IMPORTANT FORMULAE

LIGHT:
1. For Mirrors the sign conventions are:
u (object distance) is ve (as object is always taken on the left of mirror)
v (image distance) is ve if the image is real (front of the mirror)
v (image distance) is +ve if the image is virtual (behind the mirror)
h (height of the object) is + ve
h`(height of the image) is +ve, if the image is erect (virtual)
h`(height of the image) is -ve, if the image is inverted (real)
The focal length of a concave mirror is taken as ve.
The focal length of a convex mirror is taken as +ve.

1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f
f

Mirror formula: v + u = f
.
hf
vf
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
Magnification: m = = @
h
u

2. For Lens the sign conventions are:

u (object distance) is ve (as object is always taken on the left of lens)
v (image distance) is ve if the image is on the same side as that of the object (virtual)
v (image distance) is +ve if the image is real.
h (height of the object) is + ve
h`(height of the image) is +ve, if the image is erect (virtual)
h`(height of the image) is -ve, if the image is inverted (real)
The focal length of a concave lens is taken as ve.
The focal length of a convex lens is taken as +ve.

1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f
f

Lens formula: v @ u = f
.
hf
f
f
f
f vf
f
f
f
Magnification: m = =
h u

speed
oflight
in
vacuum
f
f
f
f
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f
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f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f cf
f
f
= f
3. Refractive index n or =
speed oflight in the medium v

4. Power =

1
(unit = diopter, 1D = 1m-1)
f

EFFECTS OF CURRENT:
1. Electric current (SI unit: ampere, 1A = 1Cs-1)
Q
f
f
f
f
f ne
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

I=

2. Potential difference (SI unit: volt, 1V = 1JC-1)

W
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
V= f
Q
3. Ohms law

VI
V
f
f
f
f
f
f
or, = constant
I
V
f
f
f
f
f
f
or, = R
I
V = IR

4. Resistance
By Ohms law (SI unit of ohm, 1 = 1VA-1)
V
f
f
f
f
f
f

R=

Or,

R l
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lfff
f
f
f
f
or, R
A
A
f
2 g
lf
ff
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f
f
f
f
f
f
f
2
R =
w here, l = length of the w ire and A = area = r or
A
4
R

5. Resistivity , = R

A
, (SI unit m)
l

6. Equivalent Resistance in Series

V = V1 + V2 + V3

or, IR S = IR 1 + IR 2 + IR 3
b

$ Acc A to ohm. s lawV = IR

IR S = I R 1 + R 2 + R 3

[ RS = R1 + R2 + R3
where, R S = equivalent resistance in series
7. Equivalent resistance in parallel:

I = I1 + I2 + I3
or,

V
V
V
V
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
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f
f f
f
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f
f
f
f f
f
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f
f
f
f
f
f
RP

V
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

R2

R3

g
1f
1f
1f
f
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f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
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f
f
f
f
f

8. Electric energy (SI unit joule(J))

f

2g

Vf
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
W or E = I Rt =
t = VIt
R
2

9. Power (SI unit watt, 1W = 1J-1)

Workdone
f
f
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f
f
f
f
f
f
f
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f W
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

Power =

time

Vf
f
f
f
f
$ Acc A to ohm. s lawV = IR or I = f
R

+
+
R1 R2 R3
1f
1f
1f
1f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
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f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
[
=
+
+
RP R1 R2 R3
where, R P = equivalent resistance in parallel
RS

=V

R1

t
f 2g
VIt
Vf
2
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
P=
= VI = I R = f
t
R
10.Commercial unit of Energy (kilowatt hour)

1kW=1000W
1h=60X60 =3600s
6
#1kWh=1000X3600Ws =3.6X10 J