Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

Geochemistry study of Granitoid Basement Rock in Jambi Sub Basin,

South Sumatera, Indonesia
Based on JSB-3, JSB-4 and JSB-6 wells data
Ildrem Syafrie1, Euis Tintin Yuningsih1 and Hiroharu Matsueda2
1

Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
2
The Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Email: Email: ildrem_s@unpad.ic.id

Abstract
Research area is located in Jambi sub basin, the northern part of South Sumatera Basin formed during Tertiary age.
South Sumatera Basin, as well as the Central Sumatera and North Sumatera Basins is a basin form in the back arc belt.
The propose of the research is to determine petrological characteristics of the pre-Tertiary basement rock based on
major oxides analysis from the granitoid basement rock in research area with AAS method (Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry). Thus the petrogenesis could be determined, including kinds and characteristics of parent magma.
Chemical rock analysis confirm the lithology of granitoid basement in Jambi sub basin is intermediate acid magmas,
calc-alkaline, medium high K, metalluminous, subduction-related (orogen) at active continental margin. Granitoid
basement rock of JSB-4 and JSB-6 shows magnetite series and I type. This Mesozoic granitoid probably as extension
from the Thailand and Burma granite province, which underline the fact that there has been a history of subductionrelated magmatism along southwestern edge of Sundaland since earliest Mesozoic times.

Keywords : granitoid, calc-alkaline, metalluminous, orogen, magnetite series, I-type

Introduction
Jambi Sub Basin is located at the north part of
South Sumatra Basin that formed during the
Tertiary age. In the north, Jambi Sub Basin is
limited by Tigapuluh Mountains, to the west by the
Bukit Barisan Mountains, to the south by the
basement high partly exposed to the surface in the
form of Duabelas Mountains, and in the east by the
highs that most of basement rocks exposed to the
surface in the form of Belitung, Bangka, Singkep
and Lingga Islands (Figure 1). South Sumatra Basin,
as well as the Central Sumatra Basin and the North
Sumatra Basin, is formed at back arc belt during the
Tertiary.
According To Pulunggono and Cameron
(1984), the pre-Tertiary tectonic framework of
Sumatra in the form of continent and ocean
microplates mosaic accreted in Late Triassic when
microplate Mergui, Malacca and East Malaya united

to form Sundaland. The accretion, further involving

the west coast of Woyla Terrain in the Late
Mesozoic. Magmatism and faulting were intense in
this Sundaland.
According to McCourt et al. (1996), the results
of the K / Ar analysis of the Barisan Mountains of
southern Sumatra indicates the existence of four
main plutonic activity periods such as MiocenePliocene (20-5 million years ago), Early Eocene
(60-50 million years ago), Middle-Late Cretaceous
(117-80 million years ago) and Jurassic-Early
Cretaceous (203-130 million years ago). Plutonic in
the western part of Sumatra also indicate the period
activity-plutonic in Perm (287-256 million years
ago). In addition there is an indication that the Early
Mesozoic activity has started since the Late Triassic,
thus there are two magmatic cycle, namely:
1) Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (220-190 million
years ago)

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Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

2) Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (170-130

million years ago)

According Pujasmadi et al. (2002), the

basement rocks in the study area consists of shallow
intrusive to extrusion volcanic rock, which is
associated with volcaniclastic-sedimentary rocks,
plutonic rocks and coarse-grained crystalline
metasedimentary rock. Volcanic rock composition
consists of andesite, rhyolite and dacite. The
composition of the plutonic rocks are mainly granite
and
gabbro-dolerite.
Metasedimentary
rock
composed of quartzite, limestone and marble
argilit's.
The purpose of this study was to determine the
petrological characteristics of pre-Tertiary basement
rocks in detail based on the analysis of geochemical
analysis on major oxides composition that form the
basement granitoid rocks in the study area.

