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THERMAL ENERGY
Vocabulary Review
Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Use each term once.
convection

heat engine

second law of thermodynamics

entropy

heat of fusion

specific heat

first law of thermodynamics

heat of vaporization

thermal conduction

heat

radiation

thermal equilibrium

1. _________________________

____ is the state at which the rate of thermal energy transfer

between two objects is equal and the objects are at the same
temperature.

2. _________________________

The transfer of thermal energy between objects is called ____ .

3. _________________________

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one

unit mass of a substance by one temperature unit is the ____ of
the substance.

4. _________________________

The amount of energy needed to melt 1 kg of a substance is the

____ .

5. _________________________

The ____ states that the change in thermal energy of an object

equals the heat added to the object minus the work done by
the object.

6. _________________________

____ is the transfer of kinetic energy when particles collide.

7. _________________________

____ is a measure of the energy dispersal of a system.

8. _________________________

A device that converts thermal energy to mechanical energy is

a(n) ____ .

9. _________________________

The ____ states that natural processes go in a direction that

increases the total entropy of the universe.

10. _________________________

____ is the motion of a fluid caused by temperature differences.

11. _________________________

The amount of energy required to convert 1 kg of a substance

from a liquid to a gas is the ____ .

12. _________________________

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called ____ .

Chapter 12 Thermal Energy

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SECTION 1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy

In your textbook, read about the theory of thermal energy and temperature.
For each statement below, write true or rewrite the italicized part to make the statement true.

1. _________________________

The temperature of an object is a measure of the total kinetic

energy of the particles.

2. _________________________

The thermal energy in an object depends on the number of

particles in the object and the temperature of the object.

3. _________________________

Two bodies are in rotational equilibrium if they are at the same

temperature.

4. _________________________

A Kelvin is equal in magnitude to a Celsius degree.

5. _________________________

Absolute zero is equal to 0C.

6. _________________________

The freezing point of water is 0C or 212 K.

7. _________________________

Absolute zero is the point at which a substance has minimal

thermal energy.

In your textbook, read about specific heat.

For each term on the left, write the letter of the corresponding item.

8. _____ unit of specific heat

a. K

9. _____ heat

b. S

10. _____ degree Celsius

c. T

11. _____ Kelvin

d. C

12. _____ entropy

e. Q

13. _____ energy change

f. J/(kgK)

14. _____ temperature change

g. E

Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.

15. Why is the Kelvin temperature scale rather than the Celsius temperature scale used in science?
Use kinetic energy in your answer.
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16. The diagram shows the construction of the inner liner of a
vacuum bottle. How does a vacuum bottle prevent the transfer
of thermal energy:
a.

by conduction?

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
b.

by convection?

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
c.

by radiation?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
17. What is the specific heat of a metal if it takes 15,000 J of heat to raise the temperature of a
620-g sample from 15.0C to 85.0C?

In your textbook, read about calorimetry.

Use the following information to answer questions 1821.

A student uses a foam cup as a calorimeter. The student places 100.0 g of water at 20C in the cup.
The student adds 100.0 g of lead shot at 120C to the cup. The water and shot are then allowed to
reach thermal equilibrium. The specific heat of lead is 130 J/(kgK).
18. Is Q for the water positive or negative?
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19. Is Q for the lead shot positive or negative?
____________________________________________________________________________________
20. Assuming that no thermal energy is lost to the surroundings, how does the total energy of the
system compare with the total energy of the water and lead before mixing?
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21. What is the final temperature of the water at thermal equilibrium?
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Chapter 12 Thermal Energy

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SECTION 2 Changes of State and Thermodynamics
In your textbook, read about changes of state.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The energy needed to melt 1 kg of a substance is called the _____ .

a. heat of vaporization

c. heat of fusion

b. melting point

d. freezing point

2. The temperature at which all added thermal energy is used to change a liquid to a gas is the
_____ .
a. boiling point

c. heat of fusion

b. melting point

d. heat of vaporization

3. How does the amount of energy absorbed by 1 g of ice as it melts compare to the amount of
energy released by 1 g of water as it freezes?
a. More energy is released by the ice than is absorbed by the water.
b. More energy is absorbed by the water than is released by the ice.
c. The amounts of energy absorbed and released depend on the surrounding temperature.
d. They are the same.
4. Which equation correctly relates heat, mass, and the heat of vaporization?
a. Q m Hv

c. Q m/Hv

b. Q mHv

d. Q Hv/m

5. As a liquid changes to a gas, _____ .

a. both its kinetic and potential
energy increase

c. only its potential energy increases

b. only its kinetic energy increases

d. neither its kinetic nor potential energy increases

6. How does the amount of energy needed to melt 1 kg of ice at 0C compare to the amount of
energy needed to change 1 kg of water to steam at 100C? The heat of fusion of water is
3.34105 J/kg, and the heat of vaporization of water is 2.26106 J/kg.
a. It takes about two-thirds as much energy to boil the water as to melt the ice.
b. It takes the same amount of energy to boil the water and melt the ice.
c. It takes about two-thirds as much energy to melt the ice as to boil the water.
d. It takes more than six times as much energy to boil the water as to melt the ice.

