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EMILIO AGUINALDO

Elementary and Secondary course education at Colegio de San Juan de


Letran
University of Santo Thomas in Manila
was elected cabeza de barangay of Binakayan, the most progressive barrio
of Cavite El Viejo
January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo was elected town head, becoming the first
person to hold the title of capitan municipal of Cavite El Viejo
1895, Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan rebellion, a secret organization then
led by Andres Bonifacio
joined as a lieutenant under Gen. Baldomero Aguinaldo and rose to the
rank of general in a few months
Only Emilio Aguinaldos troops launched a successful attack
1896, the Philippines erupted in revolt against the Spaniards
Leader of Magdalo
negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
June 12, 1898, he proclaimed Philippine independence in Kawit
February 4, 1899, a Filipino was shot by an American sentry as he crossed
Silencio Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila (beginning of the Philippine-American
War)
captured in Palanan, Isabela, on March 23, 1901

ANDRES BONIFACIO

early education in the school of Guillermo Osmea of Cebu


father of katipunan
father of the Revolution and Philippine Democracy
the supremo
The Great Plebian
Leader of Magdiwang
revived La Liga
1896, under Bonifacio's leadership, Katipunan grew from about 300
members at the beginning of the year to more than 30,000 in July
kicked off the revolt by leading thousands of his followers to tear up their
community tax certificates or cedulas
led an attack on the town of San Juan del Monte
appointed to the lowly post of Secretary of the Interior

EMILIO AGUINALDO
Early life and career

seventh of eight children of Crispulo Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy


born into a Filipino family on March 22, 1869, in Cavite El Viejo
father was gobernadorcillo (town head)
took up his secondary course education at the Colegio de San Juan de
Letran in 1880
was elected cabeza de barangay (17 years old)
January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo was elected town head, becoming the first
person to hold the title of capitan municipal of Cavite El Viejo

Family

first marriage was in 1896, Hilaria Del Rosario(1877-1921) and have five
children (Miguel, Carmen, Emilio Jr., Maria, and Cristina)
March 6, 1921, his first wife died
married Dona Maria Agoncillo (1930)

Philippine Revolution

joined the Katipunan rebellion (1895)


Joined as a lieutenant and rose to a general in a few months
Only his troops launched a successful attack
Philippines erupted in revolt against the Spaniards (1896)
Led magdalo

Biak Na Bato

Spanish pressure intensified, eventually forcing Aguinaldo's revolutionary


government to retreat to the village of Biak-na-Bato in the mountains
negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
December 14, 1897, Aguinaldo was shipped to Hong Kong

Spanish American War

Thousands of other Katipuneros continued to fight the Revolution against


Spain for a sovereign nation
war broke out between Spain and the United States and a Spanish warship
was sunk in Manila Bay by the fleet of U.S. Admiral George Dewey (May,
1898)
Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in May 1898

June 12, 1898, he proclaimed Philippine independence in Kawit, and


began to organize local political units all over the Philippines
Aguinaldo led his troops to victory after victory over the Spanish forces
until they reached the city of Manila
After the surrender of the Spaniards, however, the Americans forbade the
Filipinos to enter the Walled City of Intramuros
Aguinaldo convened a Revolutionary Congress at Malolos to ratify the
independence of the Philippines and to draft a constitution for a republican
form of government

Philippine-American War

On the night of February 4, 1899, a Filipino was shot by an American


sentry as he crossed Silencio Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila (beginning of the
Philippine-American War)
Aguinaldo led resistance to the Americans, then retreated to northern
Luzon with the Americans on his trail
June 2, 1899, Gen. Antonio Luna, an arrogant but brilliant general,
received a telegram from Aguinaldo, ordering him to proceed to
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, for a meeting
Three days later, on June 5, Luna arrived and learned that Aguinaldo was
not at the appointed place, as Gen. Luna was about to depart, he was shot,
then stabbed to death by Aguinaldo's men
Less than two years later, after the famous Battle of Tirad Pass and the
death of his last most trusted general, Gregorio del Pilar, Aguinaldo was
captured in Palanan, Isabela, on March 23, 1901
Aguinaldo volunteered to swear fealty to the United States, if his life was
spared. Aguinaldo pledged allegiance to America on April 1, 1901,
formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the
United States over the Philippines

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Birth and early life

born on November 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila


His father Santiago was a tailor, a local politician and a boatman who
operated a river-ferry
his mother, Catalina de Castro, was employed in a cigarette-rolling factory
1881 his mother died and the following year his father died
Andres Bonifacio was forced to give up plans for higher education and
begin working full-time to support his orphaned younger siblings (19
years old)

