You are on page 1of 8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

Styrene
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Styrene,alsoknownasethenylbenzene,vinylbenzene,andphenylethene,isanorganiccompound
withthechemicalformulaC6H5CH=CH2.Thisderivativeofbenzeneisacolorlessoilyliquidthat

Styrene

evaporateseasilyandhasasweetsmell,althoughhighconcentrationshavealesspleasantodor.
Styreneistheprecursortopolystyreneandseveralcopolymers.Approximately25milliontonnes(55
billionpounds)ofstyrenewereproducedin2010.[4]

Contents
1 Occurrence,history,anduse
1.1 Naturaloccurrence
1.2 History
1.3 Industrialproductionfromethylbenzene
1.4 Otherindustrialroutes
1.4.1 Fromethylbenzenehydroperoxide
1.4.2 Fromtolueneandmethanol
1.4.3 Frombenzeneandethane
1.5 Laboratorysynthesis
2 Polymerization
3 Healtheffects
4 References
5 Externallinks

Occurrence,history,anduse
Naturaloccurrence
Styreneisnamedforstyraxbalsam,theresinofLiquidambartreesoftheAltingiaceaeplantfamily.
Styreneoccursnaturallyinsmallquantitiesinsomeplantsandfoods(cinnamon,coffeebeans,and
peanuts),andisalsofoundincoaltar.

History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

Names
PreferredIUPACname
Ethenylbenzene[1]
Othernames
Styrene[1]
Vinylbenzene
Phenylethene
Phenylethylene
Cinnamene
Styrol
DiarexHF77
Styrolene
Styropol
Identifiers
CASNumber

100425(http://www.common
chemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.a
spx?ref=100425)
1/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

In1839,theGermanapothecaryEduardSimonisolatedavolatileoilfromtheresin(called"storax")
oftheAmericansweetgumtree(Liquidambarstyraciflua).Hecalledtheoil"Styrol"(now:
"styrene").[5][6]Healsonoticedthatwhenstyrolwasexposedtoair,light,orheat,itgradually
transformedintoahard,rubberlikesubstance,whichhecalled"Styroloxyd"(styroloxide,now:
"polystyrene").[7]By1845,theGermanchemistAugustHofmannandhisstudentJohnBlyth(1814
1871)haddeterminedStyrol'sempiricalformula:C8H8.[8]TheyhadalsodeterminedthatSimon's
"Styroloxyd"whichtheyrenamed"Metastyrol"hadthesameempiricalformulaasStyrol.[9]
Furthermore,theycouldobtainStyrolbydrydistillingMetastyrol.[10]In1865,theGermanchemist
EmilErlenmeyerfoundthatStyrolcouldformadimer,[11]andin1866theFrenchchemistMarcelin
BerthelotstatedthatMetastyrolwasapolymerofStyrol.[12]Meanwhile,otherchemistshadbeen
investigatinganothercomponentofstorax,namely,cinnamicacid.Theyhadfoundthatcinnamicacid
couldbedecarboxylatedtoformcinnamne(orcinnamol),whichappearedtobeStyrol.In1845,
FrenchchemistEmilKoppsuggestedthatthetwocompoundswereidentical,[13]andin1866,
ErlenmeyersuggestedthatbothcinnamolandStyrolmightbevinylbenzene.[14]However,theStyrol
thatwasobtainedfromcinnamicacidseemeddifferentfromtheStyrolthatwasobtainedbydistilling
storaxresin:thelatterwasopticallyactive.[15]Eventually,in1876,theDutchchemistvan'tHoff
resolvedtheambiguity:theopticalactivityoftheStyrolthatwasobtainedbydistillingstoraxresin
wasduetoacontaminant.[16]

ChEBI

CHEBI:27452(https://www.eb
i.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebi
Id=27452)

ChEMBL

ChEMBL285235(https://www.
ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/c
ompound/inspect/ChEMBL285
235)

ChemSpider

7220(http://www.chemspider.c
om/ChemicalStructure.7220.ht
ml)

ECHAInfoCard

100.002.592(https://echa.europ
a.eu/substanceinformation//su
bstanceinfo/100.002.592)

