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BSCI1510A

Exam3
November2,2016

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1.Readallquestionscarefully.
2.Thisexamwillendat1pm.
3.Answersareusuallyshortsentencesand/orsinglewords.
4.Donotstartuntildirected.
5.Goodluck!

1.Dosagecompensationisatermthatreferstothefactthatthedoseofagivengeneproductmustbe
balancedbetweencells.Forexample,humanfemaleshave2Xchromosomeswhereasmalesonlyhave
oneyetessentialgenesresidingontheXchromosomearetranscribedatequallevelsbetweenmalesand
females.Forthistohappen,oneXchromosomeinthefemalemustbeturnedoff.
A)(1)Whatisthetermusedtodescribeachromosomeoraregionofachromosomethatisturnedoff?
heterochromatin
B)(1)WhatisthetermusedtodescribethestateofthechromatinintheXchromosomethatisactive?
euchromatin
2.(2)Etoposidesareaclassofdrugsusedtotreatcertaincancersthatfunctiontoblocktheactionof
TopoisomeraseII.Whydoyouthinkthisdrugworksfortreatingcancer?
Topoisomerasesareneededtoreducedownstreamtorsionalstrainassociatedwithunwindingof
thedoublehelix.Iftheknotscannotberelaxed,replicationwillstop.
3.(4)IsATPgeneratedduringoxidativephosphorylationthesameasthatincorporatedintoDNA?
Whyorwhynot?
No,ATPusedforenergypurposescontainsaribosesugarwhereasDNAcontainsdeoxyribose.
Thedifferenceisatthe2position.
4.(6)Wediscussedtwodistinctlydifferentprocessesinvolvingmethylation.Namethesetwoevents
anddescribetherolethatmethylationplaysineach.
MethylationisusedtoallowtherepairmachinerytorecognizeparentalDNAcomparedtonewly
replicationdaugtherstrands.ThishelpsdirecttheDNArepairmachinerytocorrectlyrepair
mistakes.
Methylationisalsousedtomodifyhistonesinnucleosomes.Highermethylationofhistone
residuesinnucleosomesisfoundinheterchromatin.

5.(5)DrawthestructureofTTPandcircletheatomsthatparticipateinhydrogenbondingacrossthe
doublehelixwithadenine.

6.AchemicalmutagencalledEMScausestransferofalkylgroups(carbonchains)tocertainbases.
Belowisabasethatcontainsanalkylgroup(R)addedbyexposuretoEMS.

A.(4)Whatisthebasetowhichthealkylgroupwasadded?
Guanine
B.(4)Howdoyouexpectthismodificationtoaffectbasepairing,whatbasewillitpairwith?
Thenormalketogroupisreplacedwithanalkylgroupthroughtheoxygen(OR).Thiswillblock
theketogroupfromactingasahydrogendonorforbasepairingwithcytosineandtherefore
disruptbasepairing.
C.(4)Howisthisalmostidenticaltoasituationwetalkedabout?
ThetautomericformofGconvertsaketogroupintoanenolgroupandintheprocessblocksthe
ketogroupfrombeingahydrogenacceptorandinsteadbecomesahydrogendonor.
7A.(1)Whatstageofthecellcycleisdefinedasthepointatwhichallchromosomesarealignedatthe
centerofthecell?
Metaphaseduringmitosis
B.(1)Atthisstage,howmanychromatidsarethereinhumans?
92
C.(1)Checkpointsforthisstageofthecellcycleneedtoensureonemainprocessbeforemovingtothe
nextstageofthecellcycle.Whatisthisstage?
Anaphaseorattachmentofallchromatidstothemicrotubulesfromthespindlepoles.
E.(1)Whatisthenextstageofthecellcycle?
Telophase

8.MousestrainshavebeencreatedthathavedefectsinCyclinAexpression.Thesemiceshowstalled
DNAreplicationforks,insufficientrepairofdoublestrandedDNAbreaks,andimpropersegregationof
sisterchromatids.
A.(4)Fromthedefectsabove,atwhatstage(s)ofthecellcycledoesCyclinAfunction?
G2andMitosis
B.(2)DoesCyclinAfunctionbyitselftocontrolcheckpoints?Whyorwhynot?
No,cyclinsrequireassociationwithCyclinDependentKinases
9.Therearemutantformsofmanyproteinsthatarereferredtoastemperaturesensitivemutationswherethe
mutantproteinfunctionsfineatonetemperature(thepermissivetemperature),butisinactiveatanother
temperature(thenonpermissivetemperature).Ineachcasebelow,allthecomponentsnecessaryforreplication
wereaddedtoatesttube,withonecomponentbeingatemperaturesensitivemutantform.Replicationproceeded
normallyatthepermissivetemperaturebutforeachsituation,indicatewhatwouldbethespecificeffecton
replicationafterashifttothenonpermissivetemperature.Ineachcase,indicatewhy.

