionaries to proselytize. All the while, Indian
resentment of the English was building. In the early twentieth
century, when Forster wrote A Passage to India, this
resentment continued to increase. Between 1920 and 1924,
when Forster was completing the novel, Mahatma Gandhi was
active in his campaign of passive resistance to British rule.
Indians by the millions joined his crusade, conducting boycotts
and peaceful protests in the streets. In March 1922, Gandhi
defended his campaign in a courtroom after he was arrested.
He said, in part:

Type of Work
.......A Passage to India is a novel of cultural, social,
psychological, and religious conflict arising mainly from
clashes between India's native population and British
imperialist occupiers.
Setting
.......The time is the early twentieth century, probably about
1920. The novel begins in Chandrapore, a fictional Indian city
along the Ganges River. Forster appears to have modeled
Chandrapore after Bankipur, a community near the city of
Patna in the state of Bihar in northeastern India. The narrator
says Chandrapore presents nothing extraordinary" and
trails for a couple of miles along the [river] bank, scarcely
distinguishable from the rubbish it deposits so freely." Other
scenes in India take place (1) aboard a train traveling from
Chandrapore to the Marabar Caves, a distance of twenty
miles; (2) at a picnic site in front of the caves, (3) inside the
caves; (4) on a train traveling from Chandrapore to Bombay
(Mumbai), and (5) in the city of Mau, several hundred miles
west
of
Chandrapore.
.......In Chapter 29, the setting shifts to a ship sailing from
Bombay to Port Said, Egypt. In Chapter 30, the setting shifts
back to India. In Chapter 32, the scene shifts briefly to Egypt,
Crete, and Venice, Italy, before returning to India in Chapter
33.

Historical Background

Little do town-dwellers know how the semi-starved masses of

Indians are slowly sinking to lifelessness. Little do they know
that their miserable comfort represents the brokerage they get
for the work they do for the foreign exploiter, that the profits
and the brokerage are sucked from the masses. Little do they
realize that the government established by law in British India
is carried on for this exploitation of the masses. No sophistry,
no jugglery in figures can explain away the evidence the
skeletons in many villages present to the naked eye. I have no
doubt whatsoever that both England and the town-dwellers of
India will have to answer, if there is a God above, for this crime
against humanity which is perhaps unequalled in history. The
law itself in this country has been used to serve the foreign
exploiter. My experience of political cases in India leads me to
the conclusion that in nine out of every ten the condemned men
were totally innocent. Their crime consisted in love of their
country. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, justice has been
denied to Indians as against Europeans in the courts of India.
This is not an exaggerated picture. It is the experience of
almost every Indian who has had anything to do with such
cases. In my opinion the administration of the law is thus
prostituted consciously or unconsciously for the benefit of the
exploiter.
Point of View
.......E. M. Forster tells the story in omniscient third-person
point of view, enabling the narrator to reveal the thoughts of
the characters. In Chapter 23, the narrator also uses secondperson point of view when he addresses the reader directly
while discussing the effect of the cave on Mrs. Moore: "Visions
are supposed to entail profundity, but Wait till you get one,
dear reader!"

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A PASSAGE TO INDIA A STUDY 2

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.

Plot Summary
.
.......It is the early 1920s in India. In the city of Chandrapore on
the Ganges River, a young Muslim (Forster uses the
word Moslem) surgeon named Aziz and his uncle, Hamidullah,
await dinner at Hamidullah's house with their friend,
Mahmoud Ali, while bemoaning the condescending treatment
they receive from the British. Ali maintains it is impossible to
become an Englishman's friend. Hamidullah says it is possible
but
only
in
England.
.......Hamidullah had studied in England at Cambridge. On his
vacations, a clergyman and his wifethe Rev. and Mrs.
Bannisterinvited him into their home and treated him as a
member of the family. He became close to their little boy, Hugh.
Now, years later, Hugh works in the leather trade in India, but
Hamidullah does not attempt to contact him for fear that he
has become just another haughty Englishman. Before dinner,
Aziz goes to the kitchen with Hamidullah to visit Hamidullah's
wife. She asks Aziz when he is going to remarry, as she is wont
to
do
whenever
she
sees
him.
.......Once is enough," Aziz tells her politely, although he is a
bit
irritated.
.......Hamidullah asks her to stop pressing Aziz on the subject.
.......Aziz has three childrentwo little boys and a little girl,
who stay with the mother of Aziz's late wife. He supports the
children generously while living a spartan life himself.
.......During the meal, a message arrives for Aziz: He must go at
once to the home of Major Callendar, the region's Civil
Surgeon and Aziz's superior. Annoyed, Aziz leaves, wondering
whether there is a real medical emergency or whether
Callendar has called him just to demonstrate his authority.
While Aziz is riding his bicycle to Callendar's, a tire goes flat.
Because there is no time to repair the tire, he leaves the bicycle
at the house of a friend. Precious minutes pass while he hails a
tonga (a small horse-drawn carriage that serves as a taxi) for
the rest of the trip. When he arrives at Callendar's, a servant
says the major went out but left no message instructing Aziz
what to do. Meanwhile, Mrs. Callendar and her friend, Mrs.
Lesley, leave the residence and take the tonga without asking
Aziz. The entire experience further annoys Aziz with the
Callendars in particular and the British in general.
.......On his way home, Aziz stops in the courtyard of an old
mosque to spend a quiet moment pondering the majesty of the
building and the religion it represents. After several minutes,
an elderly Englishwoman enters. Angrily, Aziz shouts that she
cannot enter a holy place without first removing her shoes. The
woman, who has a kind face, says she has already done so. Aziz
apologizes
profusely.
.......May
I
know
your
name?"
.......Mrs. Moore," she says. She was attending a play at a
nearby club for Englishmen. Because she had already seen the
play in London and because it was so hot indoors, she decided
to get a breath of air. They strike up a conversation.
.......Aziz correctly guesses that she only recently arrived in
India. When she asks how he knew, he tells her that her
attitude toward him was the clue. (Apparently, the longer
Englishmen stay in India, the more they look down upon the
nativesor so Aziz believes.) Mrs. Moore says she came to
India to see her son, Ronny Heaslop, the City Magistrate. His
surname differs from hers, she says, because he is the product
of her first marriage. After her first husband died, she
remarried, becoming Mrs. Moore, and gave birth to two more