Jmol3Dmodel

Interactiveimage(http://chema
pps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?m
odel=c1ccccc1C%3DC)

KEGG

C07083(http://www.kegg.jp/en
try/C07083)

Industrialproductionfromethylbenzene

PubChem

7501(https://pubchem.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/compound/7501)

Themodernmethodforproductionofstyrenebydehydrogenationofethylbenzenewasfirstachieved
inthe1930s.[17]Theproductionofstyreneincreaseddramaticallyduringthe1940s,whenitwas
popularizedasafeedstockforsyntheticrubber.Becauseitisproducedonsuchalargescale,
ethylbenzeneinturnpreparedonaprodigiousscale(byalkylationofbenzenewithethylene).[17]
Ethylbenzeneismixedinthegasphasewith1015timesitsvolumeinhightemperaturesteam,and
passedoverasolidcatalystbed.Mostethylbenzenedehydrogenationcatalystsarebasedoniron(III)
oxide,promotedbyseveralpercentpotassiumoxideorpotassiumcarbonate.

RTECSnumber

WL3675000

UNII

44LJ2U959V(http://fdasis.nlm.
nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=
44LJ2U959V)

InChI
SMILES

Properties

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

Chemicalformula

C8H8

Molarmass

104.15g/mol

Appearance

colorlessoilyliquid

Odor

sweet,floral[2]
2/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

Steamservesseveralrolesinthisreaction.Itisthesourceofheatforpoweringtheendothermic
reaction,anditremovescokethattendstoformontheironoxidecatalystthroughthewatergasshift
reaction.Thepotassiumpromoterenhancesthisdecokingreaction.Thesteamalsodilutesthereactant
andproducts,shiftingthepositionofchemicalequilibriumtowardsproducts.Atypicalstyreneplant
consistsoftwoorthreereactorsinseries,whichoperateundervacuumtoenhancetheconversionand
selectivity.Typicalperpassconversionsareca.65%fortworeactorsand7075%forthreereactors.
Selectivitytostyreneis9397%.Themainbyproductsarebenzeneandtoluene.Becausestyreneand
ethylbenzenehavesimilarboilingpoints(145and136C,respectively),theirseparationrequirestall
distillationtowersandhighreturn/refluxratios.Atitsdistillationtemperatures,styrenetendsto
polymerize.Tominimizethisproblem,earlystyreneplantsaddedelementalsulfurtoinhibitthe
polymerization.Duringthe1970s,newfreeradicalinhibitorsconsistingofnitratedphenolbased
retardersweredeveloped.Morerecently,anumberofadditiveshavebeendevelopedthatexhibit
superiorinhibitionagainstpolymerization.However,thenitratedphenolsarestillwidelyused
becauseoftheirrelativelylowcost.Thesereagentsareaddedpriortothedistillation.
Improvingconversionandsoreducingtheamountofethylbenzenethatmustbeseparatedisthechief
impetusforresearchingalternativeroutestostyrene.OtherthanthePOSMprocess,noneofthese
routeslikeobtainingstyrenefrombutadienehavebeencommerciallydemonstrated.

Otherindustrialroutes
Fromethylbenzenehydroperoxide
StyreneisalsocoproducedcommerciallyinaprocessknownasPOSM(LyondellChemical
Company)orSM/PO(Shell)forstyrenemonomer/propyleneoxide.Inthisprocessethylbenzeneis
treatedwithoxygentoformtheethylbenzenehydroperoxide.Thishydroperoxideisthenusedto
oxidizepropylenetopropyleneoxide.Theresulting1phenylethanolisdehydratedtogivestyrene:

Density

0.909g/cm3

Meltingpoint

30C(22F243K)

Boilingpoint

145C(293F418K)

Solubilityinwater

0.03%(20C)[2]

Vaporpressure

5mmHg(20C)[2]

Refractiveindex
(nD)

1.5469

Viscosity

0.762cPat20C
Structure

Dipolemoment

0.13D
Hazards

Mainhazards

flammable,toxic

Safetydatasheet

MSDS(http://www.sciencelab.
com/msds.php?msdsId=992511
2)

