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TECHNICAL NOTE
Abstract
Even though in several countries there are regulations allowing, even at a small scale, the use of recycled aggregates in concrete
production, practice shows that the cases in which this solution is implemented are still rare. However, in most of these countries the
use of the fine Fraction of the Recycled Aggregates (FRA) from general Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) is restricted or
even banned. More recent studies have shown that the use of FRA is feasible and that the resulting mechanical performance is
perfectly acceptable. This paper presents the flexural tests performed on reinforced concrete beams made with replacement of natural
by recycled fine aggregates, comparing the results obtained in terms of ultimate load and deformation, ductility, bearing capacity and
cracking with those from a reference beam, made with conventional concrete.
Keywords: concrete, fine recycled aggregates, beam, flexure, ductility
1. Introduction
After the viability of using Coarse Recycled Aggregates (CRA)
in the production of structural concrete was established within the
scientific community, both through laboratorial works and the
application of this concrete in case studies (Limbachiya et al.,
2000; Sagoe-Crentsil et al., 2001; Xiao et al., 2005; Poon et al.,
2006; Etxeberria et al., 2007), there was a need to regulate the
use of CRA in concrete, establishing the criteria and limits of
their incorporation. To that end, the legislative bodies of various
countries established more or less severe limitations on the use of
Recycled Aggregates (RA) (Gonalves and de Brito, 2010). More
recently, a step-by-step design of recycled aggregate concrete
beams was performed according to Eurocode 2 (CEN, 2005a)
and it was concluded that the incorporation of RA had very little
effect on the required steel reinforcement, but needed a slightly
bigger concrete cover to achieve the same service life (Silva et
al., 2016).
Notwithstanding the significant environmental benefits of
allowing the use of CRA in concrete production, Fine Recycled
Aggregates (FRA) are still banned, regardless of their source.
These limitations are addressed in EN 206:2013 (CEN, 2013)
and not in EN 1992 (CEN, 2005a), which covers reinforced
concrete design, covered in this research paper. However, the use
of the latter should not be independent from the former, as they
are designed in a way that intrinsically binds them. Nevertheless,
the new EN 206:2013 standard sets no limitations on the use of
reclaimed concrete aggregates. Those are defined as recovered
from concrete never used, which is not within the scope of this
research.
If one takes into account that around 40% to 50% of the final
material is smaller than 4 mm (Ulsen et al., 2010; Rodrigues et
al., 2013), it can be concluded that a significant fraction of the
material is still being dumped. This ban has to do with the FRA
being very heterogeneous, having high contaminants contents
and porosity, with obvious deleterious effects on concretes
performance (Nixon, 1978; Hansen, 1992).
However, more recent research work has been developed in
the analysis and characterization of FRA and of the performance
of concrete made with it, which has shown that the technical
reservations concerning their use may be surpassed, if additional
care is considered (Evangelista and de Brito, 2014). Although it
is common knowledge that the use of FRA will reduce
concretes performance, both in mechanical terms (to a lesser
extent) (Khatib, 2005; Solyman, 2005; Pereira et al., 2012a,
2012b) and durability related properties (to a wider extent) (Fumoto
and Yamada, 2006; Levy and Helne, 2007; Evangelista and de
Brito, 2010), it is also generally accepted by these authors that
the use of fine recycled aggregates should be accepted in
concrete production. In order to ensure that FRA can become a
reliable material for concrete production, it is imperative that
further testing is conducted, especially regarding the structural
performance of reinforced concrete elements. Of the known
researches conducted so far, most of them focus on the use
coarse recycled aggregates or both coarse and fine recycled
aggregates. Within a research project performed in the United
*Associate Professor, CERIS-ICIST, Universitetet i Stavanger, 4007 Stavanger, Norway (Corresponding Author, E-mail: luis.m.evangelista@uis.no)
**Full Professor, CERIS-ICIST, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal (E-mail: jb@civil.ist.utl.pt)
1
Material
Cement II A-L 42.5R
Fly ash
Water
Sand
Fine gravel
Medium gravel
Coarse gravel
Plasticizer
FRA
FNA1
FNA2
Dry
2.00
2.55
2.55
Density (g/cm3)
Saturated surface dry
2.21
2.58
2.58
Apparent
2.53
2.62
2.62
2
Bulk
1.33
1.48
1.56
10.43
1.07
0.96
69
87
95
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering
Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates
RC
0
360
191
0.53
381
347
0
351
681
33.6
3.42
37.2
-
C10R
10
360
194
0.54
343
312
57
351
681
32.1
-4.5
3.07
-10.2
36.6
-1.6
C30R
30
360
194
0.54
265
241
171
349
677
32.7
-2.7
3.16
-7.6
37.0
-0.5
C50R
50
360
198
0.55
188
171
284
348
673
32.8
-2.4
3.20
-6.4
34.3
-7.8
C100R
100
360
202
0.56
0
0
568
348
673
30.7
-8.6
2.84
-17.0
32.9
-11.6
6 Rebar
597
746
1.25
7.4
10 Rebar
525
670
1.28
7.2
Two beams per concrete mix were tested, with total length of
2.00 m and cross-section of 12 20 cm2. The tensile reinforcement
was 3f10 and the compressive reinforcement was 26. The
geometrical reinforcement ratio () was 1.13%. The class of all
reinforcement bars was S500, and their concrete cover was 1.5
cm thick. The average main properties of the reinforcement steel
are presented in Table 4 for each of the diameters used, where Re
and Rm are the yielding and tensile strengths, respectively, and
Agt is the elongation at maximum strength, in accordance to EN
10080 (2005b). The transversal reinforcement consisted of 6//
0.10 m closed stirrups. The loading and beams support scheme is
presented in Fig. 2. Each beam was tested using a four-point
bending scheme, which leads to a no-shear, constant curvature,
region between the two applied loads.