Methodology

Figure 1. Research area location map

(Source ; Pujasmadi et al., 2002)

Pre-Tertiary complex data compiled with data

obtained from the Directorate of Geology and
drilling activity of company oil, a certain pattern of
granitoid distribution can be observed. Radiometric
age determination of some rock samples from the
rocks intrusion showed that the north-south
distribution of granitoid rocks are from older to
younger one, each of which is aligned with the
pattern and direction of east - west to the northwest southeast.
According to De Coster (1974), pre-Tertiary
Complex or basement in the Central Sumatra and
South Sumatra Basins consists of Mesozoic igneous
and metamorphic rocks, and Palaeozoic and
Mesozoic carbonates. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are intensively
folded and faulted, and intruded by during MidMesozoic orogenesis. The complexity of the
structural relations of older rocks can be seen in
outcrop in the South Sumatra Basin.

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Chemical analysis is mainly done by using the AAS

method (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry),
which is one of the method to determine the
chemical composition of a rock based on the
radiation of electromagnetic absorption. For the
purposes of this rock chemical analysis, there are
five rock samples analyzed consisting of two
samples from JSB-3 well, one sample from JSB-4
well and two samples from JSB-6 well. Analysis of
rock chemistry's done by analyzing the composition
of the major elements to determine the chemical
characteristics that could ultimately be used to
determine petrogenesis of rocks in the study area
that includes the type and characteristics of the
magma origin.
The weight percentage of each major oxides for
every rock specimens can be seen in Table 1.
The limitations of rock samples analyzed greatly
affect the interpretation of the evolution of the
volcanic and plutonic rock in the research area. The
more rock samples were analyzed, the higher level
of accuracy in interpretation. The limitations of rock
samples analyzes due to the relatively rare fresh
rock samples in all three wells.

Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

Table 1. Major oxides composition of the basement granitoid

rocks in research areas based on data from the JSB-3, JSB-4 and
JSB-6 wells

Wilson, 1989 (Figure 5) and An-Ab-Or diagram of

Barker, 1979 (Figure 6). Based on the K2O content
of the analyzed rock sample from JSB-4 well
included in the high potassium series (high-K) and
calc-alkaline rocks series. This is reflected in the
diagram of K2O - SiO2 from Le Maitre, 1989;
Rickwood, 1989; Withford and Nichols, 1973
(Figures 2 and 3). Based on the tectonic
classification of Batchelor and Borden (1985) rock
sample from the JSB-4 well formed in late orogenic
(Figure 7). This granitic rocks series include in
magnetite series (Ishihara et al., 1979; Figure 8)
with metalluminous alumina saturation (Shand,
1947; Figure 4) and according to Chappel & White,
(1974) included in the I-type (Figure 4).

Results
Based on the results of the chemical analysis of rock
samples from JSB-3 well at 1987.50m and
1994.38m depth can be seen that the composition of
igneous rocks in JSB-3 well is andesite basaltic
andesite, it is reflected in the TAS diagram for
volcanic rocks of Wilson, 1989 and K2O - SiO2
diagram from Withford and Nichols, 1973 (Figure
2). While based on the K2O content, both of rock
samples were analyzed from the JSB-3 well
included in the moderate-potassium series (mediumK) and are included in the calc-alkaline rocks series.
This is also reflected in the K2O - SiO2 diagram
from Le Maitre, 1989; Rick-wood, 1989; Peccerillo
and Taylor, 1976 (Figure 3). According to Shand
(1947) the rock in JSB-3 well is metalluminous
alumina saturation (Figure 4).
Rock sample were used for chemical analysis in the
JSB-4 well is located at 2654.02m depth. Based on
the results of chemical analysis showed that the
igneous rock in JSB-4 well is granite. This is
reflected in the TAS diagram for plutonic rocks of

Figure 2. Classification of granitoid basement rocks based on

variations of SiO2 and K2O contents (according to Whitford &
Nichols, 1973)

Figure 3. Classification of granitoid rocks based on the content

of SiO2 and K2O.( (Rickwood, 1989); Italic dot lines (Le Maitre
et al., 1989); Shaded areas: boundary area by Peccerillo and
Taylor (1976), Ewart (1982), Innocenti et al. (1982), Carr
(1985) and Middlemost (1985) summarized by Rickwood
(1989) (in Rollinson, 1993)

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Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