children, Ralph and Stella. Aziz tells her that he also has three
childrenAhmed and Karim, both boys, and Jamila, a girl.
.......Aziz offers to show her some morning the place where he
works, Minto Hospital, but she tells him that Major Callendar
and his wife have already taken her through it. When she
reveals that she does not like Mrs. Callendar, Aziz tells her that
both Callendars treat him poorly. Mrs. Moore listens
attentively
and
sympathetically.
Aziz
is
pleased.
.......When Mrs. Moore returns to the club, Aziz escorts her. At
the club's entrance gate, she says she would invite him inside
but cannot because she is not a member. Aziz replies that even
if she were a member, he could not accept her offer. The club
forbids
Indians
from
entering
even
as
guests.
.......Inside the club, Mrs. Moore goes to the billiard room,
where a young woman named Adela Quested tells her, I want
to see the real India," a desire that Mrs. Moore shares. Miss
Quested, a schoolmistress, is Mrs. Moore's traveling
companion and the girlfriend of Heaslop, who expects to marry
her. However, Adela has not yet decided whether to go through
with the marriage. After the play ends, Heaslopwho had
served as stage manager for the productionenters the billiard
room to see Adela and his mother. When Adela repeats her
request to see the real India, he asks a gentleman passing by,
Fielding, how does one see the real India?"
.......Try seeing Indians," he says. The gentleman is Cyril
Fielding, the principal at Government College, an institution
for Indians. Unlike Heaslop, the Callendars, and almost every
other Englishman in government service, Fielding does not
look
down
on
the
Indians.
.......When Adela expresses a wish to do as Fielding suggested,
other ladies gather around to express surprise that an
Englishwoman actually wants to meet the natives. One woman
says that when she was a nurse to Indians before her marriage,
she
remained
"sternly
aloof
from
them."
......."Even
from
one's
patients?"
Adela
asks.
.......Mary Turton, the wife of the governor of Chandrapore,
Harry Turton (known as the Collector because part of his job is
to collect taxes), interrupts, saying, "Why the kindest thing one
can
do
to
a
native
is
to
let
him
die."
.......Mr. Turton then says, "Do you really want to meet the
Aryan brother, Miss Quested? That can be easily fixed up?" He
says he can arrange for her to see any type she would like,
noting that I didn't realize [the local Indians] would amuse
you."
The Bridge Party
.......Adela says she wishes to see those Indians whom you
come across sociallyas your friends." Turton replies that he
does not socialize with Indians, then excuses himself and leaves.
However, he does arrange a social event at which Adela and
Mrs. Moore can meet natives. He calls it a "bridge party"
that is, a party designed to bridge the gap between Englishmen
and Indians. Among the Indians who accept an invitation to the
party is the Nawab Bahadur, a wealthy landowner and
philanthropist from Dilkusha (twenty-five miles away) who
maintains cordial relations with the English. (Nawab is an
honorary title bestowed on Bahadur by the British. It can mean
governor, viceroy, or simply nobleman of exalted status.)
Although one Indian, Ram Chand, criticizes Bahadur for
deciding to attend, other Indians follow his example and go to
the party. Aziz and a coworker, the elderly Dr. Panna Lal, a
Hindu, plan to go together in the latter's tum-tum (horsedrawn
cart).
.......The eventheld on a Tuesday at the clubdoes not go

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well. There is little mingling between the English and the
Indians. Heaslop criticizes the way the Indians dress and
remarks to Mrs. Turton that most of them are seditious."
Mrs. Turton joins in the criticism and tells Mrs. Moore that
Britons are superior to everyone in India except one or two of
the Ranis, and they're on an equality." Nevertheless, Adela and
Mrs. Moore befriend the Indians, who appreciate the attention
they receive. When Mrs. Moore asks whether she may visit one
woman, Mrs. Bhattacharya, the woman agrees to receive them
on Thursday. Her husband says he will send a carriage and
servants to pick up Mrs. Moore and Adela.
.......Mr. Turton briefly leaves his English friends to greet the
Indians perfunctorily, then returns to his group. Cyril Fielding
also greets the Indians, but he remains with them. It is obvious
that they like him. Pleased that Adela and Mrs. Moore treat the
Indians with respect, he invites them to his home for a tea
party. Narayan Godbole, a Hindu professor at Fielding's
college, will be there. Fielding also agrees to invite Aziz after
Adela expresses a wish to meet him. Aziz had decided not to
attend the bridge party with Panna Lal, as planned; instead, he
stayed home to observe the anniversary of his wife's death.
.......While the bridge party is still in progress, he goes out to
visit Hamidullah but discovers that he is at the party. Aziz then
borrows Hamidullah's pony and polo mallet and goes to a field
in the Maidan section of the town to practice. While there, he
and a British subaltern (officer with a rank below that of
captain) team up to polish their skills; they get along well. At
least on a polo field, Aziz and an Englishman are equals.
However, when they stop to rest, the narrator says,
"Nationality was returning, but before it could exert its poison
they parted, saluting each other. A moment later, a voice calls
out to Aziz. It is Dr. Panna Lal, who is coming from the bridge
party.
......."[W]here have you been?" he says. "I waited ten full
minutes'
time
at
your
house,
then
left."
.......Aziz apologizes and makes an excuse. Dr. Lal complains
further and also says Aziz's absence was noticed. Irritated, Aziz
says he does what he wants when he wants. Dr. Lal rides off
after accusing Aziz of making up the excuse. Aziz does not
worry that he might have offended Lal, for he does not like Lal
any more than he does Major Callendar, who, by way, sharply
reprimanded Aziz for not showing up late at his house when
summoned.
.......At Cyril Fielding's tea party on Thursday, Aziz arrives
first. He and Fielding become instant friends. After the women
arrive, they express disappointment that the Bhattacharyas
failed to pick them up, as promised, to visit the the
Bhattacharya home. Aziz says of the Bhattacharyas, "Slack
Hindusthey have no idea of society; I know them very well
because of a doctor [Panna Lal] at the hospital. Such a slack,
unpunctual fellow! It is as well that you did not go to their
house, for it would give you a wrong idea of India. Nothing
sanitary. I think for my own part they grew ashamed of their
house and that is why they did not send [a carriage]."
.......Aziz then invites everyone to his house. Mrs. Moore and
Adela accept the invitationto Aziz's horrorfor his own
house, a bungalow, exhibits the same distinguishing feature of
Dr. Panna Lal's: shabbiness. Aziz had merely been making
conversation. He did not expect the women to take him up on
his offer. Another unsettling moment occurs after Aziz asks
Adela whether she plans to live in India. No, she says, she will
be returning to England. Her reply indicates to everyone within
earshotincluding Mrs. Moorethat she has decided not to
marry Ronny Heaslop. Mrs. Moore is taken aback. Adela
herself is stunned at her own words, for she has not even
informed Ronny of her decision. Professor Godbole arrives.