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Answer the following questions. Show your calculations.

7. How much ice at 273 K can be melted by 5.00 103 J?

8. A 2.00 102 g sample of water at 60.0C is heated to steam at 140.0C.

a.

How much heat is absorbed?

b.

How much energy would be released if the steam at 140.0C were cooled to water at
60.0C?

In your textbook, read about the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, and entropy.
Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.

9. State the first law of thermodynamics.

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10. Some people think that they can cool off a hot kitchen by leaving the refrigerator door open.
Why is that not true?
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11. When paint dries, does its entropy increase or decrease? Is this an instance where the second
law of thermodynamics does not apply? Explain your answer.
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For each statement, circle 1 or 2 to indicate whether the statement relates more closely to the first law of
thermodynamics or the second law of thermodynamics.

12. The total entropy of the universe tends to increase. (1) (2)
13. A change in the thermal energy of a system depends on the work done by the system and the
heat added to a system. (1) (2)
14. Thermal energy flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects. (1) (2)
15. The amount of useful energy tends to decrease. (1) (2)
16. A heat engine converts thermal energy to mechanical energy. (1) (2)
17. Using mechanical energy, a refrigerator removes thermal energy from warmer bodies. (1) (2)
18. The moving parts in an automobile engine generate waste heat. (1) (2)
Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.

19. Explain why a heat engine must have a heat sink.

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20. How does energy efficiency relate to the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
____________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________
21. Why is it important for appliance and automobile manufacturers to make their products as
energy-efficient as possible?
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Study Guide

Teacher Support

THERMAL ENERGY

15. In the Kelvin scale, there are no negative

temperatures. All temperatures are
related to the average kinetic energy of
the molecules, with 0 K being the zero
point of kinetic energy.

All numerical answers have been rounded to

the correct number of significant figures.
Vocabulary Review

16. a. Thermal conduction occurs when

particles in contact with each other
transfer energy from particle to
particle. In a vacuum the particles
are too far apart to transfer energy
efficiently, if at all. Insulating
materials, such as the cork, also are
poor conductors of energy since the
particles are farther apart than in
metals (conductors).

1. thermal equilibrium
2. heat
3. specific heat
4. heat of fusion
5. first law of thermodynamics
6. thermal conduction
7. entropy

b. Convection is a transfer of energy

within a fluid. With the bottle tightly
closed, thermal energy cannot be lost
to the atmosphere and instead is
contained within the inner container.

8. heat engine
9. second law of thermodynamics
10. convection
11. heat of vaporization

2. true

c. The mirrored walls of the container

physically interferes with the direct
radiation of energy to or from the
inner container holding the liquid.
17. C Q
mT
15,000 J

350 J/(kg K)
(0.62 kg)(85.0C 15.0C)

3. thermal

18. positive

4. true

19. negative

5. 0 K

20. They should be the same.

6. 273 K

21. For lead:

Q mC T
(0.1000 kg)(130 J/(kg K))(393 K) 5100 J

12. radiation

SECTION 1 Temperature, Heat,

and Thermal Energy

1. average

7. true
8. f

10. d

For water:
Q
Tf Ti
mC

11. a

293 K

9. e

12. b

5100 J
(0.1000 kg)(4180 J/(kg K))

305 K 32C

13. g
14. c

Chapter 12 Thermal Energy

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Study Guide

Teacher Support

SECTION 2 Changes of State and

11. Overall, there is an increase in entropy, so

the second law holds. The system in which
the paint is acting includes the water or
other solvent that made the paint a liquid.
When the paint dries, the liquid absorbs
energy and changes state from a liquid to
a gas. The entropy of the gas is greater
than the entropy of the liquid.

Thermodynamics
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b

12. 2

5. c

13. 1

6. d
7.

14. 2
Q
5.00 10 J

0.0150 kg
Hf 3.34 105 J/kg
3

15. 2
16. 1

8. a. Q mCwaterT mHv mCsteamT

(0.200 kg)(4180 J/(kg K))(40.0 K)
(0.200 kg)(2.26106 J/kg)
(0.200 kg)(2020 J/(kg K))(40 K)
5.02105 J

17. 1
18. 2
19. Without a heat sink, heat would not flow
spontaneously from the hot reservoir and
the engine could do no work.

b. The same as (a) but in reverse, also

5.02105 J

20. The more efficient a device is, the more

work it can do for the amount of energy it
uses. Less energy is wasted because that
energy does not get converted and
released as thermal energy.

9. The change in thermal energy of an object

is equal to the heat that is added to the
object minus the work done by the object.
10. Hot air from the room will transfer energy
to the cooler air in the refrigerator. When
it reaches a certain temperature, the
thermostat in the refrigerator will turn the
motor on to remove heat from the air
inside the refrigerator. However, some of
the heat from the motor is lost to the
surroundings, continuously heating the air
in the room.

21. Efficient products waste less energy and

so can use less energy, making them
cheaper to operate.

Chapter 12 Thermal Energy

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