METHODOLOGY

The samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, alkalinity and dissolved
oxygen at the site of samples collection. The other analyses were done in the
laboratory by preserving the samples with suitable preservatives.
The samples were analyzed for turbidity, colour, taste, conductivity, dissolve
solids, hardness, alkalinity, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sulphates,
chloride, nitrate, phosphate, silica, boron, phenolic compounds anionic
detergents, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, cyanides, oil and grease,
COD,BOD, nitrogen as per standard methods for the examination of water and
waste water 20th Edition, 1998 (APHA, AWWA, W.E.F).
The samples for bacteriological quality of water analysis were collected in
sterilized bottles and analyzed for MPN and faecal coliform on monthly basis as
given by the methods for the examination of water and wastewater.
The samples were also analyzed for sodium and potassium using flame
photometer. Arsenic, copper, cadmium, iron, lead, mercury, manganese,
selenium and zinc were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
GROUND WATER
The total dissolved solids of ground water quality of Jagmalwali, Ramsara Teona
pujarm, Pipli, Khohar-varies from 480 to 610 mg/l. The chloride, hardness,
sodium, potassium sulphate, nitrates and phosphate are also within permissible
limits. The toxic metals were below dection limits and bacteriological quality of
water was also safe.
The ground water quality of Naurang, Bangi Roghu, Thakanwala, Sekho, Dessu,
Bengi Deepa and Phulokhari are having more than 1000 mg/l. Total hardness,
calcium hardness, magnesium hardness Sulphate and Chlorides are also more in
the water of these village. M.P.N and Faecal coliform are absent Most of the
heavy metals are below detection limits in the ground water of all the villages.
Organic pollutants such as COD, BOD, nitrogen etc. were not observed in all the
village ground water.
SURFACE WATER
The surface water quality of Bhakra Canal upstream and downstream of study
area is very good. The water is fit for drinking purpose after chlorination it
shows some bacteriological contamination. This water is having all the heavy
metals below detection limits and organic pollution is also not detected. The SAR
is also low.

SOIL
The soil samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, moisture, bulkdensity, soil
texture, permeability, Cation exchange capacity, calcium, magnesium as given in
Soil & Solid waste Analysis A Laboratory Manual by Behera and IS: 2720.
Sodium and potassium were determined by flame photometer Sodium aborption
ratio (SAR) was computed using the following formula.
SAR =

Na

Ca + Mg
2
Where Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium are represented in milieqvalent.
SOIL QUALITY
The texture of the soil shows that the soil is sandy loam type in the sturdy area.
The pH of the soil is alkaline ranging from 8.2 to 9.84. The Conductivity values
are also varies from 149 to 624 mhos / cm. The lower conductivity up to 250
mhos / cm is shown in 7 samples of villages and remaining 12 soil samples show
more than 250 mhos / cm,. The cation exchange capacity are also very low
ranging from 0.07 to 1.23 meq / 100 gm showing that soil is not very fertile in the
study area and SAR values are also high. The moisture and bulk density of soil
varies from 2.7 to 8.44 % and 1.1 to 1.47 gm/cc. respectively.