The elderly sage looks quite distinguished with his turban and
gray mustache. The ladies expect him to deliver himself of
profound philosophical observations, but he goes for the food
and eats on and on while the others converse.
.......Mrs. Moore says she would like Fielding to show her the
college, and he accommodates her. Adela remains behind with
Aziz and Godbole, for she has no interest in seeing institutions.
Instead, she again asks Aziz whether she may visit his home,
but he again dodges the question. To divert her attention, he
asks her whether she would like to see the mysterious Marabar
Caves (the fictional name of the real-life Barabar Caves in the
Indian state of Bihar). She would indeed, she says, then asks
what makes them special. Aziz does not have a ready answer,
for he himself has never visited the caves. Godbole gives only
vague answers about them. He knows more, it seems, but is
withholding
the
information.
.......Ronny Heaslop shows up, looks around, and asks where his
mother and Fielding are. There is to be a polo match, Heaslop
says, and he wants Adela and his mother to attend it with him.
Godbole informs him that they will return shortly from a tour
of the college, which is next door. Heaslop ignores him and tells
Adela that he has taken the afternoon off just so he could take
her and his mother to the match. Aziz invites him to sit down
and wait, but Heaslop won't be put off. He orders a servant to
summon
Fielding
at
once.
.......When Fielding and Mrs. Moore return, Heaslop tells
Fielding he should not have left Adela alone with two Indians.
Of Aziz, who is speaking with Mrs. Moore, Heaslop says,
Can't you see that fellow's a bounder?" Fielding defends Aziz,
then pacifies Heaslop. The party breaks up while Godbole is
singing
a
song.
.......Mrs. Moore does not wish to attend the polo match.
Heaslop drops her off, then continues on to the match with
Adela. After the game, Adela informs Heaslop that she has
decided against marrying him. He takes the news in stride.
There are no harsh words. They remain friends.
.......The Nawab Bahadur, who had also attended the polo
match, comes over and offers to take them for a ride in his new
car. They accept. Bahadur and his chauffeurMr. Harris, a
Eurasiansit in the front, and Heaslop and Adela in the back.
On the road, Adela's "hand touched his, owing to a jolt, and
one of the thrills so frequent in the animal kingdom passed
between them, and announced that all their difficulties were
only a lovers' quarrel," the narrator says. In the darkness, the
car strikes something, swerves, bumps a tree, and comes to
rest. No one is injured. When the driver and passengers get out,
they surmise that the car had struck an animalperhaps a
hyena. Heaslop then flags down an oncoming car with the
words "Mudkul State" on the front. The driver is an
Englishwoman of his acquaintance, Nancy Derek. She had
dined with Heaslop and Adela after the bridge party, along
with the police superintendent, Mr. McBryde, and his wife.
Miss Derek agrees to give them a ride. The car belongs to her
employers, the Maharajah and Maharani of Mudkul; she had
simply borrowed it for her own use without their permission.
There is room for everyone except Harris. Bahadur tells him to
stay behind and repair the car. Bahadur says he will send
another man out with food for the chauffeur. After Miss Derek
drops off Bahadur, Adela tells Ronny that she would like to
marry him after all. He agrees to the proposal, and they
become engaged.
The Caves