Rphrases

R10R36

Sphrases

S38S20S23

NFPA704

Flashpoint

31C(88F304K)

Explosivelimits

0.9%6.8%[2]

Lethaldoseorconcentration(LD,LC):
LC50(median
concentration)

2194ppm(mouse,4hr)

LCLo(lowest
published)

10,000ppm(human,30min)

5543ppm(rat,4hr)[3]
2771ppm(rat,4hr)[3]

UShealthexposurelimits(NIOSH):
PEL(Permissible) TWA100ppmC200ppm600
ppm(5minutemaximumpeak
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

3/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

inany3hours)[2]
REL
(Recommended)

TWA50ppm(215mg/m3)ST
100ppm(425mg/m3)[2]

IDLH(Immediate 700ppm[2]
danger)
Relatedcompounds
Relatedstyrenes
relatedaromatic
compounds

Polystyrene,Stilbene
Ethylbenzene

Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,dataaregivenfor
materialsintheirstandardstate(at25C[77F],
100kPa).
verify(whatis

?)

Infoboxreferences

Fromtolueneandmethanol
Styrenecanbeproducedfromtolueneandmethanol,whicharecheaperrawmaterialsthanthoseintheconventionalprocess.Thisprocesshassuffered
fromlowselectivityassociatedwiththecompetingdecompositionofmethanol.[18]ExelusInc.claimstohavedevelopedthisprocesswithcommercially
viableselectivities,at400425Candatmosphericpressure,byforcingthesecomponentsthroughaproprietaryzeoliticcatalyst.Itisreported[19]thatan
approximately9:1mixtureofstyreneandethylbenzeneisobtained,withatotalstyreneyieldofover60%.[20]
Frombenzeneandethane
Anotherroutetostyreneinvolvesthereactionofbenzeneandethane.ThisprocessisbeingdevelopedbySnamprogettiS.p.A.andDow.Ethane,along
withethylbenzene,isfedtoadehydrogenationreactorwithacatalystcapableofsimultaneouslyproducingstyreneandethylene.Thedehydrogenation
effluentiscooledandseparatedandtheethylenestreamisrecycledtothealkylationunit.Theprocessattemptstoovercomepreviousshortcomingsin
earlierattemptstodevelopproductionofstyrenefromethaneandbenzene,suchasinefficientrecoveryofaromatics,productionofhighlevelsof
heaviesandtars,andinefficientseparationofhydrogenandethane.Developmentoftheprocessisongoing.[21]

Laboratorysynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

4/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

Alaboratorysynthesisofstyreneentailsthedecarboxylationofcinnamicacid:[22]
C6H5CH=CHCO2H:C6H5CH=CH2+CO2
Styrenewasfirstpreparedbythismethod.[23]

Polymerization
Thepresenceofthevinylgroupallowsstyrenetopolymerize.Commerciallysignificantproductsincludepolystyrene,ABS,styrenebutadiene(SBR)
rubber,styrenebutadienelatex,SIS(styreneisoprenestyrene),SEBS(styreneethylene/butylenestyrene),styrenedivinylbenzene(SDVB),styrene
acrylonitrileresin(SAN),andunsaturatedpolyestersusedinresinsandthermosettingcompounds.Thesematerialsareusedinrubber,plastic,insulation,
fiberglass,pipes,automobileandboatparts,foodcontainers,andcarpetbacking.