A.(4)Atemperaturesensitivehelicase
BlocksDNAreplicationbecauseofaninabilitytounwindtheDNAhelix.
B.(4)Atemperaturesensitive3'5'exonucleaseactivity(polymeraseIII)
LotsofmutationsbecauseofaninabilitytoeditorproofreadnewlysynthesizedDNA.
C.(4)Atemperaturesensitive5'3'exonucleaseactivity(polymeraseI)
InabilitytojoinOkazakifragmentsorfixerrorsbecausethepolymerasecannotdisplacetheRNA
primersorDNAatsitesofrepair.
D.(4)Atemperaturesensitivetelomerase
LossofDNAattheendsoflaggingstrands.Eventually,lossofgenesadjacenttotelomeres.
10.Canceristhoughttoarisefromreplicativeexpansionofasingledefectivecell.Additionalchanges
andmutationsoccurasthetumorexpandsfromasinglestartingcellsothatinalargetumor,thecells
arenotallthesame.Arecentstudyshowedthatmanyofthecellsthatsurviveandthriveasthetumor
expandshavesignificantlyreducedlevelsofHistoneH1.
A.(2)WhatroledoesHistoneH1playinchromatin?
HistoneH1isthelinkerhistonebetweennuclesomes,itisfoundinhigherconcentrationsin
heterochromatin.
B.(2)WhywouldlossofHistoneH1causetumorgrowth?
Thetumorcellshavemoreandmoreeuchromatinmeaningthatmoreandmoregenescanbe
transcribed,manyofwhichshouldbehighlyregulated.

11.A.(4)WhatisthemostcommoncauseofDNAmutations?
Themostcommoncauseofmutationisduetoinsertionoftautomericforms.

B.(4)MostDNArepairinvolveseditingbyDNAPolymerases.Whatactivityisthisreferringto?What
stageofthecellcycledoesthistakeplace?
EditingduringSphasereplicationisduetothe35exonucleaseactivityofDNAPolymerases.
C.(4)IfmistakespersistbeyondB,howaretheyrepaired?
PostreplicationrepairstartswithrecognitionandcleavageofmismatchedDNAbyoneofmany
DNAendonucleases.Aftercleavage,DNAPolymeraseIorbetautlizesthenewlyexposed3OH
tosynthesizeDNAonthenonmethylatedstrand.Akeyactivitytobeabletodothisisthe53
exonucleaseactivitytoremoveDNAaroundthedamagedregionandreplaceitwithnewly
synthesizedDNA.Ultimately,thestrandsarerejoinedbyDNAligase.
D.(2)WhatstageofthecellcycleisC?
PostreplicationrepairoccursduringG2.
12.(4)Drawapicturetoshowwhatismeantbythestatementthatreplicationforksaresymmetrical
aroundanorigin.

13.Forthestructureshownbelow:
A.(8)Identifythebasesforeachstrand
Leftstrand:5AGAG3
Rightstrand:5CTCT3
B.(2)Labelthepolarityofeachstrand
Leftstrandis53fromtoptobottom,rightstrandis53fromthebottomtothetop.
C.(1)Circleoneoftheglycosidicbonds
Glycosidicbondsconnectthedexoyribosesugarstothebases.Circleanyof6possibilities.
D.(2)PutboxesaroundtwodifferentatomsthatcouldaffectproteinbindingtothisdsDNA.
AnyatomsinsdethedoublehelixthatarenotparticipatinginHbondingaretheoreticallycorrect.
E.(1)Labelagammaphosphate
Therearegammaphosphatesatthe5endsofeachstrand.

14.(7)Forthepicturebelow,identifyeachofthefollowingassumingprokaryoticDNA:
A:Origin
B:DNAPolymeraseIII
C:Laggingstrand(orOkazakifragments)
D:Leadingstrand
E:RNAprimer
F:Okazakifragment(orlaggingstrand)
G:Helicase

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