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.......Aziz eventually makes good his promise to take Adela to
the caves. He also invites Mrs. Moore, Fielding, and Godbole
and arranges for his cousin, Mohammed Latif, and hired
servants to go along . Early in the morning on the day of their
departure from the train station, Aziz, Latif, and his servants
are waiting on the platform when Mrs. Moore and Adela arrive
with their servant, Antony. Aziz says Antony is unnecessary, an
observation that pleases Adela, who does not like the servant.
When she dismisses Antony, he insists on remaining, saying
Heaslop ordered him to remain with the ladies during the trip.
Aziz calls on Mohammed Latif for help, and he bribes Antony
to leave. Meanwhile, Fielding and Godbole are nowhere to be
seen, and the train pulls out without them. As it leaves the
station, Aziz spies them at a railroad crossing. The gate is
down. It is too late for them to hop on.
.......When the train pulls in downhill from the caves, an
elephant awaits to carry the travelers the rest of the way. Aziz
had arranged for it at great expense as a special treat. He is
delighted to see that the prospect of riding the beast up to the
caves excites Adela and Mrs. Moore. The ladies, Aziz, and Latif
climb up into the howdah (seat), and the elephant begins the
slow
climb.
The
servants
follow.
.......After they arrive, they enjoy refreshments served by Aziz's
men, then enter the darkness of a nearby cave. It is a horrid
experience
for
Mrs.
Moore.
.......Crammed with villagers and servants, the circular
chamber began to smell," the narrator says. She [Mrs. Moore]
lost Aziz and Adela in the dark, didn't know who touched her,
couldn't breathe, and some vile naked thing struck her face
and settled on her mouth like a pad. She tried to regain the
entrance tunnel, but an influx of villagers swept her back. She
hit her head. For an instant she went mad, hitting and gasping
like a fanatic. For not only did the crush and stench alarm her;
there
was
also
a
terrifying
echo."
.......It did not matter what a person said or shouted. Any noise
even the blowing of a nose [or] the squeak of a boot
produced a monotonous sound: boum, or bou-oum, or ou-boum.
Anxiety stricken, Mrs. Moore escapes the cave and returns to
the
picnic
site,
there
to
regain
herself.
.......After everyone else comes out, Aziz and Adela chat awhile
with Mrs. Moore, who has had enough of caves. Aziz and Adela
then leave with their guide for caves on a higher level in a rock
face known as Kawa Dol. Aziz says these caves are more
interesting, more mysterious. On the steep climb, Adela thinks
about her relationship with Heaslop and concludes that she
does not love him. Nevertheless, she believes she will probably
go through with the marriage. She then questions Aziz about
his background. When she asks whether he has married, he
answers yes but does not tell her his wife is deceased. He also
tells her he has three children, saying, I adore them." As he
responds, she notices what a handsome little Oriental" he is
and imagines that many women of his own race are drawn to
him. Mrs. Turton had told her that Muslim men always have
several
spouses.
.......Have you one wife or more than one?" she asks.
.......The question deeply insults Aziz. The narrator says,
"If she had said, 'Do you worship one god or several?' he
would not have objected. But to ask an educated Indian
Moslem how many wives he hasappalling, hideous! He was
in trouble how to conceal his confusion. 'One, one in my own
particular case,' he sputtered. . . . Quite a number of caves were
at the top of the track, and thinking, 'Damn the English even at
their best,' he plunged into one of them to recover his balance.
She followed at her leisure, quite unconscious that she had said
the wrong thing, and not seeing him, she also went into a cave,

thinking with half her mind 'sight-seeing bores me,' and

wondering with the other half about marriage."
.......Aziz smokes a cigarette as he thinks up an excuse for why
he had suddenly disappeared. When he emerges, he cannot find
Miss Quested. He scolds and slaps his guide for not keeping an
eye on her and frantically begins searching for her, thinking,
This is the end of my career, my guest is lost." In a moment,
however, he sees her down below in a car with a woman driver.
Relieved, he concludes that she simply decided on a whim to go
with the woman for a drive. On his way back down, he notices
Adela's binoculars lying just inside the entrance to a cave. The
strap is torn in half. Thinking she must have accidentally
dropped them, he picks them up, puts them in a pocket, and
returns to the picnic site. When he arrives, he is overjoyed to
see that his good friend Fielding is there. Fielding explains that
Nancy Derek had driven him to the cave site after hearing that
he had missed the train. He indicates that she is the driver of
the
car
Adela
had
entered.
.......All seems well again for Aziz. But all is not well.
.......After he and the others return to Chandrapore, police
arrest him on a charge that the Superintendent of Police, Mr.
McBryde, later explains to Fielding: "He followed [Adela
Quested] into [a] cave and made insulting advances. She hit at
him with her field-glasses; he pulled at them and the strap
broke,
and
that
is
how
she
got
away."
.......Adela, distraught, is recovering in the McBryde home,
where Miss Derek and Mrs. McBryde remove cactus needles
that became embedded in her flesh as she ran down from the
caves
through
cactus
fields.
.......There is widespread interest in the case. The English think
Aziz is certainly guilty. The Indians think the charges are an
attempt to embarrass them. Of all the Britons in the
community, only Fielding actively supports Aziz, believing that
the doctor is incapable of assaulting a woman. Meanwhile,
Adela tells Heaslop that she may be wrong about Aziz, but he
tells her she is "over-tired". When she again expresses doubt
about what she thought happened in the cave, he tells her, "I
don't quite know what you're saying, and I don't think you
do." Eventually, he persuades her that she was right to make
the
charge.
.......Mrs. Moore tacitly supports Aziz, but she idly sits by,
having never quite recovered from her unsettling experience in
the cave. The narrator says "something very old and very
small"something that existed before time and space"had
spoken" to her in the cave. She decides to leave India, to put
behind her the whole confusing muddle. However, all the ships
at her point of embarkation, Bombay, are booked full. Hearing
of her plight, Lady Mellanby, the wife of the LieutenantGovernor of the state in which Chandrapore is located, comes
to her rescue. Lady Mellanby herself will be sailing to England
in her own reserved cabin, and she offers to share it with Mrs.
Moore. It is a generous gesture made by a woman known for
her generosity, and Mrs. Moore accepts it. After traveling by
train across India to Bombay, she boards the ship and travels
in style. But the sound of the caves still echoes in her mind.
The Trial
.......At seven-thirty on the morning when the trial is to begin,
Adela is at the Turton residence preparing for her ordeal.
Heaslop is with her. Adela, quite upset, tells him that she brings
him nothing but trouble" and says that perhaps they should
not be married after all. He dismisses her comment; for in her
suffering, he admires her more than ever. Adela also worries
that she will break down under the questioning of Mr.