Healtheffects
Styreneisregardedasa"hazardouschemical",especiallyincaseofeyecontact,butalsoincaseofskincontact,ofingestionandofinhalation,
accordingtoseveralsources.[17][24][25][26]Styreneislargelymetabolizedintostyreneoxideinhumans,resultingfromoxidationbycytochromeP450.
Styreneoxideisconsideredtoxic,mutagenic,andpossiblycarcinogenic.Styreneoxideissubsequentlyhydrolyzedinvivotostyreneglycolbythe
enzymeepoxidehydrolase.[27]TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)hasdescribedstyrenetobe"asuspectedtoxintothegastrointestinal
tract,kidney,andrespiratorysystem,amongothers".[28][29]On10June2011,theU.S.NationalToxicologyProgramhasdescribedstyreneas
"reasonablyanticipatedtobeahumancarcinogen".[30][31]However,aSTATSauthordescribes[32]areviewthatwasdoneonscientificliteratureand
concludedthat"Theavailableepidemiologicevidencedoesnotsupportacausalrelationshipbetweenstyreneexposureandanytypeofhuman
cancer".[33]Despitethisclaim,workhasbeendonebyDanishresearcherstoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenoccupationalexposuretostyreneand
cancer.Theyconcluded,"Thefindingshavetobeinterpretedwithcaution,duetothecompanybasedexposureassessment,butthepossibleassociation
betweenexposuresinthereinforcedplasticsindustry,mainlystyrene,anddegenerativedisordersofthenervoussystemandpancreaticcancer,deserves
attention".[34]TheDanishEPArecentlyconcludedthatthestyrenedatadonotsupportacancerconcernforstyrene.[35]
Variousregulatorybodiesrefertostyrene,invariouscontexts,asapossibleorpotentialhumancarcinogen.TheInternationalAgencyforResearchon
Cancerconsidersstyrenetobe"possiblycarcinogenictohumans".[36]Chronicexposuretostyreneleadstotiredness/lethargy,memorydeficits,
headachesandvertigo.[37]
TheU.S.EPAdoesnothaveacancerclassificationforstyrene,[38]butishasbeenthesubjectoftheirIntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)
program.[39]TheU.S.NationalToxicologyProgramoftheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServiceshasdeterminedthatstyreneis"reasonably
anticipatedtobeahumancarcinogen".[40]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