Family Life

married twice, but had no surviving children at the time of his death
first wife, Monica, came from the Palomar neighborhood of Bacoor
second wife, Gregoria de Jesus, came from the Calookan area of metro
Manila (only son died as an infant)

Establishment in Katipunan

Bonifacio joined Jose Rizal's new organization La Liga Filipina (1892)


After Rizal's arrest and deportation, Andres Bonifacio and others revived
La Liga
Katipunan, or Kataastaasang Kagalannalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan to give its full name (literally "Highest and Most Respected
Society of the Children of the Country"), was dedicated to armed
resistance against the colonial government
the Katipunan organization soon established regional branches in a
number of provinces across the Philippines (KKK)
Andres Bonifacio became the top leader or Presidente Supremo of the
Katipunan (1895)
Bonifacio also put out a newspaper called the Kalayaan, or "Freedom."
Over the course of 1896, under Bonifacio's leadership, Katipunan grew
from about 300 members at the beginning of the year to more than 30,000
in July
Bonifacio's Katipunan was prepared to start fighting for freedom from
Spain

Philippine Uprising Begins

the Spanish colonial government began to realize that the Philippines was
on the verge of revolt (1896)
August 19, the authorities tried to preempt the uprising by arresting
hundreds of people and jailing them under charges of treason
Bonifacio and two friends dressed up like sailors and made their way onto
the ship and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them
Bonifacio kicked off the revolt by leading thousands of his followers to
tear up their community tax certificates or cedulas
Bonifacio named himself President and commander-in-chief of the
Philippines revolutionary government, declaring the nation's independence
from Spain on August 23
He issued a manifesto, dated August 28, 1896, calling for "all towns to rise
simultaneously and attack Manila," and sent generals to lead the rebel
forces in this offensive.

Attack on San Juan Del Monte

Andres Bonifacio himself led an attack on the town of San Juan del
Monte, intent on capturing Manila's metro water station and the powder
magazine from the Spanish garrison
Bonifacio was forced to withdraw to Marikina, Montalban, and San
Mateo; his group suffered heavy casualties
By early September, the revolution was spreading across the country

Fighting Intensifies

As Spain pulled all its resources back to defend the capital at Manila, rebel
groups in other areas began to sweep up the token Spanish resistance left
behind
The group in Cavite had the greatest success in driving the Spanish out
Cavite's rebels were led by an upper-class politician called Emilio
Aguinaldo
October of 1896, Aguinaldo's forces held most of the peninsula
Bonifacio led a separate faction from Morong, about 35 miles (56
kilometers) to the east of Manila
Bonifacio appointed generals to establish bases in the mountains all over
Luzon island
Bonifacio personally led an attack on Marikina, Montalban, and San
Mateo

he initially succeeded in driving the Spanish out of those towns, they soon
recaptured the cities, nearly killing Bonifacio when a bullet went through
his collar

Rivalry with Aguinaldo

Aguinaldo's faction in Cavite was in competition with a second rebel


group
Emilio Aguinaldo felt justified in formed his own rebel government in
opposition to Bonifacio
March 22, 1897, Aguinaldo rigged an election at the rebels' Tejeros
Convention to show that he was the proper president of the revolutionary
government
To Bonifacio's shame, he not only lost the presidency to Aguinaldo, but
was appointed to the lowly post of Secretary of the Interior
Daniel Tirona questioned his fitness even for that job, based on
Bonifacio's lack of a university education, the humiliated former president
pulled a gun and would have killed Tirona if a bystander had not stopped
him

Sham Trial and Execution

After Emilio Aguinaldo "won" the rigged election at Tejeros, Andres


Bonifacio refused to recognize the new rebel government
Aguinaldo sent a group to arrest Bonifacio; the opposition leader did not
realize that they were there with ill intent, and allowed them into his camp
They shot down his brother Ciriaco, seriously beat his brother Procopio
Aguinaldo had Bonifacio and Procopio tried for treason and sedition
After a one-day sham trial, in which the defense lawyer averred their guilt
rather than defending them, both Bonifacios were convicted and sentenced
to death
Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence on May 8, but then reinstated it
n May 10, 1897, both Procopio and Andres Bonifacio likely were shot
dead by a firing squad on Nagpatong Mountain
Andres was just 34 years old

Andres Bonifacio's Legacy

As the first self-declared President of the independent Philippines, as well


as the first leader of the Philippine Revolution, Andres Bonifacio is a
crucial figure in that nation's history

Aguinaldo is generally cited as the first president of the Philippines, even


though Bonifacio took on that title before Aguinaldo did
Andres Bonifacio has been honored with a national holiday on his
birthday November 30 is Bonifacio Day in the Philippines

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