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Amritrao, a renowned Oxford-educated Indian attorney
brought in to help Mahmoud Ali defend Aziz. The Nawab
Bahadur, convinced of Aziz's innocence, will be paying the
doctor's
legal
costs.
.......After Adela, Heaslop, and the Turtons arrive at court,
where crowds are gathering, they take refuge in Heaslop's
private room. Several of their supporters are also there,
including the Callendars and Nancy Derek. Callendar,
believing a verdict of guilty is certain, says of the Indians, It'll
make them squeal and it's time they did squeal."
.......Mrs. Turton says, Why, they ought to crawl from here to
the caves on their hands and knees whenever an
Englishwoman's in sight, they oughtn't to be spoken to, they
ought to be spat at, they ought to be ground into dust, we've
been far too kind with the Bridge Parties and the rest."
.......As the trial is about to begin, the courtroom is full and the
heat is oppressive. The assistant magistrateMr. Das, an
Indianis the presiding judge instead of Ronny Heaslop
because of the latter's relationship with the alleged victim.
Adela notices the handsome young Indian who pulls the rope
that works the punkah (fan). She is impressed by something
in
his
aloofness."
.......McBryde presents an overview of the case and says Dr.
Panna Lal and Major Callendar are scheduled to testify about
Aziz's character. McBryde then presents what he believes is an
accepted fact: that dark-skinned people are attracted to whites,
but not vice versa. Someone from the seating area shouts,
Even when the lady is so uglier than the gentleman?" Das
orders the shouter removed from the courtroom, but the police
remove
the
wrong
man.
.......McBryde then recounts events at the cave, maintains that
Aziz's alleged assault was premeditated, and tells of Miss
Quested's escape down the hill to Miss Derek's car. He cites the
field glasses found on Aziz as incriminating evidence. He also
says that Aziz "is now entirely vicious and beyond redemption"
and charges that the doctor deliberately had Mrs. Moore
"crushed into a cave" in order to disorient her and get rid of
her. Angry, Mahmoud Ali brings a countercharge: that
McBryde and Adela's supporters had Mrs. Moore "smuggled
out of the country" so that she could not testify on Aziz's behalf
and prove him innocent. He declares the trial a farce, hands his
legal documents to Amritrao, and leaves the courtroom.
.......When Adela takes the stand, she tells her story under
questioning from McBryde. When he suggests that Aziz
followed her into a cave, she hesitates, then says, I am not
sure." A moment later, she says, I'm afraid I have made a
mistake."
.......Major Callendar interrupts from the seating area, saying,
I stop these proceedings on medical grounds." But the
assistant magistrate, paying no attention to Callendar, asks her
whether she is withdrawing her charge against Aziz.
.......I
withdraw
everything,"
she
answers.
.......The trial ends.
The Aftermath
.......Aziz and his Indian supporters celebrate. However, a mob
of them roves the streets seeking vengeance. "Down with the
Collector, down with the Superintendent of Police," shouts
Mahmoud Ali. Moments later, he says, "Down with the Civil
Surgeon . . . rescue Nurredin." Ali then explains that he
overheard Major Callendar bragging about torturing
Nurredin, the grandson of the Nawab Bahadur, at Minto
Hospital, although Bahadur himself doubts that such is the
case. (Nurredin had been injured in a car accident several days

before and taken to the hospital for treatment.) When Ali says
Callendar called Nurredin a "nigger" and put pepper on his
wounds, the mob marches on the hospital. Dr. Panna Lal is
already there. To save himself from the crowd, he profusely
apologizes, admitting that he was wrong to agree to testify
against
Aziz.
.......The Nawab Bahadur, in a show of solidarity with the
Indians, renounces the honorary title the British gave him and
becomes known simply as Mr. Zulfiqar. Relations between
Muslims and Hindus improve, but Adela becomes an object of
scorn to most of the Indians and to many of the British.
Fielding is happy that she confessed but disappointed in her for
having brought the charges in the first place. However, to
protect her from the mobs of Indians, he takes her to the
Government
College.
.......Elsewhere, Ronny Heaslop receives word that his mother,
Mrs. Moore, died aboard her ship while it was steaming
southwestward in the Indian Ocean. She was buried at sea.
.......After resting awhile at the college, Fielding and Adela talk.
Adela asks, Have you any explanation of my extraordinary
behavior?" Fielding says, Why make such a charge if you
were
going
to
withdraw
it?"
.......She replies that she was not well on the day she visited the
caves and thinks she might have hallucinated. (Aziz and
Godbole had also been sick recently, perhaps as a result of
something they ate at Fielding's tea party.) Fielding says,
Either Aziz is guilty, which is what your friends think; or you
invented the charge out of malice, which is what my friends
[Indians] think; or you have had an hallucination. . . . I believe
that you yourself broke the strap of the field-glasses; you were
alone
in
the
cave
the
whole
time."
.......They also consider the possibility that Aziz's guide had
assaulted her. He disappeared from the scene after Aziz struck
him. The culprit could also have been a member of a roving
Pathan
gang,
they
speculate.
.......Hamidullah arrives to summon Fielding to a victory
celebration for Aziz. In defense of herself, Adela tells
Hamidullah, I realized before it was too late that I had made a
mistake, and had just enough presence of mind to say so. That
is all my extraordinary conduct amounts to." Hamidullah
responds
angrily.
.......I see you drag my best friend into the dirt, damage his
health and ruin his prospects in a way you cannot conceive
owing to your ignorance of our society and religion, and then
suddenly you get up in the witness-box: 'Oh, no, Mr. McBryde,
after all I am not quite sure, you may as well let him go.' "
.......While standing at a window, Hamidullah notices Heaslop
approaching the college. Embarrassed to face him, Adela asks
Fielding to go outside to talk with him. Fielding leaves and
confers for a moment with Heaslop on the verandah, then
returns to tell Adela that Fielding has news for her. After Adela
goes out, Fielding informs Hamidullah that Heaslop has
received a cable notifying him that Mrs. Moore has died. When
Adela comes back in, she is upset over the death of Mrs.
Moore. For that reason and for her protection against roving
Indians, Fielding allows her to lodge temporarily at the college
while
he
stays
elsewhere.
.......Aziz, meanwhile, plans to sue Adela for all the trouble she
has caused. When Fielding visits him, he urges Aziz not to do
so,
saying
it
would
ruin
her.
.......She must pay all your costs, that is only fair, but do not
treat her like a conquered enemy," Fielding says.
.......Aziz is unbending. However, in time, he decides to drop his
legal action because it was what Mrs. Moore would have
wanted him to do. The English think no better of him for
sparing Adela. Aziz is not surprised. He is well aware that he