5/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

References
1.NomenclatureofOrganicChemistry:IUPACRecommendationsandPreferredNames2013(BlueBook).Cambridge:TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry.2014.
pp.4,55,379.doi:10.1039/9781849733069FP001.ISBN9780854041824.
2."NIOSHPocketGuidetoChemicalHazards#0571".NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH).
3."Styrene".ImmediatelyDangeroustoLifeandHealth.NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH).
4.NewProcessforProducingStyreneCutsCosts,SavesEnergy,andReducesGreenhouseGasEmissions(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/office_eere/pdfs/exelus_case
_study.pdf),U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.
5.Simon,E.(1839)"UeberdenflssigenStorax(Styraxliquidus)"(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002457910view=1upseq=277)(Onliquidstorax
(Styraxliquidus),AnnalenderChemie,31:265277.Fromp.268:"DasflchtigeOel,frwelchesichdenNamenStyrolvorschlage,"(Thevolatileoil,for
whichIsuggestthename"styrol",)
6.Forfurtherdetailsofthehistoryofstyrene,see:F.W.Semmler,DietherischenlenachihrenchemischenBestandteilenunterBercksichtigungder
geschichtlichenEntwicklung[Thevolitileoilsaccordingtotheirchemicalcomponentswithregardtohistoricaldevelopment],vol.4(Leipzig,Germany,Veit&
Co.,1907),327.Styrol,pp.2428.(https://books.google.com/books?id=nA9aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false)
7.(Simon,1839),p.268.Fromp.268:"FrdenfestenRckstandwrdederNameStyroloxydpassen."(Forthesolidresidue,thename"styroloxide"wouldfit.)
8.Blyth,JohnandHofmann,Aug.Wilh.(1845)"UeberdasStyrolundeinigeseinerZersetzungsproducte"(https://books.google.com/books?id=A8MwAAAAYAAJ&
pg=PA289#v=onepage&q&f=false)(Onstyrolandsomeofitsdecompositionproducts),AnnalenderChemieundPharmacie,53(3):289329seep.297.Note
thatBlythandHofmannstatetheempiricalformulaofStyrolasC16H8becauseatthattime,chemistsusedthewrongatomicmassforcarbon(6insteadof12).
9.(BlythandHofmann,1845),p.312.Fromp.312:"AnalysesowohlalsSynthesehabeningleicherWeisedargethan,dassStyrolunddiefesteglasartigeMaterie,
frwelchewirdenNamenMetastyrolvorschlagen,dieselbeprocentischeZusammensetzungbesitzen."(Analysisaswellassynthesishaveequallydemonstrated,
thatstyrolandthesolid,glassymaterial,forwhichwesuggestthename"metastyrol",possessthesamepercentagecomposition.)
10.(Blyth&Hofmann,1845),p.315.
11.Erlenmeyer,Emil(1865)"UeberDistyrol,einneuesPolymeredesStyrols"(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002457969view=1upseq=134)(On
distyrol,anewpolymerofstyrol),AnnalenderChemie,135:122123.
12.Berthelot,M.(1866)"Surlescaractresdelabenzineetdustyrolne,comparsavecceuxdesautrescarburesd'hydrogne"(https://archive.org/stream/bulletin27fr
angoog#page/n295/mode/2up)(Onthecharactersofbenzeneandstyrene,comparedwiththoseofotherhydrocarbons),BulletindelaSocitChimiquedeParis,
2ndseries,6:289298.Fromp.294:"Onsaitquelestyrolnechauffenvasescell200,pendantquelquesheures,sechangeenunpolymrersineux
(mtastyrol),etquecepolymre,distillbrusquement,reproduitlestyrolne."(Oneknowsthatstyrene[when]heatedinasealedvesselat200C,forseveral
hours,ischangedintoaresinouspolymer(polystyrene),andthatthispolymer,[when]distilledabruptly,reproducesstyrene.)
13.Kopp,E.(1845),"Recherchessurl'acidecinnamiqueetsurlecinnamne"(http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6449135m/f38.item.zoom)(Investigationsof
cinnamicacidandcinnamen),Comptesrendus,21:13761380.Fromp.1380:"Jepensequ'ilfaudradsormaisremplacerlemotdestyrolparceluidecinnamne,
etlemtastyrolparlemtacinnamne."(Ithinkthathenceforthonewillhavetoreplacetheword"styrol"withthatof"cinnamne",and"metastyrol"with
"metacinnamne".)
14.Erlenmeyer,Emil(1866)"Studienberdies.g.aromatischenSuren"(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002457970view=1upseq=339)(Studiesofthe
socalledaromaticacids),AnnalenderChemie,137:327359seep.353.(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002457970view=1upseq=365)
15.Berthelot,Marcellin(1867)"Surlestatsisomriquesdustyrolne"(Ontheisomericstatesofstyrene),AnnalesdeChimieetdePhysique,4thseries,12:159
161.Fromp.160:"1Lecarburedescinnamatesestprivdepouvoirrotatoire,tandisquelecarburedustyraxdviede3degrslateintedepassage(l=100
mm)."(1.Thecarbon[atom]ofcinnamatesisbereftofrotarypower[i.e.,theabilitytorotatepolarizedlight],whereasthecarbonofstyraxdeflectsby3degrees
theneutraltint[i.e.,therelativeorientationofthepolarizedquartzplatesatwhichthelightthroughthepolarimeterappearscolorless](length=100mm).[For
furtherdetailsabout19thcenturypolarimeters,see:WilliamSpottiswode,PolarisationofLight,4thed.(London,England:MacmillanandCo.,1883),pp.5152.
(https://archive.org/stream/polarisationofli00spotrich#page/52/mode/2up/))
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