The load was applied monotonically at a rate of around 0.20
kN/s using a servo-controlled hydraulic jack, with stops at every
10 kN of load, in order to map the visible cracks and measure the
width of the reference crack, located closest to the centre span.
The test proceeded until the course of the installed LVDT
(deflectometers) was totally run, or until the flexural ultimate
limit state of any cross-section in between the load application
points was reached.
The deformations were read in three points, using three
deflectometers (LVDT1 to LVDT3), with 50 mm maximum
course. In order to determine the reinforcement stress, electric
extensometers were positioned in the most stressed crosssection, glued to the rebars surface. The choice of these three
points corresponds to the maximum deflection point in the beam
and to the limit points in which the theoretical curvature could be
assumed constant.
In order to facilitate the analysis of the beams ductility in the
plastic stage, it was necessary to establish a failure criterion
coherent for all the beams. In this study, it was assumed that the
ultimate displacement corresponded to the of 85% of the postpeak load, in agreement with various other authors (Rashid and
Mansur, 2005; Li and Li, 2012). Since load application was not
displacement controlled, the value of ultimate displacement
recorded is not a property of the structural element but rather a
function of the specific testing conditions. Therefore, the ductility
analysis should be considered with some caution.
Another essential parameter to determine the beams ductility is
the yielding deformation, corresponding to the yielding of the
tensioned reinforcement. This displacement is difficult to measure,
since in the actual load-displacement curves the transition between
the elastic and plastic phases is gradual, due to the non-linearity
of the materials, the stiffness loss due to multiple cracking,
Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates
C10R
2
70.94
18.26
8.98
35.64
3.97
1
70.72
21.1
9.76
39.32
4.03*
C30R
2
70.84
16.04
9.38
33.91
3.62
1
72.06
16.46
9.97
39.08
3.92
C50R
1
66,23
15,73
10,2
42,45
4,16
C100R
2
63,31
Fmax (kN)
d (mm)
15,94
9,37
dy (mm)
45,62
du (mm)
4,87
du/dy
3.9
3.8
3.7
4.8
4.6
(du/dy)m
73.6
70.8
72.3
67.3
64.9
Fm (kN)
(kN)
2.66
0.06
0.26
1.09
1.61
CV (%)
3.6
0.1
0.4
1.6
2.5
-3.8
-1.7
-8.5
-11.8
RC (%)
Fmax - Maximum load; d - Displacement for Fmax; dy - Yielding displacement; du - Ultimate displacement; (du/dy) - Ductility coefficient; Fm - Average load.
2
72,58
17,29
9,61
34,37
3,58
2
68,4
15,57
8,81
47,23
5,36
1
66,52
18,95
10,58
44,94
4,25
Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates
show less steep slopes, as they get closer to the supports, since
the tangent stresses progressively gain preponderance in the
installed stress states.
The average distance between cracks was measured
experimentally, after the elements cracking process stabilized.
Table 7 presents the average value of the distance between cracks
(srm), as well as the corresponding standard deviation () and
variation coefficient (CV). It is clear that the distance between
cracks in each beam has a significant scatter, as seen by the high
variation coefficients (between 20% and 44%). The average
4. Conclusions
The analysis of reinforced concrete elements allowed establishing
the global mechanical performance of Fine Recycled Aggregates
Concrete (FRAC), taking into account a series of properties
C10R
C30R
1
2
1
2
1
2
59
104
60
62
62
75
srm (mm)
(mm)
15
21
26
25
16
22
CV (%)
25.3
20.7
44.3
40.6
26.6
29.7
srm - Average distance between cracks; - Standard deviation; CV - Variation coefficient.
8
C50R
1
84
18
21.5
C100R
2
83
43
52.5
1
62
27
43.4
2
62
23
36.4
Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the CERISICIST Research Institute, (IST, University of Lisbon) and of
FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology).
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