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will be forever tainted in the minds of many of them.
.......Meanwhile, a rumor circulates that Mrs. Moore was killed
by her son to prevent her from testifying for Aziz. Some
Indians believe her grave is near a tannery; others, that it is
another location. In a week or so, the rumor dies down.
.......Heaslop breaks up with Adela, who decides to return to
England and become a schoolmistress once again. She tells
Fielding the breakup did not upset her or Heaslop.
.......We ought never to have thought of marriage," she says.
.......Ten days later she boards a ship and heads home, taking
up residence in Hampstead, a suburb of London. Heaslop, too,
leaves Chandrapore, for he has been transferred to new duties
elsewhere in India. His replacement is a young man named
Milner.
.......Hamidullah informs Aziz that he heard talk that Fielding
had been intimate with Adela. When Aziz has dinner one day
with Fielding, he intends to confront him on this matter. First,
however, he informs him that a full-blown scandal has been
whispered across Chandrapore: McBryde and Nancy Derek
have been having an affair and McBryde's wife is suing for
divorce.
......."That pure-minded fellow," Aziz says sarcastically.
"However, he will blame the Indian climate. Everything is our
fault
really."
.......Aziz next informs him that there is to be a new Civil
Surgeon, Major Roberts, but says he is no better than
Callendar.
......."All my suffering has won nothing for us," Aziz says.
.......Aziz then brings up the rumor about Fielding and Adela
Quested.
......."To speak perfectly frankly," Aziz says, "they say you and
she
have
been
guilty
of
impropriety."
.......Fielding says the rumor is false. However, after Fielding
tells him he will be going to England on business, Aziz believes
he is making the trip to marry Adela for her money.
.......Two
years
pass.
.......Professor Godbole is now minister of education in Mau, a
Hindu-controlled city several hundred miles west of
Chandrapore. Embittered Aziz has also relocated to Mau and
adjusted to its different cultural life, thanks to the help of
Godbole. Because Aziz respects the Hindus, they generally
respect him. He holds the position of physician to the Rajah of
Mau. Life is pleasant once again and his children are with him.
Moreover, the narrator reports, he had married againnot
exactly a marriage, but he liked to regard it as one . . ." He also
writes poetry, mostly about Oriental womanhood."
.......One day, Godbole receives a note from Fielding and sends
it to Aziz. It announces that Fielding, his wife, and his brotherin-law have arrived in Mau and that Fielding will be seeking
advice on local customs. Aziz discards the note. He has no
intention of renewing his acquaintance with Englishmen
especially Fielding, Adela, and Adela's brother. However, Aziz
soon discovers that Fielding's wife is not Adela; rather, it is
Mrs. Moore's daughter, Stella. Her brother's name is Ralph. In
time, Aziz and Cyril become friendly again. However, Aziz says
they can never be real friends until the English leave India to
the
Indians.
.
.
The Title and General Theme
.......E. M. Forster took the title of the novel from American
author Walt Whitman's poem Passage to India," published in
1871. The word passage refers to the Suez Canal, the 121-mile-

waterway that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea

and the Indian Ocean. When the canal opened on November
17, 1869, ships from England and other European countries
could reach the Orient without sailing around Africa.
Whitman's poem celebrates the canal as a great engineering
achievement. More important, though, it hails the canal as a
means to improve communication between East and West and
thereby foster cultural, spiritual, and social interaction
benefiting everyone. (Whitman's poem also hails the 1866
completion of the transatlantic cable between North America
and Europe and the 1869 completion of the transcontinental
railroad between the eastern and western United States.)
.......The general theme of the novel is that in spite of
engineering achievements such the canal the world has a long
way to go before people of different cultures, religions, and
social systems can live side by side peacefully as coequals. Only
sincere goodwill can bring them together as brothers, as
Forster points out through his character Cyril Fielding, an
Englishman who sympathizes with Indians.
Specific Themes
The Evils of British Imperialism in India
.......The majority of Indians suffer humiliation and injustice
under British rule. Major Callendar, the chief surgeon at Minto
Hospital, and Mrs. Turton, the wife of the governor of
Chandrapore, are among the most bigoted of the British
occupiers. The British get the best jobs and hold the best
government posts. Moreover, they treat the Indians as racially
and culturally inferior and exclude them from their social
circles.
Ignorance
.......In separating themselves from the Indians socially, the
British limit their opportunities to learn about Indian customs,
religions, traditions, and so on. Consequently, many of them
regard India as a "mystery" and a "muddle," in the words of
the narrator. This attitude leads to misunderstandings and
heightened tension between the English and the Indians. For
example, Adela Quested unwittingly insults Dr. Aziz when she
asks him whether he has more than one wife. She is unaware
that such a question is out of bounds for an educated Muslim.
British ignorance of the Indian ethos and psyche also leads to
absurd generalizations, one of which is that dark-complexioned
people lust after whites. It also leads to wrongful judgments on
a personal level, such as Ronny Heaslop's unfounded assertion
that Aziz is a "bounder" (scoundrel, cad, opportunist).
The Difficulty of Achieving Unity Amid Diversity
**.......It is difficult in India to achieve unity and harmony amid
cultural and religious diversityunity here meaning equality,
friendship, brotherhood. Forster begins developing this theme
early in the novel, when Mahmoud Ali asserts that it is
impossible for an Englishman and an Indian to become friends.
Hamidullah counters that he did become friends with a British
family while he was studying at Cambridge University in
England. He qualifies his rebuttal, however, by saying that such
an Indian-British friendship can happen only in England. After
their arrival in India, Mrs. Moore and Miss Quested actively
seek friendship with Indians. They succeedfor a while, at
least. But their planned visit to the home of a Hindu family, the

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Bhattacharyas, falls through. Moreover, their genial
relationship with Dr. Aziz ends after the visit to the Marabar
Caves, where they hear diverse sounds echoed back as a single
sound. (For information on the significance of the sound,
see The Caves, The Cave Echo, The Echo as a Hindu Sound.)
Adela then becomes Aziz's enemy after accusing him of sexual
assault at the caves. Mrs. Moore remains his supporter in the
days leading up to his trial, but she leaves India just when he
needs her most. Cyril Fielding, the principal of Government
College, befriends Indians throughout the novel. But his
friendship with Aziz also suffers after a misunderstanding
following the trial. The Nawab Bahadur, once on good terms
with the British, sours toward them as a result of the trial.

name for them). A Buddhist ruler of the second century BC,

tolerant of other religions, ordered workers to hew the caves
from rock faces as holy places for monks of the Ajivika
religion. There are four Barabar caves. Their smooth interior
walls sustain prolonged echoes.