Chemical analysis for lithology from the JSB-6 well

were taken at 2341.78m and 2343.77m depth. Based
on the results of chemical analysis showed that the
igneous rocks compose at JSB-6 well is
granodiorite, as a plotting result in the TAS diagram
for plutonic rocks of Wilson, 1989 (Figure 5) and
An-Ab-Or diagram of Barker, 1979 (Figure 6).
Based on K2O content of both rock samples from
the JSB-6 well included in the series of high
potassium (high-K) and are included in the calcalkaline rocks series. This is reflected also in the
K2O - SiO2 diagram from Le Maitre, 1989;
Rickwood, 1989; Withford and Nichols, 1973
(Figures 2 and 3). Based on the tectonic
classification of Batchelor and Borden, 1985 rock
from the JSB-6 well formed at the pre-plate
collision (Figure 7). According to Ishihara et al.
1979 included in the magnetite series (Figure 8)
with metalluminous alumina saturation (Shand,
1947; Figure 8) and by Chappel & White, 1974
included in the I-type (Figure 4).

Figure 5. Classification of granitoid basement rocks based on

total alkaline vs silica/TAS (Cox et al., 1979 adapted by Wilson,
1989 ; in Rollinson, 1993)

Chemical analysis results (Table 1) shows that the

value of LOI is between 0:39 - 0.85%, it indicates
that the alteration product/weathering in the samples
is relatively weak, making it possible for
interpretation of petrogenesis. SiO2 content ranged
between 53.70 - 71.08% was shown intermediate
acid composition.

Figure 6. Classification of granitic rocks based on normative

molecular composition of An-Ab-Or (according to O'Connor,
1965 in Rollinson, 1993)

Figure 4. Classification of alumina saturation (Shand, 1947) and

the type of rocks (Chappel & White, 1974) in Clarke (1992)

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Among the main elements, some that are considered

"stable" and are often used for interpretation of
petrogenesis are K, Ti, Mn, P and Mg. Among those
five main elements, Ti is considered the most stable
so have a high reputation for interpretation.
According to Gill (1981, in Yuwono, 2002), the
rocks were formed in a subduction zone (orogen)
has a value of TiO2 is <1.3%. The results of
chemical analysis of all samples showed the content
of TiO2 is 0:40 to 1:31%, this indicate that the rocks

Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

in the study area is formed at subduction zones

(orogen).
According to Green (1980, in Wilson, 1989), a high
content of Al2O3 (12:26 to 18:19%) and lower
content of TiO2 (0:40 to 1:31%) it serves as the
characteristics of the rock at active continental
margin - island arc. The increasing of water pressure
in the mantle beneath the subduction zones probably
produces more alumunium silicate melt. The
presence of normative quartz in all rock samples
indicated saturated silica conditions and according
to Ringwood (1966), normative quartz produced
from fractionating crystallization at depth <15km.
High total orthoclase normative (18:35 - 25.02%) in
the JSB-4 and JSB-6 wells indicated high K
orogenic conditions.

Figure 7. Tectonic classification of igneous rock in research

areas (according to Batchelor & Bowden, 1985; in Yuwono,
2002)

Assuming that the composition of volcanic and

plutonic rocks are similar, thus the magmatic
affinity classification based on some researchers
summarized by Rickwood (1989, in Rollinson,
1993) were applied. Andesitic rocks of the JSB-3
well based on SiO2 - K2O diagram included in the
calc-alkaline series, while granitoid rocks of the
JSB-4 and JSB-6 wells, including the high K series
(calc-alkaline), the characteristics of these high-K
may reflect the increasing degree of contamination
of the continental crust in active margin magma.
Based on the content of K2O + Na2O, rocks in the
study area including medium alkaline (4.78 4.84%) for the rock of the JSB-3, while the rocks of
JSB-4 and JSB-6 including high alkaline (6.918.13%), which is one characteristics of calc alkaline
rocks.
According to Girod (1978, in Yuwono, 2002) who
was arranged the scheme relationship between
magmatic series with plate tectonics based on data
from all empirical petrology worldwide, which is
chemically recent volcanic rocks of the known
position of the corresponding plate (that of
relationships between magmatism and tectonic
position no doubt) showed that the calc-alkaline
type is only found in the orogenic zone
(subduction), either on the edge or on the active
continental margin - island arc.
Based on the results of plotting in tectonic
discriminant diagram of Batchelor and Bowden
(1985, in Yuwono, 2002), showed that the granitic
rocks in JSB-6 formed on the pre-plate collision,
while granitis rock of JSB-4 formed in the lateorogenic. This indicate that magmatic activity in the
study area occur in tectonic subduction regime, and
it is consistent with the hypothesis that given by De
Coster (1974), Pulunggono & Cameron (1984) and
McCourt et al. (1996).

