POWER

Andika Indrayana, S.Sn., M.Ds.

POWER
the ability to get things done the
way one wants them to be done
(Salancik & Pfeer, 1977)
ability: kapasitas yang dimiliki seseorang

- What you can/do

ableness: a refinement in the ability account of power

- kesanggupan seseorang

Power to: kemampuan untuk

Power over: kemampuan terhadap
Peter Morriss

AGENCY
the capacity of individuals to act
independently and to make their
own free choices
This ability is affected by the cognitive belief
structure which one has formed through one's
experiences, and the perceptions held by
the society and the individual, of the
structures and circumstances of the
environment one is in and the position they are
born into.

FORCE
is a compulsion, sometime physical
(when it become violence) invoked
by wielders of power and authority

sifat:

- dorongan yang kuat untuk melakukan sesuatu baik dari faktor internal
maupun eksternal (dari orang lain/kondisi)

AUTHORITY
an attribute of social organizationa
family, a corporation, a university, a
governmentin which command
inheres in the recognition of some
greater competence lodged either in
person or in the oce itself
sifat:

- atribut semacam hak (normative right) untuk memberikan perintah/

suruhan/perlakuan/diikuti (obeyed)

AUTHORITY
Traditional authority
bestowed on an agent because of some convention or
long and hallowed tradition that this person is the
authority

Charismatic authority
occurs where the exceptional abilities of a person
cause members of a community to obey or follow that
person as their leader

Rational-legal authority
gives that person a right to command and expect
compliance because of the oce or role the person
fills in society

SOCIAL POWER
a social relation between groups or
institutions, involving the control
by a (more) powerful group or
institution (and its members) of the
actions and the minds of (the
members) a less powerful group

Teun A. van Dijk

POWER
power is the ability to influence or outright
control the behavior of people (wikipedia)

the bases of social power

potential resources (which may or may not be used) that
one has at ones command that can lead to an actual
change in the beliefs, attitudes, behavior, emotion, and
so on in another person. (French & Raven, 1959)
Informational, Reward, Coercion, Legitimacy,
Expertise, Referent, Traditional, Connection, Media

INFORMATIONAL POWER
based on the information power, or
logical argument that the agent
can present to the target
sifat:

- dilakukan secara langsung/tak langsung/berasal orang lain

- informasi tangan pertama secara umum lebih dipercaya

- dapat ditunjang dengan kemampuan berdebat

REWARD POWER
stems from the agents ability to
grant some reward to the target,
such as promise of promotion or
oering certain privileges for
complying with a request

sifat:

- pemberian hadiah

COERCION POWER
The influencing agent brings about a
change in the target by threatening
the target with some sort of
negative or undesireable
consequences for not doing what
the influencing agents wants.
sifat:

- ancaman, intimidasi

LEGITIMACY POWER

power that comes from a position

or role.

sifat:

otoritas berbasis posisi/hirarki

strata, kelas, jabatan, pangkat, domestik, dsb

EXPERTISE POWER
the perception that one possesses
superior skill or knowledge

sifat:

persepsi terhadap pengetahuan, keilmuan, hingga modal simbolik

need to continue learning and improving

REFERENT POWER
the ability to convey a sense of
personal acceptance or approval.
It held by people with charisma,
integrity, and other positive
qualities. It is the most valuable
type of power.
sifat:

muncul dari kekuatan personal/interpersonal seseorang:

nasionalisme, patriotisme, selebritis, pemimpin, orang-orang yang
dihormati

dapat terjadi karena faktor dari pengikut: loyalitas, rasa hormat,

kekerabatan, kekaguman, afeksi

NOT ALL POWER IS CREATED EQUAL

MEDIA POWER

the media primarily have the potential to control

to some extent the minds of readers or viewers,
but not directly their actions

Teun A. van Dijk

sifat:

pembingkaian (framing) pada benak audiens

bias informasi

Media tidak menentukan bagaimana Anda

berpikir, tetapi media menentukan apa yang
harus Anda pikirkan

Teori Agenda Setting

SYMBOLIC POWER
is a power of constructing reality, and one
which tends to establish the immediate
meaning of the world

Pierre Bourdieu

sifat:

penciptaan realitas mengenai sesuatu; kecantikan, maskulinitas, dsb

SYMBOLIC POWER

TECHNOLOGICAL POWER

VISUAL POWER

Kemampuan desainer untuk

menciptakan power (what can
designers do to enhance design):
memiliki kemampuan konsep/pengetahuan/

wacana
kemampuan menulis/

membangun wacana/pengetahuan
kemampuan berbicara (presentasi)
kemampuan mengintegrasikan
pengetahuan pada perancangan/media
kemampuan manajerial
kemampuan membangun relasi

inner power

tools

MASTERING OTHERS IS STRENGTH.

MASTERING YOURSELF IS TRUE POWER
-Tao Te Ching-