Climax
.......The climax of the novel occurs in the courtroom in
Chandrapore when Adela Quested says on the witness stand,
I'm afraid I have made a mistake." Her admission frees Aziz
but hardens the division between the Indians and the English.

Religious Rivalry
.......Muslims and Hindus have always beenand continue to
beantagonists in India. In A Passage to India, the relationship
between Dr. Aziz, a Muslim, and Dr. Panna Lal, a Hindu
underscores the tension between Muslims and Hindus. Aziz
and Lal despise each other, and Lal agrees to testify against
Aziz at the trial. Throughout the novel, Azizthough deeply
insulted by British prejudice against Indiansfrequently
deprecates Hindus with unfounded generalizations in the same
way that the British find fault with the native populace. Of the
Bhattacharya family, he says, "Slack Hindusthey have no
idea of society; I know them very well because of a doctor
[Panna Lal] at the hospital. Such a slack, unpunctual fellow!"
Azizand no doubt many other Indiansalso object to
Christian proselytizing, as a passage in Chapter 9 indicates.
Aziz is lying sick in bed when
He could hear church bells as he drowsed, both from the civil
station and from the missionaries out beyond the slaughter
housedifferent bells and rung with different intent, for one
set was calling firmly to Anglo-India [the British], and the
other feebly to mankind. He did not object to the first set; the
other he ignored, knowing their inefficiency. Old Mr. Gaylord
and Young Mr. Sorley [Christian missionaries] made converts
during a famine, because they distributed food; but when times
improved they were naturally left alone again, and though
surprised and aggrieved each time this happened, they never
learnt wisdom.
Hope

A Post-Colonial View of A Passage to India

Introduction
I've often thought about it, Helen. It's one of the
most interesting things in the world. The truth is that there
is a great outer life that you and I have never touched--a life
in which telegrams and anger count. Personal relations, that
we think supreme, are not supreme there. There love means
marriage settlements, death, death duties. So far I'm clear.
But here is my difficulty. This outer life though obviously
horrid, often seems the real one---there's grit in it. It does
breed character; do personal relations lead to sloppiness in
the end? (Forster, 1990:134)
Depiction of the Psychological Barrier
The above quote shows Forsters concern for
human conduct. He also displays a particular interest in the
superficial, materialistic life that he believes to be
delusionary. His perception of human relationships was
different from that of mutual benefits. From a post colonial
perspective, after nearly six decades, independent India

.......The final section of the novelwhich takes place in the

Hindu city of Mau, to which Aziz has relocatedoffers hope
for a better future. First, Muslim Aziz receives help from
Hindu Godbole. Muslims and Hindus are rivals, but Aziz and
Godbole demonstrate that traditional antagonists can get along
when they treat each other with respect and live together as
equals. Second, Aziz reconciles with Cyril Fielding and
befriends Mrs. Moore's son, Ralph. However, Aziz cautions
Fielding that they will never have a lasting friendship until the
English
leave
India.
.

reveals how meticulous Forster was in depicting the

psychological barrier that existed between the British and
the Indians during the days of British Raj.
Barriers of Racial Difference
To Jan Mohamed, A Passage to India attempts to
overcome the barriers of racial difference (Childs,
1999:348). Nirad Chaudhuri, on the other hand, criticised it

The Caves
.......E. M. Forster modeled the fictional caves in A Passage to
India on actual caves about twelve miles from the city of Gaya
in the state of Bihar. However, the real caves are known as the
Barabar Caves, not the Marabar Caves (Forster's fictional

for its

reduction of political history to a liberals

preoccupation

with

personal

relationships

(Childs,

1999:347). To Nihal Singh, however, the novel depicts how

the British in India despise and ostracise Indians, while on
their part the Indians mistrust and misjudge the British

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(Childs, 1999:347).The racial barrier between the West and
the East is well depicted in the book. Its characters are
equally

stereotyped

and

its

incidents

are

The natives all right if you let him alone.

merely

Lesley! Lesley! You remember the one I

stereotypical.

had a knock with on your maidan last

month. Well, he was all right. Any native
who plays polo is all right. What youve

The Colonial Aspect

got to stamp on is these educated classes,

and, mind, I do know what Im talking

Forsters works are somehow always an analysis of

about this time. (Forster, 2005:173)

the English abroad such as A Room with a View, and Where

Angels Fear to Tread. In A Room with a View, Lucy despairs
of an Italy, disguised by a recreation of English norms. Here,

The Prejudice

in A Passage to India it is just confined to India and the

The irony is that the polo player here is Dr. Aziz

character who symbolizes the suffering is Dr. Aziz. He

himself. In this way Forster brings forth the prejudice held

happens to be the mime, who tries to be more British,

by the British towards the subaltern, but he fails to

hoping to make a human contact with them. But both the

challenge the basis of the prejudice. If Forster wanted to

characters, Aziz and Fielding, fail to make that human

differentiate between the known Colonial India and the

contact and bridge the gaps.

Real India that is unknown he shouldnt have generalized.