Figure 8. Granitic rocks series in research areas based on SiO2

and Fe2O3 / FeO (by Ishihara et al., 1979; in Yuwono, 2002)

Granitic rock formation associated with tectonic

subduction regime in JSB-6 were formed in the preplate collision somewhat different with JSB-4
granitic rocks formed in late orogenic. This

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Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

indicates the formation's rock is relatively in

different time-even though there are similarities of
magma properties. According to McCourt et al.
(1996), granitoid complex in Sumatra is not
interpret as co-magmatic although the analysis
results seem in one population, because they showed
the magmatism that occurred in long time (some
were more than 200 million years old). The
granotoid here more considered as the product of
generations of magma with a similar mechanism
occurs repeatedly and over a long time.
Based on alumina saturation (Shand, 1947 in
Clarke, 1992) in Figure 4, the rocks in JSB-3, JSB-4
and JSB-6 were included in the metalumina-type
despite of normative CIPW analysis appear
corundum (except for JSB- 3 samples of 1987.50m
depth) but the amount is relatively small (<0:52%).
According to Clarke (1992), rocks that are
metalumina has relationship with oceanic crust with
continental crust subduction or oceanic crust with
oceanic crust subduction.
Based on the molar ratio of Al2O3 / (CaO + Na2O +
K2O) < 1.1 (Chappel & White, 1974 in Clarke,
1992), shows the granitoid rocks of JSB-4 and JSB6 is I-type (Figure 4). Based on the content of
magnetite and opaque mineral content of more than
0.1% (normative analysis and petrographic), all
rocks including magnetite series, also supported by
plotting on a diagram of SiO2 and Fe2O3 / FeO of
Ishihara et al. (1979, in Yuwono, 2002), which
shows magnetite series plotting. Especially for rockfrom JSB-4 and JSB-6, according to Takahasyi et al.
(1980), the rock which included a series of
magnetite rock is generally a granitoid with I-type.
McCourt et al. (1996) stated that geochemical
studies on the Mesozoic granitoid from Barisan
mountains range of southern part of Sumatra shows
characteristics of subduction-related, calc-alkaline,
I-type, metaluminous and is associated with
volcanic arc granites (VAG) subduction. This is
consistent with the results of chemical analysis were
performed on rock samples from JSB-3, JSB-4 and
JSB-6. The Mesozoic granitoid is predicted as

310

extension of granite provinces of Thailand and

Burma, which affirms that there has been
magmatism associated with subduction along
southwestern edge of Sundaland since the beginning
of the Mesozoic.

CONCLUSION
Results of chemical analysis of pre-Tertiary
granitoid basement rocks from Jambi sub basin
shows the low content of TiO2 (0:40 to 1:31%) and
high Al2O3 (12:26 to 18:19%) content, this indicate
that the rocks in the research area formed in
subduction zones (orogen) on the active continent
margin - island arc. Based on the diagrams of the
relationship between SiO2 and K2O, high content of
orthoclase normative with high total K2O + Na2O
for JSB-4 and JSB-6 (6.91 - 8:13%) indicates
magma with high-K calc alkaline affinity and
reflects the increase in the degree of continental
crust contamination on active margin magma, while
for JSB-3 with the content of K2O + Na2O ranging
between 4.78 - 4.84% is included in the medium
alkaline.
Although the granitoid rocks in JSB-4 and JSB -6
have similarity in chemistry characteristics, based
on plotting on tectonic discrimination diagram of
Bathelor and Bowden (1985), they were formed on
two different tectonic conditions. For JSB-4 was
formed at late orogenic, while JSB-6 formed at preplate collision, so it does not interpret as comagmatic, but rather considered as a product of
magma generation with the mechanism that is
similar and lasts longer.
Granitoid in JSB-4 and JSB-6 had I-type, included
in the magnetite series and metalumina associated
with subduction of oceanic crust with continental
crust or oceanic crust with oceanic crust subduction.

Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015

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