6/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

16.van'tHoff,J.H.(1876)"DieIdentittvonStyrolundCinnamol,einneuerKrperausStyrax"(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025695146view=1
upseq=13)(Theidentityofstyrolandcinnamol,anewsubstancefromstyrax),BerichtederdeutschenchemischenGesellschaft,9:56.
17.DenisH.JamesWilliamM.Castor(2007),"Styrene",Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry(7thed.),Wiley,p.1,
doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_329.pub2
18.Yashima,TatsuakiSato,KeiichiHayasaka,TomokiHara,Nobuyoshi(1972)."Alkylationonsyntheticzeolites:III.Alkylationoftoluenewithmethanoland
formaldehydeonalkalicationexchangedzeolites".JournalofCatalysis.26:303312.doi:10.1016/00219517(72)900887.
19.PeterTaffe,ICIS.com,21Jan2008(basedonanpapergivenatThe6thEuropean.Aromatics&DerivativesConferenceAntwerp,Belgium1415November,
2007.)(http://www.icis.com/Articles/2008/01/21/9093889/newprocessmayrescuestyrenicsindustry.html)
20.StephenK.Ritter,Chemical&EngineeringNews,19March2007,p.46.
21.Styrene/Ethylbenzene07/084Report,ChemSystems,March2009,p.6473.(http://www.chemsystems.com/reports/search/docs/toc/0708_4_toc.pdf)
22.Abbott,T.W.Johnson,J.R.(1941)."Phenylethylene(Styrene)".Org.Synth.Coll.Vol.,1,p.440
23.R.FittigundF.Binder"UeberdieAdditionsproductederZimmtssaure"in"UntersuchungenberdieungesttigtenSuren.I.WeitereBeitrgezurKenntnifsder
FumarsureundMalensure"RudolphFittig,CamillePetri,JustusLiebigsAnnalenderChemie1879,volume195,p56179.doi:10.1002/jlac.18791950103(http
s://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18791950103)
24.MSDS(1November2010)."MaterialSafetyDataSheetStyrene(monomer)MSDS".MSDS.Retrieved20110611.
25.USEPA(December1994)."OPPTChemicalFactSheets(Styrene)FactSheet:SupportDocument(CASNo.100425)"(PDF).USEPA.Retrieved20110611.
26.http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts53.pdf
27.KennethC.Liebman(1975)."Metabolismandtoxicityofstyrene"(PDF).EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.11:115119.doi:10.2307/3428333.
JSTOR3428333.
28."EPAsettlescaseagainstPhoenixcompanyfortoxicchemicalreportingviolations".U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Retrieved20080211.
29."EPAFinesCaliforniaHotTubManufacturerforToxicChemicalReleaseReportingViolations".U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Retrieved20080211.
30.Harris,Gardiner(10June2011)."GovernmentSays2CommonMaterialsPoseRiskofCancer".NewYorkTimes.Retrieved20110611.
31.NationalToxicologyProgram(10June2011)."12thReportonCarcinogens".NationalToxicologyProgram.Retrieved20110611.
32.http://stats.org/stories/2011/styrene_crosshairs_sept14_11.html
33.Boffetta,P.,etal.,EpidemiologicStudiesofStyreneandCancer:AReviewoftheLiterature(http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2009/11000/Epidemiologic_St
udies_of_Styrene_and_Cancer__A.5.aspx),J.OccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicine,Nov.2009,V.51,N.11.
34.Kolstad,HAJuelKOlsenJLyngeE.(May1995)."Exposuretostyreneandchronichealtheffects:mortalityandincidenceofsolidcancersintheDanish
reinforcedplasticsindustry.".OccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicine.52(5):5.doi:10.1136/oem.52.5.320.PMC1128224 .PMID7795754.
35.DanishEPA2011reviewhttp://www.compositesworld.com/cdn/cms/uploadedFiles/danish_epa_styrene_review(2).pdf
36.MonographsontheEvaluationofCarcinogenicRiskstoHumans,Volume82(2002),SomeTraditionalHerbalMedicines,SomeMycotoxins,Naphthaleneand
Styrene,pp.436550.(http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?sesslan=1&codlan=1&codcol=72&codcch=82)
37.http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/styrene.html
38.[1](http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0104.htm)USenvironmentalprotectionagency.SectionI.B.4relatestoneurotoxicology.
39.EPAIRIStrackstyrenepage(http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iristrac/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewChemical.showChemical&sw_id=1051)
40.StyreneentryinNationalToxicologyProgram'sThirteenthReportonCarcinogens(http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/styrene.pdf)

Externallinks
CDCStyreneNIOSHWorkplaceSafetyandHealthTopic(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/styrene/)
SafetyandHealthTopics|Styrene(OSHA)(http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/styrene/index.html)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

7/8

10/26/2016

StyreneWikipedia

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Styrene&oldid=743382497"
Categories: Hazardousairpollutants Monomers IARCGroup2Bcarcinogens Alkenes Aromaticcompounds Commoditychemicals
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon9October2016,at11:47.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetothe
TermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene

8/8

You might also like