In the novel the positive traits are attributed to an

The Inevitable Dichotomy

The entire postcolonial literature exhibits mixed
feelings towards the inevitable dichotomy that has been
brought out in this novel. Homi K. Bhabhas concepts of
mimicry, ambivalence and in-betweenness lay emphasis on
the aspect of the colonial other. Whether it is in the works of
Bhabha or any other post-colonial theorist, the concept of

individual. But when it comes to negative traits, it is seen to

be attributed to a generalized group of Indians. There is
subtle dehumanizing effect in the novel that re-emphasizes
the aspect of the Master and slave. Aziz, Forsters hero in
the book turns into a sympathetic character in the later
half, as he becomes a poet lost in his own world after the he
had taken.

the colonial other or the inbetweenness between colonial

other and the mimed British image are recurrent themes.

Prof. Godbole comes as another misfit to this social

pantomime which A Passage to India is. We see the strange

Colonial mimicry is the desire for a reformed,

recognizable other, as a subject of a difference that is almost
the same, but not quite. (Bhabha, 2001: 381)

atmosphere that is set in when this character, whose

existence is worth questioning, comes to interact with the
rest:
Well, the expedition where that occurs can

The British Mind as Depicted

Not only the duo but all the characters fail on their parts to
bridge the gulf of the Other and make human contact.
Forster did see an opportunity of this human contact being
made, but he criticizes the British for not having availed it,
in his book. He criticizes the British of the narrow
mindedness that they display throughout the novel. The
Bridge party stands as a witness to this. Later Forster
conveys the ignorance of the British through the subaltern.
During the hysterical meeting after the arrest of Aziz, the
subaltern shares his ideas:

scarcely be called a successful one, said

Fielding, with an amazed stare.
I cannot say, I was not present. (Forster, 2005: 164165)
Conclusion
To conclude, it is hard to decide whether the
friendship between the colonizer and the colonized would
ever be possible. Forster leaves this as an ambiguity, leaving
it for the reader to decide. But he hints towards a possible
friendship post-independence when he says that Aziz is

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ready to re-establish his relation with Fielding after

aspects of this novel that are yet to be explored, hoping that

Independence has been achieved. This symbolizes the

one such explorer finds the answer in his quest of reality

friendship perceived by him, which India and Britain would

through this article.

have once India was free. There have been many articles on
this aspect of A Passage to India but, there remain broader

A Passage To India By E.M.Forster

The Secret Of Indian Caves

A Passage To India By E. M. Forster is a tale of two British

ladies who came to India to understand real India and Indians.
Like all other Europeans and most of the Westerners they are
disappointed, discarded and miserably fail in their mission to
the extent that one of them Mrs. Moore is older and less
tolerant to cultural shock dies during her return journey. The
delineation in the many aspects of the novel such as theme
and narration is amazing. The use of motif, allusion and
symbol is so strong that what is left after going through novel
"what remains is much more than a cluster of impressions,
some clear points emerging from a mist of uncertainties as
envisaged byPercy Lubbock in his book The Craft of Fiction.

The turning point is in the cave visit by a group of friends. G.

L. Dickinson had asked a very pertinent question
to E.M.Forster.

What did happen in the caves?

It is same as when someone asked Samuel Beckett Who is

Godot? He said I would have told it in my book, had I known
it. It puts a question mark to the omniscience of the author.
Sometimes Author can be as innocent as his readers. Forster
himself did not knew what happened in the cave. His guess
would be as wild as that of his readers. The speculation leads to
debate, and obscure often leads to self-realisation which is the
ultimate object of the author. When Buddha said Be your own
light, meant that I have searched some universal Golden
Truth, but you will have to search your own truth for salvation.
What is the use of writing a book, if it does not help readers to
understand the life better?

The visit to the caves starts with a train journey to Marabar

Hills, where the caves were located. The train journey in India
is an experience in itself. When Gandhi returned from London
after his degree in Law, his political Guru, Gokhle advised him
to travel the length and breadth of India by train. The rattling
noise made by train has a rhythm and rhyme which
soon synchronises with torrents of thoughts that come to
surface of sub-conscious mind. The sound is catalyst to the
train of your thoughts. It simply reinforces your positive or
negative thoughts. Both the British ladies felt a listlessness,
monotony due to vague, desolated panorama around them.

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Mrs. Moore was tired and had no enthusiasm to participate in
matrimonial plans of her would be daughter in law, Adela
Quest. Adela was bored and skeptical about her future with
Ronnie in India. She was worried that all Anglo-Indian ended
up hating Indians after a year. Her husband already had a low
opinion about Indians. So far she had seen nothing that would
determine the inferiority of Indians. She was advised to keep a
distance and never mix up with them. Ronnie was annoyed
when she was left alone by Fielding with an Indian after a tea
party. She was also introspecting over her prospective
relationship with Ronnie.

India has some of the oldest rock formations. Forster travelled

India twice in 1912 and 1921. He was impressed by its ancient
wisdom. The rocks are the oldest dwelling structures in
human civilisation. They are hollow cavities in the mountains.
The huge grey elephant and the mountains have an impression
of the magnanimity of the nature and the smallness of man.
The void of a cave symbolises the void in human life. The huge
inflated ego of man have like the mountains have caves that are
void, hollow and empty.The void which is offended by any kind
of intrusion. The nothingness of eternity is conquerable by
silence and solitude. Both the ladies who were skeptical and
contemptuous about their surroundings had a terrible
experience. The intensity of the shock is directly proportional
to the intensity of repulsion.

The hallucination starts with certain Echoes. The various

sounds created in the caves since troglodyte inhabited them
had no escape and the resonance caused is usually the echo of
the voice of soul. All the sounds merge into the ultimate and the
first sound of universe Aum. This sound is a combination of
three Sanskrit alphabets that represent the Sun, the Moon and
Fire. Everything- even nothingness, is transient in nature. This
transient nature of her own microcosm hits Mrs. Moore like a
thud in a physical form. Every relationship culminates in
nullity.

It is immaterial if Adela was raped by Aziz or not. Did she

made up the story to attract the attention of people? Was it her
tantrum to get rid of her fianc? Was she prejudiced to the
masculinity of Muslim and was disappointed by dispassionate
approaches of her fianc?

The answer is left to the reader to guess. What happened

afterwards is